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1
Watson, Rose E. (Rose Elliott). "Active or Passive Voice: Does It Matter?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501082/.
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This thesis reports on the use of active and passive voice in the workplace and classroom through analysis of surveys completed by 37 employees and 66 students. The surveys offered six categories of business writing with ten sets of two sentences each, written in active and passive voice. Participants selected one sentence from each set and gave a reason for each selection. The participants preferred active over passive 47 to 46 percent of opportunities, but they preferred mixed voice over both, 49 percent. The participants preferred active only for memos to supervisors; in the other five categories they preferred passive or mixed voice. Both males and females preferred mixed voice, and age appeared to influence the choices. They cited context as the most common reason for using passive.
2
Jung, Woo-Hyun. "A grammatical and pragmatic analysis of English passives in second language acquisition." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1019482.
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This dissertation has two main purposes: (a) to provide a contrastive analysis and theoretical background of the passive in English and Korean; (b) to investigate how Korean learners of English use the English passive in terms of forms, meanings, and functions.One major claim in this dissertation is that the passive is best accounted for by the notion of role prominence in both English and Korean. In addition, a significant difference is revealed in emotional (affective) functions of the passive in English and Korean, showing that the emotional function prevails in Korean far more than in English.After the discussion of theoretical background, Korean learners' actual use of the English passive is analyzed. The specific analysis of grammatical errors shows that Korean learners make local errors (errors significantly inhibiting communication) more than global errors (errors not significantly inhibiting communication). Pragmatic errors are divided largely into discourse functional errors (violation of role prominence, abrupt topic shift, and violation of defocusing) and affective functional errors. The results show that affective functional errors outnumber discourse functional errors. These results are accounted for in terms of not only language transfer and but also a socio-cultural factor, prestige of a passive sentence with respect to an active sentence. Of particular interest is the existence of a hierarchy of acceptability in pragmatic errors. Analysis of medio-passive errors suggests that the native language forms greatly affect the learners' target language forms.This dissertation plays particular attention to the pragmatic aspects of the passive, both theoretical and practical. It is argued that the learners' use of the passive in accordance with pragmatic principles will enhance cohesive writing, facilitating communication.Generally speaking, this dissertation contributes to several important areas of study in second language acquisition, including error analysis and contrastive analysis in terms of grammar and pragmatics. A major significance of this dissertation is its demonstration of the importance of pragmatics in understanding the acqusition of grammar.Department of English
3
Wang, Jianhong. "A corpus-based functional analysis of the bei-construction in Chinese written discourse : a study with special reference to the be-passive in English." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1317921.
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Rocha, Fernando Martins. "As vozes verbais na gramática normativa: aspectos problemáticos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-15042014-094816/.
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Esta pesquisa investiga alguns aspectos das vozes verbais nas gramáticas normativas de língua portuguesa. Alguns conceitos como o de voz passiva e de partícula apassivadora são objeto de discussão por parte de diferentes autores da gramaticografia de língua portuguesa que tem adotado pontos de vista distintos e até antagônicos sobre cada um destes aspectos. Este trabalho também busca demonstrar que a gramática normativa de língua portuguesa atual não renovou a sua teoria sobre as vozes verbais, que remonta a Dionísio o Trácio com seu manual escrito há mais de dois mil anos atrás, e que necessita, deste modo, identificar as fragilidades de sua teoria e renová-la com o instrumental teórico de que dispõe as modernas correntes da linguística.This research investigates some aspects of the verbal voices in the normative grammar of portuguese language. Some concepts like passive voice and the clitic SE are discussed by many authors in the portuguese language gramaticography that have adopted different and opposite points of view about each one of these aspects. This work also intends to demonstrate that the normative grammar of portuguese language nowadays did not renew its theory about verbal voices, which remonts to Dionísio of Trácia with his manual which was written two thousand years ago, and it needs identify the fragilities of normative grammar theory and needs to renew it with the theorical instrumental available in the modern linguistics currents.
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HAWAD, HELENA FERES. "THEME, SUBJECT AND AGENT: PORTUGUESE PASSIVE VOICE IN SISTEMICFUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2002. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=3560@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROEste trabalho tem por objeto as estruturas gramaticais portuguesas tradicionalmente denominadas voz passiva analítica e voz passiva sintética (ou pronominal). No quadro da abordagem sistêmico-funcional, são analisadas as semelhanças e diferenças semânticas entre elas, tendo por base seu emprego em textos. O exame de ocorrências dessas estruturas em diferentes gêneros de textos jornalísticos - notícias, editoriais e artigos - revela diferenças de distribuição, com a quase inexistência de voz passiva sintética nas notícias. Partindo desse fato como uma evidência da não-equivalência funcional entre as duas estruturas, estuda-se o significado das ocorrências em contexto, visando a identificar a contribuição específica de cada tipo de estrutura para a realização dos significados do texto. O significado de cada estrutura é, assim, analisado em seus componentes textual, ideacional e interpessoal. No domíno textual, a voz passiva analítica, que se caracteriza pela conversão do participante paciente em Sujeito e, portanto, em Tema não-marcado, funciona primordialmente como um recurso para facilitar o posicionamento de informação dada antes de informação nova, na ordem dos constituintes oracionais. A voz passiva sintética, por sua vez, não apresenta essa propriedade de tematizar um participante, já que, na ordem não-marcada, é o Processo que ocupa a primeira posição oracional nessa estrutura. Na maioria das ocorrências de voz passiva sintética, o constituinte que seria o Sujeito da oração correspondente em voz passiva analítica representa informação nova. Sendo assim, as duas estruturas estudadas contribuem de modos diferentes para a organização do fluxo informacional do texto. No domínio ideacional, há, por um lado, uma diferença na distribuição dos tipos de processo entre as estruturas. A voz passiva sintética presta-se melhor à representação de processos mentais que a voz passiva analítica. Por outro lado, porém, é no âmbito ideacional que as duas estruturas apresentam um traço comum de significado, visto que ambas servem à representação de um processo sem a identificação do Agente. Finalmente, no domínio interpessoal, as estruturas se distinguem pelo fato de que a voz passiva sintética apresenta Sujeito indeterminado, ao contrário da voz passiva analítica. O Sujeito indeterminado, caracterizado pela indefinição máxima da categoria de pessoa, possibilita diferentes efeitos de sentido no que se refere ao envolvimento tanto do autor, quanto do leitor. Propõe-se, desse modo, uma caracterização da voz passiva analítica e da voz passiva sintética em termos de traços semânticos, na forma de um sistema de três parâmetros binários, correspondentes às três metafunções sistêmico-funcionais. Essa análise do significado em traços independentes permite compreender melhor a especificidade do potencial semântico de cada estrutura, bem como a funcionalidade de cada uma no discurso.
The object of this work are the Portuguese grammatical structures traditionally known as analytical passive voice and synthetic (or pronominal) passive voice. Considering their use in texts, the semantic similarities and differences between them are analysed within a systemic- functional framework. The study of these structures in different journalistic genres - reports, editorials and articles - reveals distributional differences, as synthetic passive voice nearly does not occur in reports. Taking this fact as evidence of the functional nonequivalence between the two structures, the work studies the meaning of their occurrences in context, in order to identify the specific contribution of each type of structure to the realization of the text meanings. The meaning of each structure is thus analysed in its textual, ideational and interpersonal components. In the textual domain, analytical passive voice, which is characterized by the conversion of the affected participant into Subject and, consequently, into unmarked Theme, functions primarily as a resource for placing given information before new information, in the order of clause constituents. Synthetic passive voice, on the contrary, does not bear this property of turning a participant into Theme, once it is the Process that occupies the clause first position in this structure. In most of the occurrences of synthetic passive voice, the constituent which would be the Subject of the correspondent clause in analytical passive voice represents new information. So, the two structures contribute in different ways to the organization of the informational flow of the text. In the ideational domain, there is, on the one hand, a difference in the distribution of process types between the structures. Synthetic passive voice is more suitable for the representation of mental processes than analytical passive voice. On the other hand, however, it is in the ideational component that the two structures share a semantic feature, as both of them allow representation of a process without identification of the Agent. Finally, in the interpersonal domain, the structures are distinguished by the fact that synthetic passive voice has indeterminate Subject, differently from analytical passive voice. Indeterminate Subject, characterized by a maximum indefiniteness of grammatical person, permits a variety of meaning effects concerning the author`s and the reader`s involvement. A characterization of analytical passive voice and synthetic passive voice is thus proposed in terms of semantic features, in a system of three binary parameters, correspondent to the three systemic- functional metafunctions. This analysis of meaning in independent features allows a better understanding of the specific semantic potential of each structure, as well as of the functionality of each one in discourse.
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Tabei, Keiko. "The meaning of passive sentences in Japanese." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/132971.
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It has often been noted that, in Japanese passive sentences, not only
transitive but also intransitive verbs can occur. Since the time
linguists first began to compare Japanese with other languages, they
have tried to analyse the properties of Japanese passives.
The linguists of the last two decades paid attention primarily to the
syntax of Japanese passive sentences and divided them into two groups,
on syntactic grounds, to explain their derivations. However, these
classifications are not adequate when it comes to explaining the
semantic differences between passive sentences, and there remains a
considerable number of exceptions to their definitions.
The purpose of this paper is to bring to light the confusions of the
previous semantic and syntactic explanations and propose new
definitions of the two passive groups. We shall also examine the
meanings of passive sentences in real situations and attempt to
pinpoint the basic purpose behind use of the passive construction in
Japanese.
