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Journal articles on the topic 'Passenger-car equivalentes'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Subotić, Marko, Željko Stević, Edis Softić, and Veljko Radičević. "Passenger Car Equivalents on Downgrades of Two-Lane Roads." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 15, no. 4 (September 28, 2020): 152–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2020-15.499.

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In this paper, empirical research about Passenger Car Equivalents (PCEs) on the longitudinal downgrade of two-lane roads in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been conducted in order to determine the influence of vehicle structure under free traffic flow conditions. The research has been carried out considering the classes of vehicles at cross-sections on the downgrade of two-lane roads. As a result, the negative influence of vehicle structure under free traffic flow conditions using passenger car equivalents (PCEs) has been determined. The results show that on the downgrade of two-lane roads, the value of passenger car equivalent decreases from the level terrain to the boundary minimum value for the determined downgrade g = −3.00%, after which its value starts to increase slightly. Based on the obtained values, the models calibrated with a second-degree polynomial have been developed to determine the average value of passenger car equivalent as a function of its boundary value. The paper also compares the results obtained by the developed models with the models from the Highway Capacity Manual under free traffic flow conditions. In addition, models for the percentage values of PCE15%, PCE50% and PCE85% have been established.

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2

Li, Hongwei, Yunyue Zhou, Sulan Li, and Hongwei Zhu. "Passenger car equivalents for urban roads using average time headway of car following conditions." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 12 (December 2019): 168781401989751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019897511.

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Passenger car equivalents are used to calculate capacity and evaluate service level of urban roads. This article uses the average time headway of different car following conditions to replace the total average time headway of road vehicles, and the proportion of large vehicles to improve the headway method. This article analyzes the influence of several factors such as the proportion of large vehicles, road attributes, and traffic flow on passenger car equivalents, and obtains the following conclusions: (1) the behavior of vehicles crossing the opposite lanes has an important influence on the passenger car equivalents of the road; (2) passenger car equivalents of vertical sections at the center of central isolation belt are different from those at the start of the road; (3) the road attributes affect the passenger car equivalents; and (4) the passenger car equivalents of heavy vehicles on roads that allow two-way crossover are less than the specific value, however, the passenger car equivalents of heavy vehicles in the road segment without two-way crossing-line are greater than the specific value.

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3

Torbic, Darren, Lily Elefteriadou, Tien-Jung Ho, and Ying Wang. "Passenger Car Equivalents for Highway Cost Allocation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1576, no. 1 (January 1997): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1576-05.

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Existing passenger car equivalent (PCE) values do not necessarily serve the purposes of highway cost allocation well, since their derivation has followed from a need to determine equivalency for traffic operations purposes. Highway cost allocation demands better knowledge of equivalencies among vehicle classes, for a wide range of vehicle types, and under the full range of traffic conditions. There are several possible methods for PCE development and various suggested PCE values, but there is currently no information on the suitability of these methods and estimates for cost allocation purposes. A framework for the development of PCEs is set forth, and some final PCE values for the 20 vehicle types and 30 weight groups that could be used in the current Federal Highway Cost Allocation Study are provided. Using traffic simulation models, PCE values were calculated for each of the 12 facility types for various roadway segments (i.e., grades, length of grade, number of lanes). PCEs were also calculated for high and low traffic volumes for additional flexibility in assigning congestion-related costs. The PCEs obtained for each roadway and traffic condition were combined into a weighted-average PCE value for each vehicle type and highway facility type, reflective of the actual geometric conditions of the entire highway. Weighted-average PCEs were separately calculated for congested and uncongested conditions for two different vehicle percentages.

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4

Giuffrè, Orazio, Anna Granà, Raffaele Mauro, Ana Bastos Silva, and Sandro Chiappone. "Developing Passenger Car Equivalents for Freeways by Microsimulation." Transportation Research Procedia 10 (2015): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2015.09.059.

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5

Fan, Henry S. L. "Passenger car equivalents for vehicles on Singapore expressways." Transportation Research Part A: General 24, no. 5 (September 1990): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(90)90051-7.

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6

Ambo, Alemayehu, F. R. Wilson, and A. M. Sevens. "Highway cost allocation methodologies." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 4 (August 1, 1992): 680–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-077.

