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Journal articles on the topic 'Passivity rule'
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1
Artigas, Jordi, Jee-Hwan Ryu, and Carsten Preusche. "Time Domain Passivity Control for Position-Position Teleoperation Architectures." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 19, no. 5 (October 1, 2010): 482–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00013.
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This article presents a method for passivating the communication channel of a symmetric position-position teleoperation architecture on the time domain. The time domain passivity control approach has recently gained appeal in the context of timedelayed teleoperation because passivity is not established as a design constraint, which often forces conservative rules, but rather as a property which the system must preserve during operation. Since passivity is a network property, the first design rule within this framework is to represent consistent and comprehensible circuit (i.e., network) representations of the mechanical teleoperation system. In particular, the energetic behavior of these networks is interesting because it allows straightforward conclusions about system stability. By means of so-called passivity observers (PO) and passivity controllers (PC) (Hannaford & Ryu, 2001), the energetic response of a delayed communication channel is captured and modulated over time so that the network in question never becomes nonpassive. The case analyzed in this paper tackles a communication channel that conveys position data back and forth. This type of channel does not offer intuitive network representation since only flows are actually being transmitted. Although energy clearly travels from one side to the other, port power identification, as defined by the correlated pair flow and effort, is not evident. This work first investigates how this kind of channel can be represented by means of circuit networks even with the lack of physical effort being transmitted through the channel, and identifies which networks are susceptible to become nonpassive due to the channel characteristics (i.e., time delay, discretization or package loss). Once achieved, a distributed control structure is presented based on a PC series that keeps the system at the verge of passivity (and therefore stability) independent from the channel properties. The results obtained by the simulation and by experiment sustain the presented approach.
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Rahmani, Reza, Saleh Mobayen, Afef Fekih, and Jong-Suk Ro. "Robust Passivity Cascade Technique-Based Control Using RBFN Approximators for the Stabilization of a Cart Inverted Pendulum." Mathematics 9, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9111229.
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This paper proposes a novel passivity cascade technique (PCT)-based control for nonlinear inverted pendulum systems. Its main objective is to stabilize the pendulum’s upward states despite uncertainties and exogenous disturbances. The proposed framework combines the estimation properties of radial basis function neural networks (RBFNs) with the passivity attributes of the cascade control framework. The unknown terms of the nonlinear system are estimated using an RBFN approximator. The performance of the closed-loop system is further enhanced by using the integral of angular position as a virtual state variable. The lumped uncertainties (NN—Neural Network approximation, external disturbances and parametric uncertainty) are compensated for by adding a robustifying adaptive rule-based signal to the PCT-based control. The boundedness of the states is confirmed using the passivity theorem. The performance of the proposed approach was assessed using a nonlinear inverted pendulum system under both nominal and disturbed conditions.
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Browne, Paul Leduc. "Reification and passivity in the face of climate change." European Journal of Social Theory 21, no. 4 (October 29, 2017): 435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368431017736412.
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Why do so many people remain so passive in the face of today’s massive, looming economic, political, and ecological crises, such as climate change? Despite some notable rhetorical and regulatory examples, attempts to stem climate change have, as a rule, not come to frame the activities of most citizens. The inability to confront the imperative of social transformation today is a complex, manifold problem. At root, it has to do with fundamental systemic features of a global social system that we all contribute to reproducing in our everyday lives. While these features do not preclude political engagement, innovation, and action, they do undermine the bases of movements towards truly systemic transformation. This article focuses on one such feature, reification, as a social-structural foundation of passivity that impedes the social innovations required to tackle the climate crisis.
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Werner, Bridgette K. "Between Autonomy and Acquiescence: Negotiating Rule in Revolutionary Bolivia, 1953–1958." Hispanic American Historical Review 100, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 93–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-7993100.
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Abstract In January 1958, the townspeople of San Pedro de Buena Vista hunted down and killed peasant leader Narciso Torrico, sparking a wave of violence that provoked repeated state interventions in northern Potosí department, Bolivia. Encouraged by the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR) state's rightward turn, local elites had regrouped to challenge revolutionary change. Meanwhile, José Rojas—a powerful peasant leader and key MNR ally—faced a crucial crossroads. Repeatedly tapped by state authorities to pacify San Pedro de Buena Vista, Rojas vacillated between asserting political autonomy and acquiescing to state power. While previous scholarship has viewed Rojas's relationship with the revolutionary state as clear evidence of the MNR's co-optation of Bolivian peasants, the events of 1958 provide a powerful counterpoint to this narrative. I argue that crucial intermediaries like Rojas evaded state agents' control in spite of their public support for the MNR, thus challenging the historiographical portrayal of peasant leaders' passivity in the postrevolutionary years.
