Journal articles: 'Passive movement'

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Caponigro, Ivano, and Carson T. Schütze. "Parameterizing Passive Participle Movement." Linguistic Inquiry 34, no. 2 (April 2003): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438903321663415.

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Narain, S., J. Lin, and T. Puckree. "The effect of lower limb passive movement on lung function." South African Journal of Physiotherapy 57, no. 2 (May 31, 2001): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajp.v57i2.498.

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This study examined the effects of ankle passive movement on lung function in healthy adults. A pre-test post-test experimental design was used. Passive plantar and dorsiflexion of the ankle were performed at 60 repetitions per minute on 60 healthy subjects in the supine position. Lung function at rest was compared to that during passive movements. The results indicated that all measured parameters including the breathing frequency, tidal volume, minute ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide output, increased significantly during passive movements as compared to those at rest. The authors conclude that passive movements elicit a significant ventilatory increase in healthy human subjects. The effect of passive movements in the treatment of unconscious or diseased individuals should be investigated.

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Zusman, Max. "There’s something about passive movement…" Medical Hypotheses 75, no. 1 (July 2010): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2010.01.049.

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Hallman, Peter. "Predication and movement in passive." Lingua 125 (February 2013): 76–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2012.09.002.

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ONISHI, Hideaki. "Cortical excitability following passive movement." Physical Therapy Research 21, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1298/ptr.r0001.

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Deac, Sorin, Steliana Stanciu, Costel Berce, Eduard Nicuşor Oanţă, Daniel Vladaia, and Liviu Bereteu. "Analysis of the Dynamic Behavior of a Vehicle Suspension when Passing over a Bump." ITM Web of Conferences 29 (2019): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20192902014.

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Passing a vehicle over bumps generates sudden variations in acceleration with effects on passenger comfort. In this paper we aim to model the movement of a vehicle, considering only vertical movements, neglecting the movement of roll and pitch. Based on differential equations that govern dynamic behavior, a simulation model of motion is built in MATLAB, the Simulink® module. Suspensions of the vehicle will be considered as passive and semi-active. Passive and semi-active are still the most common suspensions, although active suspensions have been used lately, with mechanical parameters thatcharacterize suspensions, stiffness and dampers being controlled. The paper analyzes the responses given by the suspensions to the passage over bumps, and how they can be mitigated.

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Sherriff, Thomas J., Kyle T. Ebersole, and David J. Cornell. "Relationship Between Gastrocnemius Muscle Length and Overhead Squat Movement Compensations Among Active-Duty Firefighters." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 26, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2020-0042.

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Restricted gastrocnemius length may impair movement efficiency during functional movements. However, this is yet to be examined among tactical athletes. This study examined the relationship between gastrocnemius muscle length and movement compensations during a two-leg overhead squat among career firefighters. Bilateral ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion data were collected from 50 firefighters, and movement compensations observed during a two-leg overhead squat were recorded. Firefighters with reduced average ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion were more likely to demonstrate movement compensations during the overhead squat. Clinicians should utilize interventions that lengthen gastrocnemius musculature to improve the squat movement efficiency of firefighters.

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Rahman, Tariq, Whitney Sample, Shanmuga Jayakumar, Marilyn Marnie King, Jin Yong Wee, Rahamim Seliktar, Michael Alexander, Mena Scavina, and Alisa Clark. "Passive exoskeletons for assisting limb movement." Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 43, no. 5 (2006): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2005.04.0070.

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Watson, Martin J., Malcolm Burnett, and Wendy Dickens. "Experiment in Recording Passive Spinal Movement." Physiotherapy 75, no. 12 (December 1989): 747–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)62444-3.

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Keinrath, Claudia, Selina Wriessnegger, Gernot R. Müller-Putz, and Gert Pfurtscheller. "Post-movement beta synchronization after kinesthetic illusion, active and passive movements." International Journal of Psychophysiology 62, no. 2 (November 2006): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.06.001.

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Guigon, Emmanuel. "Active Control of Bias for the Control of Posture and Movement." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 2 (August 2010): 1090–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00162.2010.

