Journal articles: 'Passive-trapping'

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Vanier, J., M. W. Levine, D. Janssen, and M. J. Delaney. "The coherent population trapping passive frequency standard." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 52, no. 2 (2003): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2003.810005.

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Chai, Huichao, Yongxiang Feng, Fei Liang, and Wenhui Wang. "A microfluidic device enabling deterministic single cell trapping and release." Lab on a Chip 21, no. 13 (2021): 2486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1lc00302j.

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Gao, Yuan, Mengren Wu, Yang Lin, and Jie Xu. "Trapping and control of bubbles in various microfluidic applications." Lab on a Chip 20, no. 24 (2020): 4512–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0lc00906g.

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Kupfer, Alexander, Philippe Gaucher, Mark Wilkinson, and David J. Gower. "Passive trapping of aquatic caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Typhlonectidae)." Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 41, no. 2 (2006): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650520500443930.

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Weng, Lindong, Felix Ellett, Jon Edd, et al. "A highly-occupied, single-cell trapping microarray for determination of cell membrane permeability." Lab on a Chip 17, no. 23 (2017): 4077–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7lc00883j.

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Boffetta, G., A. Celani, and P. Franzese. "Trapping of passive tracers in a point vortex system." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 29, no. 14 (1996): 3749–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/29/14/004.

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Richardson, Emily, Dale G. Nimmo, Sarah Avitabile, et al. "Camera traps and pitfalls: an evaluation of two methods for surveying reptiles in a semiarid ecosystem." Wildlife Research 44, no. 8 (2017): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16048.

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Context Passive infrared cameras have become a widely utilised method for surveying mammals, providing substantial benefits over conventional trapping methods. Cameras have only recently been tested for their ability to survey terrestrial reptiles, and have not yet been tested against other reptile survey methods for their comparative effectiveness. Aims To investigate the reliability of passive infrared cameras as a reptile survey method, compared with pitfall trapping. In addition, to test a refinement of a current protocol for using cameras to survey reptiles. Methods The study was carried out in the herpetologically diverse, semiarid Mallee region of Victoria, Australia. Paired camera and pitfall lines were set up at 10 sites within Murray Sunset National Park and results from the two methods were compared. A comparison of results from cameras with and without the use of a cork tile substrate was also made. Key results Cameras were just as effective as pitfall traps for detecting some common diurnal species – detecting additional species that pitfalls did not – but were significantly less effective overall. Cameras provided lower estimates of species richness and failed to detect nocturnal species. We also discovered that cork tiles, required in other environments for the cameras to be effective in detecting diurnal reptiles, were not needed here. Conclusions Cameras can be an effective, efficient non-invasive alternative to conventional trapping methods, such as pitfall trapping, for surveying some terrestrial diurnal reptile species. However, further investigation into using cameras for surveying nocturnal reptile species is still required. Implications If the methodological issues identified during this study can be overcome, passive infrared cameras have the potential to be a valuable tool for future herpetological research.

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Vanier, J., M. W. Levine, S. Kendig, D. Janssen, C. Everson, and M. J. Delaney. "Practical Realization of a Passive Coherent Population Trapping Frequency Standard." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 54, no. 6 (2005): 2531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2005.858120.

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Spagnolie, Saverio E., Gregorio R. Moreno-Flores, Denis Bartolo, and Eric Lauga. "Geometric capture and escape of a microswimmer colliding with an obstacle." Soft Matter 11, no. 17 (2015): 3396–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sm02785j.

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A colloid larger than a critical size may act as a passive trap for microswimmers. We address the critical trapping radius, the basin of attraction, the scattering angle for sub-critical colloid sizes, and the effects of Brownian fluctuations.

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FITZGERALD, C. J., and P. MCIVER. "Passive trapped modes in the water-wave problem for a floating structure." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 657 (June 15, 2010): 456–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112010001503.

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Trapped modes in the linearized water-wave problem are free oscillations of an unbounded fluid with a free surface that have finite energy. It is known that such modes may be supported by particular fixed structures, and also by certain freely floating structures in which case there is, in general, a coupled motion of the fluid and structure; these two types of mode are referred to respectively as sloshing and motion trapped modes, and the corresponding structures are known as sloshing and motion trapping structures. Here a trapped mode is described that shares characteristics with both sloshing and motion modes. These ‘passive trapped modes’ are such that the net force on the structure exerted by the fluid oscillation is zero and so, in the absence of any forcing, the structure does not move even when it is allowed to float freely. In the paper, methods are given for the construction of passive trapping structures, a mechanism for exciting the modes is outlined using frequency-domain analysis, and the existence of the passive trapped modes is confirmed by numerical time-domain simulations of the excitation process.

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Pandey, Harsh, Sylvia A. Szafran, and Patrick T. Underhill. "Passive trapping of rigid rods due to conformation-dependent electrophoretic mobility." Soft Matter 12, no. 12 (2016): 3121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm02816g.

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Lin, Tingling, Yi Huang, Shuncong Zhong, et al. "Passive trapping of biomolecules in hotspots with all-dielectric terahertz metamaterials." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 251 (May 2024): 116126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2024.116126.

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Zhao, Rongkuo, Lin Li, Sui Yang, et al. "Stable Casimir equilibria and quantum trapping." Science 364, no. 6444 (2019): 984–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0916.

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The Casimir interaction between two parallel metal plates in close proximity is usually thought of as an attractive interaction. By coating one object with a low–refractive index thin film, we show that the Casimir interaction between two objects of the same material can be reversed at short distances and preserved at long distances so that two objects can remain without contact at a specific distance. With such a stable Casimir equilibrium, we experimentally demonstrate passive Casimir trapping of an object in the vicinity of another at the nanometer scale, without requiring any external energy input. This stable Casimir equilibrium and quantum trapping can be used as a platform for a variety of applications such as contact-free nanomachines, ultrasensitive force sensors, and nanoscale manipulations.

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Dundas, Shannon J., Katinka X. Ruthrof, Giles E. St J. Hardy, and Patricia A. Fleming. "Pits or pictures: a comparative study of camera traps and pitfall trapping to survey small mammals and reptiles." Wildlife Research 46, no. 2 (2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18074.