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Brown, Judith. "Questions for R. K. Narayan." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 131, no. 3 (May 2016): 622–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.3.622.
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R. K. Narayan's work has been faulted for its sidestepping of the brutal realities of colonial rule. Yet Narayan stages, in the dreaminess of his fictionalized township of Malgudi, the unwriting or undermining of the logics of language that subtend colonial rule. The author has fashioned a way to write about India that displays the vacuity of the colonial model of governance and, through his tales of failed authorship, points to something other. Emerging in his comic episodes and in his baffled protagonists is a recognition of the importance of keeping things unsettled, in suspension, or visible only in their negation. Narayan, this essay argues through a series of questions that underscore the uncertainty in his world, imagines passivity as an interruption of the progressive, purposive, and productive time that defines modernity.
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Batesmith, Alex, and Jake Stevens. "In the Absence of the Rule of Law: Everyday Lawyering, Dignity and Resistance in Myanmar’s ‘Disciplined Democracy’." Social & Legal Studies 28, no. 5 (October 29, 2018): 573–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663918807739.
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This article explores how ‘everyday’ lawyers undertaking routine criminal defence cases navigate an authoritarian legal system. Based on original fieldwork in the ‘disciplined democracy’ of Myanmar, the article examines how hegemonic state power and a functional absence of the rule of law have created a culture of passivity among ordinary practitioners. ‘Everyday’ lawyers are nevertheless able to uphold their clients’ dignity by practical and material support for the individual human experience – and in so doing, subtly resist, evade or disrupt state power. The article draws upon the literature on the sociology of lawyering and resistance, arguing for a multilayered understanding of dignity going beyond lawyers’ contributions to their clients’ legal autonomy. Focusing on dignity provides an alternative perspective to the otherwise often all-consuming rule of law discourse. In authoritarian legal systems, enhancing their clients’ dignity beyond legal autonomy may be the only meaningful contribution that ‘everyday’ lawyers can make.
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Laven, David. "Law and order in Habsburg Venetia 1814–1835." Historical Journal 39, no. 2 (June 1996): 383–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0002029x.
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ABSTRACTMuch recent historiography has adopted a revisionist approach to Habsburg policy in restoration Italy, jettisoning the ‘black legend’ which long surrounded Austrian rule of Lombardy-Venetia. Nevertheless the Habsburg police still tend to be portrayed as essentially repressive, constantly preoccupied with the threat of revolution. This case study of the police in the Venetian provinces during the reign of Francis I challenges such a view. It looks first at the problem of establishing forces of law and order in the aftermath of Napoleonic rule, demonstrating how under-funding conservatism and a desire for uniformity with the rest of the empire meant that the Venetian constabulary was often ill-suitedfor the prevention of crime. Then follows an examination of the part played by the police in the administrative machine. This emphasises a number of roles performed by higher-ranking police officials and the secret police, and suggests their major concerns were not merely with the threat of revolution, but with gathering information essential for efficient government, and with maintaining a watchful eye over other branches of the bureaucracy. These in turn contributed considerably to the efficiency of Habsburg rule and the remarkable political passivity of the Venetian provinces in this era.
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Reshetnikova, G. A. "THE LEGAL CONCEPT OF THE SECURITY PHENOMENON: CRITICAL ANALYSIS." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 29, no. 6 (November 25, 2019): 885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2019-29-6-885-891.
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Nowadays, the phenomenon of "security" has acquired the status of a general scientific term, which served as an occasion for the search for its conceptual basis. In any study, regardless of a particular branch of knowledge, this search, as a rule, begins with the concept of this phenomenon given in the Law of the Russian Federation “On Security” No. 2446-1 of March 5, 1992. Recently, this concept has been criticized more in view of “passivity”, “static character”, “excessive ideologization” and other comments. Conclusion: its suitability as a methodological basis is doubtful. Critics often give, as an indirect proof of the correctness of their position, the argument about the absence of such a definition in the current Federal Law “On Security” No. 390-ФЗ dated December 28, 2010. The author has attempted to understand how strong and convincing the arguments "against" made by different authors are.