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Posture and movement are fundamental, intermixed components of motor coordination. Current approaches consider either that 1) movement is an active, anticipatory process and posture is a passive feedback process or 2) movement and posture result from a common passive process. In both cases, the presence of a passive component renders control scarcely robust and stable in the face of transmission delays and low feedback gains. Here we show in a model that posture and movement could result from the same active process: an optimal feedback control that drives the body from its estimated state to its goal in a given (planning) time by acting through muscles on the insertion position (bias) of compliant linkages (tendons). Computer simulations show that iteration of this process in the presence of noise indifferently produces realistic postural sway, fast goal-directed movements, and natural transitions between posture and movement.

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Maling, Joan, and Annie Zaenen. "Preposition-Stranding and Passive." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 8, no. 2 (December 1985): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500001335.

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Various linguists working within the theory of Government and Binding (e.g. Hornstein & Weinberg (1981), Kayne (1981)) have attempted to provide a unified account of preposition-stranding. This article uses evidence from Icelandic to show that preposition-stranding is not a unified phenomenon. Although Icelandic freely allows preposition-stranding in wh-movement constructions, it lacks prepositional passives in which the prepositional object of an active verb corresponds to the grammatical subject of a passive verb. Various syntactic tests which distinguish between grammatical subjects and topicalized NPs are used to demonstrate this. Our conclusion is that while lexical reanalysis is needed to account for prepositional passives, no such reanalysis is warranted for preposition-stranding due to wh-movement; hence, an adequate theory of preposition-stranding must allow for two separate parameters.

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Lang, Catherine E., and Marc H. Schieber. "Human Finger Independence: Limitations due to Passive Mechanical Coupling Versus Active Neuromuscular Control." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 5 (November 2004): 2802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00480.2004.

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We studied the extent to which mechanical coupling and neuromuscular control limit finger independence by studying passive and active individuated finger movements in healthy adults. For passive movements, subjects relaxed while each finger was rotated into flexion and extension by a custom-built device. For active movements, subjects moved each finger into flexion and extension while attempting to keep the other, noninstructed fingers still. Active movements were performed through approximately the same joint excursions and at approximately the same speeds as the passive movements. We quantified how mechanical coupling limited finger independence from the passive movements, and quantified how neuromuscular control limited finger independence using an analysis that subtracted the indices obtained in the passive condition from those obtained in the active condition. Finger independence was generally similar during passive and active movements, but showed a trend toward less independence in the middle, ring, and little fingers during active, large-arc movements. Mechanical coupling limited the independence of the index, middle, and ring fingers to the greatest degree, followed by the little finger, and placed only negligible limitations on the independence of the thumb. In contrast, neuromuscular control primarily limited the independence of the ring, and little fingers during large-arc movements, and had minimal effects on the other fingers, especially during small-arc movements. For the movement conditions tested here, mechanical coupling between the fingers appears to be a major factor limiting the complete independence of finger movement.

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London, Brian M., and Lee E. Miller. "Responses of somatosensory area 2 neurons to actively and passively generated limb movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 6 (March 15, 2013): 1505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00372.2012.

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Control of reaching movements requires an accurate estimate of the state of the limb, yet sensory signals are inherently noisy, because of both noise at the receptors themselves and the stochastic nature of the information representation by neural discharge. One way to derive an accurate representation from noisy sensor data is to combine it with the output of a forward model that considers both the previous state estimate and the noisy input. We recorded from primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in macaques ( Macaca mulatta) during both active and passive movements to investigate how the proprioceptive representation of movement in S1 may be modified by the motor command (through efference copy). We found neurons in S1 that respond to one or both movement types covering a broad distribution from active movement only, to both, to passive movement only. Those neurons that responded to both active and passive movements responded with similar directional tuning. Confirming earlier results, some, but not all, neurons responded before the onset of volitional movements, possibly as a result of efference copy. Consequently, many of the features necessary to combine the forward model with proprioceptive feedback appear to be present in S1. These features would not be expected from combinations of afferent receptor responses alone.

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Holmberg, Anders, Michelle Sheehan, and Jenneke van der Wal. "Movement from the Double Object Construction Is Not Fully Symmetrical." Linguistic Inquiry 50, no. 4 (October 2019): 677–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00322.