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Context Camera trapping is a widely used monitoring tool for a broad range of species across most habitat types. Camera trapping has some major advantages over other trapping methods, such as pitfall traps, because cameras can be left in the field for extended periods of time. However, there is still a need to compare traditional trapping methods with newer techniques. Aims To compare trap rates, species richness and community composition of small mammals and reptiles by using passive, unbaited camera traps and pitfall traps. Methods We directly compared pitfall trapping (20-L buried buckets) with downward-facing infrared-camera traps (Reconyx) to survey small reptiles and mammals at 16 sites within a forested habitat in south-western Australia. We compared species captured using each method, as well as the costs associated with each. Key results Overall, we recorded 228 reptiles, 16 mammals and 1 frog across 640 pitfall trap-nights (38.3 animal captures per 100 trap-nights) compared to 271 reptiles and 265 mammals (for species likely to be captured in pitfall traps) across 2572 camera trap nights (20.8 animal captures per 100 trap-nights). When trap effort is taken into account, camera trapping was only 23% as efficient as pitfall trapping for small reptiles (mostly Scincidae), but was five times more efficient for surveying small mammals (Dasyuridae). Comparing only those species that were likely to be captured in pitfall traps, 13 species were recorded by camera trapping compared with 20 species recorded from pitfall trapping; however, we found significant (P&lt;0.001) differences in community composition between the methods. In terms of cost efficacy, camera trapping was the more expensive method for our short, 4-month survey when taking the cost of cameras into consideration. Conclusions Applicability of camera trapping is dependent on the specific aims of the intended research. Camera trapping is beneficial where community responses to ecosystem disturbance are being tested. Live capture of small reptiles via pitfall trapping allows for positive species identification, morphological assessment, and collection of reference photos to help identify species from camera photos. Implications As stand-alone techniques, both survey methods under-represent the available species present in a region. The use of more than one survey method improves the scope of fauna community assessments.

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Kang, Edward, Dae Ho Lee, Chang-Beom Kim, Sung Ju Yoo, and Sang-Hoon Lee. "A hemispherical microfluidic channel for the trapping and passive dissipation of microbubbles." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 20, no. 4 (2010): 045009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/20/4/045009.

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Dhillon, Jyotsna, Ezekiel Walker, Arup Neogi, and Arkadii Krokhin. "Enhanced energy trapping in a nonreciprocal phononic crystal cavity." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (2022): A97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010775.

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Acoustic energy trapping using defect modes in the band gap frequencies of acoustic metamaterials has been widely explored. Unlike this extensively used mechanism, the present work demonstrates the use of non-reciprocity in the transmission band to trap energy inside a phononic crystal cavity. A phononic crystal with broken parity and time reversal symmetry can be used to generate linear nonreciprocal transmission of the ultrasound waves. A gradient induced differential dissipation (GIDD) based passive non-reciprocal phononic crystal with asymmetric scatterers was employed to create three configurations of cavities. The parity of the present system is broken by the asymmetric shape of the scatterers, and the time reversal symmetry is naturally broken by viscous dissipation. The cavity configurations were based on the orientations of the asymmetric scatterers in part of the crystal that allowed utilization of non-reciprocity involved in only one of the cavities' configurations. Enhancement of energy trapping at a frequency of 622.5 kHz was observed experimentally for the cavity utilizing nonreciprocity compared to other cavity configurations. Experimental results were further confirmed and comprehended using finite element method based computational outcome. This energy trapping device is linear, robust, and allows sound energy trapping without an external energy source.

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Liu, Fang-Ling, Paul Rugman-Jones, Yi-Chang Liao та ін. "The Attractiveness of α-Copaene to Members of the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Species Complex in California and Taiwan". Journal of Economic Entomology 115, № 1 (2021): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab232.

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Abstract Species belonging to the Euwallacea fornicatus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) species complex have invaded the continental U.S. since at least 2003. Three species of this complex are known to have established, two in California (E. fornicatus; and Euwallacea kuroshio), and a third in Florida (Euwallacea perbrevis). Their native ranges are spread across southern and southeast Asia. In Taiwan, all three species occur in sympatry. They attack healthy trees of widely varied species and cause severe damage and death to the trees. The attractant quercivorol is commonly used to promote their detection by passive trapping. Recent studies in Florida have shown that trapping of E. perbrevis can be further improved by adding a synergist, α-copaene, alongside the quercivorol lure. Thus, we were interested in testing the effectiveness of α-copaene for trapping the other invasive members of the complex in California and in an area of Taiwan where all three species co-occur. We found that α-copaene marginally enhanced the trapping of E. perbrevis in Taiwan, but had no effect on the trapping of E. fornicatus or E. kuroshio in either California or Taiwan. We conclude that any enhancing effect of α-copaene is specific to E. perbrevis. This highlights the economic importance of accurate species identification in developing and implementing an efficient, and yet cost-effective, monitoring program for the management of E. fornicatus and E. kuroshio in California and elsewhere.

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Fergola, Andrea, Alberto Ballesio, Francesca Frascella, Lucia Napione, Matteo Cocuzza, and Simone Luigi Marasso. "Droplet Generation and Manipulation in Microfluidics: A Comprehensive Overview of Passive and Active Strategies." Biosensors 15, no. 6 (2025): 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15060345.

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Droplet-based microfluidics (DBM) has emerged as a powerful tool for a wide range of biochemical applications, from single-cell analysis and drug screening to diagnostics and tissue engineering. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in droplet generation and trapping techniques, highlighting both passive and active approaches. Passive methods—such as co-flow, cross-flow, and flow-focusing geometries—rely on hydrodynamic instabilities and capillary effects, offering simplicity and integration with compact devices, though often at the cost of tunability. In contrast, active methods exploit external fields—electric, magnetic, thermal, or mechanical—to enable on-demand droplet control, allowing for higher precision and throughput. Furthermore, we explore innovative trapping mechanisms such as hydrodynamic resistance networks, microfabricated U-shaped wells, and anchor-based systems that enable precise spatial immobilization of droplets. In the final section, we also examine active droplet sorting strategies, including electric, magnetic, acoustic, and thermal methods, as essential tools for downstream analysis and high-throughput workflows. These manipulation strategies facilitate in situ chemical and biological analyses, enhance experimental reproducibility, and are increasingly adaptable to industrial-scale applications. Emphasis is placed on the design flexibility, scalability, and biological compatibility of each method, offering critical insights for selecting appropriate techniques based on experimental needs and operational constraints.