7
Allan, Stu. "Passive be damned : the construction that wouldn't be beaten : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics at the University of Canterbury /." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2265.
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This thesis brings together two different lines of research, the nature of passive voice, the nature of readability. Commonly, languages have a range of tools for detransitivisation, topicalisation, and impersonalisation, of which passivisation is one (Givón, 1981). Passives have important roles in our language, and prescribing against their use lacks a full understanding of these roles. Much of the concern around passives from writers, editors, and teachers is no more than folklore that has not clearly analysed various writing and reading problems. Many awkward sentences are not awkward because they use passives but because they are wordy, clumsy, or pretentious. Most criticisms have little basis in linguistic theory, and rarely is there more than passing mention of the important role that passives play in communication.
Some uses of passives are inappropriate, being vague, ambiguous, or even deceitful. These inappropriate uses of passive voice give the construction a bad name. They have become ammunition for prescriptive grammarians to fire at all uses of passives, often with weak analysis and minimal reference to linguistic theory. ‘Avoid passives’ has become a mantra.
I tentatively suggest that there is unlikely to be a cost to processing passives. Given the speed at which the brain processes clauses, any differences in readability (if they exist) must be miniscule. Consequently, I suggest that any differences are unimportant relative to the benefits that appropriately used passives bring to readability. Furthermore, appropriately used passives may actually improve readability, especially when there is greater interest in the passive subject than the active subject, and when the passive serves to connect clauses or sentences.
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Lima, Maria Claudete. "A nÃo-atribuiÃÃo de causalidade na CrÃnica Geral da Espanha de 1344." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3794.
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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgicoEste trabalho visa caracterizar formal, semÃntica e pragmaticamente as construÃÃes passivas, mÃdias e impessoais, com o fim de elucidar a natureza da relaÃÃo entre estas construÃÃes, no portuguÃs arcaico, relaÃÃo essa observada em trabalhos, como os de Camacho (2002, 2003, 2006), para o portuguÃs atual. Parte do princÃpio de que o traÃo comum a essas construÃÃes à a nÃo-atribuiÃÃo de causalidade, e de que estas construÃÃes refletem diferentes conceitualizaÃÃes de um evento. Com base nesses princÃpios, analisa, numa abordagem cognitivo-funcional (GIVÃN, 1993, 1995, 2002, 2005; KEMMER, 1993; CAMACHO, 2002, 2003; HOPPER & THOMPSON, 1980; POTTIER, 1992; CROFT, 1994, 1998; LANGACKER, 1987, 1991; DELANCEY, 1987; TALMY, 1988, 2000; LAKOFF, 1977), a codificaÃÃo da funÃÃo nÃo-atribuiÃÃo de causalidade na CrÃnica Geral da Espanha de 1344, prosa histÃrica representante do portuguÃs arcaico, editada por Cintra (1951). Nessa anÃlise, busca respostas para os seguintes problemas: (a) dos recursos verbais disponÃveis, no corpus analisado, para a expressÃo da nÃo-atribuiÃÃo de causalidade, qual a mais e a menos prototÃpica? (b) que traÃos semÃntico-pragmÃticos e formais caracterizam as diferentes estratÃgias? A hipÃtese central considera que as construÃÃes analisadas codificam a nÃo-atribuiÃÃo da causalidade em variados graus, conforme fatores ligados à noÃÃo de causalidade e à transitividade, como a perspectivaÃÃo e a saliÃncia. Foram coletadas 1061 ocorrÃncias e analisadas quanto a fatores pragmÃticos, como a topicalidade e o estatuto informacional; fatores semÃnticos, como saliÃncia cognitiva do Afetado e do Causativo, traÃo [animado], tipo de afetaÃÃo; e fatores formais, como a ordem e a expressÃo. AlÃm disso, todas foram graduadas quanto ao grau de transitividade e de relevo discursivo. Os resultados apontaram que a mÃdia à a mais prototÃpica das construÃÃes de nÃo-atribuiÃÃo de causalidade, por ser a que apresenta causativo menos saliente e menor grau de transitividade. A passiva, mais freqÃente no corpus e, muitas vezes, com Causativo omitido, caracterizou-se como menos prototÃpica por seu Causativo ser freqÃentemente evocado e apresentar maior grau de transitividade. Do mesmo modo, a impessoal, cujo causativo à freqÃentemente inferÃvel, manifestou-se como mais causativa e mais transitiva que a mÃdia, todavia menos que a passiva. A anÃlise demonstrou, enfim, que o fenÃmeno da nÃo-atribuiÃÃo de causalidade nÃo à um fenÃmeno isolado, limitado à manifestaÃÃo ou nÃo de um Agente. Submete-se a graus e acha-se ligado, especialmente, ao contorno tÃmporo-aspectual do evento. Devido à noÃÃo experiencial de causalidade, ligada à idÃia de movimento, eventos perfectivos sÃo mais causais que eventos imperfectivos.
This work aims to characterize formally, semantically and pragmatically the passive, middle and impersonal constructions, in order to elucidate the nature of relation between these constructions in a archaic Portuguese, a relation observed in researches, such as those of Camacho (2002, 2003, 2006), in modern Portuguese. The present research, thus, claims that the common feature of these constructions is the non-attribution of causality, and that they represent different event conceptualizations. Based on principles, founded on a cognitive-functional approach (GIVÃN, 1993, 1995, 2002, 2005; KEMMER, 1993; CAMACHO, 2002, 2003, 2006; HOPPER & THOMPSON, 1980; POTTIER, 1992; CROFT, 1994, 1998; LANGACKER, 1987, 1991; DELANCEY, 1987; TALMY, 1988, 2000; LAKOFF, 1977), the codification of the non-attribution of causality is analyzed in CrÃnica Geral de Espanha de 1344, a representative historical text in archaic Portuguese, edited by Cintra (1951). In this analysis, answers are sought for the following questions: (a) in the analyzed corpus, which is the most and the least prototypical verbal recourses available for the expression of the non-attribution of causality? (b) which semantic, pragmatical and formal features characterize the different strategies used for expressing the non-attribution of causality? The central hypothesis considers that analyzed constructions codify the non-attribution of causality at various degrees, according to aspects related to the causality notion, such as perspectivization and salience. A large number of occurrences (1061, in total) were collected and analyzed from the perspective of pragmatical aspects such as topicality and informational status; semantic aspects, such as cognitive salience of Affected and of Causative, animacy, affectation type; and formal aspects, such as order and expression. Moreover, all of such occurrences were graduated regarding the transitivity degree and the Grounding. The results indicate that middle construction is the most prototypical of the non-attribution of causality constructions, because it presents less salient causative and is posited in the least degree of transitivity. Passive, most frequent in the corpus and, often, with omitted causative, was characterized as the least prototypical construction because its causative is commonly evoked and it presents a higher degree of transitivity. Impersonal construction, whose causative is frequently inferable, was characterized as more causative and more transitive than the middle construction, however, less than passive. Therefore, the analyses demonstrated that non-attribution of causality is not an isolated phenomenon, limited to the manifestation of an Agent. It is subject to degrees of escalarization which is attached to temporal and aspectual event contours. Because of experiential notion of causality, linked to the idea movement, perfective events are more causal than imperfective ones.
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Rhodes, Susan. "The active and passive voice are equally comprehensible in scientific writing /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9033.
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Porter, Kelly L. "The frequency and function of passive voice use in nurses' notes /." Electronic version (PDF), 2005. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2005/porterk/kellyporter.pdf.
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Witt, Marianne. "Passivkonstruktionen in der akademischen Sprache : am Beispiel einer Übersetzung aus dem Deutschen ins Schwedische." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-21183.
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Academic scientific language is characterized by an impersonal and objective style. Due to this and the typical high information density of academic language, this style typically contains a high rate of noun phrases and passive structures. This is also true for the German scientific study Gefühlte Opfer, Illusionen der Vergangenheitsbewältigung by Ulrike Jureit and Christian Schneider. The first aim of this essay was to translate one chapter from the aforementioned book into Swedish and adapt the target language to culturally match a reader who would appreciate a text on German post-war history and sociology. The second aim was to quantify and analyse all occurrences of passive voice and similar structures. More specifically, the following research questions were investigated: How is the passive formed in the source and target language respectively? How often is a corresponding passive used in the translation? How often is a passive sentence translated into an active structure? There are many different ways of expressing the passive in German: the so-called Vorgangspassiv featuring the auxiliary werden, the so-called Zustandspassiv with sein, and finally passive-like constructions. There are corresponding ways to form the passive in Swedish, that is, structures with the auxiliaries bli and vara, but the more common way to express the passive voice is the morphological s-passive. Passive-like constructions can be found in Swedish as well. The most common passive structure in the source text, the werden-passive, was in most cases translated into the typical Swedish s-passive. The sein-passive was more often translated into a similar structure in the target text. All in all, almost a third of the passive voice sentences were translated into active structures. Keywords: translation, passive voice, academic language
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Rudy, TOET. "An Optimality-Theoretic Analysis of the Japanese Passive." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253004.
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He, Xiaoling, and 賀曉玲. "On the patient-subject construction in Chinese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B34615477.
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Christopher, Gregory T. "Determining the voice of New Testament verbs whose middle and passive forms are identical a consideration of the perfect middle/passive forms /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1985. http://www.tren.com.
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De, Gonzalez Lucia. "Reflexive passives in Spanish according to arc pair grammar." Virtual Press, 1985. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/421948.