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Four methodologies of life-cycle highway cost allocation were examined using the province of New Brunswick, Canada, as a case study. The first two methodologies were reported by Wong and Markov. The third methodology was suggested by Rilett et al. The fourth methodology was introduced as part of the research project. It was in line with the procedures practised in public accounts for the construction and maintenance of roads on a continuing basis. The four methodologies were tested using the same data base pertaining to vehicle types; traffic measures (independent vehicle, passenger car equivalents, and equivalent standard axle loads); and costs of construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation. These data were applicable to a major two-lane highway in the study area. Six sites were selected for the case study. An analysis period of 60 years, three traffic growth scenarios, and three pavement design periods were considered. Eleven types of vehicles, comprising passenger cars, light trucks and vans, trucks, buses, and recreational vehicles, were used in the analysis. The assessment of the methodologies resulted in the recommendation of, and the suggestions for, the costing of highways. Key words: equivalent standard axle loads, passenger car equivalents, vehicle count, life-cycle costing, unit costs, accumulated costs, annual costs, discounted costs.

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7

Li, Shuguang, and Ke Wang. "Estimated passenger car equivalent using backward wave speed." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport 169, no. 1 (February 2016): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jtran.14.00018.

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8

Geistefeldt, Justin. "Estimation of Passenger Car Equivalents Based on Capacity Variability." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2130, no. 1 (January 2009): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2130-01.

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9

Yeung, Jian Sheng, Yiik Diew Wong, and Julius Raditya Secadiningrat. "Lane-harmonised passenger car equivalents for heterogeneous expressway traffic." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 78 (August 2015): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.06.001.

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10

Drakopoulos, Alex, and Amjad Dehman. "Field-Derived Freeway Passenger Car Equivalents for Congested Conditions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2483, no. 1 (January 2015): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2483-13.

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11

Omar, Ballari Syed, Pranab Kar, and Mallikarjuna Chunchu. "Passenger Car Equivalent Estimation for Rural Highways: Methodological Review." Transportation Research Procedia 48 (2020): 801–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.08.085.

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12

Giuffrè, Orazio, Anna Grana, Sergio Marino, and Fabio Galatioto. "Passenger Car Equivalent for Heavy Vehicles Crossing Turbo-roundabouts." Transportation Research Procedia 14 (2016): 4190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.390.

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13

Benekohal, Rahim F., and Weixiong Zhao. "Delay-based passenger car equivalents for trucks at signalized intersections." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 34, no. 6 (August 2000): 437–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0965-8564(99)00026-9.

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14

Nassiri, Habibollah, Sara Tabatabaie, and Sina Sahebi. "Delay-based Passenger Car Equivalent at Signalized Intersections in Iran." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 29, no. 2 (April 24, 2017): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v29i2.2040.

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Due to their different sizes and operational characteristics, vehicles other than passenger cars have a different influence on traffic operations especially at intersections. The passenger car equivalent (PCE) is the parameter that shows how many passenger cars must be substituted for a specific heavy vehicle to represent its influence on traffic operation. PCE is commonly estimated using headway-based methods that consider the excess headway utilized by heavy vehicles. In this research, the PCE was estimated based on the delay parameter at three signalized intersections in Tehran, Iran. The data collected were traffic volume, travel time for each movement, signalization, and geometric design information. These data were analysed and three different models, one for each intersection, were constructed and calibrated using TRAF-NETSIM simulation software for unsaturated traffic conditions. PCE was estimated under different scenarios and the number of approach movements at each intersection. The results showed that for approaches with only one movement, PCE varies from 1.1 to 1.65. Similarly, for approaches with two and three movements, the PCE varies from 1.07 to 1.99 and from 0.76 to 3.6, respectively. In addition, a general model was developed for predicting PCE for intersections with all of the movements considered. The results obtained from this model showed that the average PCE of 1.5 is similar to the value recommended by the HCM (Highway Capacity Manual) 1985. However, the predicted PCE value of 1.9 for saturated threshold is closer to the PCE value of 2 which was recommended by the HCM 2000 and HCM 2010.

