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1

Susanto, Kusnahadi. "Mesures distribuées de la température du sol pour l'hydrologie proche de la surface : utilisation de la technologie passive des fibres optiques pour déduire l'humidité du sol dans un bassin versant Méditerranéen." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAH010.

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La connaissance de la dynamique de la teneur en eau de la surface du sol fournit des informations précieuses sur l'interaction sol-eau et les changements dans les eaux souterraines. La variabilité peut être mesurée par des méthodes directes et indirectes. La thèse traite de la relation entre l'observation de la température et la teneur en eau du sol. L'observation de la température est utilisée comme méthode indirecte pour comprendre l'hydrologie et la thermo-physique du sol lors de l'écoulement de l'eau. Afin d'améliorer les connaissances sur l'interaction entre l'eau et le sol en surface peu profonde, la technologie DTS à fibre optique a été utilisée pour mesurer la température du sol à long terme. On s'attend à ce que cette stratégie permette de recueillir des informations hydrologiques plus détaillées. Trois types de sol ont été considérés dans cette expérience sur le terrain : la forêt de colluvions, les buissons ou prairies de colluvions et les marnes noires
Knowledge of soil surface water content dynamics provides valuable information on soil-water interaction and changes in groundwater. This variability can be measured by direct and indirect methods. This thesis deals with the relationship between temperature observation and soil water content. Temperature observation is used as an indirect method to understand the hydrology and thermo-physics of soil water flow. To improve knowledge of the interaction between water and soil in the shallow surface, fiber-optic DTS technology was used to measure long-term soil temperature. This strategy is expected to provide more detailed hydrological information. Three soil types were considered in this field experiment: colluvial forest, colluvial shrubland or grassland, and black marl
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2

Neto, Rafael Tobias Moretti. "Determinação de níveis ótimos de passividade em prótese sobre implante em função da deformação dos intermediários." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25135/tde-04092007-143032/.

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O assentamento passivo tem sido considerado um dos mais importantes requisitos para o sucesso de próteses implanto-suportada. Este estudo in vitro investigou a deformação do intermediário de prótese implantosuportada após o aperto do parafuso tanto do cilindro de Paládio-Prata como de Cobalto-Cromo. Um modelo mestre foi usado para simular uma mandíbula humana com cinco implantes. Extensômetros foram colados nas faces mesial e distal de cada intermediário para registrar as deformações causadas pelos cilindros após o aperto dos parafusos. Os intermediários foram montados sobre as réplicas dos implantes e os parafusos foram apertados com um torque de 20 Ncm e as leituras foram gravadas. Após este passo, os parafusos tanto dos cilindros de Paládio-Prata como de Cobalto-Cromo foram apertados com um torque de 10 Ncm e as leituras também foram gravadas. Estas medições foram repetidas por cinco vezes. O teste estatístico de Mann-Whitney foi aplicado aos resultados. Nenhuma diferença estatística foi encontrada entre as tensões geradas tanto pelos cilindros de Paládio-Prata como os de Cobalto-Cromo. No entanto, existiram diferenças com relação à qualidade da tensão. A deformação gerada pelo aperto dos parafusos dos cilindros de Cobalto-Cromo foi de compressão e o aperto dos parafusos dos cilindros de Paládio-Prata gerou forças de compressão e tração.
Passive fit has been considered one of the most important requirements for the success of implant supported prostheses. This in vitro study investigated the abutment deformation of an implant-supported prosthesis after screw tightening of palladium-silver and cobalt-chromium prosthetic cylinder. A master model was used to simulate a human mandible with five implants. The Strain gauges were attached on the sides of each abutment to capture deformations because of the cylinders screws after was tightened. The abutments were mounted onto implant replicas and the screws were tightened to a 20 Ncm torque, and the readings were recorded. After this step, palladiumsilver and cobalt-chromium prosthetic cylinders were tightened to a 10 Ncm torque and the readings were recorded. The measurements were repeated five times. Mann-Whitney statistical test was applied to the results. No statistical differences were found between the deformation generated by palladium-silver and cobalt-chromium prosthetic cylinders. However, there were differences relative to the quality of the strain. The deformation generated by screw tightness of the cobalt-chromium prosthetic cylinders was compressive while palladium-silver prosthetic cylinders generated compressive and tensile strain.
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3

Gimeno-Vives, Oriol. "L’évolution tectono-sédimentaire des marges de la Téthys dans le système orogenic Rifain." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CERG1028.

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La chaîne du Rif (Maroc du nord) est une chaîne de montagnes située à la jonction entre Atlantique Central et domaine méditerranéen. Constituant l’extrémité occidentale des Maghrébides, il appartient à la catégorie des chaînes alpines issues de la Téthys qui se poursuivent jusqu’à l’Himalaya et au-delà. Plus précisément, le Rif résulte de la collision entre deux ensembles continentaux séparés initialement par une branche de la Téthys. Le Rif est subdivisé en trois grands domaines: (1) Les zones internes, (Rif Interne), constituées d’une pile de nappes souvent métamorphiques. (2) Le domaine des Flyschs (couverture sédimentaire de la Téthys Maghrébine). (3) Les Zones externes, héritées de l’ancienne marge passive nord-africaine.Malgré des événements compressifs spectaculaires, le Rif apparaît comme un site intéressant pour l’étude des processus de rifting et d’océanisation. En effet, des traces de la marge passive mésozoïque de l’Afrique du Nord sont remarquablement bien préservées. Ce qui même assez exceptionnel est la possibilité d’accéder à la partie la plus distale de l’ancienne marge. Cette thèse, présente une étude de terrain détaillé et de nouvelles données géo et thermo-chronologiques pour proposer une interprétation moderne du zonage paléogéographique et, en particulier, du Mésorif et de l’Intrarif.Le Mésorif montre une phase de rifting majeure pendant le Jurassique Moyen; Cette phase est typique de la Téthys Maghrébine. On observe un cortège gabbroïque supportant tectoniquement la plate-forme carbonatée du Jurassique Inférieur totalement démembrée. Des datations U-Pb sur zircon sur le gabbro révèle des âges à 195-200 Ma, c’est-à-dire à la transition Trias-Jurassique. Chronologiquement et pétrographiquement, les gabbros mésorifains au fameux événement CAMP (Central Atlantic Magmatic Province), connu autour de l’Atlantique Central et au-delà.L’Intrarif porte les traces d’un processus d’exhumation du manteau. Celui-ci affleure dans le Massif de Béni Malek sous la forme de péridotites serpentinisées et d’ophicalcites supportant stratigraphiquement le Jurassique terminal. Cette observation permet de caler dans le temps l’initiation de l’océanisation dans la Téthys Maghébine. Mises ensemble, ces observations donnent des contraintes fortes pour discuter de l’architecture et de l’évolution de la partie ouest de l’ancienne marge nord-africaine.La localisation du Rif, à l’ancienne jonction entre l’Atlantique Central et la Téthys Maghrébine permet de discuter des relations entre ces deux domaines au Mésozoïque. Mon travail se situe dans la continuation de l’étude magistrale de cet auteur. Cependant, à l’aide des nouveaux concepts et modèles développés depuis cette période, j’ai été en mesure de proposer un scénario renouvelé incluant le poly-rifting, la mise en place de gabbros et l’exhumation du manteau.A partir du Crétacé Supérieur, la marge nord-africaine va subir une histoire complètement différente et change de statut: celle-ci va rentrer en convergence à l’instar du domaine téthysien tout entier. Le Rif externe présente plusieurs caractéristiques rares dans un contexte de zones externes de chaîne de montagnes: (1) Il enregistre une déformation polyphasée avec un événement compressif précoce, pré-Oligocène, antérieur au chevauchement miocène des Zones Internes sur les Zones Externes. (2) Il inclut des Massifs Métamorphiques Externes enregistrant un gradient de type HP-BT. (3) Il inclut de grandes nappes de charriage identifiées depuis longtemps jusqu’au front de chaîne.La thèse est basée sur une étude de terrain à différentes échelles (synthèse cartographique, étude détaillée d’affleurements); elle cherche à caractériser toutes les étapes de la formation du Rif Externe depuis la formation de la marge nord-africaine jusqu’à la formation de la chaîne et l’état actuel
The Rif belt (northern Morocco) is a mountain chain at the junction between the Mediterranean and Central Atlantic Domains, representing the western edge of the Maghrebides System. It belongs to a much larger orogeny, the Mediterranean Alpine belts extending from the Western Mediterranean up to the Himalayas. The Rif belt results from the collision between two continental domains initially separated by the Maghrebian Tethys.This belt is classically subdivided into: (1) Internal zones (or Internal Rif), is an allochthonous metamorphic domain. (2) Flysch zones (the original cover of the Maghrebian Tethys). (3) External zones (or External Rif) representing the North African margin remnants.Despite spectacular compressional events, the Rif represents a remarkable place for the understanding of rifting and oceanization mechanisms and their incorporation in mountain belts, because remnants of the Mesozoic North African rifted margin are especially well preserved in its external zones. Especially, the External Rif conserves characteristics of the distal margin. This thesis presents detailed field evidence and geochronological data from two subunits of the External Rif, the Mesorif, and the Intrarif.- The Mesorif preserves a major rifting phase during the Middle Jurassic, characterizing the formation of the Mesozoic North African margin. It presents particular lithostratigraphic associations of mafic intrusive rocks overlain by dismembered and discontinuous blocks of Lower Jurassic carbonates covered by Middle to Upper Jurassic sediments. U-Pb zircon dating of 4 samples from the intrusive has been done, showing ages close to the Triassic-Jurassic boundary (195-200 Ma). From a petrographic and chronologic point of view, the intrusive magmatism, corresponds to the CAMP (Central Atlantic Magmatic Province), known around the Central Atlantic.- The Intrarif displays the exhumed mantle domain, exposed in the Beni-Malek massif, consisting on highly serpentinized peridotites exhibiting ophicalcites with uppermost Jurassic limestones resting conformably on top. This suggests that the exhumation of the mantle occurred at the distal part of the North African Mesozoic margin at this time. Altogether, these observations enable us to discuss the architecture and evolution of the western part of the North African rifted margin.Moreover, the location of the Rif, in between the Central Atlantic and the Alpine/Maghrebian Tethys, enables to investigate the connection between these two oceanic domains during the Mesozoic. However, thanks to the new concepts and models developed since this period, we are able to propose a renewed scenario for the building of this margin. As we will see this scenario implies poly-phase rifting, magmatic activity and mantle exhumation.Later on, by the Late Cretaceous, the North African margin has suffered a complete different history, passing from a passive margin to a convergence setting, affecting the whole Tethys Realm. The External Rif presents several features that are unusual in the external zones of a mountain belt:-They record poly-phase deformation events with evidence for an early and initial (pre-Oligocene) contractional event occurring before the Miocene thrusting of the Internal Units over the External Units.-They include the presence of External Metamorphic Massifs (EMM) recording a HP-LT metamorphic gradient.-They exhibit large allochthonous thrust-sheets identified since a long time across the whole External Rif.The thesis is based on the onshore study of the geodynamic evolution of the Rif belt since the earliest stages of the North African Mesozoic margin formation, through the compressional stages of mountain building, up to its present day position
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4

Sant´Anna, Danilo Barbosa de. "Processo coletivo passivo : um estudo sobre a admissibilidade das ações coletivas passivas." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2015. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/18156.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Direito, 2015.
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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as particularidades do processo coletivo passivo e analisar o cabimento das ações coletivas passivas no Brasil. A partir do viés passivo da tutela coletiva, reexaminados marcos históricos das ações coletivas. Com atenção às situações coletivas passivas, identificou-se os fundamentos e as características da coletividade-ré. Sem desprezar a abordagem de lege ferenda do tema, analisou-se casos variados em que a jurisprudência brasileira já admite o processamento de ações coletivas passivas. Demonstrou-se que, em que pese a ausência de previsão legal específica do instituto e a divergência doutrinária sobre a matéria, o Judiciário brasileiro está autorizado a apreciar demandas coletivas passivas. Seja em razão do princípio da inafastabilidade, seja pela garantia do devido processo legal, há respaldo na Constituição Federal para que grupos, assim considerados, sejam processados. A admissibilidade do processo coletivo passivo depende da estruturação de aspectos procedimentais que permitam o correto processamento das ações coletivas passivas. A legitimidade coletiva passiva deverá ser aferida a partir do controle judicial da representatividade adequada. A coisa julgada coletiva passiva deve ser simples e ampla, abrangendo todos os membros da coletividade, inclusive os que não participaram do processo. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This work aimed to study the particularities of defendant class litigation and analyze the admissibility of the defendant class actions in Brazil. From the defendant class point of view, re-examines the historical landmarks of class actions. With attention to defendant class situations, we identified the reasons and the characteristics of the defendant group. Without neglecting the lege ferend a approach of the theme, analyzed various cases where the Brazilian jurisprudence already allows the processing of defendant class actions. It was demonstrated that, despite the absence of specific legal provisions of the institute and the doctrinal disagreement on the matter, the Brazilian Judicial Power is authorized to assess defendant class demands. Either because of the principle of access to justice, or because of the due process of law, there is support in the Constitution for groups, considered as such, be sued. The admissibility of defendant class litigation depends on the structuring of procedural aspects to enable the correct processing of defendant class actions. The defendant class representative must be chosen through judicial control of adequacy of representation. The binding effect of the defendant class action must be simple and extensive, covering all members of the group, including the absent parties.
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5

Garnier, Antoine. "Développement d'un échantillonneur passif pour un diagnostic de la contamination des zones portuaires par des organoétains." Thesis, IMT Mines Alès, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EMAL0009.

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La problématique de la contamination des milieux aquatiques représente l’une des préoccupations majeures de nos jours. Dans un objectif de progrès, d’optimisation et d’efficacité, des composés chimiques ont été très largement utilisés dans de nombreux domaines. C’est le cas des organoétains utilisés principalement dans les peintures antisalissures pour les coques de bateau. Ces composés à caractère biocides sont in fine transférés dans l’eau et sont ingérés par des organismes vivants ou peuvent s’adsorber sur des particules en suspension et sédimenter dans les fonds marins où ils peuvent persister plusieurs années. L’impact de ces composés sur l’homme et l’environnement a conduit à établir des normes régulant leur utilisation ainsi que des normes de qualité environnementales. Un suivi de la concentration de ces composés dans l’environnement est donc nécessaire pour assurer le respect de ces normes. Afin de contribuer à la surveillance de la contamination des zones portuaires en organoétains, la problématique de la thèse porte sur l’élaboration d’un outil de diagnostic adapté à la mesure de la concentration des organoétains en milieu marin. L’échantillonnage passif gagnant en intérêt ces dernières années présente un potentiel certain afin d’apporter une réponse opérationnelle à ce problème. Dans un premier temps, le développement et la validation de l’échantillonneur passif Chemcatcher® est réalisé d’une part via l’étude des cinétiques d’accumulation de composés organostanniques et d’autre part à partir de calibrations en laboratoire et in-situ sur le site d’étude situé dans le port de Port Camargue. Une application environnementale a également été réalisée avec ce dispositif afin de valider l’utilisation de cet échantillonneur passif pour le diagnostic de contamination des zones portuaires en organoétains. Un nouveau dispositif a ensuite été proposé, l’échantillonneur passif ePSOM (Passive Sampling Organotin Marina), destiné à l’accumulation à la fois spécifique et optimale des organoétains en milieu marin. Ce dispositif a fait l’objet d’un développement et d’une validation en laboratoire et in-situ. Son déploiement dans le port de Port Camargue démontre son applicabilité pour répondre au besoin de diagnostic environnemental dans ces zones portuaires. Enfin, afin d’augmenter la spécificité de l’échantillonnage, une nouvelle phase réceptrice a été développée grâce à la synthèse de polymères à empreinte moléculaire. Différentes synthèses ont été testées afin d’obtenir différentes tailles et formes de particules. Des cinétiques d’accumulation des organoétains par les polymères à empreinte moléculaire ont été réalisées afin de vérifier la capacité de rétention de cette phase vis-à-vis de ces composés. Les résultats obtenus permettront de répondre à la problématique du suivi de la contamination des zones portuaires en organoétains en proposant un outil de diagnostic adapté à cet environnement et à ces composés
The problem of aquatic environment contamination is one of the major concerns today. With a view of progress, optimization and efficiency, chemical compounds have been widely used in many areas. This is the case of organotin mainly used in antifouling paints for boat hulls. These compounds of a biocidal nature are ultimately transferred to the water and are ingested by living organisms or can be adsorbed on suspended particles and sediments on the seabed where they can persist for several years. The impact of these compounds on human health and the environment has led to the establishment of standards regulating their use, as well as environmental quality standards. Monitoring of the concentration of these compounds in the environment is therefore necessary to ensure the compliance with these standards.In order to contribute to the monitoring of organotin contamination in port areas, this thesis deals with the development of a diagnostic tool adapted to the measurement of organotin concentration in the marine environment. Passive sampling, which has gained interest in recent years, has a real potential to provide an operational answer to this problem.Initially, the development and validation of the Chemcatcher ® passive sampler is carried out on one hand through the study of the accumulation kinetics of organotin compounds, and on the other hand through laboratory and in-situ calibrations at the study site located in Port Camargue harbour. An environmental application was also carried out with this device in order to validate the use of this passive sampler for the diagnosis of organotin contamination of harbour areas.A new device was then proposed, the ePSOM (Passive Sampling Organotin Marina) passive sampler, intended for the specific and optimal accumulation of organotins in the marine environment. This device has been developed and validated both in the laboratory and in situ. Its use in Port Camargue harbour demonstrates its applicability to meet the needs for environmental diagnosis in these port areas.Finally, in order to increase the specificity of this type of sampling, a new retention phase has been developed thanks to the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymer. Different syntheses were tested in order to obtain different particle sizes and shapes. Organotin accumulation kinetics of the molecularly imprinted polymers were tested to verify the retention capacity of this phase with respect to these compounds.The results obtained will help address the problem of monitoring organotin contamination in port areas by providing a diagnostic tool adapted to this environment and these compounds
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Novo, Sylvia Marquart Fontes. "Efeito dos leucócitos do colostro materno na resposta imune de bezerros recém-nascidos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10136/tde-25082015-113618/.

