Academic literature on the topic 'Pasivní odpor'

ABSTRAK Karakteristik luka kanker serviks adalah nyeri, odor, pendarahan, eksudat yang banyak, gatal, dan infeksi pada luka. Bau atau odor terjadi ketika luka sudah mengalami nekrotik akibat hilangnya vaskularisasi atau terjadi infeksi oleh mikroorganisme. Odor merupakan hal yang mengganggu petugas kesehatan saat merawat luka kanker serviks. Odor yang ditimbulkan bisa sampai tidak sadarkan diri pada petugas kesehatan, sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian ini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui gambaran tingkat odor menurut petugas kesehatan saat merawat luka kanker serviks. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Pengambilan sampel penelitian dilakukan secara sampling jenuh dengan sampel sebanyak 41 responden. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa odor scale dari Sucker dengan rentang 0-6 yang akan dipersepsikan oleh petugas kesehatan yakni perawat dan bidan. Analisis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan distribusi frekuensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan sebagian besar responden memilih skala odor 4 bau kuat (51,22 %), hampir setengah respoden memilih skala odor 5 bau sangat kuat (29,27 %), sebagian kecil memilih skala odor 3 bau sedang (17,07 %), dan sebagian kecil memilih skala odor 2 bau lemah (2,44 %), dan tidak ada satupun responden yang memilih skala odor sangat lemah dan sangat-sangat kuat. Tingkat odor menurut petugas kesehatan sebagian besar pada skala 4 yaitu bau kuat. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian berbagai variasi tingkat odor pada pasien kanker serviks karena adanya nekrosik pada area genitalia ekternal maupun interna yang berbeda beda. Petugas kesehatan dapat melakukan manajemen odor dengan membersihkan area yang terkena nekrosis pada luka kanker dan pengelolaan lingkungan di sekitar pasien. Kata kunci : Bau, Luka kanker serviks, & Odor ABSTRACT The characteristics of the cervical cancer injuries are pain, odor, bleeding, many exudates, itching, and infection in the wound. Smell or odor occurs when the wound had been necrotic due to loss of vascularization or infection by microorganisms. The presence of malodor can disturb health professionals when they are caring for patients with cervical cancer wounds. This situation may cause discomfort leads to unconsciousness among those practitioners. This study aimed to describe the odor level based on health practitioners’ perspectives when they treated cervical cancer wounds. This research used descriptive quantitative research methods. Sampling was conducted using total sample that recruited 41 respondents. The instrument used an odor scale from Sucker (2007) which ranged from 0-6 as perceived by health workers that nurses and midwives. Data was analysed using a single descriptive statistics with frequency distribution. Findings demonsrated that more than half respondents have chosen scale 4 with strong odor (51.22%). Half of them chose scale 5 with very strong odor (29.27%), a fraction opt scale 3 with distinct odor (17.07%), and a small pick scale 2 with weak odor (2.44%), and none of the respondents who chose a very weak odor scale and extremely odor. The odor level was largely classified on scale 4 with strong odor. Based on the results of odor level was variation in cervical cancer patients for their necrotic the external genitalia or internal area that was different. Suggestions of research is health workers can do the management of odor by cleaning the wound area affected by cancer and manage the environment around the patient. Keyword: Cervical cancer wounds, Odor & Smell

Currently, cancer includes breast cancer is a predominant disease treated in palliative care services. Breast cancer incidence increased significantly during the last decade and can progress to a late or advanced stage. At this advanced stage, the incidence of the fungating wound occurs in 5-10% of breast cancer patients. The study aims to identify assessment and symptoms management of fungating breast cancer in the palliative care setting. This study applied a literature review method. Searching for articles using 4 journal databases including DOAJ, Google Scholar, Proquest, and Science Direct. 17 articles that met the inclusion criteria of the study. The literature review identifies that the assessment tools are holistic assessment methods, wound assessment charts, and time framework assessments. The major symptoms are mal-odor, pain, exudation, peri-wound maceration and bleeding, psychological and spiritual issues. The studies, which focus on assessment and symptoms management of fungating breast cancer was limited. This affects the comprehensiveness of the review study. Investigation on quality of life among fungating breast cancer patients shortly is needed.

