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1

Che Mat, Fauziah, Moh Yasin, Anas Abdul Latiff, and Sulaiman Wadi Harun. "Graphene Oxide Film as Passive Q-switcher in Erbium-doped Fiber Laser Cavity." Photonics Letters of Poland 9, no. 3 (2017): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v9i3.755.

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All-fiber passively Q-switched fiber lasers have been demonstrated by using graphene oxide (GO) Q-switcher for possible applications in telecommunication, laser processing, fiber sensing and medical community. The GO material was obtained through a modified Hummers method from expanded acid washed graphite flakes and it was embedded into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film to form a saturable absorber (SA) device. The Q-switched pulse operates at 1563.3 nm with a repetition rate that can be tuned from 44.33 kHz to 61.77 kHz as the pump power changes from 39 mW to 96 mW. The highest repetition rate of 61.77 kHz is achieved at a pump power of 96 mW and it is observed that the Q-switched pulse produced maximum pulse energy of 0.054 nJ and pulse width of 5.57 ?s at 96 mW pump power. Full Text: PDF ReferencesJ. Zayhowski and C. Dill, "Coupled-cavity electro-optically Q-switched Nd:YVO4 microchip lasers", Optics letters 20, 716 (1995). CrossRef C.-x. Gao, W. Zhao, Y.-s. Wang, S.-l. Zhu, G.-f. Chen, and Y.-g. Wang, "Passive Q-switched fiber laser with SESAM in ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber", 27th International congress on High-Speed Photography and Photonics, 62794G (2007). CrossRef M. Ahmed, N. Ali, Z. Salleh, A. Rahman, S. Harun, M. Manaf, "Q-switched erbium doped fiber laser based on single and multiple walled carbon nanotubes embedded in polyethylene oxide film as saturable absorber", Optics & Laser Technology 65, 25 (2015). CrossRef S. Harun, M. Ismail, F. Ahmad, M. Ismail, R. Nor, N. Zulkepely, et al., "A Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser with a carbon nanotube based saturable absorber", Chinese Physics Letters 29, 114202 (2012). CrossRef A. Martinez and Z. Sun, "Nanotube and graphene saturable absorbers for fibre lasers", Nat Photon 7, 842 (2013). CrossRef J. Boguslawski, J. Sotor, G. Sobon, R. Kozinski, K. Librant, M. Aksienionek, et al., "Graphene oxide paper as a saturable absorber for Er- and Tm-doped fiber lasers", Photonics Research 3, 119 (2015). CrossRef H. Ahmad, F. D. Muhammad, M. Z. Zulkifli, and S. W. Harun, "Q-switched pulse generation from an all-f iber distributed Bragg reflector laser using graphene as saturable absorber", Chinese Optics Letters 11, 071401 (2013). CrossRef
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2

Siti, Nur Fatin Zuikafly, Farhah Razak Nor, Mohd Rosnan Rizuan, Wadi Harun Sulaiman, and Ahmad Fauzan. "Graphene slurry based passive Q-switcher in erbium doped fiber laser." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 4 (2019): 1351–57. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i4.1609.

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In this work, a Graphene slurry based passive Q-switcher fabricated from Graphene-Polylactic acid (PLA) filament which is used for 3D printing. To produce the Graphene slurry, the diameter of the filament was reduced and Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was used to dissolve the PLA. The Graphene-THF suspension was drop cast to the end of a fiber ferrule and the THF then evaporated to develop Graphene slurry based SA which is integrated in fiber laser cavity. At threshold input pump power of 30.45 mW, a Q-switched Erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) can be observed with the wavelength centered at 1531.01 nm and this remained stable up to a pump power of 179.5 mW. As the pump power was increased gradually, an increase in the repetition rates was recorded from 42 kHz to 125 kHz, while the pulse width was reduced to 2.58 μs from 6.74 μs. The Q-switched laser yielded a maximum pulse energy and peak power of 11.68 nJ and 4.16 mW, respectively. The proposed Graphene slurry based saturable absorber also produced a signal-to-noise ratio of 44 dB indicating a stable Q-switched pulsed laser.
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3

Bezrodna, T. V., A. М. Negriyko, V. I. Bezrodnyi, I. V. Matsnev, L. F. Kosyanchuk, and O. I. Antonenko. "Efficient passive laser Q-switches based on dye-doped polyurethane for high-energy neodymium lasers." Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 28, no. 01 (2025): 083–92. https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo28.01.083.

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This paper studies energy and time operation characteristics of a laser on a Nd3+:YAG crystal with passive Q-switches based on a dye-activated aliphatic polyurethane matrix with high radiation strength. A high efficiency of laser generation both in a free mode and at single pulse generation in the Q-switched regime is obtained using a samarium diffuse reflector with a BaSO4 filler. A single pulse energy and duration for the lasers with passive Q-switches based on organo-nickel complex BDN and polymethine dye IR-1061 in an aliphatic polyurethane matrix polymerized by the polycondensation method from 1.6-diisocyanatohexane, poly[di(ethylene glycol) adipate] and trimethylolpropane as starting components were compared. A powerful single pulse with an energy of ~1 J was obtained in the Q-switching mode using polymethine thiopyrylo-4-tricarbocyanine dye (IR-1061). The highly efficient Q-switching caused by the use of passive laser Q-switch based on the IR-1061 dye is shown to be due to its specific linear and nonlinear spectral properties.
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4

Md Johari, Md Ashadi, Aminah Ahmad, Mohd Fauzi Ab Rahman, Mohd Hafiz Jali, Haziezol Helmi Mohd Yusof, and Sulaiman Wadi Harun. "An Investigative Approach: Enhancing Q-Switched Fibre Laser using Molybdenum Aluminium Boride (MoAlB) Thin Film as Saturable Absorber." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics 122, no. 1 (2024): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/aram.122.1.147155.

