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Ottonello, Dominique Marchelle. "Impact of Passive Range of Motion Exercises and Stretching in Knee Osteoarthritis Pain during Walking." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1589847790494845.
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Hussain, Ayser. "Neuromuscular determinants of muscle strength and passive range of motion in men with spastic cerebral palsy." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2013. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/332150/.
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Spastic cerebral palsy (SCP) relates to a specific movement-related impairment characterised by a velocity-dependent resistance to stretch. Muscle weakness and decreased range of motion (ROM) are characteristics of the paretic limb in individuals with SCP. However, there are no data on the in vivo determinants of strength and ROM in adults with SCP. The aim of the thesis was to examine the factors associated with impaired plantarflexion, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and joint ROM in the paretic limb of physically active men with SCP compared to the contralateral non-paretic limb and individuals without neurological impairment. Passive stiffness, myotendinous junction displacement and ROM of the paretic gastrocnemius medialis (GM) were not different from the control muscles. However, the elastic modulus of the paretic GM was two times stiffer than the control GM muscles. MVIC torque of the paretic plantarflexors was 42% and 52% less than the non-paretic (P = 0.007) and control limbs (P < 0.001), respectively. The paretic gastrocnemius ACSA was 20% smaller than the control group (P = 0.004) only. Paretic agonist activation was 36% and 39% less than the non-paretic (P < 0.001) and control groups (P < 0.001), whereas paretic antagonist coactivation was 3-fold higher compared to the non-paretic (P < 0.001) and control group (P < 0.001). Agonist muscle activation accounted for 57% of variation in paretic plantarflexion MVIC torque (P = 0.007). When accounting for GM architecture, neural properties and moment arm length, no difference in GM specific force was established. Finally when the tendon elastic properties and Young’s modulus were calculated at a standardised force, no difference was observed in tendon stiffness properties across all experimental groups. These findings suggest that in active adults with SCP, weakness is due to a reduction in muscle size and impaired muscle activation. Furthermore, in the presence of no decline in ROM there remained an alteration in the passive elastic properties of the muscle, but not the tendon.
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Sands, William A., Jeni R. McNeal, Michael H. Stone, Wendy L. Kimmel, G. Gregory Haff, and Monem Jemni. "The Effect of Vibration on Active and Passive Range of Motion in Elite Female Synchronized Swimmers." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4606.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the acute effects of vibration and stretching on passive and active forward split range of motion in elite adult female synchronized swimmers. Eleven athletes performed a passive forward split test measuring the height of the anterior superior iliac spine on both sides and an active split test on both sides by adopting an inverted split position. Then athletes were assigned randomly by right or left leg to receive vibration on one leg while stretching. The contralateral leg was stretched but did not receive vibration and served as the control. The treatment involved a 40-s exposure to vibration of the forward leg in a split and 40 s of vibration to the rear leg in a split. The athletes were then post-tested using the same protocols. The results indicated that the vibration had a statistically significant influence on passive forward split flexibility, but not active split flexibility. The results of this study confirm earlier work and further demonstrate the efficacy of vibration in enhancing range of motion in a passive split position. Given that it is often difficult to achieve large changes in range of motion with already highly trained elite athletes, this methodology shows considerable promise. Vibration may not be powerful enough to evoke changes in active range of motion in spite of the changes in passive range of motion.
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Ofori, Jodielin. "Effects of short term stretching on ankle stiffness and range of motion in people with multiple sclerosis." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1597.
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Hypertonia is seen in 85% of people with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS) resulting in disability and functional restrictions. Hypertonia can be caused by increases in passive stiffness and enhanced stretch reflexes (spasticity) and is frequently managed clinically using passive stretches. However, the optimal parameters of stretching such as the applied torque and stretch duration remain unclear. During commonly prescribed ankle plantarflexor stretches pwMS produced higher torques when standing in a weight bearing position compared to stretches applied using the upper limbs. Stretches could be held for 120 seconds on average and stretch duration was mainly limited by fatigue. People with higher disability tended to favour more supported stretching positions. The effects of stretching for either 30 or 10 minutes using a customised motor at three torque levels covering the range that MS participants could produce was investigated. Compared to the 10 minute stretch, greater reductions in passive stiffness and greater increases in range of movement (ROM) were seen immediately following the 30 minute stretch with the effects being sustained for the 30 minute post stretch period. Higher levels of applied torque resulted in a greater change in ROM however; there was no effect of applied torque on passive stiffness. Stretch reflex mediated stiffness was unaffected by the stretching intervention and showed transient post stretch increases. Ultrasonography was used to investigate changes in muscle–tendon length and strain in pwMS and controls and following stretching. PwMS showed evidence of stiffer muscles and increased tendon length at baseline compared to controls. Following a 10 minute stretch overall muscle length did not increase in pwMS, although increases in strain in the musculotendinous junction region were observed suggesting that more proximal regions of the muscle was likely to have contributed significantly to overall stiffness. This work highlights that stretch duration and levels of applied torque are critical factors in determining the effectiveness of stretches. The pathological mechanisms underlying hypertonia at a molecular and structural level and the effects of stretching on components of the musculo-tendinous structure and on functional ability should be ascertained.
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Woodling, Katelyn Elizabeth. "Developing a Passive Range of Motion Knee Simulation to Study the Effect of Total Knee Arthroplasty Component Alignment and Knee Laxity on Passive Kinematics." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1417447069.
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Hoopingarner, Jacob Karl. "Relationship of Passive Hip Range of Motion to Countermovement Jump Height and Peak Power Output in Young Adults." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1449051728.
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Carus, David Alexander. "The effect of cyclic forces upon finger joints with impaired ranges of motion." Thesis, University of Abertay Dundee, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313131.
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Arslan, Ali Erkin. "Range Parameterized Bearings-only Tracking Using Particle Filter." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614888/index.pdf.
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In this study, accurate target tracking for bearings-only tracking problem is investigated. A new tracking filter for this nonlinear problem is designed where both range parameterization and Rao-Blackwellized (marginalized) particle filtering techniques are used in a Gaussian mixture formulation to track both constant velocity and maneuvering targets. The idea of using target turn rate in the state equation in such a way that marginalization is possible is elaborated. Addition to nonlinear nature, unobservability is a major problem of bearings-only tracking. Observer trajectory generation to increase the observability of the bearings-only tracking problem is studied. Novel formulation of observability measures based on mutual information between the state and the measurement sequences are derived for the problem. These measures are used as objective functions to improve observability. Based on the results obtained better understanding of the required observer trajectory for accurate bearings-only target tracking is developed.
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Croft, Emily C. "Alterations in Active and Passive Behavior of Lower Back Tissues Following Six Sessions of High Velocity Low Amplitude Spinal Manipulative Therapy for Healthy Participants." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cbme_etds/37.