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Sagikyzy, A., and A. Ibraimova. "Youth Policy of Kazakhstan in the Conditions of the State Political Transformation." Adam alemi 92, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.48010/2022.2/1999-5849.09.
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In the context of the political transformation of Kazakhstan, the issue of youth policy is justified by the trends in the formation of the rule of law and civil society. The fact is that these trends are not possible without regulating the political passivity and apolitical youth. It should be noted that the political activity of Kazakh youth is haphazard, besides, most of them are indifferent to changes in the political sphere. In addition, the phenomenon of quasi-liberalism, widespread in modern social networks, is becoming a destabilizing factor in the political system. All this hinders the establishment and development of feedback between the state and youth. In this regard, the strategic importance of the state youth policy as the main regulatory mechanism of the relationship between the state and youth is very high. The authors put forward the concept of the development of ideological concepts, in addition to its socio-economic orientation. It is also noted how important the place of social networks is in carrying out ideological work among young people.
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Verellen, Franciscus. "Taoism." Journal of Asian Studies 54, no. 2 (May 1995): 322–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2058739.
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Circumscribing the place of taoists in Chinese society is not straightforward for any period: honored by emperors and members of the nobility, they were scorned, as a rule, by literati-officials and treated with a mixture of reverence and familiarity by ordinary people. The paradoxical strength of passivity, the power of compliance, and the endurance of the peripheral already form a central theme in the mystical writings gathered in the fourth and third centuryb.c.Lao-tzuandChuang-tzu. The Taoism of these ancient texts advanced a doctrine of liberation through submission, of control by means of noninterference, and of transcendence as a result of physiological and mental regimens. The ideal of liberation from the physical, epistemological, and social constraints of the human condition in time translated into a quest for immortality which, by the Ch'in unification of the empire, became quite explicit. Huang-Lao thought, named for the Yellow Emperor and patron of the immortals (Huang-ti) and Lao-tzu, dominated court politics from this period through the middle of the second centuryb.c.
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Musaraj, Joniada. "Legal Education and Upbringing of Order." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 6, no. 1 (October 9, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/518cyq97z.
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A great importance to a democratic society is the creation of legal literacy education on rule. Such a breeding seems to be primarily present in the consciousness of every citizen. The principles of a democratic state should be installed, first to society. These principles embodied in the individual consciousness in the form of legal and institutional consciousness. Moreover every man should know that c `demands of an institution, and should make it impossible to solve the institutional and democratic way, even when he finds the office door closed, even by officials when a problem exists as insoluble. An individual should not be equated with the passivity that is generally characterized by officials, but must use every means to protect the right and dignity. Methodology: First, quantitative analysis was used to see why the number of citizens dissatisfied with the exercise of their rights is increasing. Secondly, qualitative analysis was used by analyzing the social and objective causes that lead to a lack of legal education of the public. Expected results: the consequent link between the lack of information on the law and non-exercise of the right. This scientific paper seeks to give concretely what are some of the strategies that should be used to have a well-informed public and satisfied with the exercise of law.
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Sinitsyn, Fedor L. "The Challenges to Social Control in Brezhnev’s Soviet Union, 1964-1982." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 160–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-1-160-173.
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This article examines the development of social control in the Soviet Union under Leonid Brezhnev, who was General Secretary of the Communist Party from 1964 to 1982. Historians have largely neglected this question, especially with regard to its evolution and efficiency. Research is based on sources in the Russian State Archive of Modern History (RGANI), the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI) and the Moscow Central State Archive (TSGAM). During Brezhnevs rule, Soviet propaganda reached the peak of its development. However, despite the fact that authorities tried to improve it, the system was ritualistic, unconvincing, unwieldy, and favored quantity over quality. The same was true for political education, which did little more than inspire sullen passivity in its students. Although officials recognized these failings, their response was ineffective, and over time Soviet propaganda increasingly lost its potency. At the same time, there were new trends in the system of social control. Authorities tried to have a foot in both camps - to strengthen censorship, and at the same time to get feedback from the public. However, many were afraid to express any criticism openly. In turn, the government used data on peoples sentiments only to try to control their thoughts. As a result, it did not respond to matters that concerned the public. These problems only increased during the era of stagnation and contributed to the decline and subsequent collapse of the Soviet system.