Background: The main purpose of hospital nutrition service activity is providing qualified food to patient. So far, the efforts to improve food quality in hospital have not been done integrated. Hospital still faces basic problems such as lack of cooks in either quantity or quality. Hospital needs, professional cooks who are able to serve food correctly based on standard, and providing a culinary training for the cooks is needed to improve food quality.Objective: To find out the effect of culinary training for the cook to patient’s food quality.Method: This study was a quasi-experimental with time series design. The subject of study was 30 cooks at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital Makassar. Data were collected through observation and assessment using questionnaires and check-list. T-test and anova analyses were used to analyze the data on knowledge, attitude, skill of food preparation and food quality.Result: This study showed that there were improvements on scales of knowledge 8.64±2.70 (p<0.05), attitude 20.34±6.32 (p<0.05) and skill 7.89±1.64 (p<0.05) after the training. There were also improvements on food performances (color, texture, size of portion, appearance, and serving) and taste (temperature, flavor, tenderness, maturity, odor).Conclusion: There were improvements of cook’s knowledge, attitude, skill and food quality of patient after culinary training.

Latar Belakang : Diabetes Melitus (DM) adalah penyakit kronis serius yang terjadi ketika pankreas tidak menghasilkan cukup insulin (hormon yang mengatur glukosa darah), atau ketika tubuh tidak dapat secara efektif menggunakan insulin yang dihasilkannya. Menurut International Diabetes Federation, terdapat 425 juta orang yang menderita diabetes di dunia dan akan meningkat sebesar 629 juta orang pada tahun 2045. Terdapat lebih dari 10.276.100 kasus diabetes di Indonesia pada tahun 2017 dari total populasi dewasa sebesar 166.531.000 yang berarti terdapat prevalensi penderita diabetes sebesar 6,7% dan menduduki peringkat 6 dari 10 negara teratas untuk jumlah penderita diabetes. Penderita diabetes memiliki peningkatan risiko sejumlah masalah kesehatan yang serius. Banyak yang mengeluhkan terjadinya ulkus diabetik yaitu luka terbuka pada penderita DM sehingga diabetes melitus menjadi penyebab terjadinya amputasi kaki pada penderita DM. Amputasi terjadi 15 kali lebih sering pada penderita diabetes daripada non diabetes. Pada tahun 2032, seiring dengan peningkatan jumlah penyandang diabetes di dunia, terjadi peningkatan kaki diabetik. Perawatan kaki yang dilakukan secara efektif dapat mencegah resiko ulkus menjadi amputasi. Dengan dilakukan manajemen yang komprehensif, sebagian besar amputasi yang berkaitan dengan diabetes dapat dicegah. Bahkan ketika amputasi berlangsung, kaki yang tersisa dan kehidupan orang tersebut dapat diselamatkan dengan perawatan tindak lanjut yang baik.Tujuan : Untuk memberikan gambaran perawatan luka serta menilai proses perawatan dan perkembangan luka kaki diabetes pada pasien diabetes melitus selama 5 minggu perawatan.Metode : penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian yang dilakukan secara prospektif yang dimulai dari tanggal 10 September – 9 Oktober 2018 di Klinik Perawatan Luka Griya Afiat, Makassar. Status Demografi dan pengkajian luka didapatkan melalui wawancara langsung kepada pasien dan keluarga serta menilai luka menggunakan format Asuhan Keperawatan Luka dari Klinik Griya Afiat.Hasil : Pada minggu pertama perawatan, Keadaan luka memiliki banyak undermining. Berdasarkan struktur lapisan kulit, luka berada pada full thickness. Penampilan klinis lain ditemukan adanya slough/infeksi, disertai odor, kulit sekitar luka mengalami maserasi, serta edema. Teknik debridemen yang digunakan yaitu Conservatif Sharp Wound Debridement (CSWD) dan autolysis. Dressing yang digunakan pada perawatan luka yaitu hidrofobik dan salep zink sebagai dressing primer, kasa steril dan diaper sebagai balutan sekunder, serta kasa gulung sebagai balutan tersier. Untuk perawatan periwound digunkan salep zink. Terjadi perubahan ukuran yang berbeda-beda pada tiap luka dan meningkatnya proses granulasi dan epitelisasi tiap minggu perawatan hingga minggu kelima perawatan, keadaan luka mulai mengalami peningkatan epitelisasi dan mengalami perubahan ukuran luka terutama pada undermining, presentasi slough menurun, tanda infeksi lokal mulai berkurang.Kesimpulan : Selama proses perawatan luka selama 5 minggu, Proses penyembuhan luka mengalami progress yang baik. Pada minggu pertama dan kedua mengalami fase inflamasi, pada minggu ketiga hingga kelima mengalami proses poliferasi. waktu proses penyembuhan luka berjalan lambat, terjadi perubahan ukuran dan kedalaman yang berbeda-beda pada beberapa luka di setiap minggu perawatan, luka tidak berpotensi amputasi dengan tidak terdapatnya luka nekrotik selama 5 minggu perawatan, tanda-tanda infeksi lokal pada luka semakin berkurang di setiap minggu perawatan, terdapat edema pada kaki kiri yang mengalami luka diabetik serta kaki kanan sehingga diperlukan pemeriksaan lebih lanjut untuk mengatasi faktor lain yang menghambat proses penyembuhan.Keywords : Diabetes Milletus, Luka Kaki Diabetes, Post Autoamputasi.