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15

Skabardonis, Alexander, Richard Dowling, Vasin Kiattikomol, and Chirag Safi. "Developing Improved Truck Passenger Car Equivalent Values at Signalized Intersections." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2461, no. 1 (January 2014): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2461-15.

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16

Giuffrè, Orazio, Anna Granà, Sergio Marino, and Fabio Galatioto. "MICROSIMULATION-BASED PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENTS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES DRIVING TURBO-ROUNDABOUTS." TRANSPORT 31, no. 2 (June 28, 2016): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2016.1193053.

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Due to its geometric design, turbo-roundabouts impose greatest constraints to the vehicular trajectories; by consequence, one can expect a more unfavourable impact of heavy vehicles on the traffic conditions than on other types of roundabouts. The present paper addresses the question of how to estimate Passenger Car Equivalents (PCEs) for heavy vehicles driving turbo-roundabouts. The microsimulation approach used revealed as a useful tool for evaluating the variation of quality of traffic in presence of mixed fleets (different percentages of heavy vehicles). Based on the output of multiple runs of several scenarios simulation, capacity functions for each entry lane of the turbo-roundabout were developed and variability of the PCEs for heavy vehicles were calculated by comparing results for a fleet of passenger cars only with those of the mixed fleet scenarios. Results show a dependence of PCEs for heavy vehicles on operational conditions, which characterise the turbo-roundabout. Assuming the values of PCEs for roundabouts provided by the 2010 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), depending on entering manoeuvring underestimation and overestimation of the effect of heavy vehicles on the quality of traffic conditions have been found.

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17

Kim, Tae-woon, and Ju-sam Oh. "Calculation of Passenger Car Equivalents on National Highway using Time Headway." Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems 14, no. 4 (August 30, 2015): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12815/kits.2015.14.4.052.

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18

Mohan, Mithun, and Satish Chandra. "Occupancy Time-Based Passenger Car Equivalents at Unsignalized Intersections in India." Current Science 114, no. 06 (March 25, 2018): 1346. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v114/i06/1346-1352.

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19

Surbakti, M. S., and I. Sembiring. "Passenger car equivalents of becak bermotor at road segment in Medan." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 309 (February 2018): 012105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/309/1/012105.

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20

Purbanto, I. Gusti Raka. "Determining Passenger Car Equivalent for Motorcycle at Mid-Block of Sesetan Road." Applied Mechanics and Materials 776 (July 2015): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.776.95.

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Motorcycle dominates traffic in Bali, particularly in urban roads, which occupy more than 85% of mode share. The three types of vehicles, i.e. motorcycles, heavy and light vehicles share the roadways together. Under mixed traffic conditions, motorcycle may be travelling in between and alongside two consecutive motor vehicles. Considering such a situation, passenger car equivalent values should be examined thoroughly. This study aims to determine passenger car equivalent (PCEs) of motorcycle at mid-block of Sesetan Road. Three approaches are used to examine the PCEs values. This study found that the PCE of motorcycles are in a range between 0.2 and 0.4. This values are about the same to the existing PCE of the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (1997). This study also pointed out that motorcyclists and car drivers may behave differently to the existence of motorcycles. Car drivers are more aware than motorcyclists on the existence of motorcycle on the road. Further, more samples are required to obtain comprehensive results. In addition, the presence of heavy vehicles need to be considered for future study.

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21

Rodriguez-Seda, Jarice D., and Rahim F. Benekohal. "Methodology for Delay-Based Passenger Car Equivalencies for Urban Transit Buses." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1988, no. 1 (January 2006): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198106198800116.

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22

Elefteriadou, Lily, Darren Torbic, and Nathan Webster. "Development of Passenger Car Equivalents for Freeways, Two-Lane Highways, and Arterials." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1572, no. 1 (January 1997): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1572-07.

