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Journal articles on the topic 'Passenger Car Equivalents (PCE)'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Torbic, Darren, Lily Elefteriadou, Tien-Jung Ho, and Ying Wang. "Passenger Car Equivalents for Highway Cost Allocation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1576, no. 1 (1997): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1576-05.

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Existing passenger car equivalent (PCE) values do not necessarily serve the purposes of highway cost allocation well, since their derivation has followed from a need to determine equivalency for traffic operations purposes. Highway cost allocation demands better knowledge of equivalencies among vehicle classes, for a wide range of vehicle types, and under the full range of traffic conditions. There are several possible methods for PCE development and various suggested PCE values, but there is currently no information on the suitability of these methods and estimates for cost allocation purpose

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2

Mohan, Mithun, and Satish Chandra. "Concept of queue clearance rate for estimation of equivalency factors at priority junctions." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, no. 7 (2016): 593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0396.

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Traffic in developing countries is often distinguished from others for its diversity in vehicular composition and passenger car equivalents (PCE) becomes essential in such conditions for expressing traffic volume in terms of equivalent number of passenger cars. The PCE estimation at two-way stop-controlled intersections in developing countries is further complicated by the lack of movement priority and lane discipline. The study introduces a method to find PCE factors based on the time taken by a queue of vehicles to completely clear the intersection and composition of the queue. The method is

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Zhou, Jianan, Laurence Rilett, Elizabeth Jones, and Yifeng Chen. "Estimating Passenger Car Equivalents on Level Freeway Segments Experiencing High Truck Percentages and Differential Average Speeds." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 15 (2018): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118798237.

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In the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), the passenger car equivalent (PCE) of a truck is used to account for the impacts of trucks on traffic flow. The 2010 HCM PCE values were estimated by the equal-density method using a FRESIM simulation. It was determined that the truck PCE for level freeway segments was 1.5 for all conditions. In the 2016 HCM, the PCE values were based on VISSIM simulation output at 1 min intervals along a three-lane, 13 mile (8 mile level and 5 mile graded) section of a roadway. It was determined that the truck PCE for level freeway segments was 2.0. It is hypothesized in

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Elefteriadou, Lily, Darren Torbic, and Nathan Webster. "Development of Passenger Car Equivalents for Freeways, Two-Lane Highways, and Arterials." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1572, no. 1 (1997): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1572-07.

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Passenger car equivalents (PCEs) have been used extensively in the Highway Capacity Manual to establish the impact of trucks, buses, and recreational vehicles on traffic operations. PCEs are currently being used for studying freeways, multilane highways, and two-lane highways. A heavy-vehicle factor is directly given for the impact of heavy vehicles at signalized intersections (and indirectly along arterials). These PCE values are typically based on a limited number of simulations and on older simulation models. In addition, the impact of variables such as traffic flow, truck percentage, truck

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Nassiri, Habibollah, Sara Tabatabaie, and Sina Sahebi. "Delay-based Passenger Car Equivalent at Signalized Intersections in Iran." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 29, no. 2 (2017): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v29i2.2040.

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Due to their different sizes and operational characteristics, vehicles other than passenger cars have a different influence on traffic operations especially at intersections. The passenger car equivalent (PCE) is the parameter that shows how many passenger cars must be substituted for a specific heavy vehicle to represent its influence on traffic operation. PCE is commonly estimated using headway-based methods that consider the excess headway utilized by heavy vehicles. In this research, the PCE was estimated based on the delay parameter at three signalized intersections in Tehran, Iran. The d

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Ramlan, Ratnasari, Ahmad Munawar, and Muhammad Zudhy Irawan. "Estimation of Passenger Car Equivalent Value for Unsignalized Intersections in Yogyakarta." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 28, no. 2 (2023): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v28i2.34977.

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Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) is expected to be very accurate because it is very important in determining the capacity, degree of saturation, and handling of unsignalized intersections. Several methods have been used to estimate the PCE value, but based on the literature review, it is stated that the occupancy time method and the speed method are the most applicable for the unsignalized intersection conditions. This study aims to determine the most appropriate PCE value by comparing the occupancy time method and the speed method. To determine the most appropriate method in calculating the PCE

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Subotić, Marko Miladin, and Vladan Jevđen Tubić. "Car Equivalents Dependence on the Longitudinal Road Gradient on Two-lane Roads in Bosnia and Herzegovina." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 29, no. 4 (2017): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v29i4.2226.