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Charlesworth, Neil. "The Problem of Government Finance in British India: Taxation, Borrowing and the Allocation of Resources in the Inter-war Period." Modern Asian Studies 19, no. 3 (July 1985): 521–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0000771x.
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It isan axiom of India's economic history that government financial resources during the last half-century of the British period were inadequate. ‘The poverty of India was matched by the poverty of its government’ writes Dharma Kumar inThe Cambridge Economic Historyand she estimates that ‘except during the two wars of the twentieth century, the tax revenues amounted to a mere 5 to 7 per cent of the national income'. Raymond Goldsmith's assessment is of an even lower proportion realized by taxation and he further believes that the scanty share of government expenditure in national product declined after the first world war. In most of the historiography, this situation is seen as a notable shortcoming created by imperial rule, the inevitable product of the passivity of the ‘night-watchman state’. Reviewing financial policy in 1939, P. J. Thomas described its predominant characteristic as ‘conservatism’, marked by ‘extreme reluctance to venture on new experiments in raising revenue’, ‘the low burden of public debt’ and ‘inadequate expenditure on social services’.3 These features could have played an important role in constricting India's economic and social development, particularly in the inter-war period of the twentieth century. Financial weaknesses then may have undermined the 'new industrial policy' of the post-first world war era4 and in the 1930s superficially present a crucial contrast with Asia's other major industrializing power, Japan, where government appeared to stimulate the economy impressively by massive borrowing and expenditure.5
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Shaveko, N. A. "JUS POST BELLUM AS A SECTION OF THE THEORY OF JUST WAR." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 6, no. 3 (September 16, 2022): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2022-6-3-359-368.
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The article considers problems which are raised within the theory of just war in relation to the question of a just end to a war (jus post bellum). It is shown that in modern academic literature there is not even a clear understanding of the subject of jus post bellum, not to mention a broad consensus on specific moral issues. All this distinguishes this section of the theory of just war from other sections. There are three groups of questions that are raised by various authors under the heading of jus post bellum: 1) when should hostilities cease? 2) who should be held responsible for war crimes? 3) how to guarantee peace and security for the future after the end of the war? On each of these issues, the author of the article presents the points of view of the most famous authors who study the theory of just war, and also substantiates his own point of view. In particular, it is concluded that war must be stopped when the principles of jus ad bellum (right to war) cease to be satisfied. The principles of just cause, last resort and proportionality should be of particular importance. The scope of responsibility of political leaders, military commanders, ordinary combatants, as well as the civilian population in violation of the principles of just war is substantiated. Despite the fact that the responsibility of the civilian population for its political passivity is fundamentally permissible, the difficulty lies in the fact that the very criteria of legal capacity are largely guided by the typical characteristics of the civilian population. It is shown that a peace treaty or other act ending the war, in order to become a guarantee of peace and security in the future, must earn legitimacy from the population of all the warring states. Another such guarantee is the reform of the UN in order to increase its effectiveness. Finally, it is proved that post-war reconstruction (aimed at security, rule of law and development) is the task of all parties involved and the world community as a whole.
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Garduño Comparán, Carlos A. "L'autre feminine: De la passivité à l'action." Études Ricoeuriennes / Ricoeur Studies 4, no. 1 (May 22, 2013): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/errs.2013.165.
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This text explores the notion of the feminine through the schemas of epic and tragedy in Ricœur’s work, symbolized by the figures of Penelope and Antigone. Later, we will propose Medea as a better example for Gender Studies, interpreted in relation to the developments of The Rule of Metaphor on resemblance and substitution, and to the process of mimesis of Time and Narrative.
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Bıyık, Emrah, and Murat Arcak. "Gradient climbing in formation via extremum seeking and passivity-based coordination rules." Asian Journal of Control 10, no. 2 (2008): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asjc.19.
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Li, Ben-ben, Hai-bei Xiong, Jia-fei Jiang, and Yang Zhan. "Damage plasticity model for passively confined concrete." MATEC Web of Conferences 275 (2019): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927502016.