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Non-specific low back pain (LBP) is a major health problem affecting a substantial portion of the population. The current treatments offered for non-specific LBP are oftentimes unsuccessful because the acting mechanism(s) of most treatment options are unknown. Obtaining a better understanding about the acting mechanism behind existing treatment options is, therefore, essential for the improvement of non-specific LBP treatment and management. The objective of this study was to gain a more comprehensive understanding about the acting mechanism of high velocity low amplitude spinal manipulative therapy, specifically the impact that high velocity low amplitude spinal manipulative therapy may have on the active and passive spinal musculoskeletal stabilizing subsystems along with the resultant spinal stability for healthy participants. A pre-post intervention study design completed by six healthy participants was used to quantify changes in the above noted aspects of spinal stability using a series of tests performed both before and after six sessions of high velocity low amplitude spinal manipulative therapy. The tests included seated balancing tests, lower back range of motion tests, and stress relaxation test. The six sessions of high velocity low amplitude spinal manipulative therapy did not significantly affect any of the test measurements among our healthy participant group.
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Erlickytė, Jolanta. "Moterų griaučių raumenų sistemos viršutinės dalies funkcinės būklės įvertinimas prieš ir po pasyvios ir aktyvios kineziterapijos priemonių taikymo." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100621_093836-22376.
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Tyrimo tikslas: Įvertinti moterų griaučių raumenų sistemos viršutinės dalies funkcinę būklę prieš ir po pasyvios ir aktyvios kineziterapijos priemonių taikymo.
Tyrimo uždaviniai:
1. Įvertinti moterų griaučių raumenų sistemos viršutinės dalies raumenų skausmo slenksčio pokyčius prieš ir po pasyvios ir aktyvios kineziterapijos.
2. Nustatyti moterų griaučių raumenų sistemos viršutinės dalies judesių amplitudės pokyčius prieš ir po pasyvios ir aktyvios kineziterapijos priemonių taikymo.
3. Įvertinti moterų griaučių raumenų sistemos viršutinės dalies raumenų jėgos pokyčius prieš ir po pasyvios ir aktyvios kineziterapijos.
4. Palyginti pasyvios ir aktyvios kineziterapijos priemonių efektyvumą moterų griaučių raumenų sistemos viršutinės dalies raumenų skausmo slenksčiui, judesių amplitudei bei raumenų jėgai.
Tyrimo metodai: Buvo ištirtos 20 jauno ir vidutinio amžiaus sveikos moterys. Tiriamosios buvo suskirstytos į dvi grupes. Vienai grupei buvo taikomos pasyvios kineziterapijos priemonės, kitai – aktyvios. Prieš ir po kineziterapijos buvo vertinamas spaudimo sukeltas raumenų skausmo slenkstis (algometru), žasto judesių amplitudė (goniometru), rankų sukabinimo už nugaros ir kaklo judesių amplitudė (centimetrine juostele), pečių juostos raumenų jėga (rankos dinamometru ir „Stabilizer Pressure Biofeedback“ prietaisu).
Išvados:
1. Po pasyvios kineziterapijos priemonių taikymo raumenų skausmo slenkstis statistiškai reikšmingai padidėjo 20- yje iš 22- jų vertintų miofascijinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The aim of the research: To evaluate women’s upper part of musculoskeletal system functional state before and after passive and active physical therapy. To achieve this aim the following tasks were set up: 1. To evaluate changes of muscle pain threshold in the upper part of the musculoskeletal system. 2. To assess changes of range of motion in the upper part of the musculoskeletal system. 3. To evaluate changes of muscle force in the upper part of the musculoskeletal system. 4. To compare the effect of passive and active physical therapy for the muscle pain threshold, range of motion and muscle force in the upper part of the musculoskeletal system. Method of the research: 20 young and middle-aged healthy women were tested. Subjects were divided in to two groups. We have applied passive physical therapy modalities for the first group, active physical exercises for the second group. We have assessed the muscle pain threshold (using algometer), the range of motion (goniometer and tape – measure) and muscle force (hand held dynamometer and „Stabilizer Pressure Bioffedback“) before and after passive and active physical therapy. Conclusions: 1. After the passive physical therapy the muscle pain threshold statistically significant increase in the 20 of 22 assessed myofascial trigger points (p<0,05). After active physical therapy - the muscle pain threshold a statistically significant increase in 12 of 22 assessed myofascial trigger points (p<0,05). 2. After passive physical... [to full text]
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Macfarlane, David G. "Close range passive millimetre wave imaging." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6482.
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This thesis describes the design and construction of a close range Passive Millimetre Wave (PMMW) scanning thermal imager. Whilst close range PMMW imager has previously been applied to concealed weapon detection at ranges of a few metres, the imager described herein is designed to focus on targets at a range of a few tens of centimetres. In particular, the main design aim was to produce higher resolution thermal maps suitable for medical imaging applications. Imaging at MMW frequencies offers greater penetration depths in lossy dielectric media than conventional infrared imagers, although there is an obvious trade-off in spatial resolution. The instrument consists of a total power radiometer operating at a centre frequency of 94 GHz. The input to the radiometer is provided by a quasi-optical focussing lens, designed using Gaussian Bean Mode theory. The observed scene is scanned by means of a rotating mirror and a translation table. Image acquisition timescales were of the order of a few minutes. Thermal calibration of the radiometer output was performed by recording the image of adjacent hot and cold reference loads with each line scan. In addition, the thermal transition between the calibration loads was used to measure the beam profile of the input optics and the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the instrument. The imager has shown that it is possible to produce useful close range thermal images of the human body at MMW frequencies. The spatial resolution achieved was approximately 3 mm, with a thermal resolution of 0.4 K.
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Gal, Avner. "Passive range estimation using over sea multipath." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23344.
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This thesis suggests an unconventional, unique method for passive range and height estimation of a cruising missile, or other microwave transmitter. Based on multipath propagation, the method uses 5 receiving antennas in a ladder configuration. Ratios of received signal powers are compared with values from lookup tables to determine the correct location of the transmitter. Computer simulation results are presented, to verify the suggested method. (rh)
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Lamb, David G. (David Graham). "Passive monocular range imaging with a multiple aperture camera." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26400.
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When the iris of a conventional camera is replaced by a mask with multiple apertures, a composite image is formed. Unlike binocular stereopsis, the views from each aperture are superimposed, so that conventional methods in stereo vision do not apply. Still, the local displacement between corresponding points in these views is related to their distance from the camera. This depth cue provides the basis for a new paradigm in passive range sensing--monocular stereopsis. This thesis presents a technique for computing a dense range image from one composite image acquired with a multiple aperture camera. The formation of the composite image is modelled as an echo process, where the depth of a point in the scene is directly related to the spatial delay of its visual echo. Cepstral analysis is the method used to detect this echo. A model of the composite image cepstrum allows measurement of monocular disparity to subpixel precision, as well as an estimate of its associated error distribution. This data, computed over a dense grid, is used to generate a piecewise planar representation of surfaces in the scene, based on a maximum likelihood criterion. Borrowing techniques from visual psychophysics, the spatial resolution of this result is evaluated in terms of an intelligent agent making decisions about its environment. This new range imaging technique is successfully applied to real-world scenes to demonstrate its potential for mobile robot navigation and obstacle avoidance.
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Silk, Simon. "High Dynamic Range Panoramic Imaging with Scene Motion." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20394.