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The main objective of this paper, based upon the extensive empirical research of free flow in local conditions, is to quantify the unfavourable impact of the flow structure on the road capacity using PCE (Passenger Car Equivalent) values as a function of longitudinal grade. Based on literature reviews and empirical research, it has been proved that the PCE value for all vehicle classes is directly correlated with the road gradient. The PCE values in free flow conditions have been determined for the approved vehicle classes. Based on the measured values, models for determining the average PCE v

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8

Webster, Nathan, and Lily Elefteriadou. "A simulation study of truck passenger car equivalents (PCE) on basic freeway sections." Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 33, no. 5 (1999): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0965-8564(98)00036-6.

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9

Zhou, Jianan, Laurence Rilett, and Elizabeth Jones. "Sensitivity Analysis of Speed Limit, Truck Lane Restrictions, and Data Aggregation Level on the HCM-6 Passenger Car Equivalent Estimation Methodology for Western U.S. Conditions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 11 (2019): 493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119851451.

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In the 2016 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM-6), the impact of trucks on freeway operations is measured by passenger car equivalents (PCEs). PCEs are estimated by the equal capacity methodology. The HCM-6 PCE values are based on the assumptions that passenger cars and trucks travel at the same free-flow speed, that they travel on freeways with three lanes per direction, and that they travel in traffic with no more than 25% trucks. On Interstate 80 in western Nebraska, it is observed that the interaction of high truck percentages and large speed differences between passenger cars and trucks may res

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Lu, Pan, Zijian Zheng, Denver Tolliver, and Danguang Pan. "Measuring Passenger Car Equivalents (PCE) for Heavy Vehicle on Two Lane Highway Segments Operating Under Various Traffic Conditions." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (January 17, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6972958.

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Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) is essential for transportation engineering to assess heavy vehicles’ (HV) impact on highway operations and capacity planning. Highway Capacity Manual 2010 (HCM 2010) used PCE values and percent of heavy vehicles to account the impacts on both highway planning and operation, however, PCE values in the latest version of HCM derived based on the steady and balanced two-lane-two-way (TLTW) traffic flows. The objective of the study is to identify PCE values for TLTW highway at various traffic volume with an emphasis on congestion conditions. This study introduces an

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ÇELİK, Burak, Ahmet TORTUM, Emre ÇİNTAŞ, and Barış ÖZYER. "Analysing Headway Spacing and Calculating Passenger Car Equivalent Values Using Computer Vision and International Dataset." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 37, no. 4 (2025): 888–910. https://doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v37i4.978.

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Accurate traffic flow data are crucial for effective transportation planning and management. Different vehicle types impact traffic flow variably, requiring distinct passenger car equivalency (PCE) factors for calculating intersection and road capacity. Headway and spacing data are essential to assess traffic density and service level. Conventional data collection methods are time-consuming and often inaccurate. Unlike existing studies, this study employed computer vision to measure mixed traffic stream volume in terms of passenger car equivalent and collect headway-spacing data with high accu

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Anggoro, Dikka, Harnen Sulistio, Achmad Wicaksono, and Sonya Sulistyono. "PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENT AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS WITH COUNTDOWN TIMER IN MALANG CITY." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Lingkungan 2, no. 01 (2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jrsl.v2i01.6441.

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Passenger car equivalents (PCE) is used in highway capacity analysis to convert a mixed vehicle flow into an equvalent passenger car flow. PCE value for a vehicle is not constant but varies with traffic and roadway conditions arround. In this study, PCE for motorcycle, light vehicle and heavy vehicle were developed at signalized intersection on saturation condition with and without countdown timer (CDT) in Malang City and to evaluate the value of analysis pcu and MKJI 1997 pcu. PCE data were collected at five intersection; Ciliwung, Dieng, BCA, L.A. Sucipto and Rampal intersection. A digital v

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HASYIM, HASYIM, ROHANI ROHANI, and MAYA NURFADILLAH. "EVALUASI NILAI EMP MKJI 1997 MENGGUNAKAN METODE TIME HEADWAY PADA SIMPANG EMPAT BERSINYAL KOTA MATARAM (STUDI KASUS DI SIMPANG JL. PANCA USAHA – JL. BUNG HATTA DAN SIMPANG DI JL. DR. SUJONO – JL. TGH LOPAN KOTA MATARAM)." GANEC SWARA 18, no. 2 (2024): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.35327/gara.v18i2.877.