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This paper presents a modified concrete damage plasticity model (CDPM) for passively confined concrete within the concrete damage plasticity theory frame in ABAQUS. The modified CDPM can be used to simulate concrete under non-uniform passive confinement, for example, Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)-confined square concrete columns. The modification of CDPM includes a flow rule and a strain hardening/softening criterion in which dilation angle and yield stress are important parameters. Based on the true-triaxial experiment results of passively confined concrete, the dilation angle and yield stress were determined considering different confinement stiffness and non-uniform confinement stiffness ratio. Finally, the modified CDPM were incorporated in the ABAQUS model. The prediction of the finite element model of FRP-confined square concrete columns shows good prediction accuracy.
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Watson, Iain, Steve Wood, and John Fernie. "“Passivity”: a model of grocery retail price decision-making practice." European Journal of Marketing 49, no. 7/8 (July 13, 2015): 1040–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-01-2014-0047.
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Purpose – This paper aims to explore the applied context of grocery retail pricing practice to understand how pricing executives approach “regular price” decision-making (as opposed to promotional pricing). The study seeks to inductively develop a model of regular price decision-making in grocery retailing. Design/methodology/approach – The research uses an inductive methodology involving interviews with pricing executives working for grocery retailers that account for approximately 85 per cent of the UK, and 64 per cent of USA, grocery market retail sales. The approach is appropriate given the underdeveloped research insights into regular pricing within food retailers. Findings – It is found that regular pricing is undertaken with little sophistication, typically, on the basis of simple, inflexible rules that result in conflicting goals. A typology of three pricing roles was identified, although all share an underdeveloped understanding of the effects of price changes on customer demand and the implications of competitor reactions. These contexts, causes and conditions lead to a range of consequences; notably, a degree of pricing inertia, “customer-less” pricing and “enforced symbiosis” – coping outcomes. Taken together, a theory of “passivity” pricing is identified. Originality/value – The research presents a contribution to new knowledge in the field of retail marketing by developing theory in retail pricing. In contrast to much extant research on grocery pricing, this paper accesses the insights and opinions of the pricing executives themselves. It exposes the realities of regular price decision-making across two developed retail markets and offers managerial insights.
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Schrijver, Erwin, and Johannes van Dijk. "Disturbance Observers for Rigid Mechanical Systems: Equivalence, Stability, and Design." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 124, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1513570.
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Mechanical (direct-drive) systems designed for high-speed and high-accuracy applications require control systems that eliminate the influence of disturbances like cogging forces and friction. One way to achieve additional disturbance rejection is to extend the usual (P(I)D) controller with a disturbance observer. There are two distinct ways to design, represent, and implement a disturbance observer, but in this paper it is shown that the one is a generalization of the other. A general systematic design procedure for disturbance observers that incorporates stability requirements is given. Furthermore, it is shown that a disturbance observer can be transformed into a classical feedback structure, enabling numerous well-known tools to be used for the design and analysis of disturbance observers. Using this feedback interpretation of disturbance observers, it will be shown that a disturbance observer based robot tracking controller can be constructed that is equivalent to a passivity based controller. By this equivalence not only stability proofs of the disturbance observer based controller are obtained, but it also provides more transparent controller parameter selection rules for the passivity based controller.
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Lissowska, Maria. "Evolution of the Institutions Governing the Labour Market. The Case of Poland." QA Rivista dell'Associazione Rossi-Doria, no. 4 (December 2010): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/qu2010-004002.
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Evolution of the Institutions Governing the Labour Market. The Case of Poland The paper describes the path of structural and institutional changes in the labour market during transition to the market economy in Poland. The role of previously strong protection of employees and of Solidarnosc in the lagging and inconsistent changes in the rules governing the labour market is underlined. Their outcome is a segmented labour market, with substantial unemployment persisting, only partly flexible, and insecure. Weak job creation and segmentation of the market together with the cultural properties of society (passivity, "learnt helplessness") and inadequate employment programmes prompt exit from the labour market rather than mobility.
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Bernheim, B. Douglas, and Jonas Mueller-Gastell. "A General Solution to the Problem of Setting Optimal Default Options." AEA Papers and Proceedings 112 (May 1, 2022): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20221019.
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We examine the problem of setting optimal default options such as passively selected contribution rates in employee-directed pension plans. Existing results suggest that a simple rule of thumb, opt-out minimization, is optimal under special conditions, but this result is fragile, and the literature does not provide a general analytic solution. In a recent paper, we demonstrated with considerable generality that weighted opt-out minimization is approximately optimal, and we identified surprisingly broad conditions under which unweighted opt-out minimization is approximately optimal. Here we provide concise intuition for these results.