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Over the past decade, fibre laser technology has garnered significant technological focus and benefits. They improve the instability, affordability of maintenance, efficient heat dissipation, simplicity, and reliability of existing bulk lasers. Q-Switched fibre lasers have recently garnered significant attention. They possess the capacity to generate pulses with considerable energy levels, making them valuable for a range of applications such as micro-machining, biomedical imaging, communication, remote sensing, laser range finding, and medical surgery. Fibre lasers may generate ultra-short pulses at repetition rates of millions and thousands of cycles per second by functioning in the mode-locked or Q-switched states. Molybdenum Aluminium Boride (MoAlB) is employed as a saturable absorber for investigating the lasing properties of erbium-doped fibre. Moreover, a Q-switched EDF laser is observed utilising a MoAlB thin film as a saturable absorber in the 1.55µm wavelength range. The Q-switched fibre laser can be realised using either a passive or active technology. In this investigation, the passive approach is a suitable technique because using a saturable absorber (SA) for passive Q-switching simplifies cavity construction and eliminates the demand for external Q-switching electronics. The laser cavity was built utilising Erbium-Doped Fibre Laser as the gain medium. Increasing the pump power to 980 nm allows it to get results of Q-switched pulses running at 1550 nm.
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5

Zain, N. N. A. A. N., N. A. H. Jasni, W. M. F. W. Nawawi, and F. Ahmad. "COPPER-BASED 3D PRINTER FILAMENT AS PASSIVE Q-SWITCHER." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2075, no. 1 (2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2075/1/012003.

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Abstract Using a copper-based saturable absorber (SA) and chitin as a biocompatible host polymer, this research effectively demonstrated the production of passive Q-switched in an erbium-doped fibre laser (EDFL). A Q-switched lasing was generated with a 100 kHz repetition rate and a pulse width of 4.60 µs. High pulse energy of 17.19 nJ was generated, with a respective instantaneous peak power of 3.51 mW.
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6

Liu Qiang, Gong Ma-Li, Yan Ping, Jia Wei-Fu, Cui Rui-Zhen, and Wang Dong-Sheng. "Study on passive Q switched Nd∶YVO—4 laser with GaAs asa passive Q switched component and output coupler." Acta Physica Sinica 51, no. 12 (2002): 2756. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.51.2756.

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7

Jasni, Nur Afiqah Husna, Siti Nur Fatin Zuikafly, Hafizal Yahaya, Mundzir Abdullah, and Fauzan Ahmad. "Graphene-Silver Based Passive Q-Switcher." Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science 76, no. 1 (2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arms.76.1.19.

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Pulsed fiber laser has gain massive attention among researchers. As one of the recognized methods in generating pulsed lasers, passive Q-switching technique in 1.5 micrometer region was used in this work. A graphene-silver composite (Gr-Ag) was integrated as the saturable absorber (SA) in this work. For ease of integration, a free-standing SA film was fabricated by using chitin as the host polymer. The pulsed fiber laser was generated within the input pump power of 135.7 mW to 181.5 mW. Distinct trends of repetition rate and pulse width was observed where the former shows an increasing trend and vice versa for the latter. At 181.5 mW, pulsed laser with repetition rate and pulse width at 59.97 kHz and 2.74 µs, respectively were recorded while the pulse energy and instantaneous peak power were at 5.64 nJ and 1.93 mW, respectively. The findings from this work have shown Gr-Ag SA as a suitable candidate in Q-switched pulsed laser generation.
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8

Pisani, Fedele, Pinghua Tang, Nicola Coluccelli, Paolo Laporta, and Gianluca Galzerano. "Passive Q-switched Dy:ZBLAN fibre laser at 3.1 µm." EPJ Web of Conferences 287 (2023): 10007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328710007.

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The passive Q-switching performance of an in-band pumped Dy-doped fluorozirconate fibre laser emitting around 3.1 µm is investigated. Passively Q-switched laser operation is demonstrated employing semi-conductor saturable absorber mirrors. Stable operation is achieved, with a minimum pulse duration of 464 ns, a highest repetition frequency of 210 kHz and peak pulse powers up to 3 W.
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9

Nabihah, Hussin, Haniff Ibrahim Mohd, Ahmad Fauzan, Yahaya Hafizal, and Wadi Harun Sulaiman. "Graphene Nanoplatelets (GnP)-PVA Based Passive Saturable Absorber." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 15, no. 2 (2017): 814–19. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v15i2.6126.

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A passive Q-switched pulsed laser at 1.5 m region incorporating graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) embedded in Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) is demonstrated. A surfactant is used to aid the dispersion of the GnPs before it is mixed with PVA to develop a GnPs-PVA film based SA. The SA is integrated into the laser cavity by attaching a cut of the GnPs-PVA film in between two fiber ferrule of the laser ring cavity.The proposed GnPs-PVA film based passive Q–switched laser was able to operate as the input pump power was increased from 39 mW up to a maximum of 148 mW before diminishing. The laser obtained operated with a central wavelength of 1530.76 nm. Repetition rates were obtained at 33 kHz to 91.5 kHz, throughout the tunable input pump power with the shortest pulse width of 2.42 s. Maximum attainable peak power and pulse energy of 1.2 mW and 5.9 nJ, respectively, was recorded, accompanied by a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 28 dB.
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10

Gao, Mingwei, Yibo Ding, Qing Wang, Lei Wang, Yuan Gao, and Chunqing Gao. "Low-Timing Jitter Single-Frequency Pulse Output from a Passively Q-Switched Monolithic Non-Planar Ring Oscillator." Photonics 11, no. 12 (2024): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11121120.

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A low-timing jitter passively Q-switched monolithic non-planar ring oscillator (NPRO) with diffusion-bonded Cr4+: YAG in a single-frequency operation was realized. The pulse parameters were controlled by a Cr4+: YAG saturable absorber, while the single-frequency operation was ensured by the unidirectional ring cavity structure. The pulse trigger was actively provided by a gain switcher utilizing a composite pumping scheme. The dependence of the timing jitter between the output pulse and the trigger signal on the parameters of the composite pumping scheme was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Using this approach, we achieved a single-frequency pulsed laser output with a timing jitter of 14.568 ns (RMS) at a repetition rate of 100 Hz corresponding to a pulse width of 5.99 ns. This novel Q-switched monolithic NPRO, which integrates the benefits of both active and passive Q-switching, results in a simple and reliable structure that achieves a low-timing jitter single-frequency pulse output.
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11

Razak, Nurul Nadia, Moh Yasin, Zahriladha Zakaria, Anas A. Latiff, and Sulaiman Wadi Harun. "Q-switched fiber laser with tungsten disulfide saturable absorber prepared by drop casting method." Photonics Letters of Poland 9, no. 3 (2017): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v9i3.752.