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Traffic flow consists from various types of vehicles, and it requires a conversion value to represent the traffic flow more accurately in terms of the standard vehicle type, namely passenger cars, commonly referred to as Passenger Car Units (PCU). The conversion factor from different types of vehicles to passenger cars is called Passenger Car Equivalence (PCE). In calculating road capacity in Indonesia, the PCE value used refers to Manual Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia (MKJI) 1997.In this study, a method called the time headway method is used to determine the Passenger Car Equivalence (PCE) value.

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Zahiri, Majid, and Xiqun (Michael) Chen. "Measuring the Passenger Car Equivalent of Small Cars and SUVs on Rainy and Sunny Days." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 31 (2018): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118758638.

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Traffic volume is a fundamental measurement in traffic analyses. In mixed traffic, vehicles vary in size, length, headway, spacing, and acceleration/deceleration. Therefore, if we can categorize the vehicles in mixed traffic in greater detail, the estimated passenger car equivalent (PCE) number will be more accurate. Practical and appropriate methods that convert different vehicles into the equivalent number of passenger cars need to be employed to determine PCE factors for heterogeneous traffic. Following economic growth and increased use of motor vehicles in developing countries, the purchas

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Purbanto, I. Gusti Raka. "Determining Passenger Car Equivalent for Motorcycle at Mid-Block of Sesetan Road." Applied Mechanics and Materials 776 (July 2015): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.776.95.

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Motorcycle dominates traffic in Bali, particularly in urban roads, which occupy more than 85% of mode share. The three types of vehicles, i.e. motorcycles, heavy and light vehicles share the roadways together. Under mixed traffic conditions, motorcycle may be travelling in between and alongside two consecutive motor vehicles. Considering such a situation, passenger car equivalent values should be examined thoroughly. This study aims to determine passenger car equivalent (PCEs) of motorcycle at mid-block of Sesetan Road. Three approaches are used to examine the PCEs values. This study found tha

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Irwandi, Irwandi, Anastasia Caroline Sutandi, and Elsa Tri Mukti. "The Value of Passenger Car Equivalent using the Time Headway Method on Urban Roads." Civil Engineering Dimension 27, no. 1 (2025): 33–46. https://doi.org/10.9744/ced.27.1.33-46.

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The escalating proliferation of vehicles has had a significant impact on the existing Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) values, making them less effective under current traffic conditions for assessing road performance. This study aims to redefine PCE values for urban highways using the Time Headway method. Data collection was conducted over four days during peak traffic hours. The methodology involved direct field observations, analysis footage, and statistical modeling of time headway data distributions. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov fit test identified the Wakeby distribution as the most suitable rep

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Maharani Putri Dewanty, Nita Jesika Panjaitan, Shafira Amalia Putri, Mawinda Oktrify Awati, and Achmad Dzulfiqar Alfiansyah. "Road Performance Analysis Using PCE MC Value 0.17 on Rungkut Madya Road." Journal of Civil Engineering Science and Technology (CI-TECH) 3, no. 2 (2022): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/ci-tech.v3i2.65.

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Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) is a conversion factor from various types of vehicles into passenger car units (pc). The PCE value in the 2014 Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines called PKJI 2014 has a long period with the present. The purpose of this study is to prove that there is a change in current traffic characteristics with the traffic characteristics described in the PKJI 2014. To prove this, the study was conducted by comparing road performance using the PCE MC value according to the PKJI 2014 with research that has been done previously with the results of PCE MC using the modified ave

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Sugiarto, Sugiarto, Fadhlullah Apriandy, Yusria Darma, Sofyan M. Saleh, Muhammad Rusdi, and Tomio Miwa. "Determining passenger car equivalent (PCEs) for pretimed signalized intersections with severe motorcycle composition using Bayesian linear regression." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (2021): e0256620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256620.