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This paper proposes a diachronic and synchronic analysis of the extensive use of se in Spanish reflexive and passive constructions with se being discussed in relation to the Unaccusative Hypothesis in Arc Pair Grammar.Universals in Arc Pair Grammar, namely the Unaccusative Law, the 1-Advancement Exclusiveness Law and the Final 1-Arc Law will account for the similarities and differences, first between English and Spanish predicates; and second, between ordinary reflexive constructions and reflexive passive constructions.Evidence from Spanish, primarily synchronic, is presented to analyze reflexive constructions that come from an initial unaccusative stratum. A parallel between these constructions and reflexive passives is established to demonstrate that unaccusative predicates and reflexive passive constructions are very closely related.Diachronically the paper claims that there is a logical and clear evolution of se based on corefentiality, anaphoric chains, unspecified arguments, and self-erasing ghost arcs.Finally this paper attempts to explain why in some instances the predicate will not exhibit agreement with the corresponding nominal. The Chomeur relation and the introduction of ghost arcs according to Arc Pair Grammar Laws and Theorems will provide the basis for this explanation.
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Elerson, Crystal. "Understanding the Owner’s Manual: the United States Constitution Examined Through the Lens of Technical Communication." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115075/.
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This dissertation explores the collaborative process and use of language that went into the creating the United States Constitution in 1787. From a technical communication perspective, the collaborative process explored did not develop any new theories on collaboration, but instead, allows scholars to track the emergence of a well-documented America collaborative process from the early period of the developing American nation on a document that has remained in use for over 235 years. in addition to examining this collaborative process, the author also discusses the use of passive voice and negative language in the first article of the Constitution.
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Lima, Maria Claudete. "A não-atribuição de causalidade na Crônica Geral da Espanha de 1344." www.biblioteca.ufc.br, 2009. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/6645.
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LIMA, Maria Claudete. A não-atribuição de causalidade na Crônica geral da Espanha de 1344. 2009. 473 f. Tese (Doutorado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2009.Submitted by Liliane oliveira (morena.liliane@hotmail.com) on 2012-09-25T14:29:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_TESE_MCLIMA.pdf: 5188441 bytes, checksum: e2cf67965c6e922472be995c5e7ca70e (MD5)
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This work aims to characterize formally, semantically and pragmatically the passive, middle and impersonal constructions, in order to elucidate the nature of relation between these constructions in a archaic Portuguese, a relation observed in researches, such as those of Camacho (2002, 2003, 2006), in modern Portuguese. The present research, thus, claims that the common feature of these constructions is the non-attribution of causality, and that they represent different event conceptualizations. Based on principles, founded on a cognitive-functional approach (GIVÓN, 1993, 1995, 2002, 2005; KEMMER, 1993; CAMACHO, 2002, 2003, 2006; HOPPER & THOMPSON, 1980; POTTIER, 1992; CROFT, 1994, 1998; LANGACKER, 1987, 1991; DELANCEY, 1987; TALMY, 1988, 2000; LAKOFF, 1977), the codification of the non-attribution of causality is analyzed in Crônica Geral de Espanha de 1344, a representative historical text in archaic Portuguese, edited by Cintra (1951). In this analysis, answers are sought for the following questions: (a) in the analyzed corpus, which is the most and the least prototypical verbal recourses available for the expression of the non-attribution of causality? (b) which semantic, pragmatical and formal features characterize the different strategies used for expressing the non-attribution of causality? The central hypothesis considers that analyzed constructions codify the non-attribution of causality at various degrees, according to aspects related to the causality notion, such as perspectivization and salience. A large number of occurrences (1061, in total) were collected and analyzed from the perspective of pragmatical aspects such as topicality and informational status; semantic aspects, such as cognitive salience of Affected and of Causative, animacy, affectation type; and formal aspects, such as order and expression. Moreover, all of such occurrences were graduated regarding the transitivity degree and the Grounding. The results indicate that middle construction is the most prototypical of the non-attribution of causality constructions, because it presents less salient causative and is posited in the least degree of transitivity. Passive, most frequent in the corpus and, often, with omitted causative, was characterized as the least prototypical construction because its causative is commonly evoked and it presents a higher degree of transitivity. Impersonal construction, whose causative is frequently inferable, was characterized as more causative and more transitive than the middle construction, however, less than passive. Therefore, the analyses demonstrated that non-attribution of causality is not an isolated phenomenon, limited to the manifestation of an Agent. It is subject to degrees of escalarization which is attached to temporal and aspectual event contours. Because of experiential notion of causality, linked to the idea movement, perfective events are more causal than imperfective ones
Este trabalho visa caracterizar formal, semântica e pragmaticamente as construções passivas, médias e impessoais, com o fim de elucidar a natureza da relação entre estas construções, no português arcaico, relação essa observada em trabalhos, como os de Camacho (2002, 2003, 2006), para o português atual. Parte do princípio de que o traço comum a essas construções é a não-atribuição de causalidade, e de que estas construções refletem diferentes conceitualizações de um evento. Com base nesses princípios, analisa, numa abordagem cognitivo-funcional (GIVÓN, 1993, 1995, 2002, 2005; KEMMER, 1993; CAMACHO, 2002, 2003; HOPPER & THOMPSON, 1980; POTTIER, 1992; CROFT, 1994, 1998; LANGACKER, 1987, 1991; DELANCEY, 1987; TALMY, 1988, 2000; LAKOFF, 1977), a codificação da função não-atribuição de causalidade na Crônica Geral da Espanha de 1344, prosa histórica representante do português arcaico, editada por Cintra (1951). Nessa análise, busca respostas para os seguintes problemas: (a) dos recursos verbais disponíveis, no corpus analisado, para a expressão da não-atribuição de causalidade, qual a mais e a menos prototípica? (b) que traços semântico-pragmáticos e formais caracterizam as diferentes estratégias? A hipótese central considera que as construções analisadas codificam a não-atribuição da causalidade em variados graus, conforme fatores ligados à noção de causalidade e à transitividade, como a perspectivação e a saliência. Foram coletadas 1061 ocorrências e analisadas quanto a fatores pragmáticos, como a topicalidade e o estatuto informacional; fatores semânticos, como saliência cognitiva do Afetado e do Causativo, traço [animado], tipo de afetação; e fatores formais, como a ordem e a expressão. Além disso, todas foram graduadas quanto ao grau de transitividade e de relevo discursivo. Os resultados apontaram que a média é a mais prototípica das construções de não-atribuição de causalidade, por ser a que apresenta causativo menos saliente e menor grau de transitividade. A passiva, mais freqüente no corpus e, muitas vezes, com Causativo omitido, caracterizou-se como menos prototípica por seu Causativo ser freqüentemente evocado e apresentar maior grau de transitividade. Do mesmo modo, a impessoal, cujo causativo é freqüentemente inferível, manifestou-se como mais causativa e mais transitiva que a média, todavia menos que a passiva. A análise demonstrou, enfim, que o fenômeno da não-atribuição de causalidade não é um fenômeno isolado, limitado à manifestação ou não de um Agente. Submete-se a graus e acha-se ligado, especialmente, ao contorno têmporo-aspectual do evento. Devido à noção experiencial de causalidade, ligada à idéia de movimento, eventos perfectivos são mais causais que eventos imperfectivos
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Lindhagen, Emma. "Passifying the Passive : A contrastive study of the use of the passive in Naguib Mahfouz’s al-Ṯulāṯiyya and its Swedish translation." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för mellanösternstudier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-139736.
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Matsuoka, Mikinari. "Linking arguments to phrase structure : a study of passives, psych verbs, and ditransitive verbs in Japanese." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38231.
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This thesis investigates the question of how the arguments of a given verb are linked to positions in a phrase structure. Through a study of passives, psych verbs, and ditransitive verbs in Japanese, it provides empirical support for the hypothesis that arguments having particular thematic roles are associated with particular syntactic positions systematically.Chapter 2 deals with passives, in particular, two types of passive constructions, direct and indirect passives. Following some previous works, it is argued that the subject of a direct passive is generated in the same position as an object of the corresponding active verb, having the same thematic role, whereas the subject of an indirect passive is projected as an argument of a separate predicate. Several pieces of evidence for this hypothesis which are not given in the literature are provided here.
Chapter 3 is concerned with psych verbs, focusing on those that participate in a causative alternation. It is proposed that causative counterparts of these verbs can have two different structures that are parallel to the two types of passives discussed in Chapter 2. The subject of one type is generated in the same position as the object of the noncausative counterpart, having the same thematic role, whereas the subject of the other type is projected as an argument of a separate predicate.
Chapter 4 takes up ditransitive verbs, specifically, those that have inchoative counterparts, which do not project the subject of the ditransitive construction. There are two types of such verbs: one promotes the accusative argument of the ditransitive construction, rather than the dative one, to the subject of the inchoative counterpart, while the other chooses the dative argument over the accusative one for the subject of the inchoative counterpart. It is argued that this reflects the difference in the base-generated position of the dative argument between the two types of verbs. Moreover, the dative arguments of the two are distinguished in terms of thematic role.
This research is meant to contribute toward having a further understanding of how the participants of an event are expressed in grammatical forms.
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高軍青. "敦煌變文被動句研究 = Research of passive voice in Dunhuang Bianwen." Thesis, University of Macau, 2004. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636617.
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Yagode, Queutre Cristián. "Effectiveness of a deductive approach against and inductive approach in teaching passive voice in English grammar." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/136575.