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We experimentally demonstrate a passively Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) operation by using a saturable absorber (SA) based on tungsten disulfide (WS2). By depositing WS2 thin film layer at the end of optical fiber ferrule, we fabricated a SA device. The SA is incorporated into an Erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) cavity to generate a Q-switching pulses train operating at 1559.8 nm. As a result, stable passively Q-switched EDFL pulses with maximum output pulse energy of 123.2 nJ, repetition rate of 104.1 kHz, and pulse width of 9.61 us are achieved when the input pump power is 142.1 mW at the wavelength of 980 nm. Full Text: PDF ReferencesC. Gao, W. Zhao, Y. Wang, S. Zhu, G. Chen, and Y. Wang, "Passive Q-switched fiber laser with SESAM in ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber", in 27th International congress on High-Speed Photography and Photonics (International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2007). CrossRef M. Ahmed, N. Ali, Z. Salleh, A. Rahman, S. Harun, M. Manaf, et al., "Q-switched erbium doped fiber laser based on single and multiple walled carbon nanotubes embedded in polyethylene oxide film as saturable absorber", Optics & Laser Technology 65, 25 (2015). CrossRef M. A. Ismail, F. Ahmad, S. W. Harun, H. Arof and H. Ahmad, "A Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser with a graphene saturable absorber", Laser Phys. Lett. 10, 025102 (2013). CrossRef G. Sobon, J. Sotor, J. Jagiello, R. Kozinski, K. Librant, M. Zdrojek, L. Lipinska, and K. M. Abramski, "Linearly polarized, Q-switched Er-doped fiber laser based on reduced graphene oxide saturable absorber", Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 241106 (2012). CrossRef N. H. M. Apandi, F. Ahmad, S. N. F. Zuikafly, M. H. Ibrahim, S. W. Harun, "Bismuth (III) Telluride (Bi2Te3) topological insulator embed in PVA as passive Q-switcher at 2 micron region", Photon. Lett. of Poland 8, 101 (2016). CrossRef J. Bogusławski, G. Soboń, K. Tarnowski, R. Zybała, K. Mars, A. Mikuła, K. M. Abramski and J. Sotor, "All-polarization-maintaining-fiber laser Q-switched by evanescent field interaction with Sb2Te3 saturable absorber", Optical Engineering 55, 081316 (2016). CrossRef Z. Luo, Y. Huang, M. Zhong, Y. Li, J. Wu, B. Xu, H. Xu, Z. Cai, J. Peng, and J. Weng, "1-, 1.5-, and 2-um fiber lasers Q-switched by a broadband few-layer MoS2 saturable absorber", J. Lightwave Technol. 32, 4679 (2014). CrossRef N. N. Razak, A. A. Latiff, Z. Zakaria and S. W. Harun, "Q-switched Erbium-doped Fiber Laser with a Black Phosphorus Saturable Absorber", Photon. Lett. of Poland 9, 72 (2017). CrossRef D. Mao, Y. Wang, C. Ma, L. Han, B. Jiang, X. Gan, S. Hua, W. Zhang, T. Mei, and J. Zhao, "WS2 mode-locked ultrafast fiber laser", Sci Rep 5, 7965 (2015). CrossRef K. Wu, X. Zhang, J. Wang, X. Li, and J. Chen, "WS2 as a saturable absorber for ultrafast photonic applications of mode-locked and Q-switched lasers", Optics Express 23, 11453 (2015). CrossRef K. Lau, A. Latif, M. A. Bakar, F. Muhammad, M. Omar, and M. Mahdi, "Mechanically deposited tungsten disulfide saturable absorber for low-threshold Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser", Applied Physics B 123, 221 (2017). CrossRef H. Chen, Y. Chen, J. Yin, X. Zhang, T. Guo, and P. Yan, "High-damage-resistant tungsten disulfide saturable absorber mirror for passively Q-switched fiber laser", Optics Express 24, 16287 (2016). CrossRef J. Lin, K. Yan, Y. Zhou, L. Xu, C. Gu, and Q. Zhan, "Tungsten disulphide based all fiber Q-switching cylindrical-vector beam generation", Applied Physics Letters 107, 191108 (2015). CrossRef H. Chen, Y. Chen, J. Yin, X. Zhang, T. Guo, and P. Yan, "High-damage-resistant tungsten disulfide saturable absorber mirror for passively Q-switched fiber laser", Optics Express 24, 16287 (2016). CrossRef K. Mohamed, B. Hamida, S. Khan, L. Hussein, M. Ahmat, E. Ismail, N. Kadir, A. Latif, S. Harun, "Q-switched erbium-doped fibre laser based on molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide as saturable absorbers," Ukrainian Journal of Physical Optics, 18 (2017). CrossRef
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12

Anuar, S. A., M. F. A. Rahman, A. M. M. Nasir, A. A. Latiff, M. F. M. Rusdi, and S. W. Harun. "Self-induced Q-switched fiber laser using tantalum aluminum carbide as a passive modulator." Laser Physics 33, no. 12 (2023): 125101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/ad00a8.

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Abstract A self-induced Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser operating at 1563 nm was achieved by integrating a passive modulator based on tantalum aluminum carbide (Ta2AlC) MAX phase film embedded into polyynyl alcohol. The modulator, serving as a saturable absorber (SA), established a modulation depth of 9% and a saturation intensity of 0.3 MW cm−2. Upon integration of the film SA, a stable Q-switched fiber laser was obtained, generating pulses with a minimum width of 7.6 µs at a repetition rate of 45.1 kHz, within a pump power range of 24.9–59.7 mW. The corresponding maximum average output power, maximum pulse energy, and highest peak power were determined at 1.6 mW, 36.2 nJ, and 4.7 mW, respectively. The RF fundamental spectrum exhibited a good signal-to-noise ratio of 61 dB, indicating excellent pulse signal quality. This demonstration of Ta2AlC MAX phase film Q-switched laser may open promising possibilities for scientific applications such as material processing.
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13

Espinosa-De-La-Cruz, Edwin Addiel, Manuel Durán-Sánchez, Ulises Alcántara-Bautista, et al. "Passively Q-switched Thulium-doped Fiber Laser Employing a Glycerin-Based Saturable Absorber." Fibers 13, no. 5 (2025): 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13050061.