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Volkova, Polina A., and Alexey B. Shipunov. "The natural behavior of Drosera: Sundews do not catch insects on purpose." Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 38, no. 4 (2009): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55360/cpn384.pv481.

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The trapping behavior of carnivorous plants has attracted attention of naturalists for almost two centuries. With the most observations made in laboratories, the behavior of sundew in situ has not been studied enough. We observed Drosera leaf behavior in natural habitats with non-manipulative technique. Three leaf characteristics for two species (D. rotundifolia L. and D. anglica Huds.) from two regions (6 plants with 30 leaves) were continuously observed during 196 hours. Our observations show that changes of the leaf characteristics of two sundew species in nature are almost casual and likely only corrected by external factors such as relative air humidity and presence of fresh prey (“semi-accidental feeding”). We consider trapping leaves of the two studied Drosera species as transitional structures between active and passive fly-paper traps.

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Narayanamurthy, Vigneswaran, Tze Lee, Al’aina Khan, et al. "Pipette Petri Dish Single-Cell Trapping (PP-SCT) in Microfluidic Platforms: A Passive Hydrodynamic Technique." Fluids 3, no. 3 (2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids3030051.

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Microfluidics-based biochips play a vital role in single-cell research applications. Handling and positioning of single cells at the microscale level are an essential need for various applications, including genomics, proteomics, secretomics, and lysis-analysis. In this article, the pipette Petri dish single-cell trapping (PP-SCT) technique is demonstrated. PP-SCT is a simple and cost-effective technique with ease of implementation for single cell analysis applications. In this paper a wide operation at different fluid flow rates of the novel PP-SCT technique is demonstrated. The effects of the microfluidic channel shape (straight, branched, and serpent) on the efficiency of single-cell trapping are studied. This article exhibited passive microfluidic-based biochips capable of vertical cell trapping with the hexagonally-positioned array of microwells. Microwells were 35 μm in diameter, a size sufficient to allow the attachment of captured cells for short-term study. Single-cell capture (SCC) capabilities of the microfluidic-biochips were found to be improving from the straight channel, branched channel, and serpent channel, accordingly. Multiple cell capture (MCC) was on the order of decreasing from the straight channel, branch channel, and serpent channel. Among the three designs investigated, the serpent channel biochip offers high SCC percentage with reduced MCC and NC (no capture) percentage. SCC was around 52%, 42%, and 35% for the serpent, branched, and straight channel biochips, respectively, for the tilt angle, θ values were between 10–15°. Human lung cancer cells (A549) were used for characterization. Using the PP-SCT technique, flow rate variations can be precisely achieved with a flow velocity range of 0.25–4 m/s (fluid channel of 2 mm width and 100 µm height). The upper dish (UD) can be used for low flow rate applications and the lower dish (LD) for high flow rate applications. Passive single-cell analysis applications will be facilitated using this method.

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Simon, Melinda G., Robert Lin, Jeffrey S. Fisher, and Abraham P. Lee. "A Laplace pressure based microfluidic trap for passive droplet trapping and controlled release." Biomicrofluidics 6, no. 1 (2012): 014110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3687400.

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Hummatov, Ruslan, Linh N. Le, John A. Hall, Stephan Friedrich, Robin A. Cantor, and S. T. P. Boyd. "Tantalum Passive Persistence Shunts for On-Chip Current Trapping in Metallic Magnetic Calorimetry." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 27, no. 4 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2016.2626918.

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Sudji, Ikhwan Resmala, and Mustanir. "KANDUNGAN NIKOTIN DALAM ASAP ROKOK PASIF CIGARET NON FILTER TERKENAL DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Riset Kimia 1, no. 2 (2015): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v1i2.47.

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ABSTRACT Passive smoking has higher health risk than active smoking like coronary heart diseases, lung cancer and mortality level. Nicotine is main contain in cigarettes smokes that caused addictive. The nicotine level of the side stream smoke from Indonesia non-filter cigarettes brand X was analyzed by Gas chromatography-Mass spectrophotometer and Cundiff-Markunas methods for the level of nicotine employing modified smoking standard, namely two puff/min and then were trapping in HCl 0.1 N. The total alkaloid result from 13.745 g burned tobacco (10 cigarettes) was 0.130 g. The nicotine as total alkaloids levels with Cundiff-Markunas methods was 66.860% and the nicotine level with gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer was 10.05%. Keywords: nicotine, cigarettes smokes, passive cigarettes smokes.

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Benko, Lisa Marie, Vyacheslav R. Misko, Larysa Baraban, Denys Makarov, Antonio Maisto, and Wim De Malsche. "Janus Particles in Acoustofluidic Setup: The Interplay between Self-Propulsion and Acoustic Trapping." Micro 4, no. 1 (2024): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/micro4010013.

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Acoustic focusing of particle flow in microfluidics has been shown to be an efficient tool for particle separation for various chemical and biomedical applications. The mechanism behind the method is the selective effect of the acoustic radiation force on distinct particles. In this way, they can be selectively focused and separated. The technique can also be applied under stationary conditions, i.e., in the absence of fluid flows. In this study, the manipulation of self-propelled particles, such as Janus particles, in an acoustofluidic setup was investigated. In experiments with self-propelled Janus particles and passive beads, we explored the interplay between self-propulsion and the acoustic radiation force. Our results demonstrated unusual and potentially useful effects such as selective trapping, escape, and assisted escape in binary mixtures of active and passive particles. We also analyzed various aspects related to the behavior of Janus particles in acoustic traps in the presence and absence of flows.

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Bauer, Ulrike, Marion Paulin, Daniel Robert, and Gregory P. Sutton. "Mechanism for rapid passive-dynamic prey capture in a pitcher plant." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 43 (2015): 13384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510060112.