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Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Lingüística mención Lengua InglesaThe present study aims at comparing the efficacy of a deductive approach against an inductive approach in the teaching of passive voice in English in a college context. The participants of this study were 36 second year psychology students from Universidad Austral de Chile in Puerto Montt, Chile. The students were divided into two groups that were taught the passive voice of simple past, simple present and simple future. One of the groups was taught using a deductive approach while the other was taught using an inductive approach. After the passive voice was taught a posttest was given in order to determine which approach proved more effective. The results seem to indicate a relevance of the deductive approach in the context studied but also of bias toward the deductive approach in the methodological design of the posttest. A re-evaluation of previous research indicated how the methodology used in certain inductive approaches can be affected by deduction.
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Paul, Ileana M. "Malagasy clause structure." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ64636.pdf.
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鄭美儀 and Mei-yee Mickey Cheng. "The influence of L1 on the acquisition of English passives among Hong Kong secondary school students." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40735217.
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Ding, Dan Xiong Rutter Russell. "Historical and social contexts for scientific writing and use of passive voice toward an undergraduate science literacy course /." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9835902.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1998.Title from title page screen, viewed July 3, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Russell K. Rutter (chair), James R. Kalmbach, Dana K. Harrington. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 233-248) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Meinhardt, Miriam. "Der Einfluss der Informationsstruktur auf das Verständnis von Aktiv- und Passivsätzen im ungestörten Spracherwerb." Master's thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2012/5956/.
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Kinder erwerben Passivstrukturen später als die meisten anderen syntaktischen Strukturen. Die vorliegende Studie beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, ob dies auf informationsstrukturelle Faktoren zurückzuführen sein könnte. Probleme beim Erwerb von Passivsätzen wurden in vorhergehenden Studien unter anderem auf ihre geringe Inputfrequenz oder bestimmte syntaktische Charakteristika von Passivsätzen zurückgeführt. Jedoch konnte bisher keiner dieser Ansätze ihr spätes Erwerbsalter umfassend erklären.
Während Aktivsätze, die kanonische, unmarkierte Satzstruktur im Deutschen, in jeglichem Diskurskontext verwendet werden können, werden Passivsätze fast ausschließlich dann verwendet, wenn der Patiens der beschriebenen Handlung schon vorerwähnt war und/ oder als Topik eines Satzes fungieren soll. Passivsätze sind also nicht in jedem Kontext informationsstrukturell adäquat.
Kinder haben im Gegensatz zu Erwachsenen aufgrund ihrer geringeren syntaktischen Fähigkeiten Probleme, Sätze zu verarbeiten, die nicht in einem adäquaten Kontext stehen. Der Einfluss dieser Kontextbedingungen auf das Satzverständnis wurde in der vorliegenden Studie bei deutschsprachigen Kindern untersucht. Kindern zwischen 3;0 und 4;11 Jahren wurden Aktiv- oder Passivsätze präsentiert, denen informationsstrukturell adäquate, inadäquate oder neutrale Kontextsätze vorangingen. Wie erwartet verstanden die Kinder Aktivsätze besser als Passivsätze und 4-jährige Kinder zeigten bessere Leistungen als 3-jährige. Es gab Tendenzen, dass die 3-jährigen Kinder Passivsätze besser, aber Aktivsätze schlechter verstanden, wenn ihr Subjekt vorerwähnt wurde. Statistisch signifikante Kontexteffekte fanden sich jedoch im Gegensatz zu einer vergleichbaren Studie mit englischsprachigen Kindern (Gourley und Catlin, 1978) in keiner Testbedingung. Außerdem zeigte sich, dass die Kinder Passivsätze insgesamt besser und Aktivsätze insgesamt schlechter verstanden als englischsprachige Kinder in anderen Studien.
Die Ergebnisse werden mit dem Competition Modell (Mac Whinney und Bates, 1987) und einer Sprachverarbeitungstheorie von Stromswold (2002) erklärt. Außerdem wird diskutiert, warum die deutschsprachigen Kinder in der vorliegenden Studie andere Sprachverständnisleistungen zeigten als englischsprachige Kinder.Children acquire passive constructions later than most other syntactic structures. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether this phenomenon can be explained with an information-structural account. In former studies problems in the acquisition of the passive voice have often been attributed to its low input frequency or to its specific syntactic characteristics. However, none of these theories could sufficiently explain the late age of acquisition of passive structures. Sentences in the active voice, the canonical, unmarked, structure in German can be used in any discourse context while passive sentences are almost always used if the patient of the described action is GIVEN in the context and/ or serves as the TOPIC of the sentence. Therefore passive sentences cannot be used in any context without violating information structural constraints. It is more difficult for children – due to their less developed syntactic abilities – than for adults to process sentences which do not occur in an information structurally appropriate context. The present study examines the influence of the context on sentence comprehension abilities of German speaking children. Children at the age of 3;0 – 4;11 years were presented active or passive sentences in an information structurally appropriate, inappropriate or neutral context. As expected, children comprehended active sentences better than passive sentences, and 4-year olds performed better than 3-year olds. There was a tendency that 3-year olds comprehended passive sentences better but active sentences worse if the subject of the sentence was GIVEN in the context. However, there were no statistically significant context effects, in contrast to a similar study with English-speaking children (Gourley and Catlin, 1978). In addition, it could be shown that German-speaking children comprehended passive sentences better than English-speaking children in other studies. The results are explained with the Competition Model (Mac Whinney and Bates, 1987) and Stromswold’s (2002) theory of language processing. It is also discussed why German-speaking children showed different language comprehension abilities than English-speaking children.
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Gulseker, Solak Hilal. "Animacy Effect On Sentence Structure Choice:a Study On Turkish Learners Of L2 English." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608908/index.pdf.
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This thesis aims to find out how animacy affects sentence structure choice in Turkish learners of L2 English. The study compares three different L2 English proficiency levels with each other as well to L1 English and L1 Turkish. In this way the effect of English, a rigid word order language, and Turkish, a free word order language on sentence structure choice have been compared.
A picture description task was applied on 94 participants. The pictures depicted a transitive action taking place between an inanimate agent and an animate patient (animate condition) or between an inanimate agent and an inanimate patient. The subjects were given handouts with the pictures and were asked to write down what is happening in each picture. There were 60 Turkish learners of L2 English and 14 English participants in the study. Turkish learners of English belonged to level-1 (16 students), level-2 (25 students) and level-3 (19 students). In addition, 20 Turkish speakers were consulted for their knowledge of Turkish.
It was hypothesized that in L2 English, animate entities would be accessed first and this will directly affect sentence structure choice through grammatical subject assignment or through word order. Thus, it was expected that when the learners are shown a picture depicting a transitive action taking place between an animate patinet and an inanimate agent, they would tend to use the passive in English, which assigns both a sentence-initial position and a subjecthood role to the animate entity. L2 proficiency level and native language were expected to play a role in determining the role of animacy on sentence structure choice.
Chi-square analysis and odds ratio calculations were made. The results showed that animacy of the patinet affected sentence structure choice in L2 English by triggering the passivce usage in only level-3 (the most advanced group). Animacy of the patient affected native speakers of English in the same way, i.e. native English speakers tended to use the passive voice in the animate condition. No such effect was found in lower level learners of L2 English (i.e. level-1 and level-2) and Turkish native speakers. It was found that in the animate condition, Turkish native speakers tended to use the OSV word order more frequently than they did in the inanimate condition. This result suggested that in Turkish, animacy of the patient triggers the use of the OSV (Object, Subject, Verb) order rather than the passive voice. In short, the research results suggested that L2 proficency level and native language could play a role in determining how animacy affects sentence structure choice in L2.
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井上, 剛志, Tsuyoshi INOUE, 幸男 石田, Yukio ISHIDA, 正貴 角, and Masaki SUMI. "電磁共振ダンパによる振動制御." 日本機械学会, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8977.
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Bailey, Audrey. "The Effect of Extended Instruction on Passive Voice, Reduced Relative Clauses, and Modal Would in the Academic Writing of Advanced English Language Learners." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3203.
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As more international students who are not expert users of English come to the United States to study at university, the field of teaching English for Academic Purposes grows. There are many important skills these international students must learn to become successful university students in America, but writing for academic purposes is of particular importance for these students to join the academic conversation in their respective disciplines. Corpus research has identified the grammatical features which are frequently found in different registers, and from this work it is known which structures are important in different types of academic writing. Grammatical structures frequently found in the academic register must be taught to these university-bound students. However, many English Language Learners (ELLs) are infrequently using, or inaccurately using, some of these grammatical features in their writing when compared to L1 writers. This study focuses on three of those under-used, and/or inaccurately used structures: passive voice, reduced relative clauses, and modal would.
At an Intensive English Language Program (IELP) in the Pacific Northwest, an experimental group of advanced ELLs were given extended instruction--extra time and practice--on these three features. The control group received the standard amount of time and practice students typically receive at this IELP. 25 essays from the experimental group and 44 essays from the control group were tagged for presence, accuracy, and appropriacy of the three grammatical features (passive voice, reduced relative clauses, and modal would). The experimental and control group essays were compared to see if the treatment instruction had a significant effect on the frequency, accuracy, and/or appropriacy of these features.
Results from an independent t-test on the frequency of passive voice showed no significant difference between the experimental group essays and the control group essays. Results from a Mann-Whitney U test on the frequency of reduced relative clauses and modal would showed no significant difference between the two groups. In regard to accuracy and appropriacy, a Mann-Whitney U test found no significant difference between the experiment group and control group.