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A passively Q-switched Thulium-doped fiber laser based on glycerin as the saturable absorber is experimentally demonstrated for the first time. The saturable absorber consists of two FC/PC connectors aligned within a mechanical fiber-fiber coupler, with the intervening gap filled with glycerin. Such a saturable absorber is integrated into a compact ring cavity, enabling passive Q-switched laser operation. Starting at a minimum pump power of 1.7 W, Q-switched pulses with a central wavelength of 1946 nm are obtained. At the maximum pump power of 2.4 W, the laser generates pulses with a duration of approximately 2 µs, a repetition rate of 26.7 kHz, and a pulse energy of 1.08 µJ. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of passively Q-switched laser operation utilizing a glycerin-based saturable absorber for generating pulsed emission at the 2-µm wavelength region. This breakthrough represents a significant advancement in fiber laser technology, introducing a novel and efficient approach to pulse generation.
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14

Kasim, N., C. L. Anyi, H. Haris, et al. "Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser using multi-layer graphene based saturable absorber." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 23, no. 01 (2014): 1450009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021886351450009x.

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The performance of a stable passive Q-switched Erbium Ytterbium co-doped fiber laser (EYFL) operating at 1532.5 nm is demonstrated using a multi-layer graphene film based saturable absorber. The graphene is synthesized by electrochemical exfoliation of graphite at room temperature in 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) aqueous solution. Graphene flakes obtained from the process are mixed with polyethylene oxide (PEO) as the host polymer to produce free standing composite thin film which acts as a passive Q-switcher in the EYFL ring cavity. At 980 nm pump power of 44 mW, the EYFL generates optical pulse train with a repetition rate of 12.33 kHz and pulse width of 9.36 μs. The highest energy of 5.8 nJ and the lowest pulse width of 2.68 μs are achieved at the maximum pump power of 78 mW. Further increase in the pump power is expected to further improve both the pulse energy and pulse width.
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15

Jiang, Man, Zhao Yu Ren, Yu Ping Zhang, et al. "Passive Q-Switching with Graphene Saturable Absorber in Nd:YAG Operating at 1064nm." Materials Science Forum 694 (July 2011): 700–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.694.700.

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A graphene-PVA film is fabricated by using polyvinyl alcohol(PVA), which provides excellent mechanical property and easy operation. Based on the numerous advantages of graphene in optical and mechanical characteristics,Graphene was used as absorber with passively Q-switched Nd:YAG solid laser in our experiment. Furthermore, there are no changes in the structure and characteristics of graphene. Inserting our graphene-PVA SA mirror to the Nd: YAG laser, we ultimately get that the single pulse energy is about 7.68μJ, and that the shortest pulse width is about 640ns. The experiment results prove that our graphene-PVA SA mirror is feasible and suitable for Q-switched lasers.
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Ibarra-Escamilla, Baldemar, Manuel Durán-Sánchez, Ricardo I. Álvarez-Tamayo, et al. "All-fiber laser with simultaneous Tm3+ passive Q-switched and Ho3+ gain-switched operation." Optics Letters 43, no. 14 (2018): 3377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.43.003377.

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17

Mansharamani, N., G. R. Prasad, N. S. Vasan, T. K. Sheel, and G. S. Rawat. "Double Pulse Operation of a Passive ‘Q’ Switched Nd:YAG Laser." Journal of Optics 23, no. 2 (1994): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03549270.

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Liu, Xueqian, Qi Yang, Chunhua Zuo та ін. "2-μm passive Q-switched Tm:YAP laser with SnSe2 absorber". Optical Engineering 57, № 12 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.57.12.126105.

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Neustadter, Yaakov, Gad Horovitz, Rotem Nahear, Neriyah Suliman, and Salman Noach. "High peak power passive Q-switched widely tunable Tm:YAP laser." Optics & Laser Technology 181 (February 2025): 112062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.112062.

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20

Luo, Liguo, and P. L. Chu. "Passive Q-switched erbium-doped fibre laser with saturable absorber." Optics Communications 161, no. 4-6 (1999): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4018(99)00050-4.

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21

Erfani Jazi, Marziyeh, Mahdi Dehghan Baghi, Morteza Hajimahmodzadeh, and Mahmod Soltanolkotabi. "Pulsed Nd:YAG passive Q-switched laser using Cr4+:YAG crystal." Optics & Laser Technology 44, no. 3 (2012): 522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2011.08.013.

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22

Ryabtsev, G. I., T. V. Bezyazychnaya, M. V. Bogdanovich, et al. "Optimized diode-pumped passive Q-switched ytterbium–erbium glass laser." Applied Physics B 108, no. 2 (2012): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-012-5036-3.

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23

Babar, I. M., M. B. S. Sabran, A. A. Rahman, M. Manaf, H. Ahmad, and S. W. Harun. "Multi-lobed double-clad Erbium-Ytterbium co-doped Q-switched fiber laser based on nonlinear polarisation rotation technique." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 24, no. 01 (2015): 1550002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863515500022.

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In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate a stable passive Q-switched fiber laser operating at 1543.5 nm using a double clad Erbium-Ytterbium co-doped fiber (EYDF) as the gain medium in conjunction with nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) technique. An isolator is used in conjunction with a highly nonlinear EYDF to induce intensity dependent loss in a sufficiently-high loss ring cavity to achieve Q-switched operation with a low pump threshold of 300 mW. At 980 nm multimode pump power of 500 mW, the EYDF laser generates an optical pulse train with a repetition rate of 46.95 kHz, pulse width of 5.3 μs and pulse energy of 75.6 nJ. The simple and inexpensive Q-switched NPR-based laser has a big potential for applications in metrology, environmental sensing and biomedical diagnostics.
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Mohamad Abdul Ghafar, Nurul Athirah, Arni Munira Markom, Nur Farhanah Zulkipli, Retna Apsari, and Sulaiman Wadi Harun. "Generation of a Q-Switched Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser using MXene V₂CTx as Saturable Absorber." Semarak International Journal of Electronic System Engineering 5, no. 1 (2025): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.37934/sijese.5.1.17.