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Pretimed signalized intersection is known as a common source of congestion, especially in urban heterogeneous traffic. Furthermore, the accuracy of saturation flow rate is found to cause efficient and vital capacity estimation, in order to ensure optimal design and operation of the signal timings. Presently, the traffic also consists of diverse vehicle presence, each with its own static and dynamic characteristics. The passenger car equivalent (PCE) in an essential unit is also used to measure heterogenous traffic into the PCU (Passenger Car Unit). Based on the collection of observed data at t

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Demarchi, Sergio Henrique, and José Reynaldo Setti. "Limitations of Passenger-Car Equivalent Derivation for Traffic Streams with More Than One Truck Type." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1852, no. 1 (2003): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1852-13.

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Heavy vehicles can have a major impact on traffic streams, particularly on grades. Traditionally, these impacts have been expressed in terms of a passenger-car equivalent (PCE), which is used to convert a mixed traffic stream into a hypothetical passenger-car stream. When the stream contains more than one truck type and truck characteristics differ significantly, it would be desirable to derive PCEs for each truck type. Limitations of current methods of PCE derivation are discussed, and it is demonstrated that PCEs derived individually for each truck type account for only part of the impact ca

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Yulipriyono, EPF Eko, and Djoko Purwanto. "Perubahan Nilai Ekivalensi Mobil Penumpang Akibat Perubahan Karakteristik Operasional Kendaraan di Jalan Kota Semarang." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 23, no. 1 (2017): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v23i1.12517.

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Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) is a conversion factor to make equal the various types of vehicles that operating on the road section into one type of vehicles i.e. passenger cars. Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (MKJI) 1997 has set the PCE values for various types of vehicle groups either motorized. PCE values of various types of vehicles are not absolute because many factors that affect can change over time and development of automotive technology. This study aimed to find out the changes of PCE value that occurs. As for the purpose of research to determine the current number of PCE values

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Wardhani, Primasari Cahya, and Ahmad Dzulfiqar Alfiansyah. "THE IMPACT OF THE PCE MC CORRECTION VALUE USING MODIFIED AVERAGE TIME HEADWAY METHOD TO ROAD PERFORMANCE (CASE STUDY: VETERAN STREET, MALANG CITY)." CI-TECH 3, no. 01 (2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/ci-tech.v3i01.51.

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    Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) is a conversion factor of various types of vehicles compared to passenger cars or other light vehicles concerning their impact on traffic behavior. The PCE value used in calculating the performance of urban roads refers to Manual Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia (MKJI 1997) as an Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual. There have been many changes in traffic behavior nowadays compared to in 1997. The calculation of the PCE MC value using the average time headway method does not match the actual conditions. Therefore, modifications are needed by c

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Kariyana, I. Made, Gede Sumarda, Sang Made Dwipayana, and Tri Hayatining Pamungkas. "Analisis Kinerja Simpang Bersinyal Dengan Metode Ekivalensi Mobil Penumpang (EMP) Chandra 2000." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Lingkungan 8, no. 1 (2024): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jrsl.v8i1.47016.

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Abstract The Petitenget Kerobokan intersection can cause accidents, queues, congestion, and delays due to the large amount of traffic. Therefore, an evaluation of the intersection performance is required to determine the level of service. This study utilizes analysis from the 1997 Indonesian Road Capacity Manual (MKJI) using two Passenger Car Equivalency (PCE) methods, namely Chandra 2000 PCE and MKJI 1997 PCE. The results of the analysis show that the level of service of the intersection with the Chandra 2000 PCE method is located in category E (unstable / intermittent flow) with an average d

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Zhou, Jianan, Laurence Rilett, and Elizabeth Jones. "Estimating Passenger Car Equivalent using the HCM-6 PCE Methodology on Four-Lane Level Freeway Segments in Western U.S." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 11 (2019): 529–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119851448.