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Plants use rapid movements to disperse seed, spores, or pollen and catch animal prey. Most rapid-release mechanisms only work once and, if repeatable, regaining the prerelease state is a slow and costly process. We present an encompassing mechanism for a rapid, repeatable, passive-dynamic motion used by a carnivorous pitcher plant to catch prey. Nepenthes gracilis uses the impact of rain drops to catapult insects from the underside of the canopy-like pitcher lid into the fluid-filled trap below. High-speed video and laser vibrometry revealed that the lid acts as a torsional spring system, driven by rain drops. During the initial downstroke, the tip of the lid reached peak velocities similar to fast animal motions and an order of magnitude faster than the snap traps of Venus flytraps and catapulting tentacles of the sundew Drosera glanduligera. In contrast to these active movements, the N. gracilis lid oscillation requires neither mechanical preloading nor metabolic energy, and its repeatability is only limited by the intensity and duration of rainfall. The underside of the lid is coated with friction-reducing wax crystals, making insects more vulnerable to perturbations. We show that the trapping success of N. gracilis relies on the combination of material stiffness adapted for momentum transfer and the antiadhesive properties of the wax crystal surface. The impact-driven oscillation of the N. gracilis lid represents a new kind of rapid plant movement with adaptive function. Our findings establish the existence of a continuum between active and passive trapping mechanisms in carnivorous plants.

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Ahmad khair, Ahmad Bukhary. "A newly innovated UV-Pit-Light trap efficacy for sampling beetles within oil palm plantations of various age stand types." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 6, no. 1 (2016): 863–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v6i1.5383.

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A newly innovated UV-Pit-Light trap specific for trapping beetle species within oil palm plantations is described and the results of experiments on its efficacies that were carried out within different oil palm age stands are presented. The UV-Pit-Light trap is made of two parts: a lower located 1-L plastic collection container inserted into the ground, 6V fast recharging lead-acid battery and 4-W miniature UV-bulb attached to electronic device with wire clips, with the upper located plastic stool for the basic stand and the wide plastic basin for rain and light shield. The UV-Pit-Light trap caught significantly higher beetle specimens, which also included several morphospecies from the common beetle families found in oil palm plantations with 1.5 to 2 times higher in abundances including Nitidulidae, Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae, and Tenebrionidae. Rare beetle families of Aderidae, Cerambycidae, Histeridae, and Lagriidae, which not to be found in passive pitfall trap, were caught in considerable abundances in the UV-Pit-Light trap. The short electro-magnetic wavelengths of UV-light source included many closely packed epigeal related micro-habitats, which makes the UV-Pit-Light trap specific for sampling beetles specifically related within micro-habitats of various oil palm age stand types. The use of only four units of UV-Pit-Light trap compared with 100 units of passive pitfall trap is adequate for sampling beetle species community which includes both the common and uncommon families, and include two times higher for the most abundant and common species than the passive pitfall trap. Thus, the UV-Pit-Light trap allows accurate and unbiased diversity and ecological evaluations of beetle species and proposed to be the specific trapping system for insect species dwelling within the epigeal related micro-habitats oil palm plantations.Â

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Frimat, Jean-Philippe, Bart Schurink, and Regina Luttge. "Passive pumping for the parallel trapping of single neurons onto a microsieve electrode array." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 35, no. 6 (2017): 06GA01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4991827.

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Prajapati, B., M. B. Jensen, N. O. G. Jørgensen, and N. B. Petersen. "Grey water treatment in stacked multi-layer reactors with passive aeration and particle trapping." Water Research 161 (September 2019): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.096.

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Privet, Kaïna, Vincent Vedel, Claire Fortunel, et al. "Relative Efficiency of Pitfall Trapping vs. Nocturnal Hand Collecting in Assessing Soil-Dwelling Spider Diversity along A Structural Gradient of Neotropical Habitats." Diversity 12, no. 2 (2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12020081.

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Assessing spider diversity remains a great challenge, especially in tropical habitats where dozens of species can locally co-occur. Pitfall trapping is one of the most widely used techniques to collect spiders, but it suffers from several biases, and its accuracy likely varies with habitat complexity. In this study, we compared the efficiency of passive pitfall trapping versus active nocturnal hand collecting (NHC) to capture low understory-dwelling spider taxonomical (morpho-species) and functional (hunting guilds) diversity along a structural gradient of habitats in French Guiana. We focused on four habitats describing a structural gradient: garden to the orchard to the forest edge to the undisturbed forest. Overall, estimated morpho-species richness and composition did not vary consistently between habitats, but abundances of ground-hunting spiders decreased significantly with increasing habitat complexity. We found habitat-dependence differences in taxonomic diversity between sampling strategies: NHC revealed higher diversity in the orchard, whereas pitfalls resulted in higher diversity in the forest. Species turnover resulted in high dissimilarity in species composition between habitats using either method. This study shows how pitfall trapping is influenced by habitat structure, rendering this sampling method incomplete for complex, tropical environments. However, pitfall traps remain a valuable component of inventories because they sample distinct assemblage of spiders.

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et al., Galon. "Trapping bacteria and fungi using microfluidic design." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 9, no. 1 (2022): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2022.01.013.

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Escherichia coli and Candida auris are not easy to identify in laboratories without special technology. In this study, we have presented microfluidic designs for trapping bacteria and fungi. Two trapping chambers are designed using AutoCAD and the fluid dynamics of the bacteria and fungi are simulated using D. Schroeder’s Fluid Dynamics Simulation software. The designs are modified versions of a device that is constructed and simulated with numerical predictions, which include sizes and apertures in consideration of the specified microbe. The current designs take into account the exact dimensions of E. coli and C. auris under fluid flow and passive microfluidic technique, where actuation is based on geometry, is considered. The measurements of the design ensure that the species are to be trapped due to diffusion and ¬¬fluid dynamics. From the simulation, the stagnation is to be shown with its default setting, and approximation is done in its motion which is simulated in the two-dimensional space of the bacteria and fungi. The microfluidic designs will be useful during experiments in deciphering necessary information of the bacteria and fungi and will be a platform in modeling numerous biomedical assays and in the optimization of biophysical tools.