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A movement asymmetry arises in some languages that are otherwise symmetrical for both A- and Ā-movement in the double object construction, including Norwegian, North-West British English, and a range of Bantu languages including Zulu and Lubukusu: a Theme object can be Ā-moved out of a Recipient (Goal) passive, but not vice versa. Our explanation of this asymmetry is based on phase theory— more specifically, a stricter version of the Phase Impenetrability Condition proposed by Chomsky (2001) . The effect is that, in a Theme passive, a Recipient object destined for the C-domain gets trapped within the lower V-related phase by movement of the Theme. The same effect is observed in Italian, a language in which only Theme passives are possible. A similar effect is also found in some Bantu languages in connection with object marking/agreement: object agreement with the Theme in a Recipient passive is possible, but not vice versa. We show that this, too, can be understood within the theory that we articulate.

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Fatimah, Siti, and Yanuardi Syukur. "Al-Qaeda’s New Orientation After the Death of Osama bin Laden." Jurnal Studi Sosial dan Politik 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 130–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v3i2.4390.

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After the death of Osama Bin Laden and the declaration of the establishment of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the Al-Qaeda movement changed from being aggressive to being passive. The aggressiveness of the Al-Qaeda movement, for instance, was seen during the spectacular terror of 9/11, which was then followed by various actions carried out by followers in various parts of the world. However, Bin Laden's death and the rise of the ISIS group made Al-Qaeda look passive. This paper seeks to see the history of the Al-Qaeda movement to the dynamics that influence the movement’s choices. The author found that changing Al-Qaeda's orientation from aggressive to passive did not deny the existence of a consolidated movement that deliberately distanced itself from the anti-terrorism campaign carried out by the United States.

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Contreras, Thomas A., and Kathryn E. Sieving. "Leadership of Winter Mixed-Species Flocks by Tufted Titmice (Baeolophus bicolor): Are Titmice Passive Nuclear Species?" International Journal of Zoology 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/670548.

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The tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor, TUTI) is a nuclear species in winter foraging flocks whose antipredator calls are used to manage predation risk by diverse heterospecifics. We hypothesized that satellite species in mixed flocks follow TUTI (not vice versa), thereby defining the role of TUTI as a “passive” nuclear species. We followed 20 winter mixed-species flocks in North-Central Florida and assessed angular-angular correlations between overall flock, TUTI, and satellite species movement directions. We observed significant correlations between overall flock movement directions and those of TUTI, confirming our central prediction. Within flocks, however, fine-scale movement directions of satellite species were often more highly correlated with those of other satellites than with TUTI movements. We conclude that TUTI are passive nuclear species whose movements define flock paths, but within flocks, TUTI movements may have less influence on satellite movements than do other factors.

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18

Hu, Xiaoshi. "Syntax of causative-passive correlation from a cross-linguistic perspective." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 90–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.00007.hu.

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Abstract Causatives and passives are two different types of syntactic constructions, but their interaction can be observed cross-linguistically. By investigating the causative-passive correlation in Chinese, English and French, we try to offer an appropriate account for the causative-passive correlation by specifying its necessary conditions. We argue that the constructions which involve the causative-passive correlation must be mono-phasal, and the embedded object can be co-referred to the matrix subject by syntactic movement.

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Gritsenko, V., N. I. Krouchev, and J. F. Kalaska. "Afferent Input, Efference Copy, Signal Noise, and Biases in Perception of Joint Angle During Active Versus Passive Elbow Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 3 (September 2007): 1140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00162.2007.

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Psychophysical studies have reported an overestimation of limb position in the direction of movement during the early part of active movements. The main hypothesis tested in this study is that the overestimation results from a process of forward prediction of limb state driven by an efference copy of the outgoing motor command. This hypothesis predicts that position overestimation should decrease or disappear during passive movements, for which there should be no efference copy. Seven subjects were asked to remember and to report the perceived angle of their elbow joint at different times during active and passive movements. They showed a highly velocity-dependent overestimation of the elbow joint angle near the beginning of the movement in both active and passive trials. Toward the end of the movement, subjects showed a relatively velocity-independent underestimation of their elbow angle in all trials. Contrary to the prediction of the efference copy hypothesis, the amplitude and the velocity-dependent slope of the elbow angle overestimation were both greater during the early part of passive movements than active movements. This indicates that psychophysical evidence of early overestimation of arm position on its own is not a sufficient proof of forward prediction based on an efference copy, at least under the conditions of this study. Decreased errors during active movements suggest that an efference copy can improve the accuracy of state estimation during active movements. Error patterns seem to parallel the likely level of sensorimotor noise, suggesting a probabilistic mechanism for position estimation.