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Esta pesquisa avaliou o efeito da transferência passiva dos leucócitos do colostro na imunidade específica de bezerras recém-nascidas. Foram acompanhadas 20 bezerras Holandesas durante o período neonatal, distribuídas em dois grupos experimentais: grupo COL+ recebeu colostro fresco (4L) proveniente de suas respectivas mães; e grupo COL- recebeu colostro congelado e acelular (4L), oriundo de vacas doadoras de colostro. As avaliações foram realizadas antes da mamada do colostro (M0), 1-2 (M1), 7 (M2), 14 (M3), 21 (M4) e 28 dias pós-nascimento (M5). As bezerras foram submetidas ao exame clínico, seguido da colheita das amostras sanguíneas para realização de hemograma, imunofenotipagem e cultivo celular. Os dois grupos foram colostrados com colostro de igual qualidade com relação à concentração de imunoglobulinas (70-120 g/L). A concentração de células do colostro fresco fornecido ao grupo COL+ foi de 1.895.849 células/mL. Não foi possível encontrar diferenças para as funções vitais em relação aos grupos experimentais. O exame específico dos sistemas revelou um caso de broncopneumonia, três de inflamação umbilical e maior frequência de escore de fezes 3 no COL-. As alterações clínicas foram refletidas no eritrograma das bezerras, sendo encontrado menor valor médio para a taxa de hemoglobina (HGB) no COL- em M3. Em relação à idade, observou-se redução gradativa dos valores médios para He (hemácias), HGB, HCT (hematócrito) e índices hematimétricos no primeiro mês de vida. A frequência de bezerras anêmicas foi maior no grupo COL- nos momentos M4 e M5. Em relação ao leucograma, observou-se diferença entre os grupos para linfócitos no M0 e M2 com valores superiores no COL-. Em relação aos momentos foi possível detectar leucocitose por neutrofilia no M0 e M1, observando-se inversão da relação neutrófilo:linfócito a partir desses momentos. Os valores de CD45+CD45RO- foram maiores em M0 no COL-, além disso, observou-se aumento da expressão do marcador de memória celular CD45RO+ do M0 ao M1 nos dois grupos experimentais. O CD3+gamma-delta- aumentou no decorrer do estudo, em contrapartida as células CD3+gamma-delta+ foram menores em M5 com relação ao M0-M3. Foi detectado também aumento dos valores de CD14+MHCII+ no primeiro mês de vida indicando maturação das células apresentadoras de antígeno. Em relação à produção de citocinas pelas células mononucleares sanguíneas, foi possível identificar maior concentração de IFN-gamma em M4, quando as células do COL- foram estimuladas com S. aureus (1 mononuclear:10 bactérias inativadas). A concentração de IL-17 detectada a partir das células do COL+ foi maior em M3, quando as células foram estimuladas com ConA. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que: a) bezerras COL- apresentaram maior frequência e intensidade de doenças que evoluíram para anemia da inflamação; b) bezerras COL- apresentaram maior número absoluto de linfócitos, representadas especialmente pela subpopulação CD3+gamma-delta+ nos episódios de maior frequência de diarreias; c) Linfócitos de memória CD45RO+ aumentaram após a colostragem em ambos os grupos, sugerindo que outros componentes acelulares do colostro podem apresentar papel fundamental no desenvolvimento da resposta imunológica de bezerras recém-nascidas; d) a subpopulação CD3+gamma-delta- e as células CD14+MHCII- e CD14+MHCII+ aumentaram durante o primeiro mês de vida, indicando maturação imunológica; e) as células mononucleares das bezerras não responderam ao Herpesvírus Bovino tipo 1, porém responderam aos estímulos bacterianos, especialmente para a Escherichia coli; a interpretação do leucograma em conjunto com a análise das variações apresentadas para as citocinas inflamatórias IFN-gamma e IL-17 permitem afirmar que as bezerras apresentaram resposta inflamatória retardada e de menor magnitude no COL-.
This study evaluated the effect of leukocytes passive transference from bovine colostrum in specific immunity of newborn calves. During neonatal period, 20 Holstein calves were followed. Animals were distributed in two experimental groups: COL+ which received fresh colostrum (4L) from their mothers, and COL- which received frozen and acellular colostrum (4L) that came from donor cows. The evaluations were performed in the following moments: before colostrum intake (M0), 1-2 (M1), 7 (M2), 14 (M3), 21 (M4) and 28 days after birth (M5). Heifers were submitted to clinical examination. Then, blood samples were harvested for hemogram, immunophenotyping and cell culture. Both groups were fed with the same quality of colostrum (immunoglobulin concentration 70-120 g/L). The cell concentration of fresh colostrum that was provided to COL+ group was 1.895.849 cells/mL. It was not possible to detect differences in vital functions concerning the experimental groups. The system specific examination reveled one case of bronchopneumonia, three cases of umbilical inflammation and major rates of diarrhea score 3 in group COL-. Clinical alterations were reflected in calves erythrogram. It was found lower mean value for hemoglobin (HGB) in M3 for COL-. Regarding age, a gradual reduction in mean values for erythrocytes, HGB, HCT (hematocrit) and hematimetric rates were observed in the first month of life. The frequency of anemic heifers was higher in COL- group at moments M4 and M5. Regarding leukogram, it was observed difference between groups for lymphocytes in M0 and M2 with higher values in COL-. Concerning moments, it was possible to detect leukocytosis by neutrophilia from M0 up to M1 and inversion of neutrophil:lymphocyte relation from this moment. Values of CD45+CD45RO- was higher in M0 for COL-, furthermore, increase of cellular memory marker expression CD45RO+ was observed from M0 to M1 in both groups. The CD3+gamma-delta- increased during the study. On the other hand, CD3+gamma-delta+ were lower in M5 in relation to M0-M3. Increase of CD14+MHCII+ values were also detected in the first month of life, indicating maturation of antigen presenting cells. Regarding cytokine production by mononuclear cells of heifers blood, it was possible to identify higher concentration of IFN-gamma in M4 when cells of COL- were stimulated with S. aureus (1 mononuclear: 10 inactivated bacteria). The concentration of IL-17 detected from COL+ cells was higher in M3, when cells were stimulated with ConA. Based on these results, it can be concluded that: a) COL- heifers presented higher frequency and intensity of diseases that evolved to anemia of inflammation; b) COL- heifers presented higher lymphocyte absolute number, represented specially by CD3+gamma-delta+ subsets in episodes of higher frequency of diarrhea; c) memory lymphocytes CD45RO+ increased after colostrum intake in both groups, suggesting that other acellular colostrum components can present fundamental role in development of immunological response in newborn heifers; d) the subset of CD3+gamma-delta- and the cells CD14+MHCII- and CD14+MHCII+ increased during the first month of life, indicating immunological maturation; e) heifers mononuclear cells did not respond for herpes virus bovine type 1, however, responded for bacterial stimulus, specially Escherichia coli. The interpretation of leukogram with the variation of presented analyses for inflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-17, allow to state that heifers presented delayed inflammatory response and of lesser magnitude in COL-.
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Tavares, Márcia Cristina Pereira. "Sistemas solares passivos na arquitectura em Portugal - Os envidraçados nos edifícios residenciais em Lisboa." Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Arquitectura, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6080.

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Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitectura, especialidade em Tecnologias da Arquitectura.
O presente estudo procura, para edifícios com grandes áreas de vãos envidraçados, disponibilizar informação relativa às questões de conforto e de consumo de energia para aquecimento e arrefecimento, com particular ênfase em fracções de edifícios residenciais localizados num clima temperado, onde co-existem as duas estações bem diferenciadas tendo-se, neste trabalho, optado por seleccionar edifícios situados na localidade de Lisboa. Tendo em conta, o aumento crescente das áreas de envidraçados em edifícios residenciais, frequentemente superiores a 60% da área das fachadas em que estão inseridos, torna-se de extrema importância avaliar a influência de tais opções arquitectónicas no binómio conforto térmico-energia. Para o efeito, foi seleccionado um conjunto de unidades habitacionais no parque edificado lisboeta, em que a um dos critérios que presidiu à selecção dos mesmos diz respeito à dimensão da área de vãos. Além deste critério, optou-se também por o universo de estudo ser balizado pela entrada em vigor da primeira Regulamentação Térmica dos Edifícios em Portugal, RCCTE, Decreto de Lei 40/90 de 6 de Fevereiro, em que apenas os edifícios construídos depois de 1990 foram objecto de estudo. No conjunto seleccionado, 22 fracções, foram levadas a cabo monitorizações, entre 2007 e 2009, nas estações de Verão e de Inverno, conducentes à avaliação das condições interiores em termos da temperatura do ar e humidade relativa, num total de quatro campanhas experimentais. Com base nos resultados das diversas campanhas de monitorização, e levantamento dimensional e construtivo, foram construídos no software de simulação térmica EnerguPlus (E+) modelos detalhados e simplificados à semelhança das unidades monitorizadas, de forma a ter sido considerado neste processo as características de cada unidade habitacional e as condições em que foram monitorizadas. Por fim, foi ainda possível definir e calibrar dois modelos tipológicos capazes de responder e representar um universo mais alargado de soluções: Modelo1 com uma única face exposta e Modelo 2 com duas faces expostas opostas. Com base nas monitorizações, construção dos modelos e respectiva calibração, foi possível identificar os efeitos e influências de alguns parâmetros no comportamento térmico de fracções com tais características de envidraçados, embora numa fase inicial do trabalho, não tivessem sido extensivamente explorados. Os modelos simplificados foram utilizados para o desenvolvimento de uma Matriz de soluções e estudos decorrentes, sendo as soluções presentes na Matriz resultantes de diversas combinações entre os elementos constituintes de um sistema passivo de fácil integração num edifício: sistema de ganho directo. As opções da Matriz, foram obtidas a partir da combinação entre os elementos de captação (envolvente não-opaca: envidraçados), armazenamento/amortecimento e retenção (envolvente opaca: massa térmica e isolamento térmico). Para cada elemento da Matriz foram ainda submetidas variações ao nível de: orientação, localização no edifício e estratégias de dissipação de calor - ventilação natural. Partindo de uma abordagem experimental/numérica foi possível concretizar os objectivos do estudo, e verificar quais são de facto as possibilidades de se obter condições interiores de temperatura que conduzam a menores valores de necessidades de energia para obtenção das condições de conforto térmico, bem como avaliar a influência dos parâmetros contemplados na Matriz (correlacionados com intenções de projecto). Procura-se deste modo contribuir para a tomada de decisões ainda numa fase inicial de projecto, sendo sempre disponibilizados dados quantitativos e qualitativos de desempenho nas principais estações do ano (temperatura e necessidades energéticas) e de forma integrada em termos anuais.
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Souto, Marta Oliveira. "Avaliação electromiográfica dos efeitos da aplicação de bandas neuromusculares nos músculos extensores lombares durante uma tarefa de mobilização passiva." Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4966.

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Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em Fisioterapia
Objectivo: Avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de bandas neuromusculares (BNM) na actividade electromiográfica (EMG) dos extensores lombares do terapeuta, durante a execução de uma tarefa de mobilização passiva fisiológica da articulação coxofemoral para hiperextensão. Métodos: 15 participantes (7 femininos e 8 masculinos) com média de idades de 23,20±3,28 anos, foram submetidos a avaliação electromiográfica antes, durante e após a tarefa de mobilização passiva. Cada participante foi avaliado nos mesmos 3 dias da mesma semana. Resultados: Existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o primeiro dia, correspondeste ao controlo, e o segundo dia de avaliação, com aplicação aguda da BNM nos músculos extensores lombares esquerdos. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a aplicação aguda da BNM reduziu a actividade electromiográfica dos músculos erectores da coluna lombar esquerdos durante a tarefa de mobilização passiva da articulação coxo-femoral.
Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of the application of kinesiology tape (KT) in the electromyographic (EMG) signal on the therapist lumbar extensor muscles, during a task of physiological passive mobilization of the hip joint for hyperextension. Methods: 15 subjects (7 female and 8 male) with a mean age of 23,20±3,28 years, participated in the study. They were evaluated with surface electromyography before, during and after the task of passive mobilization. Each subject was assessed on the same 3 days of the same weak. Results: There were statistically significant differences between the first day of evaluation, corresponding to control, and the second day of evaluation, with acute KT application, on the left lumbar extensor muscles during a task of passive mobilization, between the first and second days. Conclusion: The results suggest that the application of KT reduces the electromyographic activity on the left lumbar extensor muscles during the task of physiological passive mobilization of the hip joint.
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Bem, Samuel Henrique Camara de. "Avaliação dos efeitos da irrigação ultrassônica passiva, por meio de microtomografia computadorizada, microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58133/tde-24052016-161824/.