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Sorkness, Ronald L., Casey Kienert, Matthew J. O’Brien, Sean B. Fain, and Nizar N. Jarjour. "Compressive air trapping in asthma: effects of age, sex, and severity." Journal of Applied Physiology 126, no. 5 (2019): 1265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00924.2018.

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Air trapping due to airway closure has been associated with unstable asthma. In addition to airway closure that occurs at lower lung volumes during slow expiration, there may be further closure during a forced expiration because of airway compression. The purpose of this study was to define a reference range from a nonasthmatic population and investigate the characteristics of compressive air trapping in asthma. Spirometry and plethysmography were performed in 117 nonasthmatic subjects (ages 18–87 yr) and 153 asthma subjects (ages 12–72 yr). Air trapping was assessed as residual lung volume and the ratio of forced expiratory vital capacity (FVC) to slow inspiratory vital capacity (iVC) (FVC/iVC). There were no significant age or sex effects on the FVC/iVC ratio in the nonasthmatic subjects, and a fifth percentile lower limit of normal (LLN) of 0.93 was computed. An FVC/iVC ratio less than LLN defined compressive air trapping. Asthma subjects exhibited an age-related decline in the FVC/iVC ratio of 0.0027 per year ( P < 0.0001) in a mixed effects model, with additional decreases associated with severe asthma and male sex. FVC/iVC ratios< LLN were infrequent in subjects <30 yr but evident in most asthma subjects >50 yr. Lung residual volumes followed similar patterns of greater elevations in subjects with severe asthma, older age, and male sex. Compressive air trapping occurs frequently in older asthmatics, appearing to be a feature of the natural history of asthma that is greater in severe asthma and men. This component of premature airway closure affects spirometric assessment of airway function and may contribute to asthma symptoms during physical exertion. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Premature airway closure during exhalation is a component of airway obstruction that is associated with asthma severity and instability. Compressive air trapping is airway closure that is more extensive during a forced exhalation than with a slow, passive exhalation. We report that compressive air trapping occurs in most people > 50 yr with asthma, affects men more than women, and persists after bronchodilator treatment. This component of obstruction appears to be part of the natural history of asthma.

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Moon, Han Seb, Sang Eon Park, Young-Ho Park, Lim Lee, and Jung Bog Kim. "Passive atomic frequency standard based on coherent population trapping in ^87Rb using injection-locked lasers." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 23, no. 11 (2006): 2393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.23.002393.

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A.A., Komarov, Gromov N.V., and Korolchenko A.D. "Protection of construction sites from unmanned aerial vehicles using mesh fences." Construction materials and products 7, no. 6 (2024): 6. https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-6-6.

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Introduction. During a special military operation, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are actively used by the enemy to attack industrial and energy facilities of the Russian Federation. One of the most effective ways to protect objects from UAVs is the use of enclosing structures using trapping nets. They make it possible to prevent the UAV from contacting the enclosing structures of a building or structure and minimize the consequences of an explosive charge explosion. Research methods. Calculation methods based on the formulas of M.A. Sadovsky were used to determine the permissible distances from the UAV-trapping grids to the enclosing structures of the object. The deflection of the grids was determined by the calculation method by solving a partial differential equation describing the transverse vibrations of the membrane. Objective: To determine the possibility of using mesh structures to prevent damage to industrial, energy and civil facilities by damaging explosive explosion factors carried by UAVs. Tasks. Selection and justification of calculation methods for assessing the degree of damage by an explosive charge to the protected object and the magnitude of the deflection of the grids during an attack of the UAV; calculation of the permissible distance from the trapping mesh structures to the enclosing structures of a building or structure; assessment of the deflection of the grids under the dynamic influence of the UAV. Results. Calculations performed within the framework of the study made it possible to determine the permissible distances from the trapping mesh structures to a building or structure with different explosive masses; the deflection values of the grids under the dynamic influence of UAVS on them. Conclusions. The calculations of the distance from the trapping mesh structures to the protected objects made it possible to identify the effectiveness of this method of ensuring security in the event of a UAV attack. The materials of grids and structures of supporting elements used in construction make it possible to implement physical (passive) protection against UAVS in practice.

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Jones, Davey L., Jasmine M. S. Grimsley, Jessica L. Kevill, et al. "Critical Evaluation of Different Passive Sampler Materials and Approaches for the Recovery of SARS-CoV-2, Faecal-Indicator Viruses and Bacteria from Wastewater." Water 14, no. 21 (2022): 3568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213568.

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has proven to be an effective tool for monitoring the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in urban communities. However, low-cost, simple, and reliable wastewater sampling techniques are still needed to promote the widespread adoption of WBE in many countries. Since their first use for public health surveillance in the 1950s, many types of passive samplers have been proposed, however, there have been few systematic studies comparing their ability to co-capture enveloped viruses and bacteria. Here, we evaluated the laboratory and field performance of 8 passive sampler materials (NanoCeram, ZetaPlus, nylon and ion exchange membranes, cellulose acetate filters, glass wool, cotton-based Moore swabs and tampons) to capture viruses and bacteria from wastewater. Viral capture focused on SARS-CoV-2, the bacteriophage Phi6 and the faecal marker virus, crAssphage. We showed that the best performing passive sampler in terms of cost, ease of deployment and viral capture were the electronegative cotton-based swabs and tampons. We speculate that viral capture is a combination of trapping of particulate matter to which viruses are attached, as well as electrostatic attraction of viral particles from solution. When deployed at wastewater treatment plants, the passive samplers worked best up to 6 h, after which they became saturated or exhibited a loss of virus, probably due to night-time wash-out. The patterns of viral capture across the different sampling materials were similar providing evidence that they can be used to monitor multiple public health targets. The types of bacteria trapped by the passive samplers were material-specific, but possessed a different 16S rRNA gene profile to the wastewater, suggesting preferential retention of specific bacteria. We conclude that the choice of passive sampler and deployment time greatly influences the pattern and amount of viral and bacterial capture.

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Erokhina, Maria, Andrey Bushuev, Vaidas Palinauskas, Elena Platonova, and Andrey Mukhin. "Intensity of <em>Haemoproteus</em> spp. blood infection differs between wild birds captured using different trapping methods." Biological Communications 69, no. 3 (2024): 192–99. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu03.2024.307.