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Real-world radiance values can range over eight orders of magnitude from starlight to direct sunlight but few digital cameras capture more than three orders in a single Low Dynamic Range (LDR) image. We approach this problem using established High Dynamic Range (HDR) techniques in which multiple images are captured with different exposure times so that all portions of the scene are correctly exposed at least once. These images are then combined to create an HDR image capturing the full range of the scene. HDR capture introduces new challenges; movement in the scene creates faded copies of moving objects, referred to as ghosts.
Many techniques have been introduced to handle ghosting, but typically they either address specific types of ghosting, or are computationally very expensive. We address ghosting by first detecting moving objects, then reducing their contribution to the final composite on a frame-by-frame basis. The detection of motion is addressed by performing change detection on exposure-normalized images. Additional special cases are developed based on a priori knowledge of the changing exposures; for example, if exposure is increasing every shot, then any decrease in intensity in the LDR images is a strong indicator of motion. Recent Superpixel over-segmentation techniques are used to refine the detection. We also propose a novel solution for areas that see motion throughout the capture, such as foliage blowing in the wind. Such areas are detected as always moving, and are replaced with information from a single input image, and the replacement of corrupted regions can be tailored to the scenario.
We present our approach in the context of a panoramic tele-presence system. Tele-presence systems allow a user to experience a remote environment, aiming to create a realistic sense of "being there" and such a system should therefore provide a high quality visual rendition of the environment. Furthermore, panoramas, by virtue of capturing a greater proportion of a real-world scene, are often exposed to a greater dynamic range than standard photographs. Both facets of this system therefore stand to benefit from HDR imaging techniques.
We demonstrate the success of our approach on multiple challenging ghosting scenarios, and compare our results with state-of-the-art methods previously proposed. We also demonstrate computational savings over these methods.
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Wright, Thomas J. "The long-range integration of visual motion information." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0003/MQ28265.pdf.
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Sand, Peter (Peter M. ). 1977. "Long-range video motion estimation using point trajectories." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38319.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-104).
This thesis describes a new approach to video motion estimation, in which motion is represented using a set of particles. Each particle is an image point sample with a long-duration trajectory and other properties. To optimize these particles, we measure point-based matching along the particle trajectories and distortion between the particles. The resulting motion representation is useful for a variety of applications and differs from optical flow, feature tracking, and parametric or layer-based models. We demonstrate the algorithm on challenging real-world videos that include complex scene geometry, multiple types of occlusion, regions with low texture, and non-rigid deformation.
by Peter Sand.
Ph.D.
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Preddie, Alaina Katelyn. "Glovebox Workers’ Range of Motion in Three Gloveports." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu155408132299994.
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Lu, Yi, Qinlong Ren, Tingting Liu, Siu Ling Leung, Vincent Gau, Joseph C. Liao, Cho Lik Chan, and Pak Kin Wong. "Long-range electrothermal fluid motion in microfluidic systems." PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621709.
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AC electrothermal flow (ACEF) is the fluid motion created as a result of Joule heating induced temperature gradients. ACEF is capable of performing major microfluidic operations, such as pumping, mixing, concentration, separation and assay enhancement, and is effective in biological samples with a wide range of electrical conductivity. Here, we report long-range fluid motion induced by ACEF, which creates centimeter-scale vortices. The long-range fluid motion displays a strong voltage dependence and is suppressed in microchannels with a characteristic length below similar to 300 mu m. An extended computational model of ACEF, which considers the effects of the density gradient and temperature-dependent parameters, is developed and compared experimentally by particle image velocimetry. The model captures the essence of ACEF in a wide range of channel dimensions and operating conditions. The combined experimental and computational study reveals the essential roles of buoyancy, temperature rise, and associated changes in material properties in the formation of the long-range fluid motion. Our results provide critical information for the design and modeling of ACEF based microfluidic systems toward various bioanalytical applications. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Parsons, Erin M. "Control system design for a continuous passive motion machine." Connect to resource, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/45477.
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Franci, Riccardo <1977>. "Spatial mechanisms for modelling the human ankle passive motion." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1585/.
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Knowledge on how ligaments and articular surfaces guide passive motion at the human ankle joint complex is fundamental for the design of relevant surgical treatments.
The dissertation presents a possible improvement of this knowledge by a new kinematic model of the tibiotalar articulation.
In this dissertation two one-DOF spatial equivalent mechanisms are presented for the simulation of the passive motion of the human ankle joint: the 5-5 fully parallel mechanism and the fully parallel spherical wrist mechanism. These mechanisms are based on the main anatomical structures of the ankle joint, namely the talus/calcaneus and the tibio/fibula bones at their interface, and the TiCaL and CaFiL ligaments.
In order to show the accuracy of the models and the efficiency of the proposed procedure, these mechanisms are synthesized from experimental data and the results are compared with those obtained both during experimental sessions and with data published in the literature.
Experimental results proved the efficiency of the proposed new mechanisms to simulate the ankle passive motion and, at the same time, the potentiality of the mechanism to replicate the ankle’s main anatomical structures quite well. The new mechanisms represent a powerful tool for both pre-operation planning and new prosthesis design.
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El-Hameid, Hossam Hassan Abd. "Motion parameter estimation for autonomous vehicles." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265750.
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Tam, C. K. "Motion planning algorithm for ships in close range encounters." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/17267/.
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Efficient maritime navigation through obstructions is still one of the many problems faced by mariners. The increasing traffic densities and average cruise speed of ships also impede the collision avoidance decision making process by reducing the time in which decisions have to be made. It seems logical that the decision making process be computerised and automated as a step towards reducing the risk of collision. Although some studies have focused on this area, the majority did not consider the collision regulations or environmental conditions and many previously proposed methods were idealistic. This study develops a motion planning algorithm that determines an optimal navigation path for ships in close range encounters based on known and predicted traffic and environmental data, with emphasis on the adaptability of the algorithm to optimised for different criteria or missions. The domain of interest is the 5 nautical mile region around own-ship based on the effective range of most modern navigation radars and identification devices. Several computational constraints have been incorporated into the algorithm and categorised based on safety priority. Collision-free and conformity with collision regulations are the primary constraints that have to be satisfied; followed by secondary or optional mission specific constraints e.g. commensurate with environmental conditions or taking the shortest navigation path. Own-ship speed is considered to be a dynamic property and a function of the engine setting, which is a variable modifiable by the optimisation routine. The change in the ship’s momentum as a result of a turning manoeuvre is also included in the model. A modified version of an evolutionary algorithm is adopted to perform the optimisation, where the variables are spatial coordinates and the engine setting at the particular path segment. The navigation path can be optimised for specific criteria by adjusting the weighting on the cost functions that describe the properties of the navigation paths.
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Cleary, Robert. "Spatial frequency selective processes in short range motion perception." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.237562.
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Bittikofer, Raymond P. "A computer controlled continuous passive motion device for ankle rehabilitation." Ohio : Ohio University, 1994. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1176838831.
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Mbouzao, Boniface. "Quantitative Assessment of Human Motion Capabilities with Passive Vision Monitoring." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24295.
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Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a disease in which the body has "turned on itself", with its immune system attacking mobility. In RA, an immune mechanism attacks and destroys the joints and limits mobility, in some circumstances to the point of needing replacement of joints. The aim of this research is the development of a less costly, widely accessible, passive sensing technology that provides a quantitative assessment of RA and that monitors the therapeutic effectiveness on joint-debilitating diseases.