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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar, por meio de microtomografia computadorizada (μCT), o aumento de volume interno, após realização da irrigação ultrassônica passiva (P.U.I.), em diferentes substratos (dentes humanos e bovinos); a remoção da camada de “smear” e “debris” do canal radicular, após a realização da P.U.I., com diferentes soluções irrigadoras finais, por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia óptica (MO). Para a verificação do aumento de volume interno vinte dentes (dez humanos e dez bovinos) foram selecionados e padronizados em 17 mm ± 1 mm de comprimento. Os dentes humanos foram preparados até o diâmetro final # 50/05, os dentes bovinos por possuírem canais amplos não receberam preparo biomecânico. Cada dente foi fixado na base da mesa giratória do aparelho de μCT e realizou-se o primeiro exame μCT. Os espécimes foram então submetidos a P.U.I. (aparelho EMS em frequência de 32 KHz) e em seguida foi realizado o segundo exame de μCT respeitando os mesmos padrões do primeiro exame. As imagens capturadas foram comparadas antes e depois da P.U.I. Para a verificação, da remoção da camada de “smear” e “debris”, foram selecionados 46 caninos inferiores. Os dentes foram preparados até o diâmetro final # 50/05 e submetidos a P.U.I. com diferentes soluções irrigadoras finais: G3 (Soro fisiológico); G4 (NaOCl 1 %); G5 (EDTA-C 17 %); G6 (NaOCl 1 % / EDTA-C 17 %). Após a P.U.I. vinte e quatro dentes foram preparados e analisados em MEV e vinte e dois dentes foram submetidos ao processamento histológico e analisados em MO. A presença da camada de “smear” foi determinada a partir da atribuição de escores que variaram de 1 - 4. A presença de “debris” foi determinada a partir da grade de integração do software Image J. Os dados obtidos foram analisados com auxílio do software BioEstat 5.0. Os resultados mostraram que a P.U.I. aumentou significativamente o volume interno do canal radicular nos dentes humanos (p=0,008) e bovinos (p=0,002). A P.U.I. não removeu a camada de “smear”; e não removeu “debris” (p=0,1923) de forma estatisticamente significativa. Concluiu-se que a P.U.I. não é passiva, ela promove alteração de volume no canal radicular, aumentando seu volume interno independentemente do substrato testado; não removeu a camada de “smear”, mas reduziu significativamente o tempo necessário para que a solução quelante final agisse; não promoveu a remoção de “debris” estatisticamente significativa, mas independentemente da solução irrigadora final, realizar a P.U.I. aumenta qualitativamente a remoção de “debris” do canal radicular.
The aim of this study was to determine by μCT the internal volume increasing, after using of P.U.I., in different dental substrates (human and bovine); the removal of the smear layer and debris from the root canal, after using P.U.I. with different irrigation solutions, using SEM e OM. In order to verify the internal volume increasing, 20 teeth (ten humans and ten bovine) were selected and standardized with 17 mm ± 1 mm of length. Human teeth were prepared to a final diameter of #50/05. As the bovine teeth presents large root canal, they did not receive biomechanical preparation. Each tooth was fixed on a movable platform on the μCT device and the first test was carried out. The specimens were subjected to P.U.I. (EMS device with 32 KHz of frequency) in order to performed the second μCT test respecting the same standards. Images were captured and compared before and after P.U.I. Fourth six mandibular canine teeth were selected to verify the smear layer and debris removal. The teeth were prepared to the final diameter of #50/05 and subjected to P.U.I. with different irrigation solutions: G3 (Saline); G4 (NaOCl 1 %); G5 (EDTA-C 17 %); G6 (NaOCl 1% / EDTA-C 17 %). After P.U.I. 24 teeth were prepared and analyzed using SEM and 22 teeth were subjected to histological processing and thus analyzed with OM. The present smear layer was determined by score s\' attribution ranging from 1 - 4. Presence of debris was determined by attribution of the screen integration from the Image J software. Data were analyzed with the support of BioEstat 5.0 software. The results showed that P.U.I. significantly increased the internal volume of root canal of human (p=0,008) and bovine teeth (p=0,002). The P.U.I. did not remove the smear layer nor debris (p=0,1923) statistically significant. It was concluded that P.U.I. is not passive, it increases the internal volume of root canal independently of the tested dental substrates; it did not remove the smear layer, but significantly decreased the onset of action of the final solution; it did not promote statistically significant differences regarding the debris removal however independently of the final irrigation solution to carry out P.U.I. increases the root canal debris removal.
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Podkhlebnik, Yvette. "Subsidence et régime thermique des bassins intracratoniques et des marges continentales passives = Subsidence and thermal regime of intracratonic basins and continental passive margins /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1992. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Soares, Valter Rafael Jesus Leite. "Avaliação termográfica dos efeitos da aplicação de Kinesio Taping no músculo trapézio superior durante a execução de uma tarefa de mobilização passiva." Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4434.

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Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em Fisioterapia
Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de uma aplicação de kinesio taping (KT) na temperatura da pele do músculo trapézio superior, durante a execução de uma tarefa de mobilização passiva fisiológica da articulação coxofemoral para hiperextensão. Metodologia: 15 indivíduos, com média de idades de 25,53±5,45 anos, foram submetidos a avaliação termográfica, antes, depois e 5 minutos após uma tarefa de mobilização passiva. Cada participante foi avaliado em 3 dias consecutivos. Resultados: A tarefa de mobilização passiva provocou alterações estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) na temperatura da pele, mas não se registaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas relativamente à aplicação de KT. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos não permitem demonstrar alterações da temperatura da pele decorrentes da aplicação de KT no trapézio superior.
Objective: To evaluate the effects of application of kinesio taping (KT) in skin temperature of the upper trapezius muscle during a physiological task of passive mobilization of the hip joint hyperextension. Methods: 15 subjects with a mean age of 25,53 ± 5,45 years, underwent thermographic evaluation, before, after and 5 minutes after a task passive mobilization. Each participant was assessed on 3 consecutive days. Results: The task of passive mobilization resulted in statistically significant changes (p<0,05) in skin temperature but there were no statistically significant changes caused by application of KT. Conclusion: The results do not prove changes in skin temperature resulting from the application of KT in the upper trapezius.
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Castellani, Cristina. "Rôle des auxiliaires du passif en italien." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCC020.

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Le passif italien offre une variété de choix qui n‟est guère comparable à celle du français.En dehors de la forme canonique essere Vpp, il existe aussi les formes avec venire, andare, finire, rimanere, risultare, restare, stare. L‟objectif de ce travail est de comprendre le fonctionnement de essere, venire, andare, rimanere et restare, auxiliaires formateurs du passif italien, et la fonction de l‟existence d‟une telle diversité dans le cadre du Lexique-Grammaire de Maurice Gross et de la méthodologie de l‟Analyse Matricielle Définitoire (AMD) de Amr H. Ibrahim.L‟étude se développe sur 10 chapitres.La première partie présente l‟état de l‟art sur le passif italien et la description des 5 auxiliaires retenus, d‟après la description traditionnelle des linguistes et des grammairiens.Les chapitres suivants sont consacrés à la description de chaque auxiliaire et à la comparaison de leurs emplois. Le travail se conclut sur la synthèse des différentes caractéristiques des périphrases passives et sur des considérations d‟ordre aspectuo-temporel avec une tentative de systématisation.On constate que les auxiliaires sont rarement commutables et que chacun d'eux induit des restrictions d'ordre morpho-syntaxique et aspectuel différent
Italian passive form offers a variety of choices that are hardly comparable to those of French. Apart from the canonical form essere and Past Participle, there are also the forms with venire, andare, finire, rimanere, risultare, restare, stare. The objective of this work is to understand the use of essere, venire, andare, rimanere and restare, auxiliaries of the Italian passive form, and the function of the existence of such a diversity within the framework of the Lexicon-Grammar of Maurice Gross and Amr H. Ibrahim's Methodology of Analytical Defining Matrixes (ADM).The study develops through 10 chapters.The first part introduces the state of the art on the Italian passive and the description of the chosen five auxiliaries, according to the traditional description of linguists and grammarians. The following chapters are devoted to the description of each auxiliary and the comparison of their uses.The work concludes with the synthesis of the different characteristics of passive periphrases and considerations of an aspectual-temporal order with an attempt at systematization.The aim of this work is to prove that the said auxiliaries are rarely commutable and that each of them introduces different morpho-syntactic and aspectual restrictions
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Diniz, Ana Margarida Marques Nobre de Sousa. "O maneio do vitelo recém-nascido : efeito da quantidade ingerida de colostro na vitalidade dos vitelos." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14909.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Zootécnica/Produção Animal
Os vitelos nascem sem qualquer protecção contra os agentes infeciosos a que se encontram expostos. Esta protecção é adquirida mediante o consumo de colostro que permite a aquisição de imunoglobulinas produzidas pela vaca. A aquisição destas proteínas é designada por transferência passiva da imunidade. O objectivo deste estudo consistiu na análise do efeito da quantidade de colostro ingerida na vitalidade dos vitelos. Foram analisados 60 vitelos que foram equitativamente divididos em dois grupos consoante a quantidade de colostro consumida. O grupo 1, constituído por 18 fêmeas e 12 machos, consumiu 2,5l de colostro enquanto o grupo 2, constituído por 15 fêmeas e 15 machos, consumiu 4l de colostro. Neste estudo foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: qualidade do colostro (contagem de mesófilos, contagem de coliformes e densidade), transferência da imunidade passiva e vitalidade dos animais. Contrariamente ao esperado, não se verificaram melhorias na qualidade do colostro com o aumento da paridade das vacas. Após análise dos resultados obteve-se uma densidade de 1,053 e uma contagem de mesófilos e coliformes de 111901 ufc/ml e 1559 ufc/ml, respectivamente. Relativamente à concentração proteica no soro, verificou-se que os animais do grupo 1 evidenciaram menor concentração de proteína (6,99 g/dl) do que os animais do grupo 2 (7,44 g/dl). Embora se tenham verificado diferenças na concentração proteica entre os grupos, constatou-se que 98,3% da população obteve uma boa imunidade passiva (≥ 5,5 g/dl). Neste estudo não se verificaram casos de falha de transmissão passiva. Quanto à vitalidade dos vitelos observou-se que esta não foi afectada pela quantidade de colostro ingerida. Contudo, constatou-se que a idade do animal (0-7 dias, 8-14 dias e 15-30 dias) teve influência nos parâmetros que exprimem a vitalidade, traduzindo uma maior susceptibilidade dos animais na segunda semana de vida. Em suma, conclui-se que com o maneio exercido, o fornecimento de 2,5l de colostro foi suficiente para garantir a sobrevivência do neonato no período neonatal.
ABSTRACT - Management of the newborn dairy calf: Effect of colostrum quantity ingestion on calves vitality - Calves are born without any protection against the infectious agents to wich they are exposed. This protection is acquired through the consumption of colostrum that allows the acquisition of immunoglobulins by the cow. The acquisition of these proteins is called passive transfer of immunity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the amount of colostrum ingested on the vitality of the calves. Sixty calves were analised and evenly divided in two groups according to the amount of colostrum ingested. The first group, composed by 18 females and 12 males, consumed 2,5l of colostrum while the secong group, composed by 15 females and 15 males, consumed 4l of colostrum. The following parameters were evaluated: colostrum quality (total plate count (TPC), coliform count (CC) and specific gravity), transfer of passive immunity and animal’s vitality. Contrary to expectations, no improvements were seen on colostrum quality with the increase of the dam parity. After the results analysis we obtained a specific gravity of 1,053 and a TPC and CC of 111901 cfu/ml and 1559 cfu/ml, respectively. Regarding the serum protein concentration, the animals in group 1 showed lower protein concentration (6,99 g/dl) than the animals in group 2 (7,44 g/dl). Although there were no differences in protein concentration between the groups, it was found that 98,3% of the population obtained good transfer of passive immunity (≥ 5,5 g/dl). In this study there were no cases of failure of passive transfer. At last, calf’s vitality wasn’t affected by colostrum quantity. However, it was verified that the age of the animal had influence in the parameters that express the vitality, showing a greater susceptibility of the animals in the second week of life. In summary, it is concluded that with the management applied, the supply of 2,5l of colostrum was enough to guarantee the survival of the neonate in the neonatal period.
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Buddhapong, Sudarat. "Étude contrastive des moyens exprimant le passif en français et en thaï." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040151.

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Cette thèse est une étude contrastive des moyens exprimant le passif en français et en thaï dont l’objectif est non seulement d’étudier les ressemblances et les divergences entre le français et le thaï, mais aussi de réviser la définition générale du passif, à travers l’examen de plusieurs constructions passives phrastiques de deux langues typologiquement différentes. Selon notre étude, en français, le passif intervient surtout sous l’effet de facteurs thématiques plutôt que sémantiques, et apparaît surtout en fonction de la continuité discursive et des contraintes de constructions verbales. En thaï, il intervient surtout en fonction de son apport sémantique : détrimental, bénéfactif, et neutre. En outre, le passif s’emploie en français plus fréquemment qu’en thaï. D’après le résultat de notre corpus, le sujet patient dans le passif peut être effacé en thaï, comme dans les autres constructions, mais pas en français. Par contre, le complément d’agent peut être absent dans le passif des deux langues. L’ordre préférentiel des syntagmes nominaux en français va de l’inanimé singulier à l’inanimé singulier alors que celui du passif en thaï est de l’humain singulier à l’humain singulier. De plus, les verbes qui s’emploient dans plusieurs constructions passives ne peuvent pas se substituer entre eux avec une totale liberté. Enfin, en ce qui concerne la révision de la définition générale du passif, il apparaît que l’on ne peut pas le définir sans prendre en compte des critères sémantiques
This research is a contrastive study of various passive syntactic constructions in French and Thai. The study also extends to examine the general definitions of passive, by studying various passive constructions in both languages. The findings reveal that in French, the language constructions with passive meaning are characterized thematically more than semantically, and the passive forms are presented according to focalization or verbal expressions. However, in Thai, the passive forms are characterized semantically – detrimental, benefactive, and neutral – the meaning governing the choice of passive structures. Constructions with passive meaning are more frequently used in French than in Thai. Besides, grammatical subjects with patient role can be omitted in Thai, but not in French. Agents can be deleted in both languages. In French, noun phrase order constructions with passive meaning are from singular impersonal noun to singular impersonal noun, while in Thai they are from singular personal noun to singular personal noun. Furthermore, some verbs which can be employed in the various constructions with passive meaning cannot always freely substitute in all constructions. Finally, the study shows that the general definitions of passive cannot be accepted without considering semantic factors
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15

Aliouane, Kamel. "Contribution à l'étude du filtrage d'harmoniques des réseaux de distribution à l'aide de l'association de filtres actif et passif parallèle." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL012N.

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Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de l'association d'un filtre actif avec un filtre passif. Cette association peut conduire à une augmentation sensible des performances de filtrage ainsi que des potentialités d'application. Différentes structures sont envisageables, mais les deux configurations retenues (filtre actif en série avec l'alimentation ou en série avec le filtre passif) conduisent à un dimensionnement réduit du filtre actif, tout en assurant de bonnes performances de filtrage. Dans les deux cas, le filtre actif ne fonctionne pas comme un compensateur d'harmoniques. Il joue le rôle d'isolateur d'harmoniques, s'opposant en particulier aux phénomènes de résonance. C’est la raison pour laquelle il nécessite une plus faible puissance comparée à la puissance d'un filtre actif parallèle. Afin de valider l'étude effectuée, une maquette expérimentale monophasée de puissance réduite a été développée. Elle a permis de montrer que les caractéristiques de filtrage sont indépendantes de l'impédance de source et que les performances du filtre passif sont nettement améliorées
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16

Scheele, Patrick. "Steuerbare passive Mikrowellenkomponenten auf Basis hochpermittiver ferroelektrischer Schichten /." Aachen : Shaker, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/ilmenau/toc/548255903.PDF.

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17

Smeele, Frank Gerhard Martinus. "Passieve legitimatie uit cognossement /." Kluwer : Deventer, 1998. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/27231188X.pdf.

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18

Belles, Angel. "Développement et applications environnementales des échantillonneurs passifs pour la surveillance des écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14723/document.

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Pour une meilleure compréhension en gestion de la qualité de l’environnement le dosage des contaminants dans les différents compartiments naturels reste un premier pas vers l’élucidation de la dynamique des polluants et de leurs impacts sur les écosystèmes. Cependant les stratégies d’échantillonnage usuellement utilisées n’ont pas changé depuis l’avènement de la chimie analytique. Ces techniques consistent en général à prélever une certaine quantité de l’échantillon (eau, air, solide) afin d’en extraire les substances d’intérêt pour les doser. La question de la représentativité de telles pratiques se pose alors ; en effet pour un site donné la contamination peut être très variable au cours du temps et sur de faibles distances. La compréhension fine de la contamination d’un milieu en utilisant de telles techniques impose alors la multiplication des prélèvements dans le temps et l’espace.Depuis les années 80 mais surtout depuis le début des années 2000, des outils d’échantillonnage passif ont été mis au point dans de nombreux domaines permettant d’avoir un suivi de la contamination intégré dans le temps à moindre coût. Ces nouvelles approches consistent à prélever l’échantillon en continu et in-situ sans apport d’énergie, fournissant ainsi une valeur moyenne de la contamination.Afin de pouvoir utiliser ces dispositifs, un certain nombre de développements en laboratoire doivent être au préalable menés afin de déterminer les constantes cinétiques nécessaires pour déduire la contamination du milieu échantillonné à partir des résidus séquestrés par les échantillonneurs. Ainsi, dans le cadre de ces travaux, une sélection d’échantillonneurs existants ont été testés et adaptés en laboratoire puis évalués en conditions réelles sur divers sites environnementaux.Les développements en laboratoire ont eu pour objet de mettre au point différentes configurations d’outils dans le but d’être applicables au plus grand nombre de molécules et ce de la manière la plus quantitative possible. A titre d’exemple, des dispositifs adaptés ont été mis au point pour l’échantillonnage de molécules très polaires qui auparavant n’étaient pas efficacement échantillonnées par les dispositifs existants. Sur site, les outils d’échantillonnage ont principalement été mis en œuvre dans le cadre de programmes de recherche plus vastes et ont à ce titre pu être testés sur de grands terrains d’étude (Bassin d’Arcachon et Estuaire de la Gironde) et être comparés aux techniques d’échantillonnage ponctuels qui font actuellement référence. Les résultats fournis par les outils sont proches de ceux obtenus par échantillonnage ponctuel. Cependant l’aspect quantitatif apparaît probablement encore améliorable soit par l’usage de nouveaux composés référence de performance soit par mise au point de dispositifs plus robustes et faiblement impactés dans leurs performances par les conditions environnementales
For a better understanding and management of the environmental quality, contaminant analysis in the various compartments is a natural first step in the understanding of the dynamics of pollutants and of their impacts on ecosystems. However sampling strategies commonly used have not changed since the advent of analytical chemistry. These techniques in general consist of taking a certain amount of sample (water, air, solid) to extract the substances of interest to assay. The issue of representativeness of such sampling practices arises since for a given site the contamination can vary over time and over short distances. Detailed understanding of the contamination of an ecosystem using such sampling techniques requires the multiplication of samples over time and space.Since the 80’s and more especially the beginning of 2000, passive sampling tools have been developed in many areas. They provide an integrated monitoring of contamination over time at low cost. These new approaches are based on the fact that the sample are taken continuously in-situ and without energy supply, thus providing an average value of the contamination.To use these devices, a number of laboratory developments must first be conducted to determine the kinetic constants to deduce the necessary characteristics of the environmental contamination. Thus, as part of this work, a selection of existing samplers has been tested and adapted in laboratory experiments and evaluated in real conditions at various environmental sites.Laboratory developments have been conducted to develop different configuration tools in order to be used for a wide range of pollutants with the best quantitative capacity. For example, suitable devices have been developed for sampling highly polar molecules which previously were not strongly sampled by existing devices.On-site, sampling tools were mainly implemented in the framework of broader research programs and consequently have been tested during large field studies (Bassin d'Arcachon, Gironde Estuary) to compare their performance to grab sampling techniques. The results provided by the tools are similar to those obtained by grab sampling. However, the quantitative aspect appears still improvable either by the use of new performance reference compounds or by using devices more robust and slightly affected in their performance by environmental conditions
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Horvai, Peter. "Advection passive par des champs de vitesse stochastiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000712.