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Infection with haemoparasites (Haemosporida spp.) is common within wild birds’ populations and has been associated with adverse effects on birds’ fitness and life performance. Existing literature suggests a hypothesis that birds infected with haemosporidians and exhibiting high parasitemia levels may demonstrate reduced activity, potentially leading to their underrepresentation in captures which use stationary traps, such as mist nets. However, there are limited studies demonstrating this phenomenon in wild birds. To study the possible under representation of highly parasitized birds, captured with commonly used stationary mist nets, we compared parasitemia levels of haemosporidian parasites in wild birds captured during spring migration using both actively startling of birds and birds trapped passively into the mist nets. Utilizing cumulative link mixed models, we assessed the influence of trapping methods on parasitemia scores, controlling for factors such as species identity, season progression, and migration distance. Our dataset comprised 1815 individuals of 60 species, including 142 actively captured and 1673 passively captured ones. Although the number of infected individuals was higher in passively caught birds (24 % in active vs 43 % in passive), the study revealed a significant difference between infected birds within two capture methods: despite challenges in balancing sample sizes, and trapping dates, the findings affirm the underestimation of birds having high parasitemia levels with prevalent mist net techniques. We highlight the importance of considering potential biases in trapping methods when studying haemosporidian parasites in avian hosts during migration.

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Grisham, Blake A., Clint W. Boal, Natasia R. Mitchell, et al. "Evaluation of Capture Techniques on Lesser Prairie-Chicken Trap Injury and Survival." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 6, no. 2 (2015): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/032015-jfwm-022.

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Abstract Ethical treatment of research animals is required under the Animal Welfare Act. This includes trapping methodologies that reduce unnecessary pain and duress. Traps used in research should optimize animal welfare conditions within the context of the proposed research study. Several trapping techniques are used in the study of lesser prairie-chickens, despite lack of knowledge of trap injury caused by the various methods. From 2006 to 2012, we captured 217, 40, and 144 lesser prairie-chickens Tympanuchus pallidicinctus using walk-in funnel traps, rocket nets, and drop nets, respectively, in New Mexico and Texas, to assess the effects of capture technique on injury and survival of the species. We monitored radiotagged, injured lesser prairie-chickens 7–65 d postcapture to assess survival rates of injured individuals. Injuries occurred disproportionately among trap type, injury type, and sex. The predominant injuries were superficial cuts to the extremities of males captured in walk-in funnel traps. However, we observed no mortalities due to trapping, postcapture survival rates of injured birds did not vary across trap types, and the daily survival probability of an injured and uninjured bird was ≥99%. Frequency and intensity of injuries in walk-in funnel traps are due to the passive nature of these traps (researcher cannot select specific individuals for capture) and incidental capture of individuals not needed for research. Comparatively, rocket nets and drop nets allow observers to target birds for capture and require immediate removal of captured individuals from the trap. Based on our results, trap injuries would be reduced if researchers monitor and immediately remove birds from walk-in funnels before they injure themselves; move traps to target specific birds and reduce recaptures; limit the number of consecutive trapping days on a lek; and use proper netting techniques that incorporate quick, efficient, trained handling procedures.

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Mitsou, Vasiliki A. "Searches for magnetic monopoles and beyond with MoEDAL at the LHC." EPJ Web of Conferences 181 (2018): 01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818101030.

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The MoEDAL experiment at the LHC is optimised to detect highly-ionising particles such as magnetic monopoles, dyons and (multiply) electrically-charged stable massive particles predicted in a number of theoretical scenarios. MoEDAL, deployed in the LHCb cavern, combines passive nuclear track detectors with magnetic monopole trapping volumes, while cavern backgrounds are being monitored with an array of MediPix detectors. The detector concept and its physics reach is presented with emphasis given to recent results on monopole searches providing the best limits on high magnetic charges in colliders. The potential to search for heavy, long-lived supersymmetric electrically-charged particles and multi-charged states is also discussed.

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Liu, Zhi, Jie-Ying Wang, Wen-Ting Diao, Jun He, and Jun-Min Wang. "Characterizing passive coherent population trapping resonance in a cesium vapor cell filled with neon buffer gas." Chinese Physics B 22, no. 4 (2013): 043201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/22/4/043201.

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Suckling, David Maxwell, Mailee E. Stanbury, Ox Lennon, Kate M. Colhoun, Fabio Chinellato, and Ashraf M. El-Sayed. "Kairomone and Camera Trapping New Zealand Flower Thrips, Thrips obscuratus." Insects 11, no. 9 (2020): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11090622.

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This project investigated how kairomone lures, camera traps, and counting software could together contribute to pest management. Images of cumulative daily catch of New Zealand Flower Thrips (NZFT) attracted to a ripe peach lactone (6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one; 6-PAP) were automatically loaded to the internet and compared with scanned bases checked weekly using in-house software and manual counting. Camera traps were able to provide thrips counts equivalent to delta traps, but daily and remotely. An 11-fold greater NZFT count occurred within 24 h in passive traps after polyethylene sachets loaded with 250 mg of 6-PAP were placed in trees. Intensive trapping, by placing 1, 2, 4, and 8 traps per tree (500 mg/trap), resulted in a maximum 32-fold increase in thrips per tree. While 6-PAP has proved to be a useful tool for monitoring NZFT numbers, our results suggest that it is not likely to be suitable for mass trapping. Future research should investigate NZFT behavior to better understand population movement on an area-wide basis. Camera traps can be a valuable tool for recording insect flight activity remotely, but the number of traps required for statistically reliable estimates may be prohibitive.

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Li, Jingbin, Yu-Jin Kim, and Dabing Zhang. "Source-To-Sink Transport of Sugar and Its Role in Male Reproductive Development." Genes 13, no. 8 (2022): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13081323.