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Vincent, Lionel, Min Zheng, John H. Costello, and Eva Kanso. "Enhanced flight performance in non-uniformly flexible wings." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 168 (July 2020): 20200352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0352.
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The flexibility of biological propulsors such as wings and fins is believed to contribute to the higher performance of flying and swimming animals compared with their engineered peers. Flexibility seems to follow a universal design rule that induces bending patterns at about one-third from the distal tip of the propulsor’s span. However, the aerodynamic mechanisms that shaped this convergent design and the potential improvement in performance are not well understood. Here, we analyse the effect of heterogeneous flexibility on the flight performance (range and descent angle) of passively tumbling wings. Using experiments, numerical simulations, and scaling analysis, we demonstrate that spanwise tip flexibility that follows this empirical rule leads to improved flight performance. Improvement in flight range seems to be related to flutter-induced drag reduction. This mechanism is independent of the wing’s auto-rotation and represents a more general trait of wings with non-uniform tip flexibility.
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Kholifah, Eva, and E. Endah. "Analisis Profil Fisika Kimia dan Farmakokinetik Senyawa Pentagamavunon-1 Secara Komputasi." Duta Pharma Journal 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47701/djp.v2i1.1679.
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Pentagamavunon-1 (PGV-1) is a curcumin analog which is known to inhibit the growth of cancer cells, bacteria and inhibit free radicals as an antioxidant agent. The purpose of this study was analyzed the pharmacokinetic profile and physicochemical properties of PGV-1 computationally. The predicted parameters were Lipinski rule of five, bioavailability, Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) absorption, GI absorption, P-gp substrate, and prediction of metabolic enzymes involved in drug ADME processes. The results of this study indicate that the compound PGV-1 complies with the Lipinski rule of five with the characteristics of a molecular weight of 348.43 g/mol, hydrogen donor 2, hydrogen acceptor 3, Log P 4.71 and molar refractory 40-130. PGV-1 could absorb through the GI and can pass the blood brain barrier passively without P-gp protein. Several enzymes involved in the metabolism of PGV-1 are CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP 3A4. Thus, our finding suggest that PGV-1 can be developed as a drug target compound for active oral drugs.
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Cheng, Chih-Hsien, and Gong-Ru Lin. "Carbon Nanomaterials Based Saturable Absorbers for Ultrafast Passive Mode-Locking of Fiber Lasers." Current Nanoscience 16, no. 3 (April 2, 2020): 441–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413715666191114150100.
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This paper emphasizes on overviewing the developing progress of the state-of-the-art carbon nanomaterial-based saturable absorbers for passively mode-locked fiber lasers, including carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene, graphite and other carbon nanomaterials. With reviewing the performances of these proposed candidates, the characteristic parameters required for initiating and stabilizing the passive mode-locked fiber lasers are summarized for comparison and discussion. At first, the basic characteristics such as saturation intensity and self-amplitude-modulation (SAM) coefficients of the CNT material with different-wall types are discussed in detail. In comparison, the single-wall CNT possesses optical nonlinearity better than double-wall CNT, whereas the doublewall CNT exhibits wavelength tenability and the multi-wall CNT fails to initiate mode-locking. Subsequently, different graphene saturable absorbers with slightly changing their optical properties made by various fabrication technologies are introduced to take over the role of typical CNT saturable absorber. The detailed analyses on graphene saturable absorber for developing various types of passively mode-locked fiber lasers are overviewed. At last, other new-aspect graphite and carbon nanomaterials related saturable absorbers have emerged because they reveal similar optical nonlinearity with graphene but exhibit cost-effectiveness and easy-production. When changing saturable absorber from graphene to other carbon nanomaterials, the modulation depth is decreased but the saturation intensity is concurrently enlarged because of the disordered structure with increased interlayer spacing and reduced graphene content. At the current stage, selecting carbon nanomaterials with high nonlinear absorbance and low saturated intensity for large SAM coefficient is the golden rule for passively mode-locked the fiber lasers in future academic and industrial applications.
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Johnston, Ed. "All Rise for the Interventionist." Journal of Criminal Law 80, no. 3 (June 2016): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018316647870.