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The passenger car equivalent (PCE) of a truck is used to account for the presence of trucks in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). The HCM-6 employed an equivalency capacity methodology to estimate PCE. It is hypothesized in this paper that the HCM-6 PCE values are not appropriate for the western U.S., which consistently experiences truck percentages higher than 25%. Furthermore, the HCM PCE procedure assumes that truck and passenger cars travel at the same desired free-flow speed on level terrain. However, many heavy trucks in the western U.S. are governed through the use of speed limiters so

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Farisa, Afifah Izza, Akhmad Hasanuddin, and Anita Trisiana. "COMPARISON OF PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENT (PCE) VALUE IN MKJI 1997 AND PCE IN FIELD USING LINEAR REGRESSION METHOD IN (JENDRAL AHMAD YANI AND ADI SUCIPTO) ROAD BANYUWANGI CITY." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Lingkungan 4, no. 1 (2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jrsl.v4i1.15833.

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Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) is a conversion rate that can be used to convert the unit of any variety of vehicles to be Passenger Car Unit (PCU). The PCE value on MKJI (Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual) is considered having a longer time span compared with what we own today, therefore the renewal of the PCE value is needed. Moreover, it deals with the differ characteristics of each area. The aim of this research is to get PCE value on Jendral Ahmad Yani (4/2 UD) and Adi Sucipto (4/2 D) roads in Banyuwangi District. The method used of this research is multiple linear regression. The obtaine

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Luca, Mario De, and Gianluca Dell’Acqua. "CALIBRATING THE PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENT ON ITALIAN TWO LINE HIGHWAYS: A CASE STUDY." TRANSPORT 29, no. 4 (2013): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2013.845854.

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The Level Of Service (LOS) of a road infrastructure, a concept introduced for the first time in the Highway Capacity Manual (second edition), is defined as the ‘qualitative measure of traffic conditions and their perception by users’. The Highway Capacity Manual, developed in the U.S., is still the most highly internationally credited reference text in the study of vehicular traffic. The method proposed by the Highway Capacity Manual is based mainly on studies and research compiled in the U.S., so in order to apply this method to other realities (e.g. Italy), research needs to be carried out a

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SAHA, Partha, H. M. Iqbal MAHMUD, Quazi Sazzad HOSSAIN, and MD Zahurul ISLAM. "PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENT (PCE) OF THROUGH VEHICLES AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS IN DHAKA METROPOLITAN CITY, BANGLADESH." IATSS Research 33, no. 2 (2009): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0386-1112(14)60248-x.

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de Andrade, Gustavo Riente, Zhibin Chen, Lily Elefteriadou, and Yafeng Yin. "Multiclass Traffic Assignment Problem with Flow-Dependent Passenger Car Equivalent Value of Trucks." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2667, no. 1 (2017): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2667-13.

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This paper develops and analyzes a multiclass traffic assignment model considering the flow-dependent passenger car equivalent (PCE) value of trucks based on the latest Highway Capacity Manual (HCM, 6th edition) and explores the properties of the proposed model to provide guidance on related planning applications. HCM discrete values of truck PCEs are fitted by power functions for combinations of link grades and lengths, which have been found to produce high coefficients of determination ( R2) in all cases. With the established fitting functions, the multiclass traffic assignment problem is fo

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V, Sampathkumar, and Samuel Simron Rajkumar. "Traffic Management at Madhya Kailash Intersection along Rajiv Gandhi Road in Chennai." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.25 (2018): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.25.20501.

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This paper focuses on the improvement of the traffic flow at the three-major congested intersection located near Madhya Kailash, Tidel Park and SRP Tools along Rajiv Gandhi road in Chennai City. Road inventory survey and volume count survey have been conducted at the three intersections. Volume accumulation curves are developed to obtain the peak volume and peak time. From the analysis it is found that the peak volume is about 2321 passenger car equivalence (PCE), 2544 PCE and 2396 PCE at the three intersections respectively during peak hour. The volume to capacity ratio is about 1.29, 1.41 an

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Mattungal, Vinaya S., and Lelitha Devi Vanajakshi. "An analytical delay model for multi-class and lane-free traffic condition." PLOS ONE 20, no. 2 (2025): e0319325. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319325.