The proposed solution relies on a quantitative evaluation of human gestures. Such a quantitative assessment supports the comparison between the motion capabilities of a patient and that of a healthy person, using a kinematic model of the human skeleton. Criteria for the classification of severity were established, and tables were generated to classify the levels of severity as a function of the measurements extracted from processed videos of a subject performing predefined movements.
This research project, while contributing a new tool to the process of classification of RA level of severity, opens the way for using widely accessible digital imaging for diagnosing and monitoring the evolution of the illness. Replacing MRI or HRUS with a cheaper and more accessible technology would have a major impact on health care services. From the clinical point of view, the proposed techniques based on digital images processing combined with a monitoring approach based on infrared images that was previously developed may provide a utility of care for patients with RA, as well as an alternative and automated approach for early detection of RA and active inflammation at a critical time.
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Palomera-Arias, Rogelio 1972. "Passive electromagnetic damping device for motion control of building structures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33174.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2005.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-115).
The research presented in this thesis develops a new device for the passive control of motion in building structures: an electromagnetic damper. The electromagnetic damper is a self-excited device that provides a reaction force to an applied motion. We chose a tubular permanent-magnet linear machine as this new structural damper, and we derive its mathematical model using quasi-static electromagnetic theory. Computer simulations and experimental characterization of a small-scale prototype electromagnetic damper validated the mathematical model of the device. The behavior of the electromagnetic damper approximates that of an ideal damper. We conducted a feasibility study for the application of electromagnetic dampers to full-scale buildings. We used two performance measures: the damping density and the damping cost of the device. Comparing the performance of the electromagnetic damper to that of viscous fluid dampers, the maximum damping density of electromagnetic dampers is, at best, equal to that of hydraulic dampers, but with a price at least five times higher. The permanent magnet's current technology and cost are the limiting factors for the electromagnetic damper.
(cont.) However, the electromagnetic damper provides flexibility not available previously to building designers as it can be used as a semi-active damper, as an actuator or as an energy regenerator without physical modifications to the device. Finally, we developed a design methodology for the electromagnetic damper to achieve a specified damping performance and introduced two techniques for the dynamic response analysis of buildings with electromagnetic dampers: One based on frequency domain approximations and one based on state-space models.
by Rogelio Palomera-Arias.
Ph.D.
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Trotter, Matthew. "Range finding in passive wireless sensor networks using power-optimized waveforms." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42916.
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Passive wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are quickly becoming popular for many applications such as article tracking, position location, temperature sensing, and passive data storage. Passive tags and sensors are unique in that they collect their electrical energy by harvesting it from the ambient environment. Tags with charge pumps collect their energy from the signal they receive from the transmitting source. The efficiency of converting the received signal to DC power is greatly enhanced using a power-optimized waveform (POW).
Measurements in the first part of this dissertation show that a POW can provide efficiency gains of up to 12 dB compared to a sine-wave input. Tracking the real-time location of these passive tags is a specialized feature used in some applications such as animal tracking. A passive WSN that uses POWs for the improvement of energy-harvesting may also estimate the range to a tag by measuring the time delay of propagation from the transmitter to the tag and back to the transmitter. The maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator is used for estimating this time delay, which simplifies to taking the cross-correlation of the received signal with the transmitted signal.
This research characterizes key aspects of performing range estimations in passive WSNs using POWs. The shape of the POW has a directly-measurable effect on ranging performance. Measurements and simulations show that the RMS bandwidth of the waveform has an inversely proportional relationship to the uncertainty of a range measurement. The clutter of an environment greatly affects the uncertainty and bias exhibited by a range estimator. Random frequency-selective environments with heavy clutter are shown to produce estimation uncertainties more than 20 dB higher than the theoretical lower bound. Estimation in random frequency-flat environments is well-behaved and fits the theory quite nicely. Nonlinear circuits such as the charge pump distort the POW during reflection, which biases the range estimations. This research derives an empirical model for predicting the estimation bias for Dickson charge pumps and verifies it with simulations and measurements.
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Gulgin, Heather. "Hip Rotation Range of Motion Asymmetry in Elite Female Golfers." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1114538342.
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Jordan, Kelvin. "Statistical assessment of cervical spine and shoulder range of motion." Thesis, Keele University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323756.
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Measuring range of motion (for example, of the cervical spine or shoulder) is a common feature in the diagnosis and longitudinal assessment of many medical conditions. Current clinical methods, however, cannot measure combinations of movement or velocity of movement. A new threedimensional measuring system, the FASTRAK, can measure range of motion in the primary plane of movement and also in secondary planes of movement. Further, it can measure concurrent threedimensional movement of the body elsewhere; for example, of the trunk. In order for a measured change in range of motion to be confidently perceived as real change, the measuring tool has to be shown to be reliable. This study commences by performing systematic reviews assessing the evidence for the reliability of current cervical spine and shoulder range of motion measuring tools. The reliability of the FASTRAK in measuring cervical spine and shoulder range of motion is then assessed on healthy subjects with unrestricted neck and shoulder movement. The methodology and analysis provides a framework for future reliability studies of this nature. Range of motion is often limited in subjects with diagnosed ankylosing spondylitis (AS). To assess the ability of the FASTRAK to differentiate between a non-diseased population and subjects with AS, and between different severities of AS, the FASTRAK is applied to a sample of AS subjects in a longitudinal study. Pictures of movement are built up and compared, using a novel application of repeated measures multilevel modelling, for both healthy and AS subjects. The use of multilevel modelling to build these pictures of movement is evaluated. Clinical validation of the models and the usefulness and acceptability of the FASTRAK in a clinical setting is assessed through the process of semi-structured interviews with clinicians from the disciplines most likely to make range of motion measurements in clinical practice.
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Carter, Angela K. "Transient Motion Control of Passive and Semiactive Damping for Vehicle Suspensions." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36947.
Full textAbstract:
This research will compare the transient response
characteristics of a four-degree-of-freedom, roll-plane
model, representing a class 8 truck, using passive and
semiactive dampers. The semiactive damper control policies
that are examined include the previously developed policies
of on-off skyhook, continuous skyhook, and on-off
groundhook control, along with a newly developed method of
fuzzy logic semiactive control. The model input will
include body forces and torques, as well as transient
displacements at the tires. The model outputs include the
vehicle body heave and roll displacements, the vertical
displacement of the tire (wheel hop) and the vertical
acceleration of the vehicle body. For each output, the
maximum peak-to-peak and RMS values of the response are
examined.
The results of the study show that semiactive dampers have
minimal effect on improving the vehicle body and tire
transients due to forces or torques applied to the body, as
compared to passive dampers. For road inputs, however,
semiactive dampers are able to provide a more favorable
compromise between the body and axle transient dynamics,
when compared to passive dampers. The fuzzy logic
semiactive control policy that is proposed in this research
is better able to balance the body and axle dynamics than
the conventional semiactive damping control policies that
are investigated. Further research on the application of
fuzzy logic semiactive control concepts is suggested, in
order to fully investigate the potential of such control
schemes for vehicle suspensions.