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Passenger car equivalents (PCEs) have been used extensively in the Highway Capacity Manual to establish the impact of trucks, buses, and recreational vehicles on traffic operations. PCEs are currently being used for studying freeways, multilane highways, and two-lane highways. A heavy-vehicle factor is directly given for the impact of heavy vehicles at signalized intersections (and indirectly along arterials). These PCE values are typically based on a limited number of simulations and on older simulation models. In addition, the impact of variables such as traffic flow, truck percentage, truck type (i.e., length and weight/horsepower ratio), grade, and length of grade on PCEs has not been evaluated in depth for all facility types. The methodology for developing PCEs for different truck types for the full range of traffic conditions on freeways, two-lane highways, and arterials is described. Given the scope of this research and the variability of traffic conditions to be examined, simulation was selected as the most appropriate tool. The resulting PCE values for freeways, two-lane highways, and arterials indicated that some variables, such as percentage of trucks, do not always have the expected effect on PCEs, whereas other variables, such as vehicle type, are crucial in the calculations. Generally, major differences in PCEs occurred for the longer and steeper grades. There was great variability in PCE values as a function of the weight/horsepower ratio as well as of vehicle length.

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23

Yoon, Hang-Mook. "Estimation of Passenger Car Equivalents at Urban Expressway by Microscopic Headway Method." Journal of Korean navigation and port research 31, no. 1 (February 28, 2007): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5394/kinpr.2007.31.1.107.

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24

OKURA, Izumi, and Naresh STHAPIT. "PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENTS OF HEAVY VEHICLES ON MOTORWAYS FROM MICROSCOPIC HEADWAY METHOD." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 12 (1995): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.12.701.

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25

IWASAKI, Masato, and Yuu TAKADA. "A theory on an estimation of passenger car equivalents and its verification." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 464 (1993): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1993.464_91.

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26

Mohan, Mithun, and Satish Chandra. "Queue clearance rate method for estimating passenger car equivalents at signalized intersections." Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) 4, no. 5 (October 2017): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2016.12.003.

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27

Lee, Chris. "Developing Passenger-Car Equivalents for Heavy Vehicles in Entry Flow at Roundabouts." Journal of Transportation Engineering 141, no. 8 (August 2015): 04015013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)te.1943-5436.0000775.

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28

SHIKATA, Shigenori, Masahiko KATAKURA, and Takashi OGUCHI. "Estimation of Passenger Car Equivalent for Heavy Vehicles at Signalized Intersections." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 17 (2000): 927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.17.927.

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29

Han, X., Y.-J. Guo, Y.-E. Zhao, and Z.-Q. Lin. "The application of power-based transfer path analysis to passenger car structure-borne noise." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 2011–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto750.

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Structure-borne noise in a passenger car is usually transmitted through multiple and/or multi-dimensional paths. Therefore, identification and control of these transfer paths are effective measures for noise reduction. A power-based transfer path analysis methodology is proposed for this purpose. First, the power flow of each transfer path is estimated with an equivalent-uncoupled-system method based on linear network theory and the Thevenin equivalent theorem. Next, the correlation between the power flow of each transfer path and the sound pressure in the passenger compartment is established; then the contribution of each transfer path is ranked; meanwhile the dominant paths and their key parameters are identified through the equations of power flow calculation. Finally, these key parameters can be analysed and then improved to reduce the structure-borne noise. An illustration of this methodology is given with a passenger car model containing a power plant, three mounts, a compliant car body, and an enclosed acoustic cavity. It is demonstrated that the methodology is effective to analyse and control the structure-borne noise transfer paths.

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30

Mohan, Mithun, and Satish Chandra. "Concept of queue clearance rate for estimation of equivalency factors at priority junctions." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, no. 7 (July 2016): 593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0396.

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Traffic in developing countries is often distinguished from others for its diversity in vehicular composition and passenger car equivalents (PCE) becomes essential in such conditions for expressing traffic volume in terms of equivalent number of passenger cars. The PCE estimation at two-way stop-controlled intersections in developing countries is further complicated by the lack of movement priority and lane discipline. The study introduces a method to find PCE factors based on the time taken by a queue of vehicles to completely clear the intersection and composition of the queue. The method is validated through simulations in VISSIM software and was then used to derive PCE factors for three intersections in India. Although the method is developed and tested to estimate PCE factors under highly heterogeneous traffic at priority junctions in India, it is quite general in nature and can be used in traffic conditions found in developed countries as well.