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L'objet principal de cette thèse est d'étudier divers aspects de l'évolution d'un champ scalaire ou vectoriel, transporté par un champ de vitesse dont la statistique est donnée indépendamment du champ advecté. Ce faisant, on est amené également à étudier les courbes intégrales du champ de vitesse, appelées trajectoires Lagrangiennes. Après une introduction synthétique, plusieurs modèles et problèmes sont abordés. Notre modèle principal - baptisé après R. H. Kraichnan - suppose des champs de vitesse gaussiens delta-corrélés en temps. Sont étudiés les cas où la structure spatiale du champ de vitesse est soit lisse soit brownien fractionnaire (multidimensionnel). Un modèle où le champ de vitesse est corrélé en temps est également abordé. Parmi les problèmes étudiés sont les secteurs anisotropes de la quantité advectée, l'apparition d'intermittence spatiale, ou encore différents passages à la limite dans la statistique du champ de vitesse.
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Meinhardt, Miriam. "Der Einfluss der Informationsstruktur auf das Verständnis von Aktiv- und Passivsätzen im ungestörten Spracherwerb." Master's thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2012/5956/.

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Kinder erwerben Passivstrukturen später als die meisten anderen syntaktischen Strukturen. Die vorliegende Studie beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, ob dies auf informationsstrukturelle Faktoren zurückzuführen sein könnte. Probleme beim Erwerb von Passivsätzen wurden in vorhergehenden Studien unter anderem auf ihre geringe Inputfrequenz oder bestimmte syntaktische Charakteristika von Passivsätzen zurückgeführt. Jedoch konnte bisher keiner dieser Ansätze ihr spätes Erwerbsalter umfassend erklären. Während Aktivsätze, die kanonische, unmarkierte Satzstruktur im Deutschen, in jeglichem Diskurskontext verwendet werden können, werden Passivsätze fast ausschließlich dann verwendet, wenn der Patiens der beschriebenen Handlung schon vorerwähnt war und/ oder als Topik eines Satzes fungieren soll. Passivsätze sind also nicht in jedem Kontext informationsstrukturell adäquat. Kinder haben im Gegensatz zu Erwachsenen aufgrund ihrer geringeren syntaktischen Fähigkeiten Probleme, Sätze zu verarbeiten, die nicht in einem adäquaten Kontext stehen. Der Einfluss dieser Kontextbedingungen auf das Satzverständnis wurde in der vorliegenden Studie bei deutschsprachigen Kindern untersucht. Kindern zwischen 3;0 und 4;11 Jahren wurden Aktiv- oder Passivsätze präsentiert, denen informationsstrukturell adäquate, inadäquate oder neutrale Kontextsätze vorangingen. Wie erwartet verstanden die Kinder Aktivsätze besser als Passivsätze und 4-jährige Kinder zeigten bessere Leistungen als 3-jährige. Es gab Tendenzen, dass die 3-jährigen Kinder Passivsätze besser, aber Aktivsätze schlechter verstanden, wenn ihr Subjekt vorerwähnt wurde. Statistisch signifikante Kontexteffekte fanden sich jedoch im Gegensatz zu einer vergleichbaren Studie mit englischsprachigen Kindern (Gourley und Catlin, 1978) in keiner Testbedingung. Außerdem zeigte sich, dass die Kinder Passivsätze insgesamt besser und Aktivsätze insgesamt schlechter verstanden als englischsprachige Kinder in anderen Studien. Die Ergebnisse werden mit dem Competition Modell (Mac Whinney und Bates, 1987) und einer Sprachverarbeitungstheorie von Stromswold (2002) erklärt. Außerdem wird diskutiert, warum die deutschsprachigen Kinder in der vorliegenden Studie andere Sprachverständnisleistungen zeigten als englischsprachige Kinder.
Children acquire passive constructions later than most other syntactic structures. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether this phenomenon can be explained with an information-structural account. In former studies problems in the acquisition of the passive voice have often been attributed to its low input frequency or to its specific syntactic characteristics. However, none of these theories could sufficiently explain the late age of acquisition of passive structures. Sentences in the active voice, the canonical, unmarked, structure in German can be used in any discourse context while passive sentences are almost always used if the patient of the described action is GIVEN in the context and/ or serves as the TOPIC of the sentence. Therefore passive sentences cannot be used in any context without violating information structural constraints. It is more difficult for children – due to their less developed syntactic abilities – than for adults to process sentences which do not occur in an information structurally appropriate context. The present study examines the influence of the context on sentence comprehension abilities of German speaking children. Children at the age of 3;0 – 4;11 years were presented active or passive sentences in an information structurally appropriate, inappropriate or neutral context. As expected, children comprehended active sentences better than passive sentences, and 4-year olds performed better than 3-year olds. There was a tendency that 3-year olds comprehended passive sentences better but active sentences worse if the subject of the sentence was GIVEN in the context. However, there were no statistically significant context effects, in contrast to a similar study with English-speaking children (Gourley and Catlin, 1978). In addition, it could be shown that German-speaking children comprehended passive sentences better than English-speaking children in other studies. The results are explained with the Competition Model (Mac Whinney and Bates, 1987) and Stromswold’s (2002) theory of language processing. It is also discussed why German-speaking children showed different language comprehension abilities than English-speaking children.
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Ternet, François. "Caloduc miniature pour le refroidissement passif des composants électroniques d'un décodeur Orange." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC221.

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Ce mémoire présente l’étude du refroidissement diphasique passif d’un décodeur de télévision par le biais d’un caloduc. Il se décompose en deux grandes parties : une étude numérique des caloducs, afin de déterminer les caractéristiques géométriques et physico-chimiques des calo-ducs dans le but de refroidir de manière optimale le décodeur TV. Deux analyses numériques sont effectuées : une première qui est analytique, qui repose sur des simplifications afin d’établir une formule simple du flux maximal que l’on peut dissiper avec un caloduc dont on connais les caractéristiques demandées. Une vérification est de surcrois effectuée pour déterminer si le ca-loduc déterminé ne rentre pas dans des limitations inhérentes aux écoulements diphasiques. Dif-férents fluides sont testés. Une seconde simulation est effectuée, comportant une étude hydrau-lique couuplée a un modèle hydraulique pour simuler toutes les propriétés à l’intérieur du calo-duc, comme le rayon capillaire, les pressions, les vitesses des fluides. Cette simulation est effec-tuée grace a une méthode Runge-Kutta d’un système d’équations différentielles non linéaires couplées. La partie experimentale comporte elle aussi deux sections distinctes. La première con-siste à tester différents caloducs, afin d’optimiser leur fonctionnement lorsqu’ils sont soumis à des puissances données.Pour ce faire, un banc d’essai a été monté et un système de remplissage a été développé afin de répondre aux enjeux de la mise en place d’un caloduc. Plusieurs taux de remplissages, plusieurs fludies et différentes ailettes sont testées. Enfin, le caloduc présentant les meilleures performances est testé sur le décodeur, après avoir au préalable caractérisé le com-portement de celui-ci en fonctionnement normal
This report presents the study of a passive two-phase cooling of a television decoder using heat pipe. It is composed into two main parts: a first part concerns the numerical studies and the second an experimentalstudy. Numerical study is conducted in order to determine the geometric and physico-chemicalcharacteristics of heat pipes in order to optimally cool the TV decoder. Two numerical analyses arecarried out: a first one, which is analytical model that is based on the global study of the heat pipe inorder to determine the maximum heat flux that can be dissipated. Different working fluid could bestudied and various architectural design of heat pipe are tested. Different fluids are tested in order todetermine the best configuration of the micro-channel respecting heat pipes working limitations. Asecond model is carried out to characterize the local physical parameters such as: pressure in the liquidand vapour phases, temperature, thermal resistances, capillary radius, etc. This second simulation iscarried out by a Runge-Kutta method to solve differential equations. In the experimental part, an experimentalset up is has been installed in the laboratory to study heat pipes performances under variousexperimental conditions. A filling system has been developed for heat pipes in order to test variousworking fluids and different charges. Finally, the best configuration of the heat pipe is tested to coolOrange decoder. Different tests are conducted previously in order to make characterization of the conventionalcooling system and heat pipe cooling mod
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Surchamp, Alexia. "Emissions potentielles de polluants organiques persistants à partir du milieu urbain et par les activités de traitement des déchets : impact sur la qualité de l'air au voisinage des sources." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066010/document.

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L’objectif a été de caractériser les émissions indirectes de composés organiques semi-volatils (PCB, HCB, PeCB, HAP, phtalates et PBDE) au droit de milieux potentiellement contaminés par leurs emplois (zones ferroviaires souterraines, axes de circulation) et de sites de traitement de déchets (station d’épuration, élimination, destruction de véhicules hors d’usage). Des réseaux de mesure comprenant des préleveurs d’air actifs « grand volume », des capteurs passifs et des bio-accumulateurs ont été utilisés pour acquérir des données au voisinage des sources potentielles. Les résultats révèlent une ubiquité de tous les composés recherchés dans l’air, où leurs présences en phase gazeuse est majoritaire. La contamination de l’air au niveau des sites d'étude montre une hiérarchisation commune (phtalates>HAP>HCB>PeCB>PCB>PBDE), où la contamination de l’air en période estivale est plus importante, confirmant l’importance relative des émissions diffuses par volatilisation passive. Les résultats obtenus à partir des capteurs passifs démontrent l’intérêt de cet outil complémentaire pour la réalisation d’études à grande échelle spatio-temporelle. L’interprétation de l’état du milieu (IEM) à partir des analyses d’air, de sols, de retombées atmosphériques et de bio-accumulateurs végétaux, indiquent cependant que la contamination au voisinage de zones industrielles demeure le plus souvent du niveau de celle du milieu urbain dense. Les résultats révèlent que les émissions diffuses de COSV non halogénés (phtalates et HAP) par volatilisation passive, constituent un enjeu environnemental et sanitaire qui pourrait dépasser celui des anciens POP (PCB, PBDE)
The objective was to characterize the indirect emissions of SVOCs (PCB, HCB, PeCB, PAHs, phthalates and PBDE) on potentially contaminated environments by their uses (underground railway zones, traffic roads) and waste treatment sites (wastewater treatment plants, elimination, vehicle destruction sites). Measuring networks including "large volume" active air samplers, passive samplers and environmental bio-accumulators have been used to acquire data in the vicinity of potential sources. The results reveal an ubiquity of all the measured compounds in the air, where their presence in the gas phase prevails. The air contamination of the study sites shows a common ranking (phthalates> PAHs> HCB> PeCB> PCBs> PBDEs), where air contamination in summer is more important, confirming the relative importance of diffuse emissions by passive volatilization The results from passive sensors demonstrate the value of this complementary tool for the realization of large spatio-temporal scale study. The interpretation of environmental state from air, soil, atmospheric deposition and plant bio-accumulators analyzes indicates that the contamination remains mostly equivalent to urban area.. The results reveal that diffuse emissions of non-halogenated SVOCs (phthalates and PAHs) by passive volatilization, represent an environmental and health challenge where that could exceed those of past POPs (PCBs, PBDE, ...)
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23

Aliakbari, Alireza. "Étude et optimisation des processus d’usinage utilisant des dispositifs à amortissement passif." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, HESAM, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023HESAE002.

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De nos jours, les objectifs les plus importants et les plus critiques de toutes les unités industrielles sont la production de masse à un coût moindre en termes de matériel et de ressources, et l'industrie de l'usinage ne fait pas exception. La vibration est l'un des problèmes les plus nuisibles auxquels est confronté le processus d'usinage, qui affecte considérablement la qualité du produit final. Les vibrations des machines-outils sont le résultat des forces générées dans le processus. Au cours des dernières décennies, de nombreuses recherches ont été menées sur ce sujet sous différents aspects. La compréhension, la modélisation, la détection, la suppression, etc. ont récemment été l'objectif des recherches précédentes qui ont conduit à diverses méthodologies pour éviter le broutage et les vibrations des machines-outils.Ce projet intitulé " Etude et optimisation des procédés d'usinage par dispositifs d'amortissement passif " est un contrat de doctorat CIFRE (Convention Industrielle de Formation par la Recherche). Il est accordé par l'ANRT (Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie) en collaboration avec la société SECO et AMVALOR (branche commerciale Arts et Métiers). Ce projet associe SECO R&D et le laboratoire LISPEN afin d'améliorer l'efficacité et la productivité du produit Steadyline en menant des investigations techniques et scientifiques sur le comportement dynamique du procédé utilisant ces dispositifs. Steadyline est une famille de porte-outils anti-vibration connus pour minimiser ou même éliminer les vibrations pendant toutes sortes de processus d'usinage. Le principe clé du Steadyline est un amortisseur de masse accordé qui atténue les vibrations du porte-outil, ce qui se traduit par un meilleur état de surface et une productivité accrue. Ce type de solution, adopté par la plupart des fabricants de porte-outils dans le monde, est devenu populaire parmi les machinistes, mais les réactions des machinistes soulignent certains inconvénients comme une robustesse insuffisante et une efficacité erratique. Les principaux objectifs de cette recherche sont d'analyser le comportement actuel de Steadyline, avec et sans processus d'usinage, et de proposer des solutions pour améliorer son efficacité et mieux atténuer les problèmes de broutage. Ces solutions sont destinées à être transmises à l'industrie et au marché dans une phase ultérieure d'industrialisation
The most significant and critical objectives of all industrial units nowadays are mass production at a lower cost in terms of material and resources and machining industry is not and exception. Vibration is one of the most harmful problems facing machining process, which significantly affects the quality of the final product. Machine tools vibration is a result of generated forces in the process. During the last decades many research has been done in relation to this topic from different aspects. Understanding, modeling, detection, suppression, etc. have recently been the aim of previous research that has led to various methodologies to avoid chatter and machine tools vibration.This project with the title of " Study and optimization of machining processes using passive damping devices " is a CIFRE Ph.D. contract that stands for Industrial Agreement of Training through Research. The proposal is granted by ANRT (Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie) in collaboration with the SECO company and AMVALOR (Arts et Métiers commercial branch). This project brings together SECO R&D and LISPEN Laboratory to boost Steadyline product efficiency and productivity by undertaking technical and scientifical investigation of the dynamics behavior of the process using these devices. Steadyline is a family of anti-vibration toolholders known for minimizing or even eliminating vibration during all sorts of machining processes. The key principle of the Steadyline is a tuned mass damper which mitigate the toolholder vibration resulting in better surface finish and higher productivity. This kind of solution, adopted by most of the toolholder maker in the world, become popular among the machinist, but the feed-back from machinists points out some drawbacks like insufficient robustness and erratic efficiency. The key objectives of this research are to analyze existing Steadyline behavior, both with and without machining process, and to propose solutions to improve its efficiency and to better mitigate chatter problems. These solutions are intended to be fed to industry and the market in an later industrialization phase
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Popp, Martin. "Passive integriert-optische Multimode-Koppler in Polymeren : Design, Herstellung und Charakterisierung /." Düsseldorf : VDI-Verl, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/326462848.pdf.