Abstract: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an abnormal situation in the vaginal ecosystem characterized by Lactobacillus as normal vaginal flora was replaced by a high concentration of anaerobic bacteria, especially Bacteroides sp., Mobilluncus sp., Gardnerella vaginalis, and Mycoplasma hominis. This study was aimed to obtain the profile of bacterial vaginosis in patients treated at the Polyclinic of Dermatovenereology Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospita; Manado from January 2011 to December 2015. This was a retrospective study using medical records of new BV patients including basic characteristics of patients, such as age, marital status, job, and treatment. The results showed that the number of patients with bacterial vaginosis during the period January 2011-Desember 2015 at the Polyclinic Hospital Dermatology Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado were as many as 117 patients. The group most affected by BV were at the age of 25-44 years in 61 patients (52%); job as housewife in 42 patients (35%); married in 93 patients (80%); social factor as the precipitating factors in 61 patients (52%). Bacterial vaginosis without concomitant diseases were found in 96 patients (82%), followed by comorbidities BV + vulvovagina candidiasis in 18 patients (15%). The most common therapy in those patients was metronidazole 2x500 mg for 7 days in 111 patients (95%). Conclusion: New cases of bacterial vaginosis were increase in 2011-2013 but they decreaased in 2014-2015.Keywords: bacterial vaginosis, vaginal discharge, bad odor, clue cell Abstrak: Vaginosis bakterial (VB) adalah suatu keadaan abnormal pada ekosistem vagina yang ditandai adanya konsentrasi Lactobacillus sebagai flora normal vagina digantikan oleh konsentrasi tinggi bakteri anaerob, terutama Bacteroides sp., Mobilluncus sp., Gardnerella vaginalis, dan Mycoplasma hominis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil vaginosis bakterial pada penderita yang berkunjung dan berobat di Poliklinik Kulit dan Kelamin RSUP Prof. Kandou Manado periode Januari 2011- Desember 2015. Jenis penelitian ialah retrospektif menggunakan rekam medik kasus baru VB yang meliputi data dasar seperti umur,status perkawinan, pekerjaan dan terapinya. Hasail penelitian mendapatkan jumlah penderita vaginosis bakterial selama periode Januari 2011 - Desember 2015 sebanyak 117 pasien. Kelompok paling banyak terkena vaginosis bakterial ialah umur 25-44 tahun sebanyak 61 orang (52%); pekerjaan Ibu Rumah Tangga (IRT) sebanyak 42 pasien (35%); sudah menikah sebanyak 93 orang (80%); dengan faktor sosial sebagai pencetus sebanyak 61 pasien (52%). Penyakit vaginosis bakterial tanpa penyerta didapatkan 96 pasien (82%) dan diikuti oleh penyakit penyerta VB+KVV yaitu sebanyak 18 pasien (15%). Jenis obat/terapi yang paling sering digunakan pada pasien vaginosis bakterial ialah metronidazole 2x500 mg selama 7 hari sebanyak 111 pasien (95%). Simpulan: Gambaran umum kasus baru Vaginosis bakterial menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan jumlah pasien pada tahun 2011-2013 dan pada tahun 2014-2015 terjadi penurunan Kata kunci: vaginosis bakterial, keputihan, bau, clue cell