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31

Sugiarto, Sugiarto, Fadhlullah Apriandy, Yusria Darma, Sofyan M. Saleh, Muhammad Rusdi, and Tomio Miwa. "Determining passenger car equivalent (PCEs) for pretimed signalized intersections with severe motorcycle composition using Bayesian linear regression." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 2, 2021): e0256620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256620.

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Pretimed signalized intersection is known as a common source of congestion, especially in urban heterogeneous traffic. Furthermore, the accuracy of saturation flow rate is found to cause efficient and vital capacity estimation, in order to ensure optimal design and operation of the signal timings. Presently, the traffic also consists of diverse vehicle presence, each with its own static and dynamic characteristics. The passenger car equivalent (PCE) in an essential unit is also used to measure heterogenous traffic into the PCU (Passenger Car Unit). Based on the collection of observed data at three targets in Banda Aceh City, this study aims to redetermine the PCEs by using Bayesian linear regression, through the Random-walk Metropolis-Hastings and Gibbs sampling. The result showed that the obtained PCE values were 0.24, 1.0, and 0.80 for motorcycle (MC), passenger car (PC), and motorized rickshaw (MR), respectively. It also showed that a significant deviation was found between new and IHCM PCEs, as the source of error was partially due to the vehicle compositions. The present traffic characteristics were also substantially different from the prevailing conditions of IHCM 1997. Therefore, the proposed PCEs enhanced the accuracy of base saturation flow prediction, provided support for traffic operation design, alleviated congestion, and reduced delay within the city, which in turn improved the estimation of signalized intersection capacity.

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32

Bujanovic, Pavle, and Taylor Lochrane. "Capacity Predictions and Capacity Passenger Car Equivalents of Platooning Vehicles on Basic Segments." Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems 144, no. 10 (October 2018): 04018063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jtepbs.0000188.

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33

Al-Kaisy, Ahmed F., Fred L. Hall, and Emily S. Reisman. "Developing passenger car equivalents for heavy vehicles on freeways during queue discharge flow." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 36, no. 8 (October 2002): 725–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0965-8564(01)00032-5.

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34

Webster, Nathan, and Lily Elefteriadou. "A simulation study of truck passenger car equivalents (PCE) on basic freeway sections." Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 33, no. 5 (June 1999): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0965-8564(98)00036-6.

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35

Okura, Izumi, and Naresh Sthapit. "Passenger car equivalents of heavy vehicles for uncongested motorway traffic from macroscopic approach." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 512 (1995): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1995.512_73.

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36

Al-Obaedi, Jalal Taqi Shaker. "Estimation of Passenger Car Equivalents for Basic Freeway Sections at Different Traffic Conditions." World Journal of Engineering and Technology 04, no. 02 (2016): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2016.42013.

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37

Anggoro, Dikka, Harnen Sulistio, Achmad Wicaksono, and Sonya Sulistyono. "PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENT AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS WITH COUNTDOWN TIMER IN MALANG CITY." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Lingkungan 2, no. 01 (July 5, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jrsl.v2i01.6441.