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25

Eberl, Bernhard. "Beeinflussung des motorischen Systems durch passive Fingerbewegungen." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1000694313/34.

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26

Peng, Hao. "Composition chimique et nanostructure des films passifs formés sur acier inoxydable austénitique : effet du molybdène." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066493/document.

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La composition chimique du film d'oxyde natif formé à l'air ambiant et du film passif formé en milieu acide (0,05 M H2SO4) à 500 mV/ESH sur une surface d'alliage monocristallin Fe-17Cr-14,5Ni-2,3Mo orientée (100) a été étudiée par Spectrométrie de masse d'ions secondaires à temps de vol (ToF-SIMS) et Spectroscopie de photoélectrons induits par rayons X (XPS). Ces films peuvent être considérés comme ayant une structure duplex avec une couche externe enrichie en Fe et une couche interne enrichie en Cr. La passivation provoque un net enrichissement en Mo concentré dans la couche externe des films passifs. Le vieillissement à l'état passif promeut l'enrichissement en molybdène et sa localisation vers l'extrême surface du film passif. Les propriétés électroniques de ces films ont été étudiées par Spectroscopie à effet tunnel (STS). La comparaison des valeurs de Eg mesurées par STS montre que la largeur de la bande interdite devient beaucoup plus élevée après passivation et vieillissement à l'état passif de la surface, en accord avec l'enrichissement en Cr3+, démontré par nos mesures ToF-SIMS et XPS. Les modifications nanostructurales induites par passivation en milieu acide de la surface Fe-17Cr-14,5Ni-2,3Mo(100) couverte par un film d'oxyde natif ont été étudiées par Microscopie à effet tunnel (STM) ex situ et in situ, et par Microscopie à force atomique (AFM). Un effet observé du Mo est de promouvoir l'homogénéité nanostructurale de la surface passivée. Un autre effet du Mo serait de former une couche externe amorphe
The chemical composition of the air-formed native oxide film and the passive film formed in acidic medium (0.05 M H2SO4) at 500 mV/SHE on the (100)-oriented Fe-17Cr-14.5Ni-2.3Mo single crystal stainless steel surface was studied by Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These films can be considered as having a duplex structure with an outer layer enriched in Fe and an inner layer enriched in Cr. The passivation causes a net enrichment of Mo concentrated in the outer layer of the passive films. Aging in the passive state promotes the enrichment of molybdenum and its localization to the outermost surface of the passive film. The electronic properties of these films were studied by Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). The comparison of the Eg values measured by STS shows that the width of the band gap becomes much higher after passivation and aging in the passive state of the surface, in agreement with the enrichment of Cr3+, demonstrated by our ToF-SIMS and XPS measurements. The nanostructural modifications induced by passivation in acidic medium of the Fe-17Cr-14.5Ni-2.3Mo(100) surface covered by a native oxide film were studied by Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) ex situ and in situ, and Atomic force microscopy (AFM). An observed effect of Mo is to promote the nanostructural homogeneity of the passivated surface. Another effect of Mo could be to form an amorphous outer layer
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27

Kaboré, Madi. "Enjeux de la simulation pour l'étude des performances énergétiques des bâtiments en Afrique sub-saharienne." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAA001/document.

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Dans les pays de l’Afrique sub-saharienne, la situation énergétique, le fort taux d’accroissement des aires urbaines, l’inadaptation des techniques de construction et le climat offrent un grand potentiel pour la démarche bioclimatique et la construction durable notamment sur le plan énergétique. Cependant ce potentiel est faiblement exploré. Pour ce faire, cela passe par une bonne connaissance du comportement des bâtiments et par leur adaptation au contexte climatique. Dans le cadre de notre contribution à cette problématique, une étude sur le comportement thermique des bâtiments est initiée grâce à la simulation. En effet la simulation des performances énergétiques du bâtiment devient de plus en plus incontournable dans les processus de conception et d’analyse des bâtiments à travers le monde. Dans ce travail les outils de simulation des performances énergétiques ainsi que les outils d’optimisation sont utilisés pour mener des investigations sur un bâtiment type construit en matériaux conventionnels au Burkina Faso suivant deux principales approches. Dans la première approche le modèle numérique du bâtiment est confronté aux mesures issues de l’expérimentation sur le bâtiment réel. Une méthodologie de calibration basée sur l’analyse de sensibilité et l’optimisation des paramètres a été appliquée pour la comparaison des résultats. Cela a permis de caler le modèle et des études diagnostiques sont réalisées. Dans la seconde approche, des investigations sur des solutions d’amélioration des performances du bâtiment sont réalisées à travers l’application de la simulation dynamique comme outils d’aide à la conception. Les techniques d’interopérabilité et d’optimisation sont utilisées pour implémenter les solutions de refroidissement passif dont les impacts sur le bâtiment étudié sont évalués. Enfin dans ce travail, des techniques d’analyse du bâtiment et des critères de performance sont utilisées pour caractériser et formuler des recommandations sur la conception des bâtiments dans notre contexte climatique
In sub-Saharan African countries, the energy context, the high urban growth, inadequate construction techniques and climate offer great potential for bio-climatic approach and sustainable construction particularly on the energy level. However, this potential and the use of passive cooling techniques are weakly explored. To do so, it requires a good knowledge of building’s behaviour and their adaptation to the climatic context. As part of our contribution to this issue, a study on the thermal behaviour of buildings is initiated by numerical simulation. Indeed the building’s energy performance simulation tools are becoming more essential in the building’s design processes and analysis. Investigations are conducted on a building built with typical materials in Burkina Faso by following two main approaches. In the first approach a model of the building is faced with measurements from field experiments on the building. A calibration methodology based on the sensitivity analysis and optimization has been applied for the comparison of results. This helped to calibrate the model and diagnostic studies are performed.In the second approach, investigations on methods which can help to improve the building performance are realized through the application building performance simulation as a design aid tool. Interoperability and optimization techniques are used to deal with passive cooling techniques and their impacts on the building thermal behaviour are assessed. Finally in this work analysis techniques and performance criteria are used to characterize and make recommendations on building designs for the tropical climate context
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28

Druet, Tom. "Tomographie passive par ondes guidées pour des applications de contrôle santé intégré." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017VALE0032/document.

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Ce manuscrit présente une méthode d’imagerie quantitative et sans état de référence, de défauts de corrosion d’une plaque mince, exploitant de manière passive un réseau embarqué de capteurs d’ondes élastiques guidées. Les applications visées sont le contrôle santé intégré (SHM) de structures critiques qui amènent de fortes contraintes à la fois d’intrusivité des capteurs et de fiabilité du diagnostic. Une solution prometteuse, permettant de multiplier la densité de points de mesure sans augmenter l’intrusivité du système, est offerte par les réseaux de Bragg sur fibre optique (FBG). Toutefois, contrairement aux transducteurs piézoélectriques (PZT) classiquement employés en SHM, les FBG ne permettent pas d’émettre d’ondes élastiques. L’idée consiste à utiliser des méthodes dites « passives » permettant de retrouver la fonction de Green entre deux capteurs à partir du bruit ambiant, naturellement présent dans la structure, mesuré simultanément entre ces deux capteurs. Nous étudions dans ce manuscrit deux méthodes passives : la corrélation de bruit et le filtre inverse passif. Nous verrons que ce dernier a plus de potentiel lorsqu’il est couplé à l’imagerie par tomographie. Différents algorithmes de tomographie sont évalués par simulation numérique puis lors d’expériences comparatives actives et passives à l’aide d’un réseau de PZT. Afin de rendre la tomographie passive robuste, nous présentons une méthode clé de détection de temps de vol, basée sur une représentation temps-fréquence. Enfin, nous décrivons une première démonstration expérimentale de mesures passives par FBG qui laisse à penser que la tomographie passive par FBG est prometteuse
This manuscript presents a baseline-free quantitative method for the imaging of corrosion flaws present in thin plates. This method only requires an embedded guided waves sensors network in a fully passive way. The field ofapplications are Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of critical structures with heavy constrains on both sensors intrusiveness and diagnostic reliability. A promising solution allowing to increase the number of measurement points without increasing the intrusiveness of the system is provided by the Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs). However, unlike piezoelectric transducers generally used in SHM, the FBGs cannot emit elastic waves. The idea consists in using passive methods in order to retrieve the Green function from elastic diffuse fields - naturally present in structures - measured simultaneously between two sensors. In this manuscript, two passive methods are studied: the ambient noise correlation and the passive inverse filter. It is shown that the latter gives better results when coupled with tomography. Several tomography algorithms are assessed with numerical simulations and then applied to active and passive datasets measured by a PZT network. In order to make passive tomography robust, a time of flight identification method is proposed, based on a time-frequency representation. Finally, a novel experimental demonstration of passive measurements with FBGs only is presented, suggesting high potential for FBGs passive tomography
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29

Garcia, Nil. "Optimization Methods for Active and Passive Localization." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/14192/1/garcia.pdf.

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Active and passive localization employing widely distributed sensors is a problem of interest in various fields. In active localization, such as in MIMO radar, transmitters emit signals that are reflected by the targets and collected by the receive sensors, whereas, in passive localization the sensors collect the signals emitted by the sources themselves. This dissertation studies optimization methods for high precision active and passive localization. In the case of active localization, multiple transmit elements illuminate the targets from different directions. The signals emitted by the transmitters may differ in power and bandwidth. Such resources are often limited and distributed uniformly among the transmitters. However, previous studies based on the well known Crámer-Rao lower bound have shown that the localization accuracy depends on the locations of the transmitters as well as the individual channel gains between different transmitters, targets and receivers. Thus, it is natural to ask whether localization accuracy may be improved by judiciously allocating such limited resources among the transmitters. Using the Crámer-Rao lower bound for target localization of multiple targets as a figure of merit, approximate solutions are proposed to the problems of optimal power, optimal bandwidth and optimal joint power and bandwidth allocation. These solutions are computed by minimizing a sequence of convex problems. The quality of these solutions is assessed through extensive numerical simulations and with the help of a lower-bound that certifies their optimality. Simulation results reveal that bandwidth allocation policies have a stronger impact on performance than power. Passive localization of radio frequency sources over multipath channels is a difficult problem arising in applications such as outdoor or indoor geolocation. Common approaches that combine ad-hoc methods for multipath mitigation with indirect localization relying on intermediary parameters such as time-of-arrivals, time difference of arrivals or received signal strengths, are unsatisfactory. This dissertation models the localization of known waveforms over unknown multipath channels in a sparse framework, and develops a direct approach in which multiple sources are localized jointly, directly from observations obtained at distributed sources. The proposed approach exploits channel properties that enable to distinguish line-of-sight (LOS) from non-LOS signal paths. Theoretical guarantees are established for correct recovery of the sources’ locations by atomic norm minimization. A second-order-cone-based algorithm is developed to produce the optimal atomic decomposition, and it is shown to produce high accuracy location estimates over complex scenes, in which sources are subject to diverse multipath conditions, including lack of LOS.
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Salla, Lilian Fenalti. "FUMO PASSIVO: DAS CONCEPÇÕES DOS ALUNOS À UTILIZAÇÃO DE UMA FERRAMENTA PEDAGÓGICA SOBRE O TEMA NO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3518.

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The current study, of qualitative nature, had as its central theme the passive smoking through the perspective of Education in Science. Seeking to generate subsidies which would cooperate to the establishment of pedagogical strategies which promote both meaningful learning and scientific literacy regarding the theme, the study aimed at: investigating elementary school (from 6th through 9th) students conceptions about passive smoking. evaluate the approach of the themes passive smoking and smoking in the didactic science books used in elementary school; elaborate a ludic-interactive pedagogical tool contemplating the effects of passive smoking on the biological system; evaluate the impact of the pedagogical tool on the students conceptions after their interaction with it. The tools used for the data collection were the semi-structured questionary and the active observation. To approximate reality, the theory of Previous Conceptions was used and for the data interpretation Content Analysis and Descriptive Statistics were used. The results obtained in the study, in a general way, show that: the elementary school students conceptions on passive smoking are scarce superficial; students conceptions vary from non-understanding of what passive smoking is up to the suitable understanding, although incomplete, of the scientific concept of it. In Addition, the conceptions demonstrated to be strongly associated to the universe of drugs, of disease and of death; the theme approach in Science books came out limited, fragmented and decontextualized; the pedagogical tool Lung and its Gang , elaborated in the study, demonstrated to be useful to comprehend passive smoking and its effects on the biological system, since evolutions in the students concepts were observed after their interaction with it. After this interaction with the pedagogical tool, the dawn of a critical attitude from the students regarding passive smoking was also noticed. Even though the obtained results cannot be generalized, they reveal both the shortage of formal knowledge on passive smoking among elementary school students and the neglect of the theme in the school sphere. The elaborated pedagogical tool, however in need of repair, was able to motivate students to critically reflect about the theme, therefore outlining a scientific literacy about it. Considering the aspects inferred in this study, it is expected that it contributes to the elaboration of political-pedagogical proposals which contemplate not only passive smoking, which is the third largest avoidable and removable reason for death in the world, but also other themes on life quality and health, thus promoting scientific literacy through Education in Science.
O presente estudo, de caráter qualitativo, teve como tema central o fumo passivo pela perspectiva da Educação em Ciências. Buscando gerar subsídios que colaborassem para o estabelecimento de estratégias pedagógicas promotoras tanto de uma aprendizagem significativa como de uma alfabetização científica em relação ao tema, o estudo teve como objetivos: investigar as concepções dos alunos de ensino fundamental (6º ao 9º ano) sobre o fumo passivo; avaliar a abordagem do tema nos livros didáticos de Ciências utilizados no ensino fundamental; elaborar uma ferramenta pedagógica lúdico-interativa contemplando os efeitos do fumo passivo sobre o sistema biológico; avaliar o impacto da ferramenta pedagógica sobre as concepções dos alunos após a interação destes com a mesma. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta dos dados foram o questionário semiestruturado e a observação participante. Para a aproximação da realidade foi utilizada a teoria das Concepções Prévias e para a interpretação dos dados foram utilizadas a Análise de Conteúdo e a Estatística Descritiva. Os resultados obtidos no estudo, de uma forma geral, demonstraram que: as concepções dos alunos de ensino fundamental acerca do fumo passivo são escassas e superficiais; as concepções dos alunos variaram do não entendimento sobre o que é fumo passivo até a compreensões condizentes, embora incompletas, com o conceito científico do mesmo. Ainda, as concepções mostraram-se fortemente associadas ao universo das drogas, da doença e da morte; a abordagem do tema nos livros didáticos de Ciências mostrou-se reduzida, fragmentada e descontextualizada; a ferramenta pedagógica Pulmão e sua Turma , elaborada no estudo, mostrou-se útil na compreensão acerca do fumo passivo e seus efeitos sobre o sistema biológico, uma vez que foram observadas evoluções nas concepções dos alunos após a interação com a mesma. Observou-se, também, o estabelecimento de uma postura crítica dos alunos em relação ao fumo passivo após a interação com a ferramenta pedagógica. Apesar dos resultados obtidos não poderem ser generalizados eles são reveladores tanto da escassez de conhecimentos formais sobre o fumo passivo entre os alunos de ensino fundamental quanto do descaso com o tema no âmbito escolar. A ferramenta pedagógica elaborada, embora necessite de reparos, foi capaz de motivar os alunos a refletirem de forma crítica sobre o tema, esboçando assim, uma alfabetização científica em relação ao mesmo. Considerando-se os aspectos inferidos neste estudo, espera-se que ele contribua para a elaboração de propostas político-pedagógicas que contemplem, não só o fumo passivo, que é a terceira maior causa de morte evitável e removível no mundo, mas também outros temas relativos à qualidade de vida e à saúde, fomentando, assim, a alfabetização científica através da Educação em Ciências.
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31

Spingler, Gregory. "Caractérisation des matériaux pour la sécurité passive secondaire." Valenciennes, 2001. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/8fb852de-7479-47a0-b58b-1cf3b024a41a.