Abstract: Sepsis neonatorum is the most frequent cause of admission to a hospital and of death in developing and developed countries. Microorganisms such as Gram positive and negative bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi can be the etiological factors. We reported a case of a female neonatus, aterm, and born with caesarean section due to fetal distress. After birth, the neonatus did not spontaneously cry and suffered from asphyxia. The risk factor of this sepsis neonatorum were the early rupture of the amnion membrane associated with an unpleasant odor. Besides that, the mother suffered from a urinary tract infection and fluor albus during pregnancy. Blood examinations showed moderate leucocytosis, slight thrombocytopenia, and a positive C-reactive protein. Chest X-ray showed infiltration in both lungs, indicating pneumonia. The blood culture confirmed Staphylococcus aureus (sensitive to meropenem). Conclusion: Based on all the tests performed, the diagnosis was an aterm neonatus with sepsis neonatorum and pneumonia. Keywords: sepsis, neonatus, pneumonia. Abstrak: Sepsis neonatorum merupakan penyebab tersering dari perawatan di rumah sakit dan kematian neonatus baik di negara berkembang maupun negara maju. Mikroba seperti bakteri Gram positif dan negatif, virus, parasit, serta jamur dapat menjadi faktor etiologi. Kami melaporkan kasus seorang bayi perempuan, aterm, yang lahir dengan seksio sesaria oleh karena gawat janin. Setelah lahir, bayi tidak langsung menangis, dan memperlihatkan gejala asfiksia. Faktor risiko sepsis neonatorum ialah ketuban pecah dini dan air ketuban berbau. Selain itu, ibu pasien menderita infeksi saluran kemih dan fluor albus pada saat hamil. Pemeriksaan darah menunjukkan leukositosis sedang, trombositopenia ringan, dan C-reaktif protein positif. Foto toraks memperlihatkan adanya infiltrat pada kedua lapangan paru yang mengindikasikan suatu pneumonia. Kultur darah mengonfirmasikan stafilokokus aureus yang sensitif terhadap meropenem. Simpulan: Berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan ditegakkan diagnosis bayi aterm dengan sepsis neonatorum dan pneumonia. Kata kunci: sepsis, neonatus, pneumonia.

The diploma thesis is focused on the design of the timbered wall composition considering the low-energy and passive standard. Main goal of the thesis is to calculate heat transfer coefficient U for four different types of the timbered walls and consequently evaluate if they comply with the requirements of low-energy and passive standards. The calculations show that the traditional concept of the timbered structures is inefficient for the mentioned energy standards. The minimal thickness of the timbered wall which will satisfy the requirements of the energy standards for low-energy and passive structure were calculated for the proposed four types of wall composition. For the calculations methods according to the applicable standards ČSN were used. To verify accuracy of these method and the performed calculations simplified numerical model was made in finite element software.

Master’s thesis deals with application of new suspension means for personal elevator instead of conventional steel wire rope includes calculation of traction. Followed by assessment of passive resistance generated by guiding elevator on guide rails and caused by various locations of suspension and guiding (car guide rails). In the last part of thesis contains a strength analysis of car frame by Finite elements method (FEM) in programme NX I-deas.