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Fiber laser generation is widely studied for applications in telecommunications and industrial processes, yet enhancing laser performance, especially with effective saturable absorbers (SAs), remains a challenge. This research focuses on using MXene V₂CTx film as a saturable absorber to generate Q-switched fiber lasers. A passive fiber laser was developed using a solution casting method to fabricate the MXene V₂CTx SA. When pump power was increased from 50.66 to 149.79 mW, stable Q-switched pulses at 1530 nm were achieved, with a maximum repetition rate of 93.41 kHz, a pulse width of 3.24 µs, and a pulse energy of 48.82 nJ. These findings demonstrate that MXene V₂CTx is effective in producing stable Q-switched fiber lasers, offering potential for enhanced laser performance in various applications.
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25

Mohamad Abdul Ghafar, Nurul Athirah, Arni Munira Markom, Nur Farhanah Zulkipli, Retna Apsari, and Sulaiman Wadi Harun. "Generation of a Q-Switched Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser using MXene V₂CTx as Saturable Absorber." Semarak International Journal of Electronic System Engineering 5, no. 1 (2025): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.37934/sijese.5.1.17a.

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Fiber laser generation is widely studied for applications in telecommunications and industrial processes, yet enhancing laser performance, especially with effective saturable absorbers (SAs), remains a challenge. This research focuses on using MXene V₂CTx film as a saturable absorber to generate Q-switched fiber lasers. A passive fiber laser was developed using a solution casting method to fabricate the MXene V₂CTx SA. When pump power was increased from 50.66 to 149.79 mW, stable Q-switched pulses at 1530 nm were achieved, with a maximum repetition rate of 93.41 kHz, a pulse width of 3.24 µs, and a pulse energy of 48.82 nJ. These findings demonstrate that MXene V₂CTx is effective in producing stable Q-switched fiber lasers, offering potential for enhanced laser performance in various applications.
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26

Muhammad, Farah Diana, and Khalilah Zatiliman Hamdan. "Bandwidth modulation and pulse characterization of passively Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser." Laser Physics 34, no. 10 (2024): 105101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/ad6d51.

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Abstract We demonstrate the modulation of laser bandwidth by utilizing an ultranarrow tunable bandpass filter (UNTBF) in a passively Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser. The passive Q-switch mechanism is enabled by using carbon nanotubes as saturable absorber at a Q-switched threshold of 35.5 mW. Based on spectral filtering effect introduced by the UNTBF, the 3 dB laser bandwidth can be tuned from 0.016 nm to 0.478 nm at a fixed pump power of 75.9 mW. The corresponding pulse behavior for each different bandwidth is characterized, and the results reveals that the pulse width can be as well tuned from 7.8 to 2.6 μs against the laser bandwidth, which agrees with the rule of time-bandwidth product. Correspondingly, the pulse repetition rate and the pulse energy vary from 16.23 kHz to 26.16 kHz and from 0.67 to 1.03 μJ respectively across the laser bandwidth. Further investigation of the pulse performance is performed against the pump power increment up to 107.2 mW. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of spectrum bandwidth modulation in a passively Q-switched fiber laser, which can be useful for fully exploiting the possibilities of Q-switched pulse applications.
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27

Chen, Qiudi, Siliang Lu, Yaxin Zhang, et al. "The passive Q-switched and Q-switched mode-locked Nd: GYAP laser based on a novel Bi2O3 saturable absorber." Optics & Laser Technology 174 (July 2024): 110620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.110620.

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28

Golan, Shaul Avichai, Rotem Nahear, Yechiel Bach, and Salman Noach. "Few ns Pulse Duration of Gain-Switched Ho:YAG Laser Pumped by an Active Q-Switched Tm:YLF Laser." Photonics 11, no. 6 (2024): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11060572.

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This paper describes a gain-switched Ho:YAG laser that emitted at 2089 nm, driven by an actively Q-switched Tm:YLF laser as the pumping source. The laser attained few ns short pulse durations with high energies at controlled repetition rates due to the active Q-switch pump source. Using the gain-switch method, stable short pulse durations ranging from 3.5 to 7.2 ns, with an energy per pulse of 0.4 to 0.52 mJ, were achieved at repetition rates of up to 2.5 kHz. This design can have significant advantages in various fields, where accuracy in the repetition rate is essential and a passive Q-switch cannot be implemented due to its accuracy limitations, including sensing, LIDAR, medical procedures, and material processing.
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29

Hamida, Belal Ahmed, L. A. Hussein, Sheroz Khan, et al. "Black Phosphorus Saturable Absorber for Pulse Generation Using Q-switched Teachnique." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 11, no. 1 (2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i1.pp36-40.

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This paper reported a passive Q-switched erbium doped fiber laser (EDFL) using two-dimensional (2D) material of black phosphorus saturable absorber (BP-SA). The maximum output power reached is 3.54 mW, which is generated by pump power of 42.327 mW. The results show that a stable pulse was generated with repetition rate starts at about 9.606 kHz and ends at about 44.72 kHz and very narrow pulse width between 40.01 µs and 9.84 µs and pulse energy 80 nJ. Clearly, the stability of the Q-switched pulse train was achieved because the BP-SA film was inserted in the laser ring cavity.
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30

Zhu Yixuan, 朱宜璇, 仝鲁阳 Tong Luyang, 蔡阳健 Cai Yangjian, 赵丽娜 Zhao Lina та 郑立仁 Zheng Liren. "基于硫铟锌纳米花的被动调Q激光". Acta Optica Sinica 44, № 4 (2024): 0419001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos231707.

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31

Prati, Franco, Auro M. Perego, Javier Redondo, and Germán J. de Valcárcel. "The master equation for passive modelocking." EPJ Web of Conferences 287 (2023): 08013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328708013.