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Zhang, Kai Yan, and Yong Xu. "Passive Movement Modeling of a Woodpecker Robot." Applied Mechanics and Materials 415 (September 2013): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.415.23.

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This paper studies complex nonlinear dynamic behaviors of a woodpecker robot system which can only operate in the presence of friction as it relies on combined impacts and jamming. The woodpecker robot can periodically move without any drives and controls based on self-excited vibration principle. The whole time histories of the dynamic parameter simulations in successive periods indicate that the robot is able to achieve cyclical, stable passive movement.

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Grieve, Gregory P. "Graphic Expression of Passive-movement Examination Findings." Physiotherapy 74, no. 1 (January 1988): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)63627-9.

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Wu, Jinglong, Jiajia Yang, and Takashi Ogasa. "Raised-Angle Discrimination under Passive Finger Movement." Perception 39, no. 7 (January 2010): 993–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p6264.

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Kondo, N., H. Tominaga, S. Takano, K. Aoki, and T. Shiojiri. "SWEATING RESPONSE TO PASSIVE CYCLING MOVEMENT 1196." Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 28, Supplement (May 1996): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199605001-01195.

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Smith, M. "Case report: akathisia abolished by passive movement." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 97, no. 2 (February 1998): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb09982.x.

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Ju, Yan-Ying, Yu-Chen Liu, Hsin-Yi Kathy Cheng, and Ya-Ju Chang. "Rapid repetitive passive movement improves knee proprioception." Clinical Biomechanics 26, no. 2 (February 2011): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.09.015.

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Lange, R., H. Nowak, J. Haueisen, and C. Weiller. "Passive finger movement evoked fields in magnetoencephalography." Experimental Brain Research 136, no. 2 (January 9, 2001): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210000581.

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Cullen, Kathleen E. "Sensory signals during active versus passive movement." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 14, no. 6 (December 2004): 698–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2004.10.002.

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Helminen, Riina, Heikki Mansikka, and Antti Pertovaara. "Lowered or Increased Cutaneous Sensitivity during Movement Depends on Stimulus Intensity." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 3 (June 1994): 721–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003151259407800307.

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The effect of active and passive finger movement on cutaneous sensitivity to nonpainful electric stimulation was studied in 7 healthy human subjects. Active and passive finger movement produced a suppression of threshold stimuli, whereas the amplitude discrimination of suprathreshold stimuli was enhanced during passive but not active movement.

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Hamada, I., M. R. DeLong, and N. Mano. "Activity of identified wrist-related pallidal neurons during step and ramp wrist movements in the monkey." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 1892–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.6.1892.

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1. The activity of globus pallidus (GP) neurons (n = 1,117) was studied in two monkeys to reexamine the relation of neuronal activity to movement type (slow vs. fast) while they performed both a visually guided step and ramp wrist tracking task. To select neurons specifically related to wrist movements, we employed both a somatosensory examination of individual body parts and a statistical analysis of the strength of temporal coupling of neuronal discharges to active wrist movement. 2. Neuronal responses to somatosensory stimulation were studied in 1,000 high-frequency GP neurons, of which 686 exhibited clear responses to manipulation of body parts. Of the latter, 336 responded to passive manipulation of forelimb joints and 58 selectively to passive flexion or extension of the wrist. 3. In the external segment of GP (GPe), most neurons responding to passive wrist movement were found to be clustered in four to five adjacent, closely positioned (separated by 200 microns) tracks in single coronal planes. The clusters were irregular in shape with a maximal width of 800-1,000 microns. Separate clusters of neurons responsive to passive wrist movement were identified in planes 3 mm apart in one monkey and in planes 500 microns apart in the other. Multiple clusters of neurons were also found for neurons responsive to joints other than the wrist. These findings suggest a more discrete and complex representation of individual joints in the primate GP than previously conceived. 4. During the performance of the wrist flexion and extension task, 92 neurons showed clear and consistent changes in activity. For these neurons we measured, with a statistical method on a trial-by-trial basis, the strength of temporal coupling between the onset of active wrist movement and the onset of change in neuronal discharge rate. Fifteen neurons showed changes in activity time-locked to the onset of active wrist movement. 5. Twelve pallidal neurons were classified as “wrist-related” based on their movement-locked changes in discharge during task performance and their clear responses to passive wrist joint rotation on examination. All of these neurons exhibited statistically significant modulation of their discharge rate during both fast (peak velocity 97–205 degrees/s) and slow (peak velocity 20–62 degrees/s) wrist movements in the task. The amplitudes of modulation were larger during fast wrist movement than slow movement. These results suggest that the basal ganglia motor circuit plays a similar, rather than an exclusive, role in the control of slow and fast limb movements.