The analysis of the two groups showed that students in the treatment group did use passive voice on average more than students in the control group, but it was not enough to be significantly different. The frequency of reduced relative clauses and modal would was low, yet accuracy and appropriacy of these features was very high for both groups.
These findings reveal that different, or perhaps more focused, approaches must be taken beyond extra time and practice to increase ELLs' use of passive voice, reduced relative clauses, and modal would in their writing.
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Jovanovic, Nenad [Verfasser], Barbara [Akademischer Betreuer] Höhle, James [Akademischer Betreuer] Law, and James [Akademischer Betreuer] Alter. "The comprehension of the passive voice by different populations and the effects of structural priming on this process / Nenad Jovanovic ; Barbara Höhle, James Law, James Alter." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2018. http://d-nb.info/121966359X/34.
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Chan, Yuet Ying Elaine. "The effects of deductive and inductive approaches on the acquisition of grammatical structures in second language : the case of the passive voice among secondary two students in Hong Kong." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2004. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/560.
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Zhang, Li. "Analyse des difficultés rencontrées par les étudiants chinois au cours de leur apprentissage du français et réflexions didactiques (à partir de la voix passive)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCF018.
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En examinant les difficultés représentatives rencontrées par les étudiants chinois au cours de leur apprentissage du français langue étrangère (FLE), la présente thèse a pour objectif d’inventorier et analyser leurs erreurs récurrentes à l'écrit, à différents niveaux, en vue de proposer des procédés ou des suggestions qui pourraient éventuellement améliorer l’enseignement du FLE en Chine. La thèse est divisée en sept chapitres reposant sur l’analyse des erreurs à partir d'un point de grammaire précis - la voix passive, et puis, au niveau micro, sur différents aspects : perceptuo - mémoriels, métalinguistique et sémantico - pragmatiques, avec un bilan général à la fin. À l’issue de cette analyse, nous avons pu constater que les difficultés que les étudiants chinois rencontrent au cours de leur apprentissage sont dues principalement à l’écart entre le français et le chinois, leur langue maternelle, dont l'influence est partout sous-jacent. La présente recherche s’oriente vers la linguistique structurale et une analyse contrastive. En examinant cas par cas les différentes imperfections repérées dans notre corpus spécialement constitué à cette fin, nous essayons de découvrir les causes qui les sous-tendent. La deuxième étape est réservée à une étude de stratégie didactique. En nous appuyant sur le résultat de l'analyse précédente, nous procédons à une description statistique de notre matériel pour connaître la répartition des différentes catégories d’erreurs. En partant de cette image statistique, nous pouvons esquisser enfin des recommandations didactiques plus adéquatesBy examining the typical difficulties faced by Chinese students in their learning of French as foreign language (FLE in French), this thesis aims to list, categorize, and analyze their recurring errors at different levels in writing, in order to propose some proper suggestions that could possibly help improve the teaching of French as foreign language in China. The thesis is divided into seven chapters based on error analysis from a specific grammar point - the passive voice, and then, the thesis, at the micro level, on different aspects: perceptuo - memorial, meta-linguistics and semantic - pragmatic, analyzes the various types of written errors Chinese students make in their French learning, with a general assessment at the end. With previous analysis, the thesis concludes that the main causes of the difficulties Chinese students encounter in the French learning lie in the differences between French language and their mother tongue while the influence of the mother tongue is ubiquitous. It is with the reference of structural linguistics and contrastive linguistics in our analyzing process of the error cases, one by one from the materials specially gathered for this purpose, that the research has found the main causes that underlie the errors. And it is by using a statistical analysis of the corpus collected, that the research has also found the distribution of different categories of the errors, so that it provides a objective basis for the further improvement of French teaching in China
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Jonsson, Erik. "Read-a-paper-bility: can you read this paper for me? : A readability study of The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för utbildning, kultur och kommunikation, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-40157.
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In our information age, it is of the highest importance that information is easy to understand by as many members of the potential target audience as possible. The present study analyses and compares the readability of 20 newspaper articles, half from the tabloid Daily Mail and the other half from the broadsheet The Daily Telegraph. The methods used to analyse the articles are mathematic readability formulas based on sentence and word length, as well as analyses of the use of the active and the passive voice, type-token ratio, number of clauses per sentence, and linking words. The results do not completely align with each other. Three of the five methods – the readability formulas, the use of the passive voice, and clauses per sentence – suggest that the Daily Mail articles are easier to understand, whereas the type-token ratios imply the opposite, and the linking words results did not show a difference in readability.
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Allen, Shanley E. M. (Shanley Elizabeth Marilou). "Acquisition of some mechanisms of transitivity alternation in Arctic Quebec Inuktitut." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28656.
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This thesis discusses the first language acquisition of three morphosyntactic mechanisms of transitivity alternation in arctic Quebec Inuktitut. Data derive from naturalistic longitudinal spontaneous speech samples collected over a nine-month period from four Inuit children aged 2;0 through 2;10 at outset. Both basic and advanced forms of passive structures are shown to be used productively by Inuktitut-speaking children at an early age relative to English-speaking children, but consistent in age with speakers of non-Indo-European languages reported on in the literature; potential explanations of this difference include frequency of caregiver input and details of language structure. Morphological causatives appear slightly later in the acquisition sequence, and their first instances reflect use of unanalyzed routines. Lexical causatives are present from the earliest ages studied. Evidence of a period of overgeneralization of lexical causatives in one subject at the same time as the morphological causative shows signs of being productively acquired suggests that the seeming overgeneralization may reflect nothing more than as yet unstable use of the morphological causative. Noun incorporation structures are shown to be used productively by Inuktitut-speaking children at an early age relative to Mohawk-speaking children; potential explanations of this difference include details of language structure and relative language use in the environments of the learners. Findings are considered in light of current debates in the literature concerning continuity versus maturation of grammatical structure, and concerning the functional categories available to the child at early stages of acquisition. Data presented argue against maturation, and suggest that all functional categories can be accessed by the Inuktitut-speaking child early in the acquisition process.
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So, Pui-kwan, and 蘇佩君. "The acquisition of English passives by Cantonese ESL learners." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31571773.
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Holte, Kjersti Lien. "Hysj : En kritisk didaktisk relasjonsanalyse av Curriculum Silentium; den skjulte policyen for taushet om arbeidsrelatert kritikk hos ansatte." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsvetenskap, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-4405.
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This study has developed a tool for explaining why employees fail to speak up with regard to work related criticism; there is a hidden policy of silence that teaches employees to remain silent. This hidden policy is here designated as the "Curriculum Silentium" and is described in detail on the basis of empirical and theoretical data. After identifying a gap between the intentionally and experienced policy for employees freedom of speech in organizations I suggest that there are on-going unofficial, partially hidden learning processes in the organizations. The overall research question is; How does the Curriculum Silentium; the hidden policy of silence among employees, look like? I make an analytic construction of the hidden policy as if it were planned policy, using the didactic categories applicable to organizations. These didactic categories are: goals, content, teaching strategies and the motivation of employees. The empirical data was collected in three different organizations: an elementary school, a home for the elderly and a factory in the process industry, using qualitative methods such as interviews and observation. The theoretical foundation of the study is taken from existing theory within the field of work life research and educational science. The study is not a comparative study of the three organizations, but does involve a comparison of whether and how the Curriculum Silentium is expressed in three such different organizations. The challenge of examining hidden relationships in organizations was met through the development of guidelines for an analytical approach called a critical didactic relations analysis. The study concludes that a hidden policy of silence resembling that presented here exists in organizations where employees fail to voice working life related criticism.
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CEVOULE, BERNARD. "Implication du facteur passionnel dans la fatigue en planeur." Nice, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NICE6038.
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Lefebvre-Roque, Maxime. "Evaluation du potentiel thérapeutique des anticorps anti-PrP administrés par voie intra-cérébrale dans les maladies à prions." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066639.
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Les maladies à prions sont des maladies neurodégénératives, transmissibles, dont l'issue est fatale et qui affectent l'homme et l'animal. L'objectif de ce travail a été de déterminer le potentiel thérapeutique des anticorps anti-PrP lorsqu'ils sont injectés par voie intracérébrale au stade préclinique de la maladie. Les résultats obtenus n'ont pas mis en évidence d'effet protecteur. Cependant, un effet neurotoxique prononcé des anticorps anti-PrP a été observé. La mort neuronale était associée à l'activation d'une population microgliale spécifique et une forte réaction astrogliale. Une série d'expériences complémentaires a apporté des éléments de compréhension des mécanismes de neurotoxicité des anticorps anti-PrP. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus a montré que l'injection d'anticorps anti-PrP par voie intracérébrale a des conséquences importantes sur l'homéostasie du SNC, conséquences qui limitent l'utilisation de ces anticorps dans le cadre d'immunisations passives par voie centrale.
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Guillotte, Ismaël. "Films passifs formés par voie industrielle sur aciers inoxydables : relations entre propriétés physicochimiques et électroniques et résistance à la corrosion localisée." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI042.