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Passenger car equivalents (PCE) is used in highway capacity analysis to convert a mixed vehicle flow into an equvalent passenger car flow. PCE value for a vehicle is not constant but varies with traffic and roadway conditions arround. In this study, PCE for motorcycle, light vehicle and heavy vehicle were developed at signalized intersection on saturation condition with and without countdown timer (CDT) in Malang City and to evaluate the value of analysis pcu and MKJI 1997 pcu. PCE data were collected at five intersection; Ciliwung, Dieng, BCA, L.A. Sucipto and Rampal intersection. A digital video camera was utilized for data collection and linier regresion method was used to calculate the PCE values. The analysis result shows for the average pcu value for the type of motorcycle (MC) at countdown timer on and off condition is 0,294 and 0,293. As for the types of heavy vehicles (HV) at countdown timer on and off conditions are 1.565 and 1.507. While to evaluate the pcu value, there is a significant difference between the value of pcu analysis results with the value of MKJI 1997 with a level of confidence in the significance of 95%. For percentage of motorcylce type (MC) if the percentage value of 75% the pcu value will increase. While for heavy vehicle type (HV) if the percentage is above 1.5% then the value of emp will increase because HV type has big dimension. Ekivalensi mobil penumpang (emp) digunakan untuk analisis kapasitas jalan. Nilai emp untuk kendaraan tidaklah konstan atau sama tetapi memiliki nilai yang bervariasi. Pada penelitian ini mencari nilai emp untuk jenis kendaraan sepeda motor (MC) dan kendaraan berat (HV) pada simpang bersinyal pada kondisi jenuh dengan menggunakan countdown timer (CDT) pada kondisi on dan off. Data nilai emp dikumpulkan pada lima simpang di Kota Malang; Simpang Ciliwung, Dieng, BCA, L.A. Sucipto dan Rampal. Video kamera digunakan untuk merekam dan pengumpulan data dan untuk menghitung nilai emp menggunakan metode regresi linier. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukan bahwa nilai rata-rata untuk sepeda motor pada kondisi CDT on dan off ialah 0,294 dan 0,293. Sedangkan untuk kendaraan berat (HV) untuk kondisi CDT on dan off ialah 1,565 dan 1,507. Sedangkan untuk evaluasi nilai emp terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan diantara nilai emp hasil analisis dengan nilai emp MKJI 1997 dengan tingkat kepercayaan sebesar 95%. Untuk persentase jenis MC, apabila persen kendaraan bermotor meningkat sebesar 75% maka nilai empnya akan meningkat. Sedangkan untuk HV, apabila persen kendaraan berat (HV) meningkat sebesar 1,5% maka nilai empnya akan meningkat dikarenakan dimensi yang besar.

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38

Yadav, Adarsh, Manoranjan Parida, and Brind Kumar. "Determination of passenger car noise equivalent for mid-sized cities in India." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 6 (August 1, 2021): 526–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1505.

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The heterogeneity in traffic flow composition increases the complexity of road traffic noise analysis for mid-sized in India. This study aims to determine a passenger car noise equivalent (PCNE) with respect to the average traffic stream speed that represents the number of a particular vehicle category with reference to an identified vehicle based on their noise emission characteristics. In the present study, vehicles are classified as bus, truck, light commercial vehicles (minibus, minitruck), three-wheelers (vikram-rickshaw), two-wheelers (bike/scooter), car, e-rickshaw and auto-rickshaw, and tractor-trailer. Car is taken as a reference vehicle for estimation of PCNE in our study due to its high percentage in traffic stream. Data has been collected on both bituminous and concrete pavement in Kanpur city, India, to analyze the differential effect of pavement on the noise level. As per this study, tractors-trailers, trucks, three-wheelers, and buses had a higher PCNE value, while two-wheelers and cars had almost similar PCNE value. A comparative analysis of PCNE value at concrete pavement is also conducted by considering car running on the bituminous pavement as reference vehicle. The study suggests to employ PCNE value in traffic noise analysis as it converts the divergent traffic volume in terms of the car.

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39

Tang, Ai Hua, Jian Ping Tian, and Ying Hua Liao. "Analysis for Ride Comfort Evaluation of Passenger Car Traveling on Roads with Generalized Road Profiles and Conventional Speeds." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 877–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.877.

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To investigate how the conventional speeds to affect passenger cars ride comfort under a kind of road surface profiles, in multibody dynamics software (ADAMS/Car), a vehicle model was built based on the characteristic parameters of a passenger car. According to the relevant test regulations of ride comfort, the building methods of road surface profiles were discussed. Furthermore, a dynamics simulation analysis of the car was realized by ADAMS/Car and the acceleration-time histories of the seat surfaces X/Y/Z-axis under three conventional driving-speeds were acquired. A special MATLAB program was compiled to calculate the total weighted Root Mean Square (RMS) value by calling the above histories. According to the GB/T 4970-1996, a road test of a passenger car was carried out in the random road surface which equivalent to B level. The car was driven to get the values of total weighted acceleration RMS under three conventional driving-speeds. By comparing the road test result with simulation, the result indicated that the changing trend of total weighted RMS value is consistent as the driving-speed changes, and the ride comfort will decrease when the driving-speed increase. At the same time, it shows that the consistency of the simulation and road test is better.