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Weeks, Heidi M., Amanda S. Therrien, and Amy J. Bastian. "The cerebellum contributes to proprioception during motion." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00417.2016.

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We assessed limb position sense during movement in patients with cerebellar damage and found deficits in proprioceptive acuity during both passive and active movement. The effect of cerebellar damage was most apparent when individuals relied on both timing and spatial information during active movement. Thus proprioceptive acuity during active movements may be reliant on the motor system’s ability to predict motor output.

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Vidmar, Marlon Francys, Naiana Muntini, Luiza Parizotto Audino, Carlos Rafael Almeida, and Gilnei Lopes Pimentel. "Efeito da mobilização passiva contínua em pós-operatório de lesão condral traumática do joelho: revisão de literatura." Revista de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas 12, no. 2 (November 8, 2013): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/cmbio.v12i2.6376.

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<div>Introdução: Lesões na cartilagem articular são atualmente uma das principais causas de cuidados de saúde no mundo, na medida em que elas se tornaram um problema de saúde pública, sobretudo nos países em que a expectativa de vida aumentou, o que também tem aumentado nas patologias articulares. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito da mobilização passiva contínua sobre a dor e amplitude de movimento em pós-operatório de lesão condral traumática de joelho. Metodologia: O estudo foi realizado de março a outubro de</div><div>2010. Desfechos estudados: Dor e amplitude de movimento. Descritores: “Cartilage Disease”, “knee injury”, “cartilage”, “fracture cartilage”, “motion therapy”, “continuous passive”, “continuous passive movement”, “therapy”, “passive movement therapy”, “continuous”, “movement therapy”, “continuous passive”, “passive motion therapy”, “continuous passive motion therapy”, “CPM therapy”, “CPM therapies”, “therapies”, “therapy, CPM”. O tratamento permanece controverso, imprevisível e impreciso na medida</div><div>em que as indicações estão sem causa, e às vezes, é impraticável no que se refere aos regimes de reabilitação e custos de entrega efetiva e da recuperação. Resultados: indicaram eficácia no tratamento das lesões de cartilagem, principalmente no que se refere à dor. E, por fim, deixa-se espaço para que outros pesquisadores busquem mais evidências científicas sobre a MPC, já que a pobreza</div><div>do acervo consultado nos impossibilita de realizar um estudo mais aprimorado.</div>

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Bosco, G., and R. E. Poppele. "Broad directional tuning in spinal projections to the cerebellum." Journal of Neurophysiology 70, no. 2 (August 1, 1993): 863–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.70.2.863.

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1. Spinocerebellar neurons that project in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) receive mono- and polysynaptic inputs from specific sensory receptors in the hindlimb, and they project mossy fiber terminals to the cerebellar vermis. We examined the functional organization of these neurons and found that it relates to whole-limb parameters like limb posture and direction of limb movement. 2. We recorded the activity of 444 DSCT units during passive perturbations of the hind foot in anesthetized cats. The movements were either confined a single joint (the ankle; 234 cells) or involved the entire hindlimb (210 cells). The cells exhibited opposite responses for opposite directions of whole-limb movement, but a variety of response patterns for opposite directions of movement at one joint. We interpret the result to imply that the population encodes information about the whole limb rather than single joints. 3. Most of the 78 neurons recorded during passive limb placements (63%) responded to changes in limb length and also changes in limb orientation. In fact, the activity of most of the cells was broadly tuned with respect to the direction of passive limb movements generated by moving the hind foot in the sagittal plane. Changes in unit activity could be described by a cosine tuning function with respect to foot positions (72% of responses) and directions of foot movement (50%). 4. The similarity of this behavior to that of neurons in the motor cortex and cerebellar nuclei recorded during voluntary movements is consistent with a common neural code to represent the sensorimotor parameters of limb movement.

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McIllroy, W. E., D. F. Collins, and J. D. Brooke. "Movement features and H-reflex modulation. II. Passive rotation, movement velocity and single leg movement." Brain Research 582, no. 1 (June 1992): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)90320-9.