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Bien que dits « inoxydables », les aciers inox peuvent être sujets à diverses formes decorrosion localisée telles que la piqûration. La formation de piqûres, nuisible à l’aspect et à l’intégritéstructurelle du matériau, est notamment contrôlée par les propriétés du film passif protecteur qui seforme à la surface des inox. De nombreuses études ont été menées sur les mécanismes de piqûration desurfaces modèles préparées au laboratoire. Cette thèse, au contraire, étudie les relations entre lespropriétés physico-chimiques et électroniques, d’une part, et la résistance à la corrosion par piqûres,d’autre part, de films passifs formés sur des inox par des finis de surfaces industriels.Les propriétés des films passifs ont été caractérisées par des méthodes variées, utiliséesclassiquement ou de façon plus originale : multi-piqûres et transitoires électrochimiques pour lapropriété d’usage, XPS et SDL pour la chimie de surface, spectroscopie d’impédance électrochimique,chrono-ampérométrie et photoélectrochimie pour les propriétés semi-conductrices des films.Il a été montré que la résistance à la piqûration des finis industriels pouvait valablement êtredéterminée par la méthode des transitoires électrochimiques et par la multi-piqûres, utiliséesauparavant pour les seules surfaces modèles. Par ailleurs, l’analyse comparée des résultats depiqûration et de ceux d’XPS et SDL a mis en évidence que la composition chimique des films passifsne suffit pas à rendre compte des différences de résistance à la piqûration des différents finisindustriels testés. En revanche, l’analyse des propriétés semi-conductrices des différents films passifs apermis de proposer des explications à ces écarts de comportements en corrosion localisée, confirmantque structure et taux de défauts du film passif sont deux paramètres clef de la résistance à la corrosionpar piqûres des films passifs.Enfin, une amélioration du comportement en piqûration des surfaces industrielles a pu êtremise en évidence, soit après un traitement court de ces dernières en milieu nitrique acide, soit àl’application aux échantillons d’un balayage en potentiel en milieu sulfate neutreStainless steels can suffer localized corrosion like pitting corrosion which can damage thestructural integrity of the material. The pit formation is mainly controlled by properties of theprotective layer formed on the stainless steel surface, which is called passive film. Many studies haveexamined pitting mechanism on model surface prepared in the laboratory. This work is dedicated tostudy the relations between physicochemical and electronic properties of industrially processedpassive films and their pitting corrosion resistance.The properties of passive films have been characterized with several methods which can beconventional or in a more innovative way: multi-pitting statistics and electrochemical noise for the useproperty, XPS and SDL for the surface chemistry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,chronoamperometry and photo-electrochemistry for semi-conductive properties of the passive films.Multi-pitting statistics and electrochemical transients which were usually used on modelsurfaces have been shown to be accurate for the evaluation of the pitting resistance of industrialsurface finishing samples. Furthermore, the comparison of the results of pitting resistance and of XPSand SDL analyses has shown that the chemical composition of passive films is not sufficient to explainthe difference of pitting resistance behavior among tested industrial passive films. However, the semiconductiveproperties characterizations are able to explain these differences of localized corrosionresistance. They confirm that structuration and defect level are two key parameters of pitting resistanceproperties of passive films.At last, this study highlighted that the pitting resistance of industrial passive films can beimproved by a short nitric acid treatment or by sweep voltammetry in neutral sulfate medium
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Laverty, Stephen William. "Detection of Nonstationary Noise and Improved Voice Activity Detection in an Automotive Hands-free Environment." Link to electronic thesis, 2005. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-051105-110646/.
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Messaoud, Mouna. "Fonctionnalisation anti-bactérienne passive ou active de tissus textiles par voie sol-gel ou photochimique - L'association du TiO2 et de la chimie douce." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00584376.
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Au cours de cette thèse, plusieurs approches de fonctionnalisation anti-bactérienne passive, de type"bactériostatique" utilisant des espèces hydrophobes, et active (selon un standard ISO), de type"bactéricide" utilisant des nanoparticules d'argent métallique ou des espèces à base d'ammoniumquaternaire, ont été testées sur des tissus textiles. Des solutions liquides ont été élaborées par voie sol-gelet photochimique, en association ou non. Elles ont tout d'abord été caractérisées d'un point de vuephysico-chimique, morphologique et structural, afin d'optimiser leur formulation et les caractéristiquesdes espèces en solution vis-à-vis de différents cahiers des charges industriels. Ce travail d'optimisation aen particulier conduit à des solutions stables permettant leur utilisation reproductible au cours du temps.Les solutions ont ensuite été imprégnées sur des échantillons textiles, par un dispositif simplifié de "padcoating"mis au point au cours de la thèse, afin de tester la fonction anti-bactérienne des textiles traités.Selon la nature des espèces imprégnées, l'optimisation des solutions conduit à une fonctionnalité antibactériennepassive ou active respectant l'aspect visuel du textile et ne dénaturant pas son toucher. Destests de lavage de laboratoire ou de lavage ménager en conditions réelles ont également montré unaccrochage notable des espèces imprégnées sur les textiles. Des options ont finalement été proposées pouraccroître cet accrochage afin de répondre à des conditions de lavage industriel. En conclusion, ce travail met en évidence le potentiel des approches d'élaboration par chimie douce en vue de fonctionnaliser des textiles, en permettant en particulier de proposer des méthodologies originales et simplifiées en adéquation avec des impératifs industriels.
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BONNABRY, CELINE. "Mise au point et validation de modeles d'etude in vitro du passage percutane (doctorat : sciences pharmaceutiques)." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CLF1PP06.
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Seth, Anjali. "Effet de la rétention magnétique sur le passage d'un principe actif peu perméable à travers la membrane intestinale." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066517/document.
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La voie orale est le mode d’administration le plus utilisé pour les médicaments. Ce mode d’administration présente de nombreux avantages tels que la facilité d’administration et une grande observance par les patients. Une des principales limitations de l’utilisation de la voie orale pour l’administration de molécules actives est que ces molécules doivent traverser les membranes biologiques pour rejoindre la circulation sanguine systémique et atteindre leur site d’action. C’est cette étape de passage transmembranaire qui détermine la biodisponibilité de la molécule active (ou principe actif, PA). De nombreuses molécules présentent une activité thérapeutique intéressante mais leur développement galénique n’est pas envisageable du fait de leur biodisponibilité trop faible. Dans cette thèse, le principe de la rétention magnétique a été étudié. Nous avons cherché à prouver que le fait de retenir, à l’aide d’un aimant, une formulation magnétique contenant un principe actif, peu perméable, à proximité de son site de passage dans la circulation sanguine, permettrait d’en augmenter l’absorption à travers la membrane biologique et ainsi d’en améliorer la biodisponibilité. Des formes magnétiques contenant des nanoparticules magnétiques d’oxyde de fer ont été mises au point à l’échelle du laboratoire puis transférées à l’échelle industrielle en process galénique. L’efficacité de la rétention magnétique a été testée ex vivo et in vivo sur modèle animal. Ces études pharmacocinétiques couplées à des techniques d’imagerie ont permis de montrer que la biodisponibilité du principe actif pouvait être multipliée par trois grâce à la rétention magnétique. L’accumulation de vecteurs magnétiques à l’endroit désiré du tractus gastro-intestinal provoque une surconcentration du principe actif menant à une augmentation de son passage transmembranaire et ainsi à l’augmentation de la dose absorbée dans la circulation systémiqueOral administration still remains the route of choice for the majority of pharmaceutical dosage forms due to higher patient comfort and reduced cost of treatment. One of the major drawbacks of using the oral route to deliver drugs is that these molecules need to cross biological membranes in order to pass to the bloodstream and reach their physiological target. A large number of drugs with high clinical potential have not yet been employed because of their limited bloodstream access. Therefore, there is a real need to develop new methodologies addressing the problem of low permeable drugs used in oral administration. In this work we studied retention using an external magnetic field as a mean to maintain magnetic carriers near the absorption site of the drug. It was proven that an effective retention can cause over-concentration of the drug near the intestinal membrane thus increasing its bioavailability. For this purpose, we designed magnetic carriers, first, at the lab scale, and then using industrial processes. Magnetic retention efficiency was subsequently studied using ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Pharmacokinetics studies coupled with imaging techniques showed that magnetic retention provided a threefold increase in drug bioavailability. Finally, it was shown that retention of magnetic carriers near the absorption window of the drug can lead to overconcentration of the drug and increased transport through intestinal membrane resulting in a higher absorbed fraction reaching the bloodstream
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Jounieaux, Vincent. "La reponse de la glotte a l'hyperventilation passive par ventilation positive intermittente delivree par voie nasale chez l'homme normal a l'eveil et dans le sommeil." Amiens, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AMIES038.
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Nous avons etudie la dynamique de la glotte en reponse a une hyperventilation passive par ventilation positive intermittente par voie nasale (vppin) chez 7 sujets volontaires sains, a l'eveil et au cours d'un examen polysomnographique de sommeil. L'enregistrement polysomnographique classique (eeg, emgsous-mentionnier & eog) s'accompagnait de l'enregistrement simultane des parametres ventilatoires (emg#d#i, pression d'insufflation, flux aerien buccal, mouvements thoraciques & abdominaux, volume courant, sao#2 & petco#2). Nous observions et enregistrions, en continu grace a un fibroscope sus-glottique, les mouvements des cordes vocales en reponse a une augmentation progressive de la ventilation mecanique delivree. La mise au repos des muscles respiratoires par la vppin s'accompagne d'une reduction du calibre glottique, qui s'amende toujours lors de la reapparition d'une activite musculaire inspiratoire. L'augmentation progressive de la ventilation mecanique delivree (ved) entraine une adduction progressive des cordes vocales a l'eveil comme dans le sommeil. Nous avons pu egalement observer des apnees et des respirations periodiques d'origine glottique. La diminution progressive du calibre de la glotte en reponse a la vppin s'accompagne d'une augmentation des resistances a l'insufflation et d'une diminution de la ventilation effective des sujets. L'hypocapnie induite par l'hyperventilation est, a l'evidence, un des facteurs controlant la reponse glottique. En effet, l'adjonction de co#2 a l'air inspire sans modifier la ved entraine une abduction significative des cordes vocales. Cette reponse depend egalement de facteurs mecaniques sus-glottiques puisque l'augmentation du debit d'insufflation (vcd/ti), a ved constante et pour une meme petco#2, s'accompagne d'une adduction des cordes vocales. La diminution du calibre glottique en reponse a la vppin varie aussi en fonction des etats de vigilance. L'adduction active des cordes vocales en reponse a la vppin permet une autoregulation de l'hyperventilation et donc de l'hypocapnie imposee. Ce reflexe glottique de protection depend de mecanismes multiples, chimiques, mecaniques sus-glottiques et comportementaux
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Demoy, Marina. "Etude de la capture et des modalites de passage de nanoparticules a l'interface sang-tissu splenique (doctorat : pharmacotechnie et biopharmacie)." Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA114854.