Master of Science
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Subramanian, Anbumani. "Image Segmentation and Range Estimation Using a Moving-aperture Lens." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32289.
Full textAbstract:
Given 2D images, it still remains a big challenge in the field of
computer vision to group the image points into logical objects
(segmentation) and to determine the locations in the scene (range
estimation). Despite the decades of research, a single solution
is yet to be found. Through our research we have demonstrated
that a possible solution is to use moving aperture lens. This lens
has the effect of introducing small, repeating movements of the
camera center so that objects appear to translate in the image, by
an amount that depends on distance from the plane of focus. Our
novel method employs optical flow techniques to an image sequence,
captured using a video camera with a moving aperture lens. For a
stationary scene, optical flow magnitudes and direction are
directly related to the three-dimensional object distance and
location from the observer. Exploiting this information, we have
successfully extracted objects at different depths and estimated
the locations of objects in the scene, with respect to the plane
of focus. Our work therefore demonstrates an ability for
passive range estimation, without emitting any energy in an
environment. Other potential applications include video
compression, 3D video broadcast, teleconferencing and autonomous
vehicle navigation.Master of Science
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Yang, Christopher S. "Design and calibration of a multi-modal range sensor using passive stereo, structured lighting, and active triangulation laser range finder." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27201.
Full textAbstract:
Collecting dense range measurements in uncontrolled environments is a challenging problem as lighting and surface textures significantly influence the quality of the measurements. This dependency affects the registration and data fusion processes and consequently degrades the accuracy of surface or occupancy models that are computed from the range measurements.
Typical approaches to address this issue have concentrated on improving a specific type of range sensor. On the other hand, the overall quality of the sensing can also be enhanced through the development of a mechanism that combines various range sensing technologies to form a multi-modal range sensor. The resulting problem of merging datasets collected with the respective modalities can then be solved in two ways: system calibration of the multi-modal sensor or data fitting of all datasets into a single model, the latter being more widely used. The lack of multi-modal system calibration approaches is due to their complicated and lengthy nature, where individual calibration approaches must be applied to each subsystem and then applied between subsystems of the multi-modal range sensor.
This thesis proposes a technique to alleviate the problems encountered in multi-modal systems calibration. Straightforward and generic guidelines for calibration are defined and applied to an in-house integrated multi-modal system built from a laser range finder, two structured lighting systems, and a stereovision system. The system's intra- and inter-calibration processes are detailed. Reconstructed renderings of datasets collected with the calibrated multi-modal range sensor, without the use of data fitting, are also presented. From these results, the potential benefits of multi-modal calibration that reduces the need for data fitting and the advantages of merging subsystem's strengths to complement other subsystem's weaknesses are put into evidence.
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Grant, Fiona (Fiona R. ). "Force control in flapping foils using in-line motion and passive pitch." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112585.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 39).
Flapping foils are the standard engineering approximation for many biological actuators in air and water, but these devices typically provide propulsion at the cost of parasitic oscillatory forces. The addition of in-line motion to a flapping foil trajectory can improve the control of the fluid force. Previous work has shown that by actuating the heave, surge, and pitch motions of a foil and iteratively optimizing the results, the lift and thrust forces on the foil can be precisely and independently controlled. In this thesis, the same experiment is modified to include solely passive pitch to determine if similar force control performance can be achieved without either a fully actuated pitch motion or an optimization process. In the new experiment, the fluid forces naturally drive the pitch motion for most of the flapping cycle, until the foil reaches a maximum pitch angle, which is set with a mechanical stopper. The hydrodynamic forces are recorded for a range of trajectories that include forwards in-line, backwards in-line, and no in-line motion. Lift force control improves over that of the fully actuated system, but thrust force control is not achieved to the same level of performance. Further work can be done to determine whether simple pitch angle control can be implemented to improve thrust force control without the addition of the optimization process.
by Fiona Grant.
S.B.
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Cooper, Rosa M. "A Policy Guide to Decrease the Use of Continuous Passive Motion Machines." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1437.
Full textAbstract:
A Policy Guide to Decrease the Use of Continuous Passive Motion Machines
by
Rosa M. Cooper
MSN, Walden University, 2009
BSN, Immaculata University, 2007
Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Nursing Practice
Walden University
August 2015
This project was conducted at a post-acute rehabilitation hospital that served post-acute orthopedic, stroke, brain injury, cardiac, and skilled nursing patients. On the orthopedic unit, there were 5 practicing physicians, 3 of whom consistently used continuous passive motion (CPM) therapy on total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and 2 of whom did not. As a result of discussions with physicians who did and did not utilize CPM therapy, a practice problem was identified that CPM use may not be consistent with current literature and practice evidence. Scholarly literary reviews were done on current CPM evidence- based research. Observational data were collected on patients' ambulatory function, knee range of motion, and pain durance. This information was then presented by the interdisciplinary team (IDT), which consisted of the physical therapist, occupational therapist, and nurses. The physicians input along with the observational data obtained by the IDT all supported the hypothesis that CPM usage did not promote faster healing nor added a benefit to patient outcomes. A project to revise the existing CPM policy and develop a guide decreasing CPM usage was implemented and guided by the theories of organization change and a total quality management model. The purpose of this quality assurance project is to promote a cost-effective practice change that would be beneficial to the TKA population as it relates to care and treatment. As the increase in TKA continues to rise in the United States due to such co-morbidities as obesity causing an increase in disabilities, implementing the best practice as it relates to patient outcomes brings about a positive social change.
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Hallbeck, M. Susan. "Biomechanical analysis of carpal flexion and extension." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26086.
Full textAbstract:
An experiment was performed to evaluate the relations between active range of motion (ROM) and upper limb anthropometric dimensions. Eight anthropometric dimensions, forearm length, distal and proximal forearm circumferences, wrist breadth, wrist thickness, wrist circumference, hand breadth, and hand length in combination with gender, wrist position, and direction of motion or exertion were evaluated to determine their effects on instant center of rotation (ICOR) and the magnitude of force exertion. The knowledge gained from analysis of the study data will be the first step in the formulation of a biomechanical model of wrist flexion and extension. Such a model would predict forces and torques at specific wrist postures and be employed to reduce cumulative trauma disorders of the wrist.
Sixty right-hand dominant subjects (30 male, 30 female) between 20 and 30 years of age all reporting no prior wrist injury and good to excellent overall physical condition, were employed in this study.
The upper limb anthropometric dimensions and ROM were measured and recorded for each subject. The anthropometric dimensions were compared to tabulated data. The measured active ROM values were compared with values in the literature. Correlation coefficients between pairs of anthropometric variables (by gender) were calculated. The mean active ROM measures, 164.0 deg for females and 151.8 deg for males, were significantly different (Z = 2.193, p = 0.014).