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Passive modelocking (PML) of lasers is pivotal in modern science and industry. Here, solving a half-century-long challenge, we present the first master equation (ME) describing PML on all time scales, from Q-switched to fundamental and harmonic modelocking, valid for both slow and fast saturable absorption, short and long cavities. The proposed ME should become the workhorse for analytical and numerical studies of ultrafast lasers in both the photonics engineering and laser physics communities.
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32

Sara, Abdulhussain, and Mahdi Salih Abdul-Kareem. "Rate Equations Model to Simulate the Dual Generation of Nd+3: YAG Passive Q-Switched Laser Pulses." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 16, no. 40 (2023): 3462–70. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v16i40.1748.

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Abstract <strong>Objective:</strong>&nbsp;Rate equations model has been formulated to simulate the simultaneous generation of two passive Q-switching pulses using one active medium. It is possible to separate them and employ each pulse in practical applications.<strong>&nbsp;Methods:</strong>&nbsp;The model was solved numerically by used Rung&ndash;kutta&ndash;Fahelberg method. This model was tested in the study of the effect of saturable absorber ions concentration on the duration, energy, and power of the dual pulses which are generation by passive Q-switching of .&nbsp;<strong>Finding:</strong>&nbsp;The results of the numerical solution showed that the temporal behavior of photons density of passive Q-switching pulses and the population inversion density of active medium is good agreement with studies which dealt the theory of passive Q-switching, which enhances reliability using this model.&nbsp;<strong>Novelty:</strong>&nbsp;The mathematical model included six rate equations instead of three or four rate equations. It is based to simulate the spectrum lines as a 4-level and 3-level energy schemes of active medium to get two passive Q-switching laser pulses at the same time (instantaneously) instead of one pulse. Can be separated into two pulses to employ each of them in applications. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Laser; Passive Q-Switching; Solid state lasers; Nd+3
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33

Ghosh, A., H. N. A. Ali, N. Arsad, et al. "Q-switched pulse generation by stimulated Brillouin scattering assisted four-wave mixing effect in erbium–bismuth co-doped multi-elements silica glass based optical fiber laser." Laser Physics 33, no. 12 (2023): 125103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/ad04c9.

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Abstract We demonstrate Q-switched pulse generation at the 1562.5 nm region by using a 70 cm long erbium–bismuth co-doped alumina–germania–hafnium–yttria silica glass-based fiber as a gain medium in a simple ring resonator configured without saturable absorber and optical isolator devices. The Q-switching was obtained based on a stimulated Brillouin scattering assisted four-wave mixing effect in the gain medium, which induced the intensity modulation mechanism. The laser produced a multi-wavelength output comb centered at 1562.6 nm with a peak-to-peak spacing of about 0.09 nm due to nonlinear effects. Stable Q-switched operation of a hafnia–bismuth–erbium co-doped fiber laser was obtained at a pump power range of 129–319 mW with the repetition rate varying from 45.9 kHz to 89.3 kHz and the pulse width ranging from 8.8 µs to 3.58 µs. A maximum pulse energy of 26.9 nJ at an average output power of 2.4 dBm was achieved. This demonstrates a new passive technique based on a highly nonlinear gain medium for realizing Q-switched all-fiber laser sources.
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34

Belal, Ahmed Hamida, Eltaif Tawfig, Daniel Bin Mohd Noh Farhan, and Khan Sheroz. "Investigation of output power in ring CW fiber laser using graphene saturable absorber." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 3 (2019): 1022–27. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i3.1497.

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This paper reported the effect of different coupling ratio in continuous wave fiber laser in a ring cavity configuration. Different coupling ratios of 10/90 and 50/50 were tested. Where the output power may vary depending on the ratio and it can be applied to specific area that requires either high or low output power. In addition, generation of passive Q-switched erbium doped fiber laser (EDFL) using graphene based saturable absorber in ring cavity using different coupling ratio was experimentally investigated. As a result, wavelength centered at 1566.62nm is obtain from EDFL cavity. Moreover, the cavity using coupler of 50/50 is capable to achieve Q-switched pulses as compared to the cavity using coupler of 10/90. Where the maximum output power recorded is 336mW with pulse repetition rate of 23.74 kHz. In addition, the pulse width is 3.84&mu;s, and pulse energy is 14.15nJ.
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35

Ahmad, H., F. A. A. Rashid, S. R. Azzuhri, et al. "The generation of passive dual wavelengths Q-switched YDFL by MoSe2film." Laser Physics Letters 13, no. 11 (2016): 115102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-2011/13/11/115102.

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36

Lin, Yuan-Yao, Jhih-He Tu, Hsien-Che Lee, Shang-Lin Yang, and Chun-Po Tang. "Bifurcation and nonlinear dynamics in passive Q-switched optical vortex lasers." Journal of Optics 21, no. 8 (2019): 085201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/ab2c4e.

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37

Sun, Teng, and Jianguo Xin. "Pulse delay-controlled passive Q-switched laser with tunable pulse width." Optical Engineering 58, no. 03 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.58.3.036102.

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38

Li, Qinan, Baohua Feng, Zhiguo Zhang, and Tao Zhang. "Direct numerical simulation of quasi-three-level passive Q-switched laser." Optics Communications 284, no. 13 (2011): 3391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2011.03.061.

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39

Gu, G. Q., F. Zhou, G. Zhang, and M. K. Chin. "Passive Q-switched single-frequency Nd:YVO4 laser with GaAs saturable absorber." Electronics Letters 34, no. 6 (1998): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19980321.

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40

Yin, Xiaoqin, Shuzhen Fan, Xingyu Zhang, Guangda Wu та Fapeng Yu. "Active and passive Q-switching operation of 1 μm Yb:YSP laser with an optical chopper/AOM and MoWS2 nanosheets". Laser Physics 32, № 12 (2022): 125801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/ac996e.