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Sucrose is produced in leaf mesophyll cells via photosynthesis and exported to non-photosynthetic sink tissues through the phloem. The molecular basis of source-to-sink long-distance transport in cereal crop plants is of importance due to its direct influence on grain yield—pollen grains, essential for male fertility, are filled with sugary starch, and rely on long-distance sugar transport from source leaves. Here, we overview sugar partitioning via phloem transport in rice, especially where relevant for male reproductive development. Phloem loading and unloading in source leaves and sink tissues uses a combination of the symplastic, apoplastic, and/or polymer trapping pathways. The symplastic and polymer trapping pathways are passive processes, correlated with source activity and sugar gradients. In contrast, apoplastic phloem loading/unloading involves active processes and several proteins, including SUcrose Transporters (SUTs), Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs), Invertases (INVs), and MonoSaccharide Transporters (MSTs). Numerous transcription factors combine to create a complex network, such as DNA binding with One Finger 11 (DOF11), Carbon Starved Anther (CSA), and CSA2, which regulates sugar metabolism in normal male reproductive development and in response to changes in environmental signals, such as photoperiod.

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Zhao, Liuxian, and Shengxi Zhou. "Compact Acoustic Rainbow Trapping in a Bioinspired Spiral Array of Graded Locally Resonant Metamaterials." Sensors 19, no. 4 (2019): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040788.

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Acoustic rainbow trappers, based on frequency selective structures with graded geometries and/or properties, can filter mechanical waves spectrally and spatially to reduce noise and interference in receivers. These structures are especially useful as passive, always-on sensors in applications such as structural health monitoring. For devices that face space and weight constraints, such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) transducers and artificial cochleae, the rainbow trapping structures must be compact as well. To address this requirement, we investigated the frequency selection properties of a space-saving design consisting of Helmholtz resonators arranged at sub-wavelength intervals along a cochlear-inspired spiral tube. The height of the Helmholtz resonators was varied gradually, which induced bandgap formation at different frequencies along the length of the spiral tube. Numerical simulations and experimental measurements of acoustic wave propagation through the structure showed that frequencies in the range of 1–10 kHz were transmitted to different extents along the spiral tube. These rainbow trapping results were achieved with a footprint that was up to 70 times smaller than the previous structures operating at similar bandwidths, and the channels are 2.5 times of the previous structures operating at similar bandwidths.

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Unger, Shem. "Living on the edge: nature preserves as an oasis for birds, bats, and other mammals in the urban desert and concrete jungle." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 9, no. 2 (2024): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.55126/ijzab.2024.v09.i02.004.

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Increasing urbanization threatens a variety of vital vertebrate habitats, including those of birds, and both terrestrial and aerial mammals. Nature preserves near urban centers at the rural/urban interface may harbor natural areas which can help to offset loss of habitat as cities expand. Therefore, techniques which allow managers to conduct short term surveys for vertebrates are needed. I conducted non-invasive, passive camera trapping and acoustic surveys in the vicinity of the urban area of Charlotte, North Carolina across 8 sites within Mecklenburg, Cabarrus, and Union counties during summer to fall 2023 to collect data on avian and mammalian communities. Five species of bats were documented, alongside 39 birds, and 11 terrestrial mammals. Bat activity decreased consistently along the sample period whereas terrestrial mammals were consistently sampled during the same time frame, with early summer providing effective data on avian presence. Automated identification software followed by manually vetting for bats and birds was effective in documenting diversity alongside camera trapping. The results presented here provide baseline data for future monitoring to inform urban planning management strategies and future studies on the potential presence of avian and mammalian presence in nature preserves.

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Marčiulynas, Adas, and Audrius Menkis. "The Release and Spread of Basidiospores of Red-Listed Wood-Decay Fungus Fistulina hepatica in Oak Stands." Diversity 15, no. 11 (2023): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15111110.

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The aim of this study was to obtain a better understanding on short-distance basidiospore dispersal of the wood-decay fungus Fistulina hepatica, thereby providing valuable knowledge for the conservation management of this protected species. Specifically, the study was expected to reveal site-specific patterns of basidiospore release and spread in oak stands during one fruiting season under north European conditions. The trapping of fungal spores was carried out between August and October 2022 using passive spore traps placed in three oak stands (>200-year-old) in central Lithuania. The average daily temperature was recorded throughout the period of spore trapping. Collected samples were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of fungal ITS2 rDNA. The results showed that the relative abundance of F. hepatica reads was influenced by the time of fruitbody maturation, but not by the average daily temperature. Although there was a certain variation among different study sites, the results showed that a great majority of F. hepatica spores were deposited within 50 m from the fruitbody, showing that the fungus to a large extent is dependent on local habitats for colonization.

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Acharya, B., J. Alexandre, J. Bernabéu, et al. "The physics programme of the MoEDAL experiment at the LHC." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 23 (2014): 1430050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14300506.

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The MoEDAL experiment at Point 8 of the LHC ring is the seventh and newest LHC experiment. It is dedicated to the search for highly-ionizing particle avatars of physics beyond the Standard Model, extending significantly the discovery horizon of the LHC. A MoEDAL discovery would have revolutionary implications for our fundamental understanding of the Microcosm. MoEDAL is an unconventional and largely passive LHC detector comprised of the largest array of Nuclear Track Detector stacks ever deployed at an accelerator, surrounding the intersection region at Point 8 on the LHC ring. Another novel feature is the use of paramagnetic trapping volumes to capture both electrically and magnetically charged highly-ionizing particles predicted in new physics scenarios. It includes an array of TimePix pixel devices for monitoring highly-ionizing particle backgrounds. The main passive elements of the MoEDAL detector do not require a trigger system, electronic readout, or online computerized data acquisition. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the MoEDAL physics reach, which is largely complementary to the programs of the large multipurpose LHC detectors ATLAS and CMS.

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Costa, Dominique, Joelle Guignard, and Henri Pezerat. "Production of Free Radicals Arising from the Surface Activity of Minerals and Oxygen. Part Ii. Arsenides, Sulfides, and Sulfoarsenides of Iron, Nickel, and Copper." Toxicology and Industrial Health 5, no. 6 (1985): 1079–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823378900500614.