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Wu, Wen. "Développement de nanoparticules composites polymériques de S-nitrosoglutathion dédiés au traitement oral des maladies cardiovasculaires." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0115.
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Le S-nitrosoglutathion (GSNO), donneur d’oxyde nitrique (NO) physiologique, présente une application potentielle dans le traitement des maladies cardiovasculaires (CVD). Cependant, avec une demi vie supérieure à celle de NO, GSNO reste labile limitant ainsi son application. Cette étude vise au développement de particules nanocomposites (NCP) incluant des nanoparticules polymériques chargées en GSNO (GSNO-NP) dans une matrice polysaccharidique pour la voie orale. Bien que les GSNO-NP encapsulant efficacement GSNO, le libèrent rapidement in vitro, elles retardent la S-nitrosation (biomarqueur de NO) des protéines de cellules musculaires lisses en culture (18 h). Par conséquent, pour une libération prolongée, les GSNO-NP ont été incluses dans une matrice d’alginate (a), chitosan (c) ou un mélange des deux (acNCP). Les GSNO-acNCP avec une encapsulation élevée (76%) et une libération in vitro jusqu’à 24 h, ont significativement favorisé le passage de GSNO au travers d’un modèle de barrière intestinale (Caco-2). A la lumière de cette compatibilité avec un traitement oral journalier, le gavage de rats Wistar avec ces GSNO-acNCP 17 h avant prélèvement de l’aorte a diminué la contraction maximale phényléphrine (PHE) dépendante d’anneaux aortiques isolés. De plus, la N-acétylcystéine (NAC) (thiol déstockant NO tissulaire) produit la relaxation d’anneaux précontractés avec la PHE, prouvant le stockage de NO au sein de la paroi vasculaire. En augmentant le temps de résidence gastrointestinale et donc le passage de GSNO au travers de l’intestin, les GSNO-acNCP produisent un effet prolongé (17 h après administration) par l’intermédiaire du stockage de NO au niveau tissulaireAs a physiologic nitric oxide (NO) donor, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) has potential therapeutic application for the treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). With a longer in vivo half-life than NO, GSNO is still sensitive to many factors leading to poor applicability. This study aimed at the development of nanocomposite particles (NCP) based on synthetic polymeric nanoparticles encapsulating GSNO (GSNO-NP) embedded in a polysaccharidic matrix for oral delivery of GSNO. Although GSNO-NP, with a high encapsulation efficiency, showed an in vitro burst release, they succeeded in the preservation of GSNO stability and bioavailability for smooth muscle cells as they delayed in vitro protein S-nitrosation (NO biomarker) until 18 h. Therefore, to reach the sustained release, GSNO-NP were embedded in a matrix of alginate (a), chitosan (c) or a blend (acNCP). GSNO-acNCP with high encapsulation efficiency (76%) and an in vitro release until 24 h, promoted the highest permeation rate of GSNO through an intestinal barrier model (Caco-2). With this daily oral treatment compatibility Wistar Rat pretreatment by gavage with GSNO-acNCP 17 h before aorta removal decreased the maximal contractile effect induced by phenylephrine (PHE) on isolated aortic rings. Furthermore, the N-acetylcysteine (a thiol displacing NO stores from tissues) produced the relaxation of PHE precontracted aortic rings, proving NO storage in the vessel wall. By increasing the residence time in the gastrointestinal tract thus promoting GSNO crossing through the intestinal barrier, GSNO-acNCP induced a long lasting effect (17 h after administration) through NO storage in vessels
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Mota, Pinheiro Júlio. "Development of passive circuits in nanowire-membrane technology in millimeter wave frequencies : application to functionalized interposer." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALT024.
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Ce travail vise à développer des circuits passifs en ondes millimétriques dans l'interposeur appelé MnM - metallic nanowire-filled membrane. Cet interposeur s'inscrit dans le contexte où la miniaturisation des circuits passifs due à la haute fréquence de fonctionnement (environ supérieure à 10 GHz jusqu’à 300 GHz pour les ondes millimétriques) rend intéressante l'insertion de circuits passifs dans des technologies intégrées telles que le CMOS, mais qui en raison des limitations liées à la technologie ne présentent pas une qualité élevée, étant donc plus intéressant en termes de performance et de coût l'utilisation d'un substrat auxiliaire pour la conception de circuits passifs qui permet leur intégration avec des circuits actifs en technologie intégrée ; ce substrat est appelé interposeur. Pour le développement d'un bon interposeur, il est nécessaire qu'il présente des lignes de transmission et des vias de haute qualité. L'interposeur MnM est une membrane d'alumine à faible coût qui possède par sa fabrication des nanopores naturels pouvant être utilisés pour la croissance de nanofils de cuivre. Pour le développement de cet interposeur et la présentation des circuits passifs, le processus de fabrication est amélioré, l'accent étant mis sur la croissance des nanofils de manière localisée et sur le rendement de la fabrication. Le substrat est caractérisé électriquement pour l'extraction des pertes et sa constante diélectrique, dont on a constaté qu'elle était influencée par les nanopores. Avec l'amélioration du processus de fabrication, le voie de nanofils sont développés et leurs performances analysées dans le cadre d'une transition entre une face et une autre du substrat grâce à un modèle électrique lié à la disposition physique validée par les résultats des mesures. Pour le modèle électrique, une approche analytique et une autre matrice sont proposées, avec la vérification que cette voie se comporte comme une voie solide avec une conductance qui prend en compte le matériau des nanofils et leur densité surfacique. Il est vérifié que les voie de nanofils ont des performances de pointe, en plus de leurs dimensions telles que le rayon et l'espacement entre les voies sont faibles, dictées uniquement par la dimension minimale atteinte en photolithographie. Les inductions de type solénoïde à deux, trois, cinq et dix spires qui utilisent ces voies sont proposées et analysées, avec la proposition d'un modèle électrique, qui concerne sa disposition physique, à utiliser par les concepteurs. Ces inductances sont compactes en raison de la petite taille des voies de nanofils, et ont une fréquence de résonance élevée, 98 GHz pour l’inductances à deux spires. Enfin, un nouveau modèle électrique pour les lignes de transmission de type microruban avec un effet d'onde lente causé par les nanofils est proposé pour faciliter sa conception et sa simulation, car sa simulation électromagnétique présente un coût de calcul élevé. Ce même modèle est également utilisé pour les lignes de transmission en technologie PCB, qui présentent le même effet d'onde lente mais avec une fréquence de fonctionnement en micro-ondes. Ainsi, ce travail présente une avancée significative pour l'interposeur MnM, en présentant à la fin un interposeur d'ondes millimétriques pleinement fonctionnelThis work aims at the development of passive circuits in millimeter-wave frequency in the interposer called MnM – metallic nanowire-filled membrane. This interposer is inserted in the context where the miniaturization of passive circuits due to the high operating frequency (roughly above 10 GHz up to 300 GHz for millimeter-waves) makes it interesting to insert passive circuits in integrated technologies such as CMOS, but that due to the limitations linked to the technology do not present high quality, being therefore more interesting in terms of performance and cost the use of an auxiliary substrate for the design of passive circuits that allows their integration with active circuits in integrated technology; this substrate is called an interposer. For the development of a good interposer, it is necessary that it presents high quality transmission lines and vias. The MnM interposer is a low cost alumina membrane that naturally has nanopores caused by its fabrication process that can be used to grow copper nanowires. For the development of this interposer and passive circuits on it, the manufacturing process is improved, with the focus on the growth of nanowires in specific regions and on the fabrication yield. The substrate is electrically characterized for extracting its losses and its dielectric constant, which has been shown to be influenced by the nanopores. With the improvement of the manufacturing process, nanowire-vias are developed and their performance analyzed in the context of a transition between one face and another of the substrate through an electrical model related to the physical layout validated by the measurement results. For the electrical model, an analytical and a matrix approach are proposed, with the verification that the nanowire-via behaves as a solid via with a conductance that takes into account the material of the nanowires and their surface density. It is verified that the nanowire-via have a state-of-the-art performance, besides its small dimensions such radius and pitch between vias, dictated only by the minimum dimension achieved in photolithography. Two, three, five and ten spires solenoid-type inductions that make use of these vias are proposed and analyzed, with the proposal of an electrical model, which relates to its physical layout, to be used by designers. These inductances are compact, due to the small size of the nanowire-vias, and have a high self-resonance frequency, 98 GHz for two-spire inductance. Finally, a new linear electric model for microstrip transmission lines with slow-wave effect caused by the nanowires is proposed, to facilitate its design and simulation, since its electromagnetic simulation presents a high computational cost. This same model is also used for transmission lines in PCB technology, which present the same slow-wave effect but with operating in microwave frequency. Thus, this work presents a significant advance for MnM interposer, presenting at the end a fully functional millimeter wave interposer
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Maldonado, Marc. "VIBRATIONS DUES AU PASSAGE D'UN TRAMWAY : MESURES EXPÉRIMENTALES ET SIMULATIONS NUMERIQUES." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de nantes - ECN, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00356222.