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L'étude s'intéresse aux propriétés mécaniques des matériaux polymères constitutifs des pièces d'habitacle automobile. Une première partie décrit les normes biomécaniques imposées à chaque type de crash test véhicule et introduit une étude sur les matériaux d'absorption de choc. Cette recherche aboutit à la mise en place d'un protocole de caractérisation de ces matériaux. Une seconde partie fournit un bilan des lois de comportement les plus aptes à reproduire le comportement des polymères solides. Des essais mécaniques constituent la base expérimentale sur laquelle s'appuient les identifications numériques par méthode inverse. Une démarche est alors proposée afin de rendre la loi de G'Sell valide sur une plage de vitesse de déformation suffisamment large (1s-1 à 500s-1) et pour des déformations allant jusqu'à 2 en sollicitation d'impact sous PAMCRASHTM. Enfin, une dernière étude porte sur la différence de comportement du matériau observée entre la traction et la perforation
The study deals with mechanical properties of polymers used in trim panel, door panel and dashboard manufacture. The first part discusses the biomechanical regulations that must be reached during the crash tests. A research about padding characterization, such as foams or honeycombs, leads to a procedure which allow to design the structure more easily. The second part sums up the laws used to simulate the behaviour of polymers. Thus, material tests are needed to feed numerical simulation and an optimisation method is used to find the parameters that reproduce correctly the behaviour of polymers. With the proposed methodology, we obtain the parameters of G'Sell's law on a large range of strain (until 2 for dart simulation) and strain rate (1s-1 to 500s-1) with the explicit formulation code PAMCRASHTM. Then, the last part deals with the observed differences of behaviour between tensile and dart tests, and presents a coupling between temperature sense and anisotropic into the model
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32

Evain, Sébastien. "Télédétection passive de la fluorescence des couverts végétaux." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112294.

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RDans des conditions naturelles, la faible quantité de fluorescence émise par la végétation est difficile à quantifier car elle est noyée dans la lumière réfléchie. Cependant, dans les raies du spectre solaire où le rayonnement incident est absorbé par les constituants des atmosphères solaire et terrestre, la part de la fluorescence par rapport à la lumière réfléchie n'est plus négligeable et peut-être alors quantifiée. Cette technique, appelée " Principe des raies de Fraunhofer " consiste à comparer la profondeur de la raie au niveau de l'éclairement et de la luminance de la cible. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons développé plusieurs instruments appliquant ce principe aux bandes d'absorption de l'oxygène situées à 760 et 687 nm. Grâce à ces capteurs, nous avons pu suivre, pour des distances allant jusqu'à 15 m, les variations de fluorescence induites par des variations lumineuses à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles et déterminer l'importance des mécanismes de régulation de l'excès d'énergie absorbée par les plantes. De plus, nous avons pu mettre en évidence des modifications physiologiques induites par un herbicide ou en présence d'un stress hydrique. Dans une perspective d'accroître la distance de mesure, nous avons développé un nouveau modèle, OBADE, basé sur l'absorption de l'oxygène moléculaire, qui calcule la profondeur des bandes de l'O2 mesurée par nos instruments en fonction de la configuration de l'expérience. Comparé aux mesures de terrain, OBADE a montré une excellente capacité à simuler les variations diurnes de la profondeur de la bande de l'O2 à 760 nm. En complément de ces travaux, nous avons montré que les variations de l'indice de réflectance PRI (physiological reflectance index) étaient liées aux mécanismes de dissipation thermique de l'excès d'énergie absorbée par la végétation et pouvaient être appliquées à la détection du stress hydrique chez la vigne
Under natural conditions of light, the weak amount of fluorescence emitted by a plant is difficult to measure because of the reflected light which blurred the signal. However, in the absorption bands of the solar spectrum where the incident light is attenuated by the components of the solar and terrestrial atmospheres, the Chl F can be quantified. This technique, called "Fraunhofer lines principle" compares the depth of an absorption band in the solar irradiance to the depth of the absorption band in the radiance of the target. During this thesis, we developed several instruments applying this principle to atmospheric oxygen A and B bands respectively centered at 760 and 687 nm. Thanks to these sensors, we followed, for distances going up to 15 m, the variations of fluorescence induced by light variations on various space and temporal scales and determined the importance of the mechanisms of regulation of the excess of energy absorbed by the plants. Moreover, we detected physiological modifications induced by an herbicide or in the presence of a water stress. To increase the measurement distance, we have developed a new model, OBADE, based on the absorption of the molecular oxygen, which calculates the depth of the oxygen bands measured by our instruments according to the configuration of the experiment. Compared with measurements on the ground, OBADE showed an excellent capacity to simulate the diurnal variations depth of the oxygen band at 760 nm. In complement of these works, we showed that the variations of the index of reflectance PRI (physiological reflectance index) were related to the mechanisms of thermal dissipation of the excess of energy absorbed by the vegetation and could be applied to the detection of the water stress in gravepine
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33

Oyarbide-Usabiaga, Estanislao. "Commande passive des structures de l'électronique de puissance." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0097.

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Cette thèse est une étude exploratoire autour des apports de la commande passive et de sa version adaptative dans le champ de l'électronique de puissance. En première partie, après des rappels théoriques, les propriétés génériques des convertisseurs sous le formalisme d'Euler-Lagrange sont présentées. Ces propriétés rendent l'application de la commande passive naturelle. En seconde partie, des exemples d'application sont traités, ils sont choisis de manière à englober un large éventail de familles de convertisseurs. Les modèles de réglage vont du modèle moyen standard au modèle moyen généralisé en passant par des transformations usuelles. Enfin, dans le dernier chapitre, la faisabilité des commandes passive et passive-adaptative est testée sur un exemple de compensateur statique d'énergie réactive (STATCOM)
This work deals with the passivity based control and with its adaptive version for control of power electronics devices. First, after some theoretical discussions, power electronics converter's spécial properties are issued from gênerai Euler-Lagrange models. One of thèse properties allows a straightforward passivity based control implementation. Next, several converters which take into account a large family of applications are selected and the passivity based control is then tested. For this, several tuning models, from averaged model to generalised averaged one, are used. Finally, some practical results concerning the Static Reactive Power Compensator (STATCOM) control are showed. This way, passivity based control's real implementation rurns to be possible
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34

Horvai, Peter. "Advection passive par des champs de vitesse stochastiques." Phd thesis, Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EPXX0003.

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L'objet principal de cette thèse est d'étudier divers aspects de l'évolution d'un champ scalaire ou vectoriel, transporté par un champ de vitesse dont la statistique est donnée indépendamment du champ advecté. Ce faisant, on est amené également à étudier les courbes intégrales du champ de vitesse, appelées trajectoires Lagrangiennes. Après une introduction synthétique, plusieurs modèles et problèmes sont abordés. Notre modèle principal - baptisé après R. H. Kraichnan - suppose des champs de vitesse gaussiens delta-corrélés en temps. Sont étudiés les cas où la structure spatiale du champ de vitesse est soit lisse soit brownien fractionnaire (multidimensionnel). Un modèle où le champ de vitesse est corrélé en temps est également abordé. Parmi les problèmes étudiés sont les secteurs anisotropes de la quantité advectée, l'apparition d'intermittence spatiale, ou encore différents passages à la limite dans la statistique du champ de vitesse.
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35

Zanella, Anita. "Structural properties of clumpy galaxies and spheroids at high redshift." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC314/document.

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Cette thèse explore la question ouverte des mécanismes selon lesquels les galaxies lointaines évoluent au cours du temps. Elle se concentre sur l’étude des galaxies irrégulières et sur la cause de l’évolution en taille des galaxies passives et compactes. Bien que des régions de formation stellaire très lumineuses (clumps) soient observées dans les galaxies irrégulières depuis longtemps, leur nature et évolution sont encore débattues. Les instabilités gravitationnelles des disques ont été proposées comme la cause principale pour la formation in-situ des clumps, même si certains d’entre eux pourraient avoir une origine ex-situ. De plus, il n’est pas encore clair s’ils peuvent vivre longtemps ou si les vents stellaires les détruisent rapidement. À partir de l’étude détaillée d’un clump très jeune que nous avons découvert dans le disque d’une galaxie à redshift z~2 et de l’analyse d’un échantillon statistique, j’ai conclu que les clumps peuvent se former in-situ et qu’ils vivent typiquement 500 Myr. Ce résultat conforte les simulations numériques qui indiquent que les clumps ont un rôle important pour la croissance de leur noyau. Cela pourrait stabiliser le disque et y avoir un lien avec la formation des galaxies compactes et passives qui ont été decouvertes à haut redshift. Elles ont des tailles significativement plus petites, à masse égale, que celles de leurs homologues locales. Cette découverte a déclenché un débat concernant les possibles mécanismes qui peuvent augmenter leur taille sans altérer leur masse. J’ai analysé un échantillon de 32 galaxies et j’ai conclu que des multiples fusions mineures pourraient être les responsables principaux de leur evolution temporelle
This thesis explores the still unanswered question of how distant galaxies evolve through cosmic time: on one side it focuses on star-forming clumpy galaxies, on the other it investigates the size evolution of passive compact ones. Despite star forming clumps have been observed in high-redshift irregular galaxies since a while, their nature and fate are still highly debated. Violent gravitational disk instability in gas-rich, turbulent galaxies has been proposed as the main cause for in-situ clumps formation, although a fraction of them might have an ex-situ origin. Furthermore, clumps contribution to galaxy evolution is highly debated: it is not clear yet if they are long-lived or if stellar feedback rapidly disrupts them. From both the in-depth study of an extremely young clump that we discovered in the disk of a galaxy at redshift z ~ 2, and the analysis of a full statistical sample, I concluded that at least some clumps form in-situ due to violent disk instability and that they typically live ~ 500 Myr. This supports numerical simulations indicating that clumps are longlived and could play an important role in bulge growth. This might stabilize the disk, quench star formation and have therefore a link with the formation of the compact and passive galaxies that have been observed at high redshift. They have significant smaller sizes, at fixed stellar mass, than local counterparts. This discovery has ignited an important debate concerning the possible mechanisms that could inflate the galaxy sizes without altering much their mass. I analyzed a sample of 32 galaxies and I concluded that multiple minor mergers could be the main drivers of their observed time evolution
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Fauvelle, Vincent. "Evaluation de la contamination en pesticides des tributaires du Bassin d’Arcachon et développement d’un échantillonneur passif spécifique des herbicides anioniques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14715/document.

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Le Bassin d’Arcachon souffre depuis le début des années 2000 de crises environnementales qui ont engendré la régression de l’herbier de zostères et la mortalité épisodique des naissains d’huîtres. Dès lors, la pression toxique et notamment phytosanitaire a été mise en cause et a fait l’objet de plusieurs suivis environnementaux dans la lagune et ses principaux tributaires depuis 2005. L’étude présentée ici porte sur le suivi des apports en pesticides vers le Bassin d’Arcachon par les eaux continentales. Sa plus-value réside dans l’élargissement du panel de molécules suivies, notamment avec la prise en compte des composés acides ; dans l’utilisation d’échantillonneurs passifs de type POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) ; et dans l’acquisition d’une chronique pendant près de deux ans. Du fait de l’inadéquation du POCIS (et des autres échantillonneurs passifs aquatiques disponibles actuellement), une stratégie d’échantillonnage ponctuel mensuel a été mise en place pour le suivi des herbicides organiques acides. La mise en évidence par la suite de la prédominance de ce substances dans la contamination des tributaires du Bassin d’Arcachon a constitué une avancée majeure dans la caractérisation de la pression toxique du milieu, et a par ailleurs montré les besoins en matière d’échantillonnage passif pour ce type de contaminants. Par conséquent, des outils adaptés à leur échantillonnage ont été développés, en se basant sur des dispositifs préexistants. Le caractère intégratif de l’échantillonneur a été optimisé soit en adaptant la géométrie, soit en modifiant la nature de la phase réceptrice. Ensuite, l’aspect quantitatif des dispositifs a été amélioré en adaptant l’approche PRC (composé de performance et de référence), ou bien en utilisant un gel diffusif
From the early 2000s, the Arcachon Bay suffers from environmental crises that have led to the decline of the Zostera spp. meadows, and to the episodic mortality of oysters spats. Therefore, the toxic pressure (including pesticides) has been questioned, and several environmental monitoring programs have been established since 2005. This new monitoring program consisted to expand the range of monitored compounds (including acidic herbicides), to use POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) for the passive sampling of polar compounds, and to monitor continuously the main Arcachon Bay tributaries for nearly two years. Because of the inadequacy of POCIS (and other devices currently available), a monthly grab sampling strategy has been implemented for the monitoring of acidic herbicides. The highlighting of the predominance of the acidic metabolites of chloroacetanilides in the Arcachon Bay tributaries has been a major advance in the characterization of the toxic pressure, and pointed out, otherwise, the needs for a specific passive sampling tool for these contaminants. Therefore, several passive samplers have been developed, based on existing devices (POCIS and Diffusive Gradient in Thin-film). The integrative behaviour of the samplers has been first optimized by adapting the geometry (exposure surface area, and amount of receiving phase), or by changing the nature of the receiving phase. Then, the quantitative behaviour has been improved by adapting the PRC (performance and reference compound) approach, or using a diffusive gel
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37

Seidi, Jaime Reis Simões. "Doenças dos vitelos de leite - fatores de risco." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/17702.

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As doenças dos vitelos de leite e mortalidade neonatal têm uma importância não negligenciável entre as diversas causas de perdas económicas na produção de bovinos de leite, sendo que as taxas de sobrevivência neonatal são consideradas indicadores de bem-estar animal. Nesta dissertação irá abordar-se a problemática e o controlo/prevenção das diarreias neonatais, com incorporação de dois estudos. No primeiro estudo, o objetivo foi avaliar a influência de diversos fatores no estado imunitário de 111 vitelos entre as 24 horas e os 7 dias de vida, através da medição das proteínas séricas como indicador da transmissão de imunidade passiva (TIP). Concluiu-se que o momento de administração em conjugação com a quantidade de colostro fornecida foi o fator que influenciou o nível de proteínas séricas e, consequentemente, a TIP (p<0,001). No segundo estudo, pretendeu-se, primeiramente, determinar a prevalência de isolamentos dos principais agentes infeciosos presentes em vitelos com diarreia neonatal e numa segunda fase estimar a associação entre a prevalência desta doença e o modo e momento de administração de colostro. Conclui-se então que o agente etiológico mais frequentemente isolado neste estudo foi o Rotavírus, sendo este vírus detetado em 17 amostras (pa=60,7%) e, que o “momento de administração em conjugação com a quantidade de colostro fornecida” e a “forma de administração de colostro” influenciaram a concentração de proteínas séricas, na primeira semana de vida, e consequente TIP (p <0.001 e p≤0,01, respetivamente). Os resultados obtidos realçam a necessidade de transmitir conhecimento e especializar, gradualmente, a mão-de-obra com o intuito de implementar práticas de maneio capazes de promover a saúde neonatal na recria, de forma a contribuir para uma redução de perdas económicas e rentabilização máxima nas explorações leiteiras; Dairy calves diseases – risk factors Abstract: Dairy calf’s diseases and neonatal mortality have a considerable importance among the various causes of economic losses in dairy cattle production and neonatal survival rates are considered animal welfare indicators. In this thesis, neonatal calf diarrhea will be addressed regarding its impact in herd health and the control/prevention the disease, with the inclusion of two studies. In the first study the objective was to evaluate the influence of several factors on the immune status of 111 calves aged between 24 hours and seven days, by measuring the serum protein as indicator of passive immunity transmission (PIT). It was concluded that the timing of administration in conjunction with the amount of colostrum provided was the factor that influenced the level of serum proteins, and therefore the PIT (p <0.001). In the second study, the first goal was to determine the prevalence of the main infectious agents present in neonatal diarrhea in cattle and in a second stage to estimate the association between this disease and inadequate administration of colostrum. So it was concluded that the most prevalent agent in this study was Rotavirus (ap=60,7%) and that the amount and timing of administration of colostrum and the form of administration of colostrum influenced the concentration of serum proteins in the first week of life, and consequent PIT (p <0.001 and p≤0,01, respectively). The results highlight the need to impart knowledge and gradually to specialize manual labor on dairy farms, in order to implement management practices that promote neonatal health in the growing heifers, thus contributing to a reduction of economic losses and for maximum profitability in dairy farms.
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38