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The excess incidence of lung cancers observed in metallic mines other than iron mines probably can be correlated not only to radioactivity, but also to dust pollution. The present work investigates the role of surface properties of sulfides and arsenides, which are present in metal mines, in oxidizing mechanisms capable of inducing oxidative stress and, possibly, of participating in carcinogenesis. Using added spin-trapping agent followed by ESR spectroscopy, it was observed that nickel and copper arsenides can be very active in the oxidation of formate or DMSO, by reducing the oxygen dissolved in a cell-free medium. Sulfides, on the other hand, are not active, except for the iron sulfides, which are very active as an air-aged powder. The process of activation and rendering the particle surface passive was investigated. Surface dissolution and moderate grinding were found to be activating factors, while air-aging generally rendered the particle surface passive. The critical factor in determining activity is the availability of reducing species of iron, copper, or nickel on the surface of the minerals.

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Luhring, Thomas M., Grant M. Connette, and Christopher M. Schalk. "Trap characteristics and species morphology explain size-biased sampling of two salamander species." Amphibia-Reptilia 37, no. 1 (2016): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003034.

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Demographic studies often depend on sampling techniques providing representative samples from populations. However, the sequence of events leading up to a successful capture or detection is susceptible to biases introduced through individual-level behaviour or physiology. Passive sampling techniques may be especially prone to sampling bias caused by size-related phenomena (e.g., physical limitations on trap entrance). We tested for size-biased sampling among five types of passive traps using a 9-year data set for two species of aquatic salamanders that have a 20 and 61 fold change in length over their ontogeny (Amphiuma means, Siren lacertina). Size-biased trapping was evident for both species, with body size distributions (body length mean and SD) of captured individuals differing among sampling techniques. Because our two species differed in girth at similar lengths, we were able to show that size biases (in length) were most likely caused by girth limitations on trap entry rates, and potentially by differences in retention rates. Accounting for the biases of sampling techniques may be critical when assessing current population status and demographic change.

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Efford, M. G., D. K. Dawson, and C. S. Robbins. "DENSITY: software for analysing capture-recapture data from passive detector arrays." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 27, no. 1 (2004): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2004.27.0217.

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A general computer-intensive method is described for fitting spatial detection functions to capture-recapture data from arrays of passive detectors such as live traps and mist nets. The method is used to estimate the population density of 10 species of breeding birds sampled by mist¿netting in deciduous forest at Patuxent Research Refuge, Laurel, Maryland, U.S.A., from 1961 to 1972. Total density (9.9 ± 0.6 ha-1 mean ± SE) appeared to decline over time (slope -0.41 ± 0.15 ha-1y-1). The mean precision of annual estimates for all 10 species pooled was acceptable (CV(D) = 14%). Spatial analysis of closed-population capture-recapture data highlighted deficiencies in non¿spatial methodologies. For example, effective trapping area cannot be assumed constant when detection probability is variable. Simulation may be used to evaluate alternative designs for mist net arrays where density estimation is a study goal.

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Gray, Russell, and Colin T. Strine. "Herpetofaunal assemblages of a lowland broadleaf forest, an overgrown orchard forest and a lime orchard in Stann Creek, Belize." ZooKeys 707 (October 11, 2017): 131–65. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.707.14029.

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Understanding and monitoring ecological impacts of the expanding agricultural industry in Belize is an important step in conservation action. To compare possible alterations in herpetofaunal communities due to these anthropogenic changes, trapping arrays were set in a manicured orchard, a reclaimed orchard and a lowland broadleaf forest in Stann Creek district at Toucan Ridge Ecology and Education Society (TREES). Trapping efforts were carried out during the rainy season, from June to September, 2016, during which time the study site was hit by a category one hurricane between sampling sessions. Trapping yielded 197 individual herpetofauna and 40 different species overall; 108 reptile captures (30 species) and 88 amphibian captures (ten species). Reptiles and amphibians were more abundant in the lowland broadleaf forest and the manicured orchard area. Amphibian species diversity was relatively similar in each habitat type. Reptile captures were most diverse in the Overgrown Orchard Forest (OGF) and Overgrown Orchard Riparian Forest (OGR) and least diverse in the Lowland Broadleaf Forest (LBF). The findings of this study suggest that reptile and amphibian sensitivity to anthropogenically altered areas is minimal when enveloped by natural habitat buffers, and additionally, that extreme weather events have little impact on herpetofauna communities in the area.

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Engeman, Richard M., Michael J. Pipas, Kenneth S. Gruver, and Lee Allen. "Monitoring coyote population changes with a passive activity index." Wildlife Research 27, no. 5 (2000): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98090.

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A passive tracking index method that has been successfully applied to dingoes (Canis lupus dingo) in Australia was shown to have more general applicability to wild canids by monitoring coyote (Canis latrans) populations in southern Texas. The index was calculated simultaneously for multiple species of animals from observations on the number of intrusions onto a series of tracking plots over several days. We found that the index reflected changes in coyote activity before and after a trapping program on each of 2 ranches. We also were able to simultaneously monitor bobcat (Felis rufus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations, producing some interesting (and unexpected) insights. In our study area, we found it difficult to distinguish the number of rabbit and rodent intrusions into the plots, but these animals might be indexed in other habitats. Analyses of the data as binary responses (presence or absence of spoor on each tracking plot), as has been done in scent-post surveys, reduced the sensitivity and accuracy of inferences.

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Jaeman, Sabrina, Khairudin Nurulhuda, Adibah Mohd Amin, et al. "Feasibility Study of 3D Printed Materials for an Ammonia Emission Passive Sampler." Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 34 (August 19, 2021): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2021.34.sp1.2.

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Ammonia (NH3) emission accounts for a loss of 10 to 60% of the total nitrogen input in rice fields. NH3 in the air reacts with sulphuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid to form ammonium salt, which increases the concentration of PM2.5 particles in the atmosphere. These fine particles can cause respiratory problems. A reliable NH3 sampler is important in order to quantify the NH3 emission. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suitability of three 3D printed materials, namely acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA) and polypropylene (PP) compared to stainless steel and glass, as the interior material of an NH3 passive sampler for use with the chemical-trap approach; Stainless steel and glass are typically used for construction of the NH3 passive sampler. The sample plates were coated with acetone with 3% oxalic acid and tested in closed static chambers with three different NH3 sources. ABS, PP and PLA tolerated the acetone solution with PP being the least reactive. However, PP heavily warped during 3D-printing resulting in a deformed shape. Performance of coated ABS plates in trapping NH3 is similar to stainless steel and glass plates.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Passive-trapping'

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