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Obiri-Yeboah, A. A. "Passenger Car Equivalents for Vehicles at Signalized Intersections within the Kumasi Metropolis in Ghana." IOSR Journal of Engineering 4, no. 4 (April 2014): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-04412429.

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Giuffrè, Orazio, Anna Granà, Maria Luisa Tumminello, and Antonino Sferlazza. "Capacity-based calculation of passenger car equivalents using traffic simulation at double-lane roundabouts." Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 81 (February 2018): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2017.11.005.

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Giuffrè, Orazio, Anna Granà, Maria Luisa Tumminello, and Antonino Sferlazza. "Estimation of Passenger Car Equivalents for single-lane roundabouts using a microsimulation-based procedure." Expert Systems with Applications 79 (August 2017): 333–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2017.03.003.

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Zhou, Jianan, Laurence Rilett, and Elizabeth Jones. "Sensitivity Analysis of Speed Limit, Truck Lane Restrictions, and Data Aggregation Level on the HCM-6 Passenger Car Equivalent Estimation Methodology for Western U.S. Conditions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 11 (June 16, 2019): 493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119851451.

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In the 2016 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM-6), the impact of trucks on freeway operations is measured by passenger car equivalents (PCEs). PCEs are estimated by the equal capacity methodology. The HCM-6 PCE values are based on the assumptions that passenger cars and trucks travel at the same free-flow speed, that they travel on freeways with three lanes per direction, and that they travel in traffic with no more than 25% trucks. On Interstate 80 in western Nebraska, it is observed that the interaction of high truck percentages and large speed differences between passenger cars and trucks may result in moving bottlenecks. It was hypothesized that the current HCM-6 PCEs may be not appropriate for these conditions. A companion paper showed this was true and that the major cause was speed differentials between trucks and passenger cars. In essence, when slow-moving trucks pass each other they create moving bottlenecks, which results in increased PCE values. This paper is an extension to a companion paper and examines a number of issues related to estimation of PCEs. The paper examines the effect of speed limit, truck passing restrictions, and data aggregation interval on PCEs. The results show that: (i) if a higher speed limit is implemented, trucks will affect the passenger cars more severely; (ii) if truck passing is restricted by lane restrictions, the negative impacts of trucks on passenger car operation may be mitigated; and (iii) using a longer data aggregation interval results in lower PCE values, all else being equal.

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Luca, Mario De, and Gianluca Dell’Acqua. "CALIBRATING THE PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENT ON ITALIAN TWO LINE HIGHWAYS: A CASE STUDY." TRANSPORT 29, no. 4 (October 16, 2013): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2013.845854.

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The Level Of Service (LOS) of a road infrastructure, a concept introduced for the first time in the Highway Capacity Manual (second edition), is defined as the ‘qualitative measure of traffic conditions and their perception by users’. The Highway Capacity Manual, developed in the U.S., is still the most highly internationally credited reference text in the study of vehicular traffic. The method proposed by the Highway Capacity Manual is based mainly on studies and research compiled in the U.S., so in order to apply this method to other realities (e.g. Italy), research needs to be carried out at a local level. In this study, a series of studies were carried out to verify the transferability of these procedures to two roads classified as ‘two-lane highways’. Two fixed RTMS (Remote Traffic Microwave Sensor) were used to record traffic data for two sections located at 3100 km on the SP30 and at 8900 km on the SP175 from 1 January to 31 December 2010. From the data, it was possible to determine not only the relationships between the basic parameters of the traffic flow, but also the (Passenger Car Equivalent) (PCE) values. The results showed that the PCEs analyzed vary significantly with vehicular flow, while they are scarcely affected by changes in speed. In particular, with respect to the vehicular flow, although they have the same range recorded in the Highway Capacity Manual (2010) (between 1 and 2), they tend to be higher than those given in the manual, and the difference tends to diminish beyond a flow rate of 400÷450 pcphpl; the PCE coefficients also tend towards 1 (i.e., the condition where a heavy vehicle is comparable to a car) with range values approaching 1000 pcphpl. In addition, for these values, the traffic-flow diagrams obtained, showed speeds (defined as the critical speed) close to 50÷55 km/h (with the exception of the study conducted on the SP175 in direction d2, which is considerably higher).