Vogel, Petra Maria. "Das unpersönliche Passiv eine funktionale Untersuchung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Deutschen und seiner historischen Entwicklung." Berlin New York de Gruyter, 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2672564&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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39

Marsiglia, Tania. "Violência e tolerância na escola: perspectivas das produções acadêmicas." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/10477.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tania Marsiglia.pdf: 1366605 bytes, checksum: 1eaa1637167f516089fae24f2c86eb10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-25
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The focus of this study is to identify how violence in schools has been studied scientifically and how the studies have reported their results as they relate to violence within school walls. The objective is to see if violence is tolerated and if so, whether or not this tolerance has been a point of focus for researchers. To achieve this goal, this study is divided into two parts. The first part presents a survey of 441 works found in the thesis database of CAPES, using the abstracts to identify education institutions and the respective programs in which the studies were produced, the related areas of knowledge, the level of post-graduate study, and the lead researcher. In the second part, 35 studies about violence were selected at random from the former group. A detailed reading of these works permitted a characterization of how the theoretical references were used as well as how concepts are applied to violence as well as to the tolerance of violence. In the effort to place violence in a modern context, this study was based on the work of authors such as Kant (1989), Marx (1988), Arendt (2004), Locke (1973), Voltaire (1993), Wolff (1970) and Moore Jr. (1970). With respect to the proposed analysis, the basis for the conceptual discussion was the Critical Theory of Society, in particular the studies of Adorno (1995; 1996), Horkheimer & Adorno (1985) and Marcuse (1970). Marcuse (1970) contributed with the concept of passive tolerance in which the individual reacts to violence with apathy and indifference. The results showed that 26 of these analyses relate violence to social passiveness, and eight studies develop a more profound debate on the subject
Esta pesquisa visa a identificar como a violência na escola tem sido estudada cientificamente e como tais estudos têm reportado suas análises com relação à violência intramuros. O objetivo é compreender se a violência na escola tem sido tolerada e se tal tolerância tem sido alvo de preocupação dos pesquisadores. Para tal feito, este estudo se subdivide em dois momentos: no primeiro, são analisadas, de forma mais geral, as 441 produções encontradas no Banco de Teses da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), por meio de seus resumos, procurando identificar as instituições de ensino e os programas em que foram produzidas, as áreas de conhecimento relacionadas, o nível de Pós-graduação e a distribuição das produções por orientador. No segundo momento, são analisadas 35 pesquisas sobre a violência na escola, selecionadas do levantamento anterior, por meio de sorteio, nas quais a leitura integral dos textos possibilitou caracterizar o uso de seus referenciais teóricos e análises conceituais sobre a violência e a tolerância à violência. Procurando situar a violência no contexto da Idade Moderna, procurou-se apoio em autores como Kant (1989), Marx (1988), Arendt (2004), Locke (1973), Voltaire (1993), Wolff (1970) e Moore Jr. (1970). No que concerne à análise pretendida, a Teoria Crítica da Sociedade, em particular os trabalhos de Adorno (1995; 1996), Horkheimer e Adorno (1985) e Marcuse (1970) foram as referências teóricas que nortearam a pesquisa, fornecendo suporte para a discussão conceitual. Marcuse (1970) contribuiu com o conceito de tolerância passiva, pelo qual o indivíduo assiste à violência ao seu redor de forma apática e indiferente. Os resultados das análises mostraram que 26 pesquisas relacionaram a violência à passividade social, sendo que em oito estudos essa questão foi debatida com profundidade
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40

Devillers, Delphine. "Fiabilisation de la quantification des éléments traces cationiques et anioniques par la technique d'échantillonnage DGT en milieu aquatique naturel." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0058/document.

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La technique d’échantillonnage passif DGT (« Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films ») possède de nombreux avantages (intégration des variations temporelles, abaissement des limites de quantification) qui font d’elle une méthode prometteuse pour une utilisation en réseaux de mesure pour quantifier les éléments traces dans les eaux naturelles. Cependant, il existe encore des zones d’ombre qui constituent des freins à son utilisation dans un contexte réglementaire. Ce travail a donc pour objectif d’identifier des biais potentiels et ainsi contribuer à fiabiliser la méthode. Cette étude montre que l’obtention d’un résultat avec une incertitude minimisée doit passer par la détermination expérimentale des facteurs d’élution ; cependant, l’utilisation d’une valeur standard de 0,8 pour le Cr(III) et de 0,85 pour Al(III), Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) et Zn(II) est proposée afin d’alléger les manipulations tout en conservant une incertitude raisonnable (<10%). L’étude de l’influence de l’encrassement des dispositifs DGT a montré que la sorption des cations Cd(II), Cu(II) et Pb(II) sur les filtres encrassés affectent respectivement peu, modérément et fortement leur accumulation dans les échantillonneurs et donc leur quantification. Des durées d’exposition de moins d’une semaine sont alors préconisées pour ces éléments. En revanche, l’encrassement a eu un impact négligeable sur le Ni(II) et sur les oxyanions As(V), Cr(VI), Sb(V) et Se(VI). Enfin, une méthode de quantification simultanée du Cr(III), essentiel à la vie, et du Cr(VI), toxique, a été développée en vue d’améliorer l’évaluation de la toxicité d’une eau. Un unique échantillonneur DGT fixe les deux formes tandis qu’elles sont ensuite sélectivement séparées par une étape d’élution. Cette méthode est robuste sur une large gamme de forces ioniques et de concentrations en sulfate mais sur une gamme de pH plus restreinte ne couvrant pas toutes les eaux naturelles (4 à 6)
The passive sampling DGT technique (Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films) has a lot of benefits (time-weighted average concentrations, low limits of quantification) and would therefore be a useful tool for monitoring studies to quantify trace elements in natural water. However, there are still some limitations and grey areas that put the brakes on the development of the method for regulatory applications. The aim of this work is to identify potential biases and contribute to increase the method reliability. This study shows that a minimized uncertainty on results can be obtained only if elution factors are experimentally determined; however, standard values of 0.8 for Cr(III) and 0.85 for Al(III), Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) are suggested to reduce manipulations while keeping reasonable uncertainty (<10%). Studying the influence of fouling developed on DGT devices showed that the sorption of cations Cd(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) had, respectively, a slight, moderate and strong impact on their accumulation in DGT samplers and therefore on their quantification. Samplers should then be deployed for less than one week. In contrast, fouling had a negligible impact on oxyanions As(V), Cr(VI), Sb(V) and Se(VI). Finally, a method was developed to simultaneously quantify both Cr oxidation states naturally occurring in natural waters, which are Cr(III), essential to life, and Cr(VI), toxic. Both forms are accumulated in a single DGT sampler before being selectively separated during an elution step. This method is robust for wide ranges of ionic strengths and sulfate concentrations but for a narrower range of pH (4 to 6)
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41

Gaucher, Damien. "Étude des potentialités de la tomographie acoustique océanique passive." Brest, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BRES2001.

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La tomographie acoustique océanique passive est un procédé de caractérisation acoustique du milieu océanique à partir de sources d'opportunité naturellement présentes dans le milieu. Son étude repose sur la définition d'outils d'étude du conditionnement du problème inverse capables de prédire les performances d'estimation des paramètres et d'optimiser le réglage des degrés de liberté de la configuration expérimentale. Les outils développés sont appliqués dans le cas d'un milieu petit fond modélisé par une colonne d'eau isocélère sur un socle sédimentaire et permettent de démontrer que le choix attentif de la configuration expérimentale (prise en compte de la structure spatiale des arrivées et sélection des rayons acoustiques à utiliser pour l'inversion) permet de combler les pertes d'information a priori provoquées par la méconnaissance de la position de la source et du signal émis qui constituent les difficultés de la tomographie passive
Passive ocean acoustic tomography consists in estimating acoustic properties of the ocean medium from the inversion of the sound pressure generated by opportunity sources present in the channel. Passive tomography is studied by the condition number of the inverse problem calculated by the performances of the estimate parameters and the optimization of the degrees of freedom of the experimental configuration. The developed tools are applied in shallow water medium modelled by constant sound speed water column on a sedimentary base and demonstrate that judicious choice of the experimental configuration (taken into account of the spatial structure and of the selection of the acoustic rays used in the inversion) can make up for the losses of a priori information caused by the ignorance of the position of the source and the emitted signal which constitute the difficulties of the passive tomography
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42

Surchamp, Alexia. "Emissions potentielles de polluants organiques persistants à partir du milieu urbain et par les activités de traitement des déchets : impact sur la qualité de l'air au voisinage des sources." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066010.

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L’objectif a été de caractériser les émissions indirectes de composés organiques semi-volatils (PCB, HCB, PeCB, HAP, phtalates et PBDE) au droit de milieux potentiellement contaminés par leurs emplois (zones ferroviaires souterraines, axes de circulation) et de sites de traitement de déchets (station d’épuration, élimination, destruction de véhicules hors d’usage). Des réseaux de mesure comprenant des préleveurs d’air actifs « grand volume », des capteurs passifs et des bio-accumulateurs ont été utilisés pour acquérir des données au voisinage des sources potentielles. Les résultats révèlent une ubiquité de tous les composés recherchés dans l’air, où leurs présences en phase gazeuse est majoritaire. La contamination de l’air au niveau des sites d'étude montre une hiérarchisation commune (phtalates>HAP>HCB>PeCB>PCB>PBDE), où la contamination de l’air en période estivale est plus importante, confirmant l’importance relative des émissions diffuses par volatilisation passive. Les résultats obtenus à partir des capteurs passifs démontrent l’intérêt de cet outil complémentaire pour la réalisation d’études à grande échelle spatio-temporelle. L’interprétation de l’état du milieu (IEM) à partir des analyses d’air, de sols, de retombées atmosphériques et de bio-accumulateurs végétaux, indiquent cependant que la contamination au voisinage de zones industrielles demeure le plus souvent du niveau de celle du milieu urbain dense. Les résultats révèlent que les émissions diffuses de COSV non halogénés (phtalates et HAP) par volatilisation passive, constituent un enjeu environnemental et sanitaire qui pourrait dépasser celui des anciens POP (PCB, PBDE)
The objective was to characterize the indirect emissions of SVOCs (PCB, HCB, PeCB, PAHs, phthalates and PBDE) on potentially contaminated environments by their uses (underground railway zones, traffic roads) and waste treatment sites (wastewater treatment plants, elimination, vehicle destruction sites). Measuring networks including "large volume" active air samplers, passive samplers and environmental bio-accumulators have been used to acquire data in the vicinity of potential sources. The results reveal an ubiquity of all the measured compounds in the air, where their presence in the gas phase prevails. The air contamination of the study sites shows a common ranking (phthalates> PAHs> HCB> PeCB> PCBs> PBDEs), where air contamination in summer is more important, confirming the relative importance of diffuse emissions by passive volatilization The results from passive sensors demonstrate the value of this complementary tool for the realization of large spatio-temporal scale study. The interpretation of environmental state from air, soil, atmospheric deposition and plant bio-accumulators analyzes indicates that the contamination remains mostly equivalent to urban area.. The results reveal that diffuse emissions of non-halogenated SVOCs (phthalates and PAHs) by passive volatilization, represent an environmental and health challenge where that could exceed those of past POPs (PCBs, PBDE, ...)
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43

Baby, Guillaume. "Mouvements verticaux des marges passives d’Afrique australe depuis 130 Ma, étude couplée : stratigraphie de bassin : analyse des formes du relief." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S009/document.

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Le plateau sud-africain (ou Kalahari) est le plateau anorogénique le plus grand au monde. Sa très grande longueur d’onde (×1000 km) et son altitude moyenne élevée (1000-1500 m) impliquent des processus mantelliques. La cinétique et l’origine de ce relief sont mal comprises. D’un côté, les études géomorphologiques le considèrent comme un relief mis en place à la fin de l’intervalle Cénozoïque (<30 Ma). A l’inverse, les données thermochronologiques montrent deux phases de dénudation pendant l’intervalle crétacé, corrélées à des phases d’accélération du flux silicoclastique sur les marges, qui suggèrent qu’il s’agirait d’un relief plus ancien hérité du Crétacé supérieur. Peu d’études ont porté sur l’évolution du système terre-mer depuis le bassin versant en érosion aux marges en sédimentation. Ce travail de thèse repose donc sur une double approche : une analyse géomorphologique des formes du relief (surfaces d’aplanissement) à terre, basée sur leur (i) cartographie, (ii) chronologie relative, (iii) relation avec les profils d’altération et (iv) datation au moyen des placages sédimentaires et du volcanisme datés qui les fossilisent ; une analyse stratigraphique de l’intervalle post-rift des marges, basée sur l’interprétation de données de sub-surface (lignes sismiques et puits), réévaluées en âge (biostratigraphie), pour (i) identifier, dater et mesurer les déformations des marges et de leur relief amont , (ii) mesurer les flux silicoclastiques, produits de l’érosion continentale. Un calendrier et une cartographie des déformations ont été obtenus sur les marges et mis en relation avec les différentes générations de surfaces d’aplanissement étagées qui caractérisent le relief du plateau sud-africain. Au moins deux périodes de déformation ont été identifiées au Crétacé supérieur (92-70 Ma) et à l’Oligocène (30-15 Ma). L’évolution est la suivante : 100 - 70 Ma (Cénomanien à Campanien) : plateau à très grande longueur d’onde, peu élevé (0-500 m), bordé à l’est par des reliefs plus hauts et plus anciens le long des marges indiennes, qui agissent comme une ligne de partage des eaux entre l’océan Atlantique et l’océan Indien. La déformation est initiée à l’est avec une flexuration brève, à grande longueur d’onde, des marges indiennes aux alentours de ~92Ma. Cette première surrection marque un paroxysme d’érosion enregistré par la mise en place d’un delta géant sur la marge atlantique (delta de l’Orange). La déformation migre ensuite vers l’ouest avec la croissance du bourrelet marginal atlantique entre 81 et 70 Ma. Le relief acquiert sa configuration actuelle comme l’indique une diminution du flux silicoclastique sur la marge atlantique qui traduit un changement majeur du système de drainage ; 70-30 Ma (Crétacé terminal-Paléogène) : période d’apparente non déformation. Le relief est fossilisé et intensément altéré (latérites) ; 30-15 Ma (Oligocène - Miocène inférieur) : deuxième surrection du plateau sud-africain qui acquière sa topographie actuelle. La déformation semble plus importante à l’est du plateau - flexure des marges nord indiennes initiée à ~25 Ma qui alimente les grands deltas de l’océan Indien (Zambèze, Limpopo, Tugela) ; le relief est fossilisé à partir du Miocène moyen, synchrone d’une aridification majeure de l’Afrique australe
The South African (Kalahari) Plateau is the world's largest non-orogenic plateau. It forms a large-scale topographic anomaly (×1000 km) which rises from sea level to > 1000 m. Most mechanisms proposed to explain its elevation gain imply mantle processes. The age of the uplift and the different steps of relief growth are still debated. On one hand, a Late Cretaceous uplift is supported both by thermochronological studies and sedimentary flux quantifications. On the other hand, geomorphological studies suggest a Late Cenozoic uplift scenario (<30 Ma). However few attentions were paid to the evolution of the overall geomorphic system, from the upstream erosional system to the downstream depositional system. This study is based on two different approaches : onshore, on the mapping and chronology of all the macroforms (weathering surfaces and associated alterites, pediments and pediplains, incised rivers, wave-cut platforms) dated by intersection with the few preserved sediments and the volcanics (mainly kimberlites pipes) ; offshore, on a more classical dataset of seismic lines and petroleum wells, coupled with biostratigraphic revaluations (characterization and dating of vertical movements of the margins - sediment volume measurement). The main result of this study is that the South African Plateau is an old Upper Cretaceous relief (90-70 Ma) reactivated during Oligocene (30-15 Ma) times. Its evolution can be summarized as follows : 100-70 Ma (Cenomanian to Campanian): low elevation plateau (0-500 m) with older and higher reliefs located along the Indian side, acting as a main divide between the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans. First uplift occurred in the east at ~92 Ma, with a fast flexuration of the Indian margins. This initiates a paroxysm of the erosion (90-80 Ma) with the growth of a large delta along the Atlantic margin (Orange delta). Deformation migrated progressively westward and resulted on the growth of the Atlantic marginal bulge between 81 and 70 Ma. Most of the present-day relief was probably created at this time. This is supported by the decrease of the sedimentary flux which suggests a reorganisation of the interior drainage pattern ; 70-30 Ma (Uppermost Cretaceous-Paleogene): most of the relief is fossilized and weathered - relative tectonic quiescence ; 0-15 Ma (Oligocene-Early Miocene): second period of the South African Plateau uplift. Most of the deformation took place along the Indian side of the Plateau (strike flexure) feeding the Zambezi, Limpopo and Tugela deltas ; since at least Middle Miocene times, all those reliefs have been fossilized, with very low erosion rates (x1m/Ma), in response to the major aridification of southern Africa
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44

Larose, Eric. "Diffusion multiple des ondes sismiques et expériences analogiques en ultrasons." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE10100.