The relationships between the anthropometric variables and active ROM were analyzed by three methods: correlation between ROM and each anthropometric dimension, prediction (regression) equations, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). No correlation coefficient between ROM and any anthropometric dimension was greater than 0.7. No prediction equation, based upon linear and quadratic combinations of anthropometric dimensions variables, was above the threshold of acceptability (R² ≥ 0.5). The results of the ANOVA showed a significant effect for gender. The ICOR had been hypothesized to be either in the head or neck of the capitate. The Method of Reuleaux was employed to locate the leOR points for flexion and extension (over the ROM) of the wrist with three load conditions, i.e., no-load, palmar resistance, and dorsal resistance. Analysis of the data, using ANOYA, showed that wrist position was the only significant variable. Thus, in future wrist models, the assumption cannot be made that the wrist is a pin-centered joint for flexion and extension.
The static maximal voluntary contractile forces that can be generated by recruiting only the six wrist-dedicated muscles in various wrist positions were measured. There was a significant gender difference for the mean flexion force (Z = 4.00, p = 0.0001) and for the mean extension force (Z = 4.58, p = 0.0001). Females averaged 76.3 percent of the mean male flexion force and 72.4 percent for extension.
The force data, categorized by gender, were then analyzed using three methods: correlation of variable pairs, regression equations, and ANOVA. None of the eight anthropometric dimensions and ROM was correlated with flexion or with extension force at an acceptable level. The prediction equations, linear and quadratic combinations of all possible subsets of anthropometric dimension values, ROM, and wrist position did not meet the minimum acceptable level of R² ≥ 0.5. The ANOVA procedure showed gender, wrist position, direction of force exertion, and the wrist position interaction with direction to have significant effects upon maximal force exertion.Ph. D.
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Sharif, Bakhtiar Alireza. "An efficient CMOS RF power extraction circuit for long-range passive RFID tags." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/33712.
Full textAbstract:
Effective matching and efficient power conversion play key roles in long-
range power telemetry. This thesis discusses challenges and suggests solutions for long-range power telemetry with an emphasis on radio-frequency
identification (RFID) applications. As a proof-of-concept a radio-frequency
(RF) power harvesting system in a 0.13-µm CMOS technology is designed,
fabricated, and successfully tested.
The RF power harvesting system must maintain matching over the the
wide operation frequency range of passive RFID tags, mandated by EPC-
global. In this work, we first analyze the series-inductor matching network
and show that there is a trade-o between bandwidth and efficiency. We
then derive some guidelines for matching circuit design for RFID tags. To solve the matching problem over a wide frequency range, an adaptive matching system is proposed. At the startup, this system turns on while the rest
of the chip is still inactive, and automatically tunes the matching network
to achieve its maximum output voltage. Then the rest of the chip wakes up and functions as normal.
A new CMOS rectifier stage is also proposed. This stage is capable of
efficient operation even with very low input powers. In addition, this rectifier
stage can be cascaded to reach higher output voltages without significantly compromising the overall efficiency. Combination of low-power performance and cascadability makes this rectifier suitable for long-range RFID tags.
The test setup and measurement results are also discussed in a separate
chapter. The measurement results show a 50% rectifiers efficiency at 4-µW
input power. To the best of our knowledge, to date, this is the highest
efficiency reported for rectifiers operating at such a low input power. Also,
as compared to the output voltage at the nominal center frequency of the
input matching network, the system shows less than 6% drop in output
voltage over the entire 55-MHz bandwidth of the system which verifies the effectiveness of adaptive matching.
37
Pierce, David D. "Range-dependent passive source localization using data from the Barents Sea tomography experiment." Diss., Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA313862.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertation (Ph.D. in Engineering Acoustics) Naval Postgraduate School, June 1996.Dissertation advisor(s): Ching-Sang Chiu, Charles W. Therrien. "June 1996." Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.
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Hirakawa, Shinji. "Passive determination of temperature and range using spectral band measurements of photon emittance." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28442.
Full text
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Born, Megan L. "Relationship of Grip Strength and Range of Motion in Baseball Players." Marietta College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marhonors1335981033.
Full text
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Kohn, Mallory. "The Effect of the Graston Technique on Talocrural Range of Motion." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1428048373.
Full text
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Barandas, Marília da Silveira Gouveia. "Range of motion measurements based on depth camera for clinical rehabilitation." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11046.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em
Engenharia BiomédicaIn clinical rehabilitation, biofeedback increases the patient’s motivation which makes it one of the most effective motor rehabilitation mechanisms. In this field it is very helpful for the patient and even for the therapist to know the level of success and performance of the training process. The human motion tracking study can provide relevant information for this purpose. Existing lab-based Three-Dimensional (3D) motion capture systems are capable to provide this information in real-time. However, these systems still present some limitations when used in rehabilitation processes involving biofeedback. A new depth camera - the Microsoft KinectTM - was recently developed overcoming the limitations associated with the lab-based movement analysis systems. This depth camera is easy to use, inexpensive and portable. The aim of this work is to introduce a system in clinical practice to do Range of Motion(ROM) measurements, using the KinectTM sensor and providing real-time biofeedback. For this purpose, the ROM measurements were computed using the joints spatial coordinates provided by the official Microsoft KinectTM Software Development Kit (SDK)and also using our own developed algorithm. The obtained results were compared with a triaxial accelerometer data, used as reference. The upper movements studied were abduction, flexion/extension and internal/external rotation with the arm at 90 degrees of elevation. With our algorithm the Mean Error (ME) was less than 1.5 degrees for all movements. Only in abduction the KinectTM Sketelon Tracking obtained comparable data. In other movements the ME increased an order of magnitude. Given the potential benefits, our method can be a useful tool for ROM measurements in clinics.
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Patel, Rutvik Bharatkumar. "Novel Cost and Space Efficient Range of Motion and Gait Analysis Systems." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1485206546395948.
Full text
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Fan, Hui. "Passive and Thermo-Optic Characterization of Long-Range Surface Plasmon-Polariton Structures in CYTOP." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19807.
Full textAbstract:
Long-range surface plasmon-polariton waveguides fabricated of gold, cladded with CYTOP, designed to be 5μm wide and 35nm thick, were modelled and fabricated by other researchers and tested by the author. In passive measurements, cutback curves were drawn and S-bends, Y-junctions, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, and couplers were tested. Results show that the fabricated waveguide thicknesses are inconsistent and thinner than designed, and improvement of their fabrication quality is necessary. In thermo-optic measurements, electric currents were injected heating the waveguides and changing the refractive index of the claddings. Electromigration were characterized and the conclusion was that the waveguides can work under the current density 70GA/m2. Mode extinction experiments were made and as one waveguide was repeatedly tested its mode extinction threshold gradually decreased due to heat accumulation and CYTOP glass-transition. 2.5mA was safe to prevent mode extinction in the first 12 experiments. The optical response time was also measured and discussed.
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Aghayan, Sahar. "Calculation and Visualization of Range of Motion of Hip Joint from MRI." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30912.
Full textAbstract:
Femoro-Acetabular Impingement (FAI) is a hip joint disease which affects and impairs the range of hip motion during performing activities of daily living, jogging, walking, or climbing stairs due to the bony abnormalities of the joint. Ballet dancers and athletes (e.g. gymnasts and hockey players) put their hips at the risk of FAI by extremely moving the hip mainly by excessively rotating the joint.