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This paper will examine the changing role played by the judiciary in criminal trials. The paper examines the genesis of the adversarial criminal trial that was born out of lifting the prohibition on defence counsel in trials of treason. The paper will chart the rise of judicial passivity as lawyers dominated trials. Finally, the paper examines the rise of the interventionist judiciary in the wake of the Auld Review that launched an attack on the inefficiencies of the modern trial. To tackle the inefficiencies, the Criminal Procedure Rules allowed the judiciary to reassume a role of active case management. The impact an interventionist judiciary has for adversarial criminal justice is examined. The paper finds that a departure from traditional adversarial has occurred; the criminal justice process has shifted to a new form of process, driven by a managerial agenda.
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Szigetvári, Péter. "Emancipating lenes." Acta Linguistica Academica 67, no. 1 (March 2020): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2062.2020.00004.
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AbstractI argue that English has no voicing assimilation, in fact, it does not have phonologically voiced segments at all. Voicing in English is spontaneous in sonorants, while obstruents may be phonetically voiced only if lenis and surrounded by spontaneously or passively voiced sounds. The paper claims that most obstruent clusters of English are traditionally misanalysed as fortis+fortis clusters. These clusters are all either fortis+lenis or lenis+fortis; in fact, fortis+fortis clusters are completely ruled out in English.
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Mosavi, Amirhosein, Sultan Noman Qasem, Manouchehr Shokri, Shahab S. Band, and Ardashir Mohammadzadeh. "Fractional-Order Fuzzy Control Approach for Photovoltaic/Battery Systems under Unknown Dynamics, Variable Irradiation and Temperature." Electronics 9, no. 9 (September 6, 2020): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091455.
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For this paper, the problem of energy/voltage management in photovoltaic (PV)/battery systems was studied, and a new fractional-order control system on basis of type-3 (T3) fuzzy logic systems (FLSs) was developed. New fractional-order learning rules are derived for tuning of T3-FLSs such that the stability is ensured. In addition, using fractional-order calculus, the robustness was studied versus dynamic uncertainties, perturbation of irradiation, and temperature and abruptly faults in output loads, and, subsequently, new compensators were proposed. In several examinations under difficult operation conditions, such as random temperature, variable irradiation, and abrupt changes in output load, the capability of the schemed controller was verified. In addition, in comparison with other methods, such as proportional-derivative-integral (PID), sliding mode controller (SMC), passivity-based control systems (PBC), and linear quadratic regulator (LQR), the superiority of the suggested method was demonstrated.
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Bassa, Daud. "Rapid political and social change – inner and outer responses." Psychotherapy Section Review 1, no. 59 (2017): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpspsr.2017.1.59.46.
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‘My roots may be in France, but my life is here and my heart is in Nepal’. Alain Rouveure in ‘A room of my own’,Observer Magazine, 14 June 1992.‘We do not have to be passively accepting or rejecting of statements made by men and women in white coats. Twenty years ago David Albury and I composed three rules of thumb to operate when dealing with scientists. Never trust a scientist. Don’t get discouraged, get help.’ Jon Schwartz, Relative Values, Defiance of science,Weekend Guardian13/14 June 1982.
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Haggag, Amr, William McMahon, Karl Hess, Björn Fischer, and Leonard F. Register. "Impact of Scaling on CMOS Chip Failure Rate, and Design Rules for Hot Carrier Reliability." VLSI Design 13, no. 1-4 (January 1, 2001): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2001/90787.
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Silicon-hydrogen bonds passivate the interface defects at the silicon-silicon dioxide interface of CMOS transistors. The activation of these bonds and subsequent creation of interface traps is an important source of transistor degradation at current operating conditions. There is now evidence for a distribution in the activation energies of these bonds instead of a single threshold value. We show that conventional CMOS scaling rules are substantially affected by this energy distribution, as it causes an increased probability of smaller devices having lower activation thresholds and therefore faster activation times. Further, we quantify the voltage shift necessary to overcome the decreased yield due to the increased number of early device failures, and show, for 0.1 μm MOSFET scaling, that this shift can be a considerable fraction of the conventionally designed supply voltage.
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Prina, Federica. "The Mechanics of Consensus: Nonterritorial Cultural Autonomy and the Russian State." Nationalities Papers 48, no. 2 (January 7, 2020): 307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2018.39.