Dissertation deals with the technical parameters of natural thermal insulation. In addition, there is a global trend in the construction of reducing energy consumption for heating, air conditioning, or with operating facilities in buildings and the use of perspective and efficient building materials with a negligible negative impact on the environment. Therefore, the attention not only professionals are increasingly turning to alternative materials, such as natural insulation, the material can be drawn from local sources and whose production is energy-saving and leaving a small ecological footprint. As part of the doctoral thesis were tested short term water absorption, measurements were made of the thermal conductivity and its change after the test short term water absorption. Was determined dependence of thermal conductivity on humidity and heat resistance was determined. Moreover a natural insulation applications in building construction with a comparison of the various technical parameters and environmental footprint. At the conclusion was made by acoustic insulation in timber construction and price analysis.

Presented work deals with the study progressive heat-reflecting foil thermal insulating materials and defines their thermal insulation properties. The work describes a transport mechanism of thermal energy in the structure of heat-reflecting materials, their physical properties, especially heat resistance, compared to the conventional thermal insulating materials available on Czech market. The main applications ways and installation methods of these materials (especially in low-energy and passive buildings) are also shown. The practical part is focused on asembling the measuring device HOT BOX in accordance with the valid standards, to determine the heat resistance of heat-reflecting materials. In next step the measurement of reflection of aluminum foils (an integral part of the structural arrangement heat-reflecting foil insulations) was performed.

The diploma thesis is partly dedicated to energetic efficiency of buildings and describes possibilities how to evaluate energetic efficiency of buildings in the Czech Republic. We also get to know with distribution of thermal insulators by material base and use in construction. There are also mentioned methods how to determine thermal insulations characteristics of heat insulations, so called heat conductivity coefficient. The last and the crucial chapter of theoretic part is dedicated to thermal-reflective insulations. There are mentioned some of the basic characteristics of insulations, material composition and heat transfer mechanism in their structure as well. Practical part describes measurement of thermal resistance of chosen samples of thermal-reflective insulations per measuring device on the principal of Hot Box method. In the next step was determined emissivity of aluminium foils which forms the surface of chosen samples of thermal-reflective insulations. In the end of thesis are defined possibilities of use thermal-reflective insulations in building structures especially in passive and low-energy buildings in climatic conditions of the Czech Republic.

Diplomová práca sa zaoberá vplyvom termálnych medzivrstiev na tepelnú kontaktnú vodi- vosť a tepelný kontaktný odpor. Práca sa zameriava na aplikáciu termálnych medzivrstiev pre vylepšenie tepelnej kontaktnej vodivosti v tepelnom spínači a v kozmických zariade- niach obecne. Teoretická časť práce stručne skúma rôzne pasívne termálne kontrolné systémy použí- vane v kozmických zariadeniach, vrátane termálnych medzivrstiev, a vysvetľuje pozadie tejto práce. Táto práca ďalej skúma rôzne termálne medzivrstvy, predovšetkým povlaky a fólie, a uvádza výber vhodnej termálnej medzivrstvy. Experimentálna časť práce skúma povrchové parametre, tepelnú vodivosť a mikrotvr-dosť medených vzoriek, ktoré slúžia ako substrát pre povlak čistého striebra. Ďalej rieši podmienky merania, metódy vyhodnocovania a samotné experimentálne merania. Experimentálne merania sú vykonané v termo-vákuovej testovacej komore a na základe výsledkov sú vyvodené závery. Pre ďalšiu prácu sú uvedené doporučenia.

The thesis is focused on high temperature processes in crystalline solar cells production. Main topic is diffusion of traditional dopants phosphorus and boron. Diffusion processes for creating solar cells are different from classical diffusion in semiconductor industrial. It is reason why the thesis describes crated layers in detail. Knowledge of diffusion processes is used for creating bifacial solar cells and development of a new phosphorus emitter for conventional solar cells. Bifacial cells are a new type of cells. Developed new emitter increases efficiency and decreases cost of solar cells production. Another part the thesis is devoted to the prediction of diffusion processes. New models of phosphorus and boron diffusion for photovoltaic industrial are created in software SILVACO. Models correspond with real results.