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This study emphasises the criticality of delay as a performance metric for signalized intersections and the challenges associated with its estimation, particularly in the context of Multi-class and Lane-free (MCLF) traffic conditions. Traditional delay models are often inadequate for such conditions, necessitating the development of a tailored approach. A novel delay equation is proposed, integrating insights from queuing theory principles with consideration of multi-class of vehicles and lane-free movement. Key features include assumption of random arrival and departure pattern as well as dis

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A'yuni, Qurrata, Sugiarto Sugiarto, Sofyan M. Saleh, and Yusria Darma. "A preliminary analysis for determining passenger car equivalent value for motorcycle during first lost time and saturation time at pretimed signalized intersections." E3S Web of Conferences 476 (2024): 01044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447601044.

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In Banda Aceh City, signalized intersections are a strategic approach to mitigate conflicts such as accidents and traffic congestion. This was achieved by efficiently managing the flow of vehicles passing through intersections, enhancing their overall capacity. Currently, the management of signalized intersections in Banda Aceh still adheres to the guidelines stipulated in the 1997 Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (MKJI 1997). Given the considerable variation in driver behavior and vehicle composition, particularly motorcycles, within Banda Aceh, a need for updated practices arises. Therefor

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Favero, Renan, and José Reynaldo Setti. "Factors Affecting the Impact of Autonomous Vehicles on Freeway Operations – An Exploratory Analysis Using PCEs." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 36, no. 1 (2024): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v36i1.356.

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Autonomous vehicles (AVs) and human-driven vehicles (HDVs) will share the roads for a long time, hence the need to study traffic flows mixing AVs and HDVs, especially during the AV introduction period. This paper aims to investigate the roadway and traffic characteristics that affect the impact of AVs on freeway traffic operations, using an adapted version of the HCM6 truck passenger-car equivalent (PCE) methodology. A large number of scenarios comprising different roadway characteristics, AV types and traffic flow compositions were simulated using Vissim to obtain AV PCEs. The results indicat

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Khadhir, Abdhul, Ashish Bhaskar, Lelitha Vanajakshi, and Md Mazharul Haque. "Development of a Theoretical Delay Model for Heterogeneous and Less Lane-Disciplined Traffic Conditions." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (July 18, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3260945.

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In developing countries with limited or no availability of traffic sensors, theoretical delay models are the most commonly used tool to estimate control delay at intersections. The traffic conditions in such countries are characterised by a large mix of vehicle types and limited or no lane discipline (Heterogeneous, Less Lane-Disciplined (HLLD) traffic conditions), resulting in significantly different traffic dynamics. This research develops a queueing theory-based theoretical delay model that explicitly incorporates HLLD traffic conditions’ characteristic features like lack of lane discipline

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Li, Hongwei, Yunyue Zhou, Sulan Li, and Hongwei Zhu. "Passenger car equivalents for urban roads using average time headway of car following conditions." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 12 (2019): 168781401989751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019897511.

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Passenger car equivalents are used to calculate capacity and evaluate service level of urban roads. This article uses the average time headway of different car following conditions to replace the total average time headway of road vehicles, and the proportion of large vehicles to improve the headway method. This article analyzes the influence of several factors such as the proportion of large vehicles, road attributes, and traffic flow on passenger car equivalents, and obtains the following conclusions: (1) the behavior of vehicles crossing the opposite lanes has an important influence on the

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Subotić, Marko, Željko Stević, Edis Softić, and Veljko Radičević. "Passenger Car Equivalents on Downgrades of Two-Lane Roads." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 15, no. 4 (2020): 152–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2020-15.499.

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In this paper, empirical research about Passenger Car Equivalents (PCEs) on the longitudinal downgrade of two-lane roads in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been conducted in order to determine the influence of vehicle structure under free traffic flow conditions. The research has been carried out considering the classes of vehicles at cross-sections on the downgrade of two-lane roads. As a result, the negative influence of vehicle structure under free traffic flow conditions using passenger car equivalents (PCEs) has been determined. The results show that on the downgrade of two-lane roads, the val

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Giuffrè, Orazio, Anna Granà, Raffaele Mauro, Ana Bastos Silva, and Sandro Chiappone. "Developing Passenger Car Equivalents for Freeways by Microsimulation." Transportation Research Procedia 10 (2015): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2015.09.059.

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Fan, Henry S. L. "Passenger car equivalents for vehicles on Singapore expressways." Transportation Research Part A: General 24, no. 5 (1990): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(90)90051-7.