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Goodall, Grant. "Accusative case in passives." ling 37, no. 1 (January 1999): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling.1999.37.1.1.

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Abstract The standard explanation for Ν Ρ movement in the passive construction has been that the N P must move into the nominative position because no accusative case is available. This paper examines the implications for this view of some double-object constructions in Mandarin Chinese and English that are ungrammatical as active clauses but improve significantly as passives. These facts are unexpected under the standard view of passives, but I suggest that they can be explained if we assume that the second object is not licensed for case in the active versions but is able to check accusative case in the passive version, thus arguing that accusative case is available in passive clauses.

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Ju, Yan-Ying, Chia-Wei Wang, and Hsin-Yi Kathy Cheng. "Effects of active fatiguing movement versus passive repetitive movement on knee proprioception." Clinical Biomechanics 25, no. 7 (August 2010): 708–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.04.017.

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McCrea, Robert A., Greg T. Gdowski, Richard Boyle, and Timothy Belton. "Firing Behavior of Vestibular Neurons During Active and Passive Head Movements: Vestibulo-Spinal and Other Non-Eye-Movement Related Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 416–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.1.416.

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The firing behavior of 51 non-eye movement related central vestibular neurons that were sensitive to passive head rotation in the plane of the horizontal semicircular canal was studied in three squirrel monkeys whose heads were free to move in the horizontal plane. Unit sensitivity to active head movements during spontaneous gaze saccades was compared with sensitivity to passive head rotation. Most units (29/35 tested) were activated at monosynaptic latencies following electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral vestibular nerve. Nine were vestibulo-spinal units that were antidromically activated following electrical stimulation of the ventromedial funiculi of the spinal cord at C1. All of the units were less sensitive to active head movements than to passive whole body rotation. In the majority of cells (37/51, 73%), including all nine identified vestibulo-spinal units, the vestibular signals related to active head movements were canceled. The remaining units ( n = 14, 27%) were sensitive to active head movements, but their responses were attenuated by 20–75%. Most units were nearly as sensitive to passive head-on-trunk rotation as they were to whole body rotation; this suggests that vestibular signals related to active head movements were cancelled primarily by subtraction of a head movement efference copy signal. The sensitivity of most units to passive whole body rotation was unchanged during gaze saccades. A fundamental feature of sensory processing is the ability to distinguish between self-generated and externally induced sensory events. Our observations suggest that the distinction is made at an early stage of processing in the vestibular system.

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Jeon, Jeong Woo, and Jiheon Hong. "Comparison of screw-home mechanism in the unloaded living knee subjected to active and passive movements." Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 34, no. 4 (July 13, 2021): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bmr-200110.

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BACKGROUND: The screw-home mechanism (SHM) plays an important role in the stability of the knee. Accordingly, the analysis of tibial rotation patterns can be used to elucidate the effect of SHM-related factors. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the magnitude of the angle and the pattern of SHM between passive and active movements. METHODS: We studied twenty healthy males, of which the angle of knee flexion-extension and tibial longitudinal rotation (TLR) during active and passive movements were measured using the inertial measurement unit. Student’s t-tests were used to compare the magnitude of TLR. The waveform similarity was quantified using a coefficient of multiple correlation (CMC). RESULTS: Significant differences were found in the TLR between the active and passive movements (p< 0.05). The knee flexion-extension waveform similarity was excellent (CMC = 0.956). However, the waveform similarity of TLR was weak (CMC = 0.629). CONCLUSION: The SHM increased abruptly during the last 20∘ of the active (extension) movement compared with passive extension. The SHM occurred mainly owing to the geometry and shape of the articular surfaces of the knee joint. In addition, muscle contraction was considered to be an important factor in the articulation movement.

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Valle, Maria Stella, Gianfranco Bosco, Antonino Casabona, Angelo Garifoli, Valentina Perciavalle, Marinella Coco, and Vincenzo Perciavalle. "Representation of Movement Velocity in the Rat's Interpositus Nucleus During Passive Forelimb Movements." Cerebellum 9, no. 2 (February 20, 2010): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12311-010-0160-2.

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Klier, Eliana M., Bernhard J. M. Hess, and Dora E. Angelaki. "Human Visuospatial Updating After Passive Translations in Three-Dimensional Space." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 4 (April 2008): 1799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01091.2007.