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de Andrade, Gustavo Riente, Zhibin Chen, Lily Elefteriadou, and Yafeng Yin. "Multiclass Traffic Assignment Problem with Flow-Dependent Passenger Car Equivalent Value of Trucks." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2667, no. 1 (January 2017): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2667-13.

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This paper develops and analyzes a multiclass traffic assignment model considering the flow-dependent passenger car equivalent (PCE) value of trucks based on the latest Highway Capacity Manual (HCM, 6th edition) and explores the properties of the proposed model to provide guidance on related planning applications. HCM discrete values of truck PCEs are fitted by power functions for combinations of link grades and lengths, which have been found to produce high coefficients of determination ( R2) in all cases. With the established fitting functions, the multiclass traffic assignment problem is formulated as a variational inequality problem and solved by an efficient method. The equilibrium link flow distribution is proved to exist but may not be unique. Numerical examples and discussions are presented to demonstrate the variance of the link flow distributions and the effect of such nonuniqueness on traffic planning applications. Several approaches are then provided to obtain the best range of solutions according to a congestion pricing design problem.

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Erahman, Reyseliani, Purwanto, and Sudibandriyo. "Modeling Future Energy Demand and CO2 Emissions of Passenger Cars in Indonesia at the Provincial Level." Energies 12, no. 16 (August 17, 2019): 3168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163168.

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The high energy demand and CO2 emissions in the road transport sector in Indonesia are mainly caused by the use of passenger cars. This situation is predicted to continue due to the increase in car ownership. Scenarios are arranged to examine the potential reductions in energy demand and CO2 emissions in comparison with the business as usual (BAU) condition between 2016 and 2050 by controlling car intensity (fuel economy) and activity (vehicle-km). The intensity is controlled through the introduction of new car technologies, while the activity is controlled through the enactment of fuel taxes. This study aims to analyze the energy demand and CO2 emissions of passenger cars in Indonesia not only for a period in the past (2010–2015) but also based on projections through to 2050, by employing a provincially disaggregated bottom-up model. The provincially disaggregated model shows more accurate estimations for passenger car energy demands. The results suggest that energy demand and CO2 emissions in 2050 will be 50 million liter gasoline equivalent (LGE) and 110 million tons of CO2, respectively. The five provinces with the highest CO2 emissions in 2050 are projected to be West Java, Banten, East Java, Central Java, and South Sulawesi. The projected analysis for 2050 shows that new car technology and fuel tax scenarios can reduce energy demand from the BAU condition by 7.72% and 3.18% and CO2 emissions by 15.96% and 3.18%, respectively.

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Jasionowski, Andrzej, Dracos Vassalos, and Luis Guarin. "Time-Based Survival Criteria for Passenger RO/RO Vessels." Marine Technology and SNAME News 40, no. 04 (October 1, 2003): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2003.40.4.278.

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This paper outlines the study undertaken within the framework of research aiming to address the compound problem of the absolute time available for passenger evacuation on a damaged passenger/RO/RO vessel undergoing large-scale flooding of car deck spaces. Deriving from extensive experimental information and utilizing static equivalent method (SEM) principles, a methodology for predicting ship survival time is proposed that accounts for wave characteristics, water ingress/egress, and vessel survivability. The progress achieved to date is discussed, and aspects needing further investigation are highlighted.

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Ahmed, Umama, and Mecit Cetin. "Impacts of heavy vehicles on inter-vehicle interactions and passenger car equivalents for tunnel traffic." Case Studies on Transport Policy 5, no. 4 (December 2017): 580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2017.08.005.

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Adnan, Muhammad. "Passenger Car Equivalent Factors in Heterogenous Traffic Environment-are We Using the Right Numbers?" Procedia Engineering 77 (2014): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.07.004.

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Hurtado-Beltran, Antonio, and Laurence R. Rilett. "Impact of CAV Truck Platooning on HCM-6 Capacity and Passenger Car Equivalent Values." Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems 147, no. 2 (February 2021): 04020159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jtepbs.0000492.

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