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La circulation des tramways peut produire des vibrations se propageant dans le sol, et induire une gêne pour les personnes résidant et travaillant dans les bâtiments voisins de la voie. Par conséquent, lors de la réalisation d'une ligne de tramway, il est important de considérer ces phénomènes vibratoires. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de ce travail est double. Premièrement, les procédures expérimentales permettant d'analyser les vibrations générées par le tramway sont présentées, prenant en compte notamment : la vitesse et le type de rame (deux constructeurs), le type de pose (classique ou sur dalle flottante), et les caractéristiques du sol. Le traitement des données expérimentales fournit des informations sur le sol (procédure Sasw), une validation du comportement de la voie (mobilités de transfert voie-sol et réceptance du rail) en comparaison avec les données constructeurs, et l'estimation des efforts dynamiques exercés par les essieux sur les rails (mesures de vibrations sur un bogie porteur). Le second objectif correspond à la validation des modèles numériques (prenant en compte la voie et le sol) pour la prédiction des vibrations générées. Les efforts dynamiques provenant des essieux sont estimés à partir de rugosités simplifiées pour les rails et les roues, ces rugosités étant validées par comparaison avec les mesures. Les équations couplées sont résolues dans le domaine des nombres d'onde, à l'aide de transformées de Fourier (une ou deux dimensions). L'effet de la rotation de la dalle flottante ou d'assise est pris en compte et intervient de façon significative dans la réponse du sol. Étant donné que la précision des amplitudes vibratoires calculées dans le cas d'un passage de tramway est correcte, ce travail peut être utilisé pour l'analyse et la validation de nouvelles lignes de tramways.
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Kemel, Kamilia. "Mécanismes de passage transcutané : étude des interactions nanoparticules / peau." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS075.
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De nombreux systèmes nanoparticulaires ont été développés pour modifier la délivrance de molécules par la voie cutanée. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux nanoparticules lipidiques type Janus (JNP), une forme galénique innovante caractérisée par la combinaison de deux compartiments, de polarité chimique opposée, un compartiment aqueux accolé à un compartiment lipidique. L’objectif principal a été la caractérisation des JNP. La spectroscopie ATR-FTIR a permis de mettre au point un descripteur IR permettant de suivre la stabilité physique des JNP à l’air libre et en fonction du temps. Le même descripteur a permis de suivre leur devenir à la surface de la peau, et de constater une pénétration significative à partir de 3 heures d’application. Nous avons prouvé que l’AFM-IR est une technique prometteuse pour étudier la nanostructure de la peau. De plus, elle a permis de montrer qu’après 24 heures d’application, les JNP se sont accumulées dans les premières couches du SC avec un gradient dans les couches plus profondes du SC. En revanche, il n’a pas été possible de déterminer si elles ont pénétré à l’état intact ou dégradé. Les JNP semblent avoir une influence sur la pénétration cutanée de l’acide hyaluronique, elles ont permis une augmentation significative de son flux de pénétration. La caractérisation de la phase lipophile des JNP par différentes techniques (LC-MS, DLS, Cryo-TEM, diffraction des rayons X…) a permis de mieux comprendre leur instabilité aux températures élevées (32°C - 43°C)Many nanocarriers have been developed to improve the delivery of molecules into the skin. In this PhD thesis, we are interested in lipid-based Janus nanoparticles (JNP), an innovative galenic form characterized by the combination of two compartments of opposite chemical polarity, an aqueous compartment associated to a lipid compartment. The main aim was the characterization of JNP. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy allowed to identify an infrared descriptor to follow the physical stability of JNP in open air and over time. The same descriptor allowed to follow their behavior on the surface of the skin, and to note a significant penetration from 3 hours of application. AFM-IR has been shown to be a promising technique for studying the nanostructure of the human skin. In addition, it has shown that after 24 hours of application, JNP were accumulated in the first layers of the SC with a gradient in the deeper layers of the SC. However, it was not possible to conclude if they have penetrated in the intact or degraded form. JNP seem to have an influence on the cutaneous penetration of the hyaluronic acid, they allowed a significant increase of its penetration flux. The characterization of the lipophilic phase of JNP by different techniques (LC-MS, DLS, Cryo-TEM, X-ray diffraction...) allowed to better understand their instability at high temperatures (32°C - 43°C)
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Bol, Ludivine. "Conception d’un microsystème pour l’évaluation du passage de biomolécules à travers la barrière pulmonaire." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112118/document.
Full textAbstract:
La voie pulmonaire suscite un intérêt grandissant pour l’administration systémique des peptides et protéines thérapeutiques, aujourd’hui encore administrés essentiellement par voie parentérale. Un microsystème a été conçu pour permettre de faciliter et accélérer les études in vitro de criblage de différentes biomolécules actives et de sélectionner les formulations les plus adaptées à leur pénétration à travers l’épithélium pulmonaire, en vue de sélectionner les meilleurs candidats à une administration par voie pulmonaire. Organisé en deux configurations distinctes, ce microsystème permet dans un premier temps d’obtenir des barrières épithéliales pulmonaires polarisées et jointives (cellules Calu-3) en seulement 7 jours dans des micropuits de 1mm², sans avoir à renouveler le milieu nutritif ni avoir recours à un appareillage externe associé au microsystème. Grâce à la mise au point d’une technique simple de fabrication, des plateformes de culture contenant jusqu’à 12 micropuits en parallèle sont aujourd’hui fabriquées de manière standardisée. L’évaluation du passage de molécules est ensuite réalisée sous une deuxième configuration dédiée à la mesure de la perméabilité des barrières épithéliales cultivées en micropuits. La capacité de différents candidats (nanoparticules et biomolécules) à traverser l’épithélium pulmonaire a été étudiée. Le passage de nanoparticules de PLGA revêtues de chitosane ainsi que le passage de l’insuline ont été démontrés avec succès. Enfin, l’électrophorèse capillaire couplée à une détection par fluorescence induite par laser (EC-LIF), compatible avec les faibles volumes manipulés dans ce microsystème, a été exploitée pour la détection et la quantification de l’insuline après passage des barrières pulmonaires miniaturisées. A cette fin, l’insuline a soit été marquée par le FITC, soit complexée à un anticorps ou a un aptamère fluorescents. A l’heure actuelle, seule la méthode développée pour le marquage de l’insuline par le FITC est utilisable à des fins de quantification, mais le recours à un aptamère a montré des premiers résultats encourageantsThe pulmonary route is of increasing interest for the systemic administration of therapeutic proteins and peptides, still largely administered parenterally. A microdevice was designed to facilitate and accelerate the in vitro screening studies of various active biomolecules and to select the most suitable formulations for penetration through the lung epithelium, in order to select the best candidates for an administration via the lungs. Organized in two distinct configurations, this microdevice allows as a first step the culture of tight polarized bronchial epithelial barriers (Calu-3 cells) in 7 days in 1 mm² microwells, without the need for medium renewal or the use of an external apparatus. A simple manufacturing technique was developed and glass culture platforms containing 12 parallel microwells can be obtained in a standardized manner. The ability of molecules to cross the pulmonary barrier is then performed in the second configuration of the microdevice, which is dedicated to the permeability measurement of the tight epithelial Calu-3 barriers cultured in microwells. Among the different candidates studied (nanoparticules and biomolecules), the pulmonary barrier permeability regarding PLGA nanoparticules coated with chitosan and regarding insulin has been successfully demonstrated. Finally, capillary electrophoresis with laser induced-fluorescence (CE-LIF), a technique compatible with the low volumes handled in this microdevice, has been exploited for insulin detection and quantification after its transport across the miniaturized pulmonary barriers. To this end, insulin was either FITC-labeled or complexed with a fluorescent antibody or aptamer. Currently, only the derivatization method can be used for a quantification purpose, but the use of an aptamer to indirectly quantitate insulin has shown encouraging results
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KAOU, LARBI NEILA. "Conception et realisation d'un dispositif en silicium permettant une connexion passive entre un circuit d'optique integree et un ruban de fibres optiques." Besançon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BESA2045.
Full textAbstract:
Dans cette these nous presentons un nouveau systeme d'alignement 3d passif entre un circuit d'optique integree et un ruban de fibres optiques. Le dispositif developpe consiste a reporter les fibres et le composant sur une plate-forme commune en silicium. Les fibres sont positionnees avec une grande precision dans des sillons en v, obtenus par gravure chimique anisotrope du silicium. L'alignement est obtenu grace a l'insertion de plots en forme de champignons realises sur le composant, dans des ouvertures correspondantes ayant des geometries specifiques, et qui sont obtenues par gravure ionique reactive dans des membranes de silicium. Les elements de positionnement utilises presentent l'avantage de permettre une connexion demontable de n'importe quel type de composant. Nous avons optimise le dimensionnement des differents elements constituants notre micro-connecteur a la suite d'une simulation mecanique de notre structure d'accrochage. Cette etude nous a meme permis d'etendre la solution a la connexion de composants courbes. Les mesures des taux de couplage obtenues sur des guides sisio 2 ont conduit a des resultats prometteurs.