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To maintain a stable representation of the visual environment as we move, the brain must update the locations of targets in space using extra-retinal signals. Humans can accurately update after intervening active whole-body translations. But can they also update for passive translations (i.e., without efference copy signals of an outgoing motor command)? We asked six head-fixed subjects to remember the location of a briefly flashed target (five possible targets were located at depths of 23, 33, 43, 63, and 150 cm in front of the cyclopean eye) as they moved 10 cm left, right, up, down, forward, or backward while fixating a head-fixed target at 53 cm. After the movement, the subjects made a saccade to the remembered location of the flash with a combination of version and vergence eye movements. We computed an updating ratio where 0 indicates no updating and 1 indicates perfect updating. For lateral and vertical whole-body motion, where updating performance is judged by the size of the version movement, the updating ratios were similar for leftward and rightward translations, averaging 0.84 ± 0.28 (mean ± SD) as compared with 0.51 ± 0.33 for downward and 1.05 ± 0.50 for upward translations. For forward/backward movements, where updating performance is judged by the size of the vergence movement, the average updating ratio was 1.12 ± 0.45. Updating ratios tended to be larger for far targets than near targets, although both intra- and intersubject variabilities were smallest for near targets. Thus in addition to self-generated movements, extra-retinal signals involving otolith and proprioceptive cues can also be used for spatial constancy.

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Fujita, Masaaki, and Ryuichi Nakamura. "Choice Reaction Time of Elbow Flexion and Extension during Passive Elbow Motions." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 3 (December 1988): 905–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.3.905.

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The effect of passive elbow motions on electromyographic reaction times (EMG-RTs) of the biceps brachii for elbow flexion and the triceps for elbow extension was investigated in 8 normal subjects, using a choice-RT task, in which the subject was uncertain about the response direction to perform until the arrival of response signal after the passive motion started. Compared to the static condition, choice EMG-RTs shortened only when the direction of passive and response movements was the same. It seems that passive motions act as prior information on direction of movement in the choice-RT task.

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Balslev, Daniela, Jonathan Cole, and R. Chris Miall. "Proprioception Contributes to the Sense of Agency during Visual Observation of Hand Movements: Evidence from Temporal Judgments of Action." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 9 (September 2007): 1535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.9.1535.

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The ability to recognize visually one's own movement is important for motor control and, through attribution of agency, for social interactions. Agency of actions may be decided by comparisons of visual feedback, efferent signals, and proprioceptive inputs. Because the ability to identify one's own visual feedback from passive movements is decreased relative to active movements, or in some cases is even absent, the role of proprioception in self-recognition has been questioned. Proprioception during passive and activemovements may, however, differ, and so to address any role for proprioception in the sense of agency, the active movement condition must be examined. Here we tested a chronically deafferented man (I.W.) and an age-matched group of six healthy controls in a task requiring judgement of the timing of action. Subjects performed finger movements and watched a visual cursor that moved either synchronously or asynchronously with a random delay, and reported whether or not they felt they controlled the cursor. Movement accuracy was matched between groups. In the absence of proprioception, I.W. was less able than the control group to discriminate self- from computer-produced cursor movement based on the timing of movement. In a control visual discrimination task with concurrent similar finger movements but no agency detection, I.W. was unimpaired, suggesting that this effect was task specific. We conclude that proprioception does contribute to the visual identification of ownership during active movements and, thus, to the sense of agency.

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Schneider, David M., and Richard Mooney. "How Movement Modulates Hearing." Annual Review of Neuroscience 41, no. 1 (July 8, 2018): 553–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031215.

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Hearing is often viewed as a passive process: Sound enters the ear, triggers a cascade of activity through the auditory system, and culminates in an auditory percept. In contrast to a passive process, motor-related signals strongly modulate the auditory system from the eardrum to the cortex. The motor modulation of auditory activity is most well documented during speech and other vocalizations but also can be detected during a wide variety of other sound-generating behaviors. An influential idea is that these motor-related signals suppress neural responses to predictable movement-generated sounds, thereby enhancing sensitivity to environmental sounds during movement while helping to detect errors in learned acoustic behaviors, including speech and musicianship. Findings in humans, monkeys, songbirds, and mice provide new insights into the circuits that convey motor-related signals to the auditory system, while lending support to the idea that these signals function predictively to facilitate hearing and vocal learning.