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Faizan, Afroz, and Bramjeet Singh Er. "Congestion Modelling and Level of Service Assessment of Urban Roads in Mixed Traffic Conditions." International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science & Technology (IJIRCST) 11, no. 1 (2023): 17–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7660909.

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In urban locations around the world, traffic congestion is a problem. Congestion has increased as a result of inadequate public transportation, stalled development of the road infrastructure, and increased use of private transportation by the public to meet the demand for travel. In developing nations like India, the issue has become more complex due to heterogeneous traffic on subpar road and control conditions. Travel delays and greater vehicle emissions are a result of traffic congestion. In developed nations, studies have been done to quantify congestion in order to assess the current cond

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Geistefeldt, Justin. "Estimation of Passenger Car Equivalents Based on Capacity Variability." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2130, no. 1 (2009): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2130-01.

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Drakopoulos, Alex, and Amjad Dehman. "Field-Derived Freeway Passenger Car Equivalents for Congested Conditions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2483, no. 1 (2015): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2483-13.

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Yeung, Jian Sheng, Yiik Diew Wong, and Julius Raditya Secadiningrat. "Lane-harmonised passenger car equivalents for heterogeneous expressway traffic." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 78 (August 2015): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.06.001.

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Benekohal, Rahim F., and Weixiong Zhao. "Delay-based passenger car equivalents for trucks at signalized intersections." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 34, no. 6 (2000): 437–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0965-8564(99)00026-9.

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Giuffrè, Orazio, Anna Granà, Sergio Marino, and Fabio Galatioto. "MICROSIMULATION-BASED PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENTS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES DRIVING TURBO-ROUNDABOUTS." TRANSPORT 31, no. 2 (2016): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2016.1193053.

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Due to its geometric design, turbo-roundabouts impose greatest constraints to the vehicular trajectories; by consequence, one can expect a more unfavourable impact of heavy vehicles on the traffic conditions than on other types of roundabouts. The present paper addresses the question of how to estimate Passenger Car Equivalents (PCEs) for heavy vehicles driving turbo-roundabouts. The microsimulation approach used revealed as a useful tool for evaluating the variation of quality of traffic in presence of mixed fleets (different percentages of heavy vehicles). Based on the output of multiple run

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Surbakti, M. S., and I. Sembiring. "Passenger car equivalents of becak bermotor at road segment in Medan." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 309 (February 2018): 012105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/309/1/012105.

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Kim, Tae-woon, and Ju-sam Oh. "Calculation of Passenger Car Equivalents on National Highway using Time Headway." Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems 14, no. 4 (2015): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12815/kits.2015.14.4.052.

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Mohan, Mithun, and Satish Chandra. "Occupancy Time-Based Passenger Car Equivalents at Unsignalized Intersections in India." Current Science 114, no. 06 (2018): 1346. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v114/i06/1346-1352.

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Ambo, Alemayehu, F. R. Wilson, and A. M. Sevens. "Highway cost allocation methodologies." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 4 (1992): 680–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-077.

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Four methodologies of life-cycle highway cost allocation were examined using the province of New Brunswick, Canada, as a case study. The first two methodologies were reported by Wong and Markov. The third methodology was suggested by Rilett et al. The fourth methodology was introduced as part of the research project. It was in line with the procedures practised in public accounts for the construction and maintenance of roads on a continuing basis. The four methodologies were tested using the same data base pertaining to vehicle types; traffic measures (independent vehicle, passenger car equiva

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OKURA, Izumi, and Naresh STHAPIT. "PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENTS OF HEAVY VEHICLES ON MOTORWAYS FROM MICROSCOPIC HEADWAY METHOD." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 12 (1995): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.12.701.

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Yoon, Hang-Mook. "Estimation of Passenger Car Equivalents at Urban Expressway by Microscopic Headway Method." Journal of Korean navigation and port research 31, no. 1 (2007): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5394/kinpr.2007.31.1.107.

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IWASAKI, Masato, and Yuu TAKADA. "A theory on an estimation of passenger car equivalents and its verification." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 464 (1993): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1993.464_91.

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Mohan, Mithun, and Satish Chandra. "Queue clearance rate method for estimating passenger car equivalents at signalized intersections." Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) 4, no. 5 (2017): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2016.12.003.

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