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AbstractRussia’s institutions on nonterritorial cultural autonomy (NTCA) can be broadly situated within the country’s political community, in the sense that they—for the most part—recognize the government’s rules of engagement and its role as decision maker, leading to overarching consensus and pursuit of shared objectives. At the same time, they remain at the periphery of the political community. This article outlines the reasons for NTCA institutions’ peripherality and limited influence upon Russia’s minority policies. Such reasons are linked to external factors—Russia’s undemocratic political system—but also to conditions intrinsic to NTCA institutions themselves—forms of passivity and (non)participation, and blurred boundaries between NTCA institutions and state actors. The interaction of such factors generates the noted prevailing consensus between NTCA institutions and the Russian state. Interview data further reveal that representatives of NTCA institutions are far from monolithic: the said external and internal factors affect them in different ways, resulting in variations in forms of consensus and cooperation with state actors. This, in turn, allows for multiple interpretative frameworks of state–civil society coexistence in the sphere of Russia’s diversity management.
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Li, Xiao Niu, and Xiao De Zhou. "Study on Antifouling Properties of Clay in Unsaturated Zone in Xiaodian District of Taiyuan City." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.552.
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The characteristics and distribution rule of viscous soil in unsaturated zone is the key factor that influence on the natural attenuation of pollutant, so, it is necessary to study the antifouling performance of cohesive soils. In this paper, the barrier adsorption effect of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) were discussed according to soil column experiment. Meanwhile, it analyzed the impact of some properties of viscous soil on experimental result, such as initial PH, initial moisture content, initial organic matter and microorganism content. Research results are shown as follows. Firstly, initial moisture content is passively correlated with the adsorption of TDS. Secondly, organic matter content is positively correlated with the adsorption of COD. Thirdly, microorganism content is positively correlated with the adsorption of COD and TDS. The Antifouling ability of soil may be evaluated by means of filtration capability and adequacy thickness. Research results would provide basis for pollution control of soil.
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Yavo-Ayalon, Sharon. "‘Enabling Periphereality’: Artistic Trajectories in a Peripheral City." Cultural Sociology 13, no. 4 (December 2019): 461–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1749975519875373.
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The common perspective on centre–periphery power relations views central cities as the source of cultural authority and legitimacy, the influence of which peripheral cities passively accept. By following theatre artists’ trajectories in the peripheral Israeli city of Acre, the article challenges this perception of the periphery as fundamentally inferior to the centre and focuses on how its environment enables artistic creativity. This perspective is developed through Bourdieu’s definition of trajectory alongside everyday practices, in the spirit of de Certeau. By adapting super-positioning from architectural practice the research combines urban spatial analysis with ethnography. The article first identifies the macro-social structures that define Acre and its theatre field as ‘peripheral’, it then exposes the everyday micro-practices of artistic trajectories that erode these larger, top-down social structures and juxtapose both social structures. This leads to the article’s main argument, that ascent within the peripheral cultural field proceeds according to different rules than in the centre, and to developing the notion of Enabling Periphereality to articulate those different conditions and rules.
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Falcón-Barroso, Jesús, Torsten Böker, Eva Schinnerer, Johan H. Knapen, and Stuart Ryder. "A SINFONI view of circum-nuclear star-forming rings in spiral galaxies." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, S245 (July 2007): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308017584.
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AbstractWe present near-infrared (H- and K-band) SINFONI integral-field observations of the circumnuclear star formation rings in five nearby spiral galaxies. We made use of the relative intensities of different emission lines (i.e. [FeII], HeI, Brγ) to age date the stellar clusters present along the rings. This qualitative, yet robust, method allows us to discriminate between two distinct scenarios that describe how star formation progresses along the rings. Our findings favour a model where star formation is triggered predominantly at the intersection between the bar major axis and the inner Lindblad resonance and then passively evolves as the clusters rotate around the ring (‘Pearls on a string’ scenario), although models of stochastically distributed star formation (‘Popcorn’ model) cannot be completely ruled out.
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Liu, Yu Lu, Jiang Xiong, and Yong Jian Zhao. "The Research and Design of Student Psychology Predicting System Based on Spatio-Temporal Database." Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (June 2011): 1716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.1716.
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In colleges and universities, as amount of students has become more and more and their psychology have also become more and more complicate, additionally, psychological consultation work is also very finite. Though higher education administrators have already adopted some efficient artificial