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Abstract In this paper, the laser diode (LD)-pumped all-solid-state Yb:YSr3 (PO4)3 (Yb:YSP) lasers with active and passive Q-switching operation were demonstrated for the first time. At the pump power of 5.5 W, the average output power was 369 mW and the single pulse energy was 184.5 μJ at 2 kHz in the active Q-switching operation with an optical chopper. For the acousto-optic modulator Q-switched laser, a 118 ns pulse duration and 2881 W pulse peak power at 0.5 kHz were obtained. Furthermore, MoWS2 nanosheets were implemented to the passively Q-switched Yb:YSP laser, generating stable pulses with duration of 1.45 μs at the repetition frequency of 55 kHz and verifying the optical response potential of MoWS2. The good laser beam quality of M x 2 = 1.14 and M y 2 = 1.12 were achieved as well.
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41

Zuikafly, Siti Nur Fatin, Harith Ahmad, Mohd Faizal Ismail, et al. "Dual Regime Mode-Locked and Q-Switched Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser by Employing Graphene Filament–Chitin Film-Based Passive Saturable Absorber." Micromachines 14, no. 5 (2023): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14051048.

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We investigate the dynamics of high energy dual regime unidirectional Erbium-doped fiber laser in ring cavity, which is passively Q-switched and mode-locked through the use of an environmentally friendly graphene filament–chitin film-based saturable absorber. The graphene–chitin passive saturable absorber allows the option for different operating regimes of the laser by simple adjustment of the input pump power, yielding, simultaneously, highly stable and high energy Q-switched pulses at 82.08 nJ and 1.08 ps mode-locked pulses. The finding can have applications in a multitude of fields due to its versatility and the regime of operation that is on demand.
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42

Belal, Ahmed Hamida, A. Hussein L., Khan Sheroz, et al. "Black Phosphorus Saturable Absorber for Pulse Generation Using Q-Switched Teachnique." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 11, no. 1 (2018): 36–40. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i1.pp36-40.

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This paper reported a passive Q-switched erbium doped fiber laser (EDFL) using two-dimensional (2D) material of black phosphorus saturable absorber (BP-SA). The maximum output power reached is 3.54 mW, which is generated by pump power of 42.327 mW. The results show that a stable pulse was generated with repetition rate starts at about 9.606 kHz and ends at about 44.72 kHz and very narrow pulse width between 40.01 &micro;s and 9.84 &micro;s and pulse energy 80 nJ. Clearly, the stability of the Q-switched pulse train was achieved because the BP-SA film was inserted in the laser ring cavity.
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43

Bogdanovich, M. V., A. V. Grigor’ev, V. N. Dudikov, et al. "THERMALLY INDUCED BIREFRINGENCE AND MODE SELECTION IN CAVITY OF PASSIVELY Q-SWITCHED DIODE PUMPED Nd:YAG LASER." Journal of Applied Spectroscopy 89, no. 5 (2022): 621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/0514-7506-2022-89-5-621-625.

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Operating regimes of an optical system consisted of compact pulsed master diode-pumped Q-switched Nd:YAG laser and triple-crystal (KTP) ring cell of the optical parametric oscillator have been investigated. It has been experimentally shown that frequency-selective properties of a passive Q-switched unit in the “natural mode selection” are enhanced by creating a polarization interference filter Lyot with the phase plate in the form of a laser active element with the thermally induced birefringence and a polarizer. Such filter Lyot appears in the Nd:YAG laser cavity during operation at relatively high energy and repetition rate of radiation pulses (60–100 mJ, 20 Hz). The combined action of the “natural mode selection” process and the Lyot filter ensures the stable operation of a passive Q-switched Nd:YAG laser in the single frequency lasing mode (the lasing bandwidth is less than 57 MHz). The master single frequency pulsed Nd:YAG laser (λ = 1.06 μm) allows reducing the energy of pulses applied to the input of the optical parametric oscillator by more than 1.5 times while maintaining the specified energy level of the output pulses (30 mJ, λ = 1.57 μm). An additional increase in the efficiency of the optical parametric oscillator conversion is achieved by introducing&#x0D; a two-lens 1.3x telescope into the master laser cavity.
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44

Hussin, Nabihah, Muhammad Noor, Asrul Azmi, Mohd Salim, Fauzan Ahmad, and Mohd Ibrahim. "Pulse Laser Generation at 2.0 µm Region based on Polyvinyl Alcohol Doped Graphene Nanoplatelets Saturable Absorber." Jordan Journal of Electrical Engineering 10, no. 1 (2024): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jjee.204-1681286501.

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A passive Q-switcher based on graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) doped with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is proposed for pulse laser generation at 2.0 µm region. An optimized solution casting approach is adopted in the customized preparation of a 12.04 wt.% weight ratio of GnP to PVA. The fabricated saturable absorber (SA) is characterized using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), which confirmed the embedment of GnP in PVA composite. A 5 m long thulium doped fiber (TDF) is used as a gain medium in the laser cavity measurement. Our characterization demonstrates dual-wavelength Q-switched pulse generation at 1904.0 nm and 1904.9 nm for input power ranging from 644 mW to 698 mW, respectively. The repetition rate is tunable from 69 kHz to 98 kHz with the shortest pulse width of 1.4 µs. The calculated output peak power, pulse energy and signal-to-noise ratio are recorded at 143 mW, 0.21 µJ and 35 dB, respectively. Notably, the present work is the first-ever work of a Q-switcher based on GnP doped with PVA host at 2.0 µm region.
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45

A.Shadood, Sara, Abdul-Kareem Mahdi Salih, and Rasool Asal. "Effect of Saturable Absorber Length on Characteristics of Dual Laser Pulses of Passive Q-Switched." University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science 11, no. 1 (2024): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v11i1.1151.

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The effect of saturable absorber material length on the characteristics of the dual passive Q-switching pulses generated from two wavelengths ( and ) instead of single wavelength was simulated. Numerical solution of our previous rate equations model using Rung-Kutta-Fahelberg method has been utilized in simulation. Nd+3 :YAG using as an active medium, and Cr+4:YAG as a saturable absorber material. The results showed that the Nd+3:YAG dual passive Q-switching generated or released at an advanced(earlier) time and characterized by short duration times, high energy and high power with the increasing in the value of . The passive Q-switching for , are released respectively at time 58ns, 60 ns approximately at , while released at time 34 ns, 36 ns respectively approximately at . The duration time of , pulses approximate to 16.8ns, 14.6 ns respectively at , while approximate to 10.8 ns ,9.2 ns respectively at .
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46

Jung, Junha, Kyungtaek Lee, Suh-young Kwon, et al. "A Q-switched erbium-doped ZBLAN fiber laser with a V4C3 MXene saturable absorber mirror." Laser Physics Letters 22, no. 4 (2025): 045101. https://doi.org/10.1088/1612-202x/adbd1c.

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Abstract A passive type of erbium-doped Q-switched ZBLAN fiber laser was experimentally demonstrated with a V4C3 MXene saturable absorber mirror (SAM). By implementing the V4C3 MXene SAM in a Fabry–Pérot laser cavity, Q-switched pulses were obtained with a stable 1.59 μJ pulse energy measured at a wavelength of ∼2736 nm. The duration of the pulse ranged from 5.4 to 1.1 µs with corresponding repetition rates from 19.5 to 51.5 kHz. The linear optical properties of V4C3 MXene were also investigated at mid-infrared wavelengths using density functional theory calculations. This study demonstrates the feasibility of V4C3 MXene as a promising nonlinear material platform that could pave the way for mid-infrared wavelength applications.
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47

Cheng, He Jiao, Hui Min Chen, and De Cai. "Study on Output of LD-Pumped Passively Q-Switched Subnanosecond Microlasers." Advanced Materials Research 722 (July 2013): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.722.23.

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In recent years, the laser fuze has been widely used in minor caliber mortar projectiles and bombs because of its high accuracy in distance measurement, strong ability to resist electromagnetic interference, high angular resolution and good concealment. As a result, it becomes an irreversible tendency to miniaturize the high power of the laser, especially in military applications. This paper aims to study the factors on the output characteristics of the microlasers. Based on the variation of the inversion density of the particle in the resonant cavity derived from the oscillation equation of the LD-pumped passively Q-switched Cr4+:YAG/ Nd:YAG laser, this paper summarizes some key factors which have impacts on the output of LD-pumped passively Q-switched subnanosecond microlasers, including the initial transmission of the absorber, the reflection of output coupler, the length of the cavity and the radius of the pumping laser beam, and gives the conclusion of the simulation, which provides the basis for the design of the passive Q-switched micro lasers which have high power, high repetition frequency and narrow pulse width.
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48

OMAR, S., N. F. ZULKIPLI, A. A. A. JAFRY, et al. "Q-SWITCHED ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER LASER UTILIZING TUNGSTEN DISULFIDE DEPOSITED ONTO D-SHAPED FIBER AS SATURABLE ABSORBER." Chalcogenide Letters 17, no. 3 (2020): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/cl.2020.173.99.

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Q-switched fiber laser was demonstrated by using tungsten disulfide (WS2), which was deposited onto D-shaped fiber as a passive saturable absorber (SA) to modulate the loss inside the laser cavity. The SA was produced by repeatedly dropping and drying the WS2 solution onto side-polished fiber to form a nanosheets layer. The SA is inserted into the ring laser cavity configured with a 2.4 m long Erbium-doped fiber as the gain medium to generate Q-switching pulses train operating at 1557.9 nm. The Q-switched laser produced a pulse train, which the repetition rate is tunable from 77.2 to 108.9 kHz as the pump power is increased from 84.0 to 182.9 mW. The minimum pulse width of 3.25 µs and the maximum pulse energy of 14.6 nJ was obtained at 182.9 mW pump power. The generated Q-switching pulses are stable and thus it is suitable for use in many practical applications.
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49

Salih, Abdul-Kareem Mahdi, and Asaad Hameed Jaafar. "Energy Transfer Up-Conversion Effect on Characteristics of Nd+3:YAG Passively Q-Switched Laser Pulse." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 18, no. 25 (2025): 2031–39. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v18i25.745.

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Objective: Energy transfer up-conversion effect on the characteristics of a passively Q-switched laser pulse has been investigated theoretically. Method: Rate equations model was proposed in this study. The model tested by numerical solving using Rung –Kutta- Fehelberg method in order to verify the validity of the physical and the mathematical hypotheses was used in the model through applying it to the passive Q-switching laser system consisting of Nd+3:YAG as AM ( quasi three-energy levels medium) with a Cr+3 : YAG crystal as a SA. The results of the proposed model show good agreement regarding the time behavior of the population inversion density and the photon density of the PQS pulse with the results of a previous theoretical study of the same system using rate equations not taking into consideration the effect of ETU. This benchmark enhances reliability using the model. Findings: The study indicated that the up-conversion processes caused a reduction in pulse energy and an increase in duration, resulting in a slight decrease in the pulse power. So, the pulse was generated at an earlier time in the case without up-conversion effect compared with the case with up-conversion effect. Novelty: The rate equation model has been modified, taking into account the. A model of rate equations was presented or proposed that took into account the calculation of the effect of energy transfer up-conversion processes in solid-state active media in passively Q-switched systems. Keywords: Laser, Nd+3: YAG, Q-switching passive, Q-switching, Energy transfer up-conversion
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50

Li, Songtao, Shengxi Zheng, Bowen Zheng, et al. "Visible Triple-Wavelength Switchable Emission Generated in Passively Q-Switched Nd:YVO4 Self-Raman Laser." Photonics 12, no. 7 (2025): 669. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12070669.

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We report a passively Q-switched self-Raman laser using a dual-end composite c-cut Nd:YVO4 crystal, which generates switchable visible emissions at 533 nm, 560 nm, and 589 nm. A Cr4+:YAG/YAG composite crystal served the role of a saturable absorber to achieve passive Q-switching. An angle-tuned BBO crystal was used to achieve the frequency mixing between the first-tokes wave and the fundamental wave. At an incident pump power of 9.5 W, the maximum average output powers were 425 mW for the 589 nm yellow laser, 193 mW for the 560 nm lime laser, and 605 mW for the 533 nm green laser, with corresponding pulse widths of approximately 3.8, 3.6, and 35.1 ns, respectively. This result shows that a passive Q-switching operation with self-Raman crystals presents a promising approach for compact multi-wavelength pulse laser sources.
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