In this research, we introduce a visualization system which helps surgeons to analyze the range of hip motions as well as to have a better communication with patients. These goals are achieved by presenting three dimensional (3D) visualizations of motion envelope by examining the maximum possible rotation of the digital hip bones. Our computer simulation system estimates, analyzes and visualizes the maximum hip range of motion (ROM) for the constructed 3D bone models that are extracted from Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) after segmenting the bones. These tasks are accomplished by first calculating Hip Joint Center (HJC) which is center of rotation of femoral head on the 3D segmented MRI models followed by simulating hip motions with examining impingement between the femur and the acetabulum using our collision detection system.
In our collision detection system, surfaces of femoral head and acetabulum bones are sampled in the spherical coordinates based on rasterization and interpolation. Then, the distance between the femoral head and acetabulum are computed to prevent impingement between them. The maximum motion degree of femur bone within depression of acetabulum in every direction during the digital simulation shows the ROMs of the inputted MRI of the hip joint. Six primary plane motions (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and internal/external rotation) as well as various combinations of these motions (maximum rotation of the hip between every two rotational movements) and successive movements (maximum rotational movement of the hip per another rotational movement) are simulated and analyzed along with 3D visualization of estimated range of these motions.
Generally, the ROM differs by some factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, and geographic location. For instance, newborns up to age two have considerably greater motion in hip flexion and hip abduction than adults. Our system by 3D visualization of motion envelope will provide a platform to understand quicker and better the effect of bony morphology of the hip joint on the possible ROM.
We also examine the long-standing question about moving center of rotation related to ROM. We found out the ROM becomes bigger especially when the center moves outward to the direction of acetabulum axis.
This thesis does not consider the effect of muscle and other surrounding connective tissue on the hip ROM since they can be altered significantly by physical training to show the potential of maximum ROM. For example a ballerina has a bigger ROM leading a bigger motion envelope compared with non-dancers. Hence we visualize the range of joint motions and their envelopes that are obtained from the osseous anatomy of the hip joint. The osseous anatomy of the joint is the most fundamental and permanent factor of ROM which indicates the maximum motion that the joint can achieve if the muscle and other connective tissues are perfectly trained.
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Clavard, Julien. "Trajectographie Passive sans manœuvre de l’observateur." Thesis, Toulon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUL0015/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les méthodes de trajectographie conventionnelles par mesures d’angle supposent que la source est en mouvement rectiligne uniforme tandis que l’observateur est manœuvrant. Dans cette thèse, nous remettons en cause cette hypothèse en proposant un autre modèle de cinématique de la source : le mouvement circulaire uniforme. Nous prouvons qu’une telle trajectoire est observable à partir d’un observateur en mouvement rectiligne uniforme. Puis, nous étudions l’apport de mesures additionnelles de fréquence ou la faisabilité de la trajectographie par mesures de distances. Le cas d’une source en mouvement rectiligne uniforme et d’un observateur manœuvrant est étudié pour ce dernier type de mesures. Chaque cas donne lieu à une analyse de l’observabilité de la trajectoire de la source et à la mise au point de l’estimateur du maximum de vraisemblance. Nous montrons que ce dernier s’avère le plus souvent efficaceThe conventional bearings-only target motion analysis methods assume that the source is in constant velocity motion (constant speed and heading) while the observer maneuvers. In this thesis, we reassess this hypothesis and propose another model of the kinematics of the source: the constant turn motion (an arc of circle followed at constant speed). We prove that this kind of trajectory is observable by an observer in constant velocity motion. Then, we study the contribution of the addition of frequency measurements or the feasibility of target motion analysis methods that use range only measurements. The case of a source in constant velocity motion with a maneuvering observer is examined for this last type of measurements. Each case leads to an analysis of the observability of the trajectory of the source and to the development of the associated maximum likelihood estimator. We show that this estimator often appears to be efficient
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Józsa, Tamás István. "Drag reduction by passive in-plane wall motions in turbulent wall-bounded flows." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33155.
Full textAbstract:
Losses associated with turbulent flows dissipate a significant amount of generated energy. Such losses originate from the drag force, which is often described as the sum of the pressure drag and the friction drag. This thesis sets out to explore the hypothesis that passive wall motions driven by fluid mechanical forces are able to reduce the friction drag in fully developed turbulent boundary layers. Firstly, the streamwise and spanwise opposition controls proposed by Choi et al. (1994, Journal of Fluid Mechanics) are revisited to identify beneficial wall motions. Near-wall streamwise or spanwise velocity fluctuations are measured along a detection plane parallel to the wall (sensing). For streamwise control, the wall velocities are set to be equivalent to the measured streamwise velocity fluctuations, whereas for spanwise control, the wall velocities are set to have the same magnitude but opposite direction as the measured spanwise velocity fluctuations (actuation). Direct numerical simulations of canonical turbulent channel flows are carried out at low (Reτ ≈ 180) and intermediate (Reτ ≈ 1000) Reynolds numbers to quantify the effect of the distance between the wall and the detection plane. The investigation reveals the primary differences between the mechanisms underlying the two active in-plane controls. The modified flow features and turbulence statistics show that the streamwise control amplifies the most energetic streamwise velocity fluctuations and damps the near-wall vorticity fluctuations. In comparison, the spanwise control induces near-wall vorticity in order to counteract the quasi-streamwise vortices of the near-wall cycle and suppress turbulence production. Although, the working principles of the active controls are fundamentally different, both achieve drag reduction by mitigating momentum transfer between the velocity components. Secondly, two theoretical passive compliant wall models are proposed, the aim being to sustain beneficial wall motions identified by active flow control simulations. In the proposed models, streamwise or spanwise in-plane wall motions are governed by an array of independent one-degree-of-freedom damped harmonic oscillators. Unidirectional wall motions are driven by local streamwise or spanwise wall shear stresses. A weak coupling scheme is implemented to investigate the interaction between the compliant surface models and the turbulent flow in the channel by means of direct numerical simulations. A linear analytical solution of the coupled differential equation system is derived for laminar pulsatile channel flows allowing verification and validation of the numerical model. The obtained analytical solution is utilised to map the parameter space of the passive controls and estimate the effect of the wall motions. It is shown that depending on the control parameters, the proposed compliant walls decrease or increase the vorticity fluctuations at the wall similarly to the active controls. This is confirmed by direct numerical simulations. On the one hand, when the control parameters are chosen appropriately, the passive streamwise control damps the near-wall vorticity fluctuations and sustains the same drag reduction mechanism as the active streamwise control. This leads to modest, 3.7% and 2.3% drag reductions at low and intermediate Reynolds numbers. On the other hand, the spanwise passive control is not capable of increasing the near-wall vorticity fluctuations as dictated by the active spanwise control. For this reason, passive spanwise wall motions can increase the friction drag by more than 50%. The results emphasise the necessity of anisotropy for a practical compliant wall design. The present work demonstrates for the first time that passive wall motions can decrease friction drag in fully turbulent wall-bounded flows. The thesis sheds light on the working principle of an active streamwise control, and proposes a passive streamwise control exploiting the same drag reduction mechanism. An analytical model is developed to give a ready prediction of the statistical behaviour of passive in-plane wall motions. Whereas streamwise passive wall motions are found beneficial when the control parameters are chosen appropriately, solely spanwise passive wall motions lead to a drag penalty.