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Wang, Kundong, Youwei Ma, Haoxuan Shan, and Shugen Ma. "A Snake-Like Robot with Envelope Wheels and Obstacle-Aided Gaits." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 8, 2019): 3749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183749.

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Most of the current snake-like robots can only work in a specific environment, or only have a good movement effect in a certain gait. This paper presents a design for a snake-like robot to improve the adaptability of various environments. Each standard module of the snake-like robot has three degrees of freedom: yawing, rolling, and telescoping. The envelope passive wheels are used to enable the robot to move in complex environments such as a narrow passage. We verified some simple movements such as serpentine movement and rectilinear movement and designed a method for recovering from rollover when the robot is in straight state. In addition, two novel gaits, obstacle-aided concertina gait, and obstacle-aided gait through narrow corner, are proposed in this paper. We demonstrated the feasibility for passing the narrow corner by these gaits in experiments.

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Kitagawa, Tsunemi, Takahito Takeuchi, Youichi Shinomiya, Kenji Ishida, Shuoyu Wang, and Tetsuhiko Kimura. "Cause of Active Motor Function by Passive Movement." Journal of Physical Therapy Science 13, no. 2 (2001): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.13.167.

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SAEKI, Satoru, Hajime OGATA, Ko ASAYAMA, and Yoshihiro DEGUCHI. "Effects of passive limb movement upon respiratory function." Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 28, no. 2 (1991): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2490/jjrm1963.28.133.

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Salles, Jose Inacio, Heloisa Alves, Filipe Costa, Victor Cunha-Cruz, Mauricio Cagy, Roberto Piedade, and Pedro Ribeiro. "Electrophysiological analysis of the perception of passive movement." Neuroscience Letters 501, no. 2 (August 2011): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.005.

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Cramer, Steven C., Keith C. Stegbauer, Robert Price, and Kenneth R. Maravilla. "Active versus passive finger movement: Bilateral, overlapping activations." NeuroImage 11, no. 5 (May 2000): S882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(00)91810-x.

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Ives, Stephen J., John McDaniel, Melissa A. H. Witman, and Russell S. Richardson. "Passive limb movement: evidence of mechanoreflex sex specificity." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 304, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): H154—H161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00532.2012.

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Previous studies have determined that premenopausal women exhibit an attenuated metaboreflex; however, little is known about sex specificity of the mechanoreflex. Thus, we sought to determine if sex differences exist in the central and peripheral hemodynamic responses to passive limb movement. Second-by-second measurements of heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure, and femoral artery blood flow (FBF) were recorded during 3 min of supine passive knee extension in 24 young healthy subjects (12 women and 12 men). Normalization of CO and stroke volume to body surface area, expressed as cardiac index and stroke index, eliminated differences in baseline central hemodynamics, whereas, peripherally, basal FBF and femoral vascular conductance were similar between the sexes. In response to passive limb movement, women displayed significantly attenuated peak central hemodynamic responses compared with men (heart rate: 9.0 ± 1 vs. 14.8 ± 2% change, stroke index: 4.5 ± 0.6 vs. 7.8 ± 1.2% change, cardiac index: 9.6 ± 1 vs. 17.2 ± 2% change, all P < 0.05), whereas movement induced similar increases in peak FBF (167 ± 32 vs. 193 ± 17% change) and femoral vascular conductance (172 ± 31 vs. 203 ± 16% change) in both sexes (women vs. men, respectively). Additionally, there was a significant positive relationship between individual peak FBF and peak CO response to passive movement in men but not in women. Thus, although both sexes exhibited similar movement-induced hyperemia and peripheral vasodilatory function, the central hemodynamic response was blunted in women, implying an attenuated mechanoreflex. Therefore, this study reveals that, as already recognized with the metaboreflex, there is likely a sex-specific attenuation of the mechanoreflex in women.

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Ives, Stephen J., Gwenael Layec, Corey R. Hart, Joel D. Trinity, Matthew J. Rossman, and Russell S. Richardson. "Passive Leg Movement (PLM) in Patients with COPD." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000487400.61980.bb.

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Pollock, Brandon S., Keith Burns, Sara Harper, Kylene Peroutky, and John McDaniel. "Skeletal Muscle Hyperemia and Repetitive Passive Limb Movement." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46 (May 2014): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000493203.59218.25.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Passive movement'

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