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Cette thèse porte sur la propagation des ultrasons et des ondes sismiques de la coda en milieu hétérogène. Nous proposons deux méthodes d'analyse de l'information portée par la phase des signaux diffus. 1) La localisation faible des ondes sismiques (-rétrodiffusion cohérente) a été observée sur un volcan (Auvergne). Cette expérience démontre la présence de diffusion multiple dans la coda et permet de quantifier le degré d'hétérogénéité du milieu. 2) Une technique d'imagerie passive a ensuite été développée: elle permet de faire de l'im'agerie "sans source" en corrélant les ondes de la coda ou du bruit ambiant. Initialement développée pour les milieux fermés, ces travaux démontrent l'applicabilité de la méthode aux milieux ouverts et diffusants. Une interprétation physique reposant sur une analogie entre les corrélations et le retournement temporel a été proposée. Une étude approfondie du phénomène d'asymétrie temporelle des corrélation a été menée, fondée sur des simulations numériques, sur le traitement de coda sismiques acquises en Alaska, et sur une expérience analogique en ultrasons (croûte terrestre analogique). L'importance de la position des sources et le rôle de la diffusion ont été démontrés. La technique d'imagerie passive a été appliquée à l'imagerie ultrasonore d'un milieu stratifié par tomographie passive, à l'imagerie d'une interface et de deux, diffuseurs isolés, et enfin au bruit sismique enregistré sur la Lune pendant la mission Apollo 17 (1972). La technique d'imagerie passive est donc opérationnelle sur d'autre planètes que la Terre, elle pourra être mise en oeuvre dans les futures missions spatiales, en particulier sur la Lune et sur Mars
This thesis manuscript is devoted to the study of the seismic and ultrasonic wave propagation in complex media. Two methods are proposed to take advantage of the phase information contained in diffuse waves. 1) Weak localization of seismic waves is observed on a volcano (Auvergne). This field experiment demonstrates the presence of multiple scattering in coda waves, and allows the direct measurement of the transport mean free path of the sub-surface that quantifies the heterogeneities. 2) A passive imaging technique is also proposed : it is based on the correlation of diffuse field or noise, a correlation that yield the elastic or acoustic Green function between passive sensors as if one of them was a source. Initially applied to ultrasonic cavities, this technique is generalized to open scattering media. A physical interpretation based on a Time-Reversal analogyis proposed. The time symmetry of the correlations is studied, with means of numerical simulations, seismic experiment in Alaska, and ultrasonic experiment in the lab using a small medium ana logo us to the Earth's crust. The role of scattering and source position is emphasized. The passive imaging technique is used to perform the tomography of a layered medium, to image of interfaces and localized reflectors. Ln the end this technique is applied to Lunar seismic noise records, acquiered by four geophones emplaced on the Moon during Apollo 17 mission (1972). This last observation demonstrates the feasibility of correlating the noise to image the subsurface on other planets than the Earth which should provide a novel avenue for future extraterrestrial exploration missions
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45

Park, Byeong-Heum. "Recherche sur le rôle des constructions adverbiales dans la voix passive en français moderne." Rouen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ROUEL192.

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Cette thèse sur le rôle des constrcutions adverbiales dans la voix passive en francais moderne est développée en deux parties. Dans la première partie, nous nous sommes attaché à determiner la notion et le domaine de la voix selon divers grammairiens, et avons tente une definition de la voix. Puis, nous avons analyse le passif selon plusieurs theories grammaticales et expose divers problemes qui s'y rattachent. Nous avons aussi vu certaines nuances exprimees par le passif, l'emploi des prepositions, et certaines tournures a valeur passive. Dans la deuxieme partie, nous avons defini et classe les adverbes, puis examine en particulier ceux utilises dans cette etude, adverses de quantite intensite, et adverbes d'assertion. Nous avons alors observe le comportement de ces adverbes evec trois types de phrases : passive avec complement d'agent, sans complement d'agent, et enfin les phrases reduites, chaque fois en presence de verbes d'action et de verbes psychologiques. Is est ainsi apparu que les constructions adverbiales jouent un role important pour la passivation, notamment sur le plan sdemantique et pragmatique
This thesis on the role of adverbial constructions in the passive voice in modern french is didided into two parts. In the first part, we found it relevant to determine the notion and the field of the voice, according to various grammarians, and we tried to give a definition of the voice. Then, we analyzed the passive voice according to several grammatical theories and we put forward the various related problems. We also observed some subtler nuances expressed by the passive form, the use of prepositions and some turns in the passive mode. In the second part, we defined and classified the adverbs with a special concern for those used in this study, quantity, intensity and assertion adverbs. We noticed the function of these adverbs with three types of sentences : first passive with an agent, then passive without an agent, and eventually reduced sentences, each time there were action and psychological verbs. It clearly appears that the adverbial constructions play an important part in the passivation, namely at the semantic and pragmatic level
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46

Krocker, Carsten. "Contribution à l'étude des mécanismes de plastification autour d'une barre d'ancrage scellée dans le rocher." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00785863.

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Une modélisation du comportement d'un ancrage passif est proposé prenant en compte les trois matériaux. acier, scellement et roche, et leurs comportements spéciflques. Le comportement d'un forage cimenté soumis à une pression intérieure est étudié en deux dimensions. Les relations entre la pressIon appliquée sur le scellmnent et le déplacement correspondant sont établies pour les différents états du scellement et de la roche (élasticité, fracturé, plastique). Une simulation numèrique permet. de comparer les comportements successifs d'un forage cimenté, lorsqu'il est soumis à un chargement intérieur axisymétrique puis à un chargement uniaxial, qui se rapproche de celui exercé par une barre soumise à un déplacement transversal. La relation analytique entre pression et déplacement est appliquée à la modélisation tridimensionneile d'un ancrage soumis àun cisaillement au niveau d'un joint. Une méthode basée sur une décomposition de la barre en tranches et en éléments est proposée pour des petites déformations. Elle permet de calculer les efforts mobilisès dans la barre et sa déformation, en fonction du déplacement imposé au joint.
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47

Daoud, Marwa. "Etude Expérimentale et Modélisation par la méthode des éléments discrets de l’amortissement dans les matériaux granulaires." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC063/document.

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Ce travail de thèse a pour objet d’analyser le processus de dissipation d’énergie dans les amortisseurs par milieux granulaires. Des études de nature expérimentale, analytique et numérique ont été menées afin de pouvoir détecter les paramètres clefs agissant sur la dissipation; un modèle expérimental minimal a été présenté en premier lieu afin de mettre en évidence l’efficacité des milieux granulaire en tant qu’amortisseurs de vibrations. Un second modèle expérimental plus élaboré a été développé, avec de multiples protocoles expérimentaux, pour mener une étude paramétrique et détecter leurs impacts sur l’évolution du facteur de perte du système. On montre que le coefficient de perte ne dépend pas du matériau des particules ou leur nombre, mais dépend fortement de la masse totale des grains embarqués et sur l’amplitude du signal vibrant. Nos mesures montrent aussi la contribution de l'écoulement visqueux de l'air entourant les grains au facteur de perte globale des amortisseurs.La partie analytique à son tour a permis de retrouver le comportement obtenu expérimentalement par le billet du développement des équations du mouvement du système, celle des énergie cinétique et énergie dissipée afin de proposer enfin une équation maitresse qui décrit l’évolution du facteur de perte réduit au sein de notre système. Pour atteindre une plus grande précision, une modélisation du système granulaire par la méthode des éléments discrets (DEM) a permis de retrouver les mêmes conclusions et ainsi valider les constatations expérimentales et le modèle analytique proposé
This thesis aims to analyze the process of energy dissipation in particle dampersExperimental, analytical and numerical studies have been conducted in order to identify key parameters influencing the dissipation; minimal experimental model was introduced first to highlight the efficiency of granular media as shock absorbers of vibrations. A second more sophisticated experimental model was developed, with multiple experimental protocols, to conduct a parametric study and detect their impact on the evolution of the system loss factor. It is shown that the loss coefficient is independent of the particle material or their number, but depends strongly on the total mass of embedded grains and on the amplitude of the vibrating signal. Our measurements also show the contribution of viscous flow of the air surrounding the grains to the overall loss factor.The analytical part in turn led to the discovery The behaviour obtained experimentally by the development of the equations of motion of the system, that of kinetic energy dissipated and energy to finally offer a mistress equation which describes the evolution of the loss factor reduced within our system. To achieve greater accuracy, a model of the granular system by the discrete element method (DEM) allowed to find the same conclusions and thus validate the experimental findings and the proposed analytical model
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48

Ibrahim, Imtiaz. "Etude de l’applicabilité des échantillonneurs passifs POCIS et Chemcatcher pour le suivi des pesticides en milieux aquatiques." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EMSE0692/document.

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Les pesticides sont aujourd’hui reconnus comme ayant des effets néfastes sur l’environnement et sur la santé humaine. La surveillance du niveau de pollution par les pesticides dans les écosystèmes aquatiques implique la mise en place d’une stratégie d’échantillonnage basée sur des prélèvements ponctuels, suivi d’une étape de traitement et d’analyse des échantillons. Par ailleurs, la concentration de ces polluants est sujette à de nombreuses fluctuations et par conséquent une faible fréquence d’échantillonnage ne donne pas une image représentative du réel niveau de pollution et de l’évolution de la qualité des masses d’eau.Ainsi, ce travail de recherche porte sur une méthode alternative d’échantillonnage basée sur l’utilisation d’échantillonneurs passifs, afin de suivre le niveau de contamination des eaux de surface et souterraines par les pesticides. Deux types d’échantillonneurs passifs, les Chemcatchers (version polaire) et les POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Intégrative Sampler), ont été étudiés afin de comparer leurs efficacités comme outils de diagnostic et de surveillance de la pollution des milieux aquatiques par les pesticides polaires. La première phase de l’étude concerne la validation de ces outils, basée sur la calibration en laboratoire et in-situ des POCIS et des Chemcatchers, afin de permettre leurs utilisations en tant qu’outils d’analyse quantitative pour l’évaluation de la concentration moyenne des pesticides dans les masses d’eau. La deuxième partie du travail est plus orientée sur l’applicabilité de ces échantillonneurs passifs pour l’étude de la distribution spatiale des pesticides, de l’identification des sources de pollution et du transfert des polluants (eau de surface/eau souterraine)
Nowadays, pesticides are recognized as having adverse effects on the environment and human health. Monitoring the level of pesticides pollution in aquatic ecosystems involves the establishment of a sampling strategy based on a water spot sampling, followed by a stage of processing and analysis of samples. Furthermore, the concentration of these pollutants can fluctuate over time and therefore a low sampling frequency does not give a representative picture of the real level of pollution and cannot describe faithfully the changing of the quality of the water bodies.Thus, this work focuses on an alternative sampling method based on the use of passive samplers to monitor the level of contamination of surface and groundwater by pesticides. Two types of passive samplers, the polar Chemcatcher and the POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Intégrative Sampler) were studied in order to compare the effectiveness of these tools for the diagnosis and the monitoring of aquatic pollution by polar pesticides.The first step of the study consists the validation of these two passive samplers, which is based on the laboratory and in-situ calibration of POCIS and polar Chemcatcher, to allow their use as tools for quantitative analysis for the assessment of the average concentration of pesticides in water bodies. The second part of the work is more focused on the applicability of these passive samplers for the study of the spatial distribution of pesticides, the identification of pollution sources and the assessment of pollutants transfer (surface water/groundwater)
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49

Meksaouine, Mohammed. "Etude expérimentale et théorique de la poussée passive sur pieux rigides." Lyon, INSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ISAL0018.

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Les pieux verticaux, les ducs d'Albes, les écrans de largeur limitée soumis à des efforts horizontaux posent le problème de la détermination de la butée du sol. Ce problème est tridimensionnel. Dans ce mémoire, on présente : -Les résultats d1une campagne expérimentale s'appuyant sur un modèle réduit comportant un pieu sollicitant le sol en butée, On y étudie l'influence des principaux paramètres géométriques et mécaniques du problème (les dimensions du pieu, son élancement , la densité du massif de sol ) sur la butée mobilisée, On S'intéresse également au développement de la trace du prisme de rupture à la surface du sol des modèles de calcul de cette butée tridimensionnelle basés sur 1'approche cinématique de la théorie de 1'analyse limite. Six modèles ont été ainsi élabores qui conduit à des bornes supérieures de la butée. A l'issu de la confrontation de ces modèles entre eux et aux résultats expérimentaux, deux modèles sont retenus, le plus simple ayant cependant un domaine de validité plus limité
The determination of passive pressure forces is a problem in soils with piles «duc d'Albes» and walls of limited width. The problem is three dimensional. This dissertation consists of the following : - the results of a series of experiments with a reduced model comprised of a under passive pressure. We undertook a study of the influence of the principal geometrical and mechanical parameters such as pile dimensions, shape and soil density, on the mobilised passive pressure. We also considered development of the outline of the failure prism at the soil surface ; -a theoretica1 ana1ysis of three dimensional passive pressure based on a kinetic approach of the limit analysis theory yielded six analytical models giving upper limit values. - after comparing the theoretical and experimental study, as well as the comparison of the analytical models, two models were chosen. The simplest of the two doted with a limited domain of validity
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50

Parment, Frédéric. "Guides d’onde Intégrés au Substrat (SIW) multicouches à haute performance pour des circuits millimétriques à faible coût." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT077/document.

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La technologie SIW, introduite dans les années 2000, suscite aujourd’hui un très vif intérêt pour la conception de circuits micro-ondes compacts, intégrés, faible coût et blindés par nature. Cependant, les guides d’onde métalliques, qui offrent de bien meilleures performances en termes de pertes d’insertion et de tenue en puissance, malgré un coût bien plus important, sont encore incontournables pour de nombreuses applications millimétriques. Afin de proposer une alternative intégrée et faible coût au guide d’onde rectangulaire, et de permettre une large exploitation du spectre millimétrique, cette thèse propose une nouvelle structure SIW appelée SIW creux. Cette nouvelle structure a été étudiée théoriquement et expérimentalement. Aux fréquences millimétriques, comparativement au SIW, le SIW creux offre des pertes d’insertion trois fois plus faible ainsi qu’une tenue en puissance moyenne quatre fois plus importante. De nombreux dispositifs passifs SIW creux ont été conçus en prenant avantage du procédé de circuit imprimé multicouche mis en œuvre. Des coupleurs, déphaseurs, diviseurs de puissance, antennes et filtres ont été réalisés basés sur la technologie introduite. Leurs performances sont théoriquement et expérimentalement comparées avec leur contrepartie SIW afin de démontrer les avantages de la nouvelle technologie proposée
The substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology, introduced in the early 2000s, has presently trigged a huge interest from academia to industry with the focus on the design and development of low-loss, compact, integrated, self-packaged and low-cost microwave and millimeter-wave circuits, antennas and systems. However, the classical metallic waveguide technology, which offers better performances such as lower insertion loss and higher power handling, has still been used in the design of microwave and millimeter-wave systems, despite its higher cost and bulky structure. To offer a highly integrated, further loss-reduced, low-cost alternative to the conventional waveguide and also to allow a wide-spread use of the millimeter-wave spectrum, this thesis research introduces a new SIW structure called Air-Filled SIW (AFSIW). This new structure has been theoretically and experimentally studied in details with a substantial amount of results. At millimeter wave frequencies, compared to the SIW topologies, the proposed AFSIW scheme exhibits a substantially lower insertion loss (three times, for example) and a much higher average power handling capability (four times, for example). Numerous AFSIW passive components have been investigated designed and demonstrated, which take advantages of the well-established multilayer printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication process. Couplers, phase shifters, power dividers, antennas and filters have been modeled, designed, prototyped and measured based on the introduced technology. Their performances have theoretically and experimentally been compared with their SIW counterparts to demonstrate and validate the benefits of the proposed technology
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