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Stulce, John R. "Conceptual Design and Simulation of a Multibody Passive-Legged Crawling Vehicle." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27304.
Full textAbstract:
Rugged terrains, including much of the earth's surface, other planets, and many man-made structures, are inaccessible to wheeled and tracked vehicles. This has inspired research into legged vehicles. Prior to the research described here, virtually all legged vehicle designs relied on the concept of mounting actuated leg-type mechanisms onto a single rigid frame or chassis. This dissertation research explores and advances a novel vehicle concept that uses passive legs attached to an actuated multibody structure. This new vehicle moves only its actuated body trunk to achieve locomotion; thus moving in a manner similar to that used by insect larvae known as caterpillars. The passive-legged design is termed a "crawling" vehicle, to differentiate it from "walking" vehicles, which have powered legs.
A conceptual design for the proposed vehicle was developed using insights from observations of caterpillar specimen geometry, gaits, leg trajectories, and ranges of motion. The flexible, segmented body of the robot is realized using a series of actuated truss-like mechanisms, resulting in a configuration similar to the body structure of caterpillars.
A computer simulation was developed to verify the concept and to assist in creating future designs. This simulation includes a parametric model of the robot structure, an efficient kinematics model, a motion programming method based on six-dimensional parametric cubic trajectories, static stability analysis, actuator velocity and acceleration analysis, wire-frame animations, and rendering, thus providing synthesis and analysis tools for this new class of vehicle.
Results of this work show that by using properly designed Stewart-Gough platform mechanisms for the vehicle multibody structure, a range of motion very similar to that of caterpillars is achievable. Simulation tests showed that imitating the caterpillars" primary gait (or stepping sequence) yields superior speed and efficiency, with little reduction of stability, when compared to a simpler, more obvious gait.
With proper controls, this crawling vehicle will, like its biological counterpart, be intrinsically stable and have excellent maneuverability over rough terrain. The crawling vehicle is shown to be a viable legged locomotion system that may prove to have superior rough terrain mobility to all previous types of man-made land vehicles.Ph. D.
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Kodipyaka, Sumedha. "Reconfigurable architecture for h.264/avc variable block size motion estimation based on motion activity and adaptive search range." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4636.
Full textAbstract:
Motion Estimation (ME) technique plays a key role in the video coding systems to achieve high compression ratios by removing temporal redundancies among video frames. Especially in the newest H.264/AVC video coding standard, ME engine demands large amount of computational capabilities due to its support for wide range of different block sizes for a given macroblock in order to increase accuracy in finding best matching block in the previous frames. We propose scalable architecture for H.264/AVC Variable Block Size (VBS) Motion Estimation with adaptive computing capability to support various search ranges, input video resolutions, and frame rates. Hardware architecture of the proposed ME consists of scalable Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) arrays which can perform Full Search Block Matching Algorithm (FSBMA) for smaller 4x4 blocks. It is also shown that by predicting motion activity and adaptively adjusting the Search Range (SR) on the reconfigurable hardware platform, the computational cost of ME required for inter-frame encoding in H.264/AVC video coding standard can be reduced significantly. Dynamic Partial Reconfiguration is a unique feature of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) that makes best use of hardware resources and power by allowing adaptive algorithm to be implemented during run-time. We exploit this feature of FPGA to implement the proposed reconfigurable architecture of ME and maximize the architectural benefits through prediction of motion activities in the video sequences ,adaptation of SR during run-time, and fractional ME refinement. The implemented ME architecture can support real time applications at a maximum frequency of 90MHz with multiple reconfigurable regions. When compared to reconfiguration of complete design, partial reconfiguration process results in smaller bitstream size which allows FPGA to implement different configurations at higher speed.; The proposed architecture has modular structure, regular data flow, and efficient memory organization with lower memory accesses. By increasing the number of active partial reconfigurable modules from one to four, there is a 4 fold increase in data re-use. Also, by introducing adaptive SR reduction algorithm at frame level, the computational load of ME is reduced significantly with only small degradation in PSNR (0.1dB).ID: 028732077; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Central Florida, 2010.; Includes bibliographical references.
M.S.
Masters
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
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North, Ian Graham. "First metatarsophalangeal joint range of motion : influence of ankle joint position and gastrocsoleus muscle stretching." University of Western Australia. School of Surgery, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0021.
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[Truncated abstract] First metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ1) motion is an important factor in normal weight transference during walking. Disruptions to normal range can influence joints both proximal and distal to the MTPJ1, potentially leading to pain and dysfunction. Whilst the MTPJ1 has been investigated significantly, the numerous methodologies described to quantify range of motion can be questioned and makes comparisons difficult. Range of MTPJ1 motion is commonly assessed in a clinical setting to determine pathology as well as to make decisions on appropriate intervention. The anatomical and biomechanical influence of tendo Achilles load and MTPJ1 motion has been well described; however few studies measuring MTPJ1 range control for Achilles load or describe ankle joint positioning. Further to this the effects of reducing tendo Achilles stiffness on MTPJ1 extensions has yet to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to describe a technique to quantify passive MTPJ1 extension and to determine the influence of ankle joint position on joint range. Secondly the effect of calf muscle stretching on MTPJ1 range was also investigated. The information gathered will assist both research and clinical protocols for quantifying MTPJ1 range, and provide a greater understanding of the anatomic and biomechanical relationship between tendo Achilles load and MTPJ1 extension. In order to fulfil the purposes of the study it was necessary to establish a reliable methodology to quantify non weight bearing MTPJ1 extension. Reliability testing was undertaken in three parts. '...' The results demonstrated a statistically significant increase in joint range immediately following a one minute stretch for variables ankle joint range of motion as well as MTPJ1 extension for ankle joint plantar flexed at 10 Newton's and ankle joint neutral and plantar flexed at 30 Newtons. No significant differences were noted in ankle or MTPJ1 range of motion in either the control group on immediate re-testing, or in both groups after a one week stretch program. The findings of this study support those documented in the literature pertaining to the ankle joint position, tendo Achilles load and plantar fascial stiffness to MTPJ1 range of motion. Increased stiffness at the MTPJ1 was noted dependant on ankle joint position from ankle joint plantar flexion through to ankle joint dorsiflexion. This appears most likely due to increases in tendo Achilles load and subsequent forces transmitted to the plantar aponeurosis. The present study also demonstrated a trend towards increased joint extensibility and limb dominance. The study also supports previous literature into gender differences and joint extensibility, with a positive trend towards increased MTPJ1 range evident in the female subjects tested. The study also demonstrated the immediate effect of calf muscle stretching on ankle and MTPJ1 range of motion. It remains however unclear as to the exact mechanisms involved in producing increased joint range be it reflex inhibition or actual changes to the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissues. Despite this, no changes were evident following a one week stretching program, which supports previous literature describing a short lag time before soft tissues revert to baseline length properties following a single stretch session.
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Vorst, Philipp [Verfasser]. "Mapping, Localization, and Trajectory Estimation with Mobile Robots Using Long-Range Passive RFID / Philipp Vorst." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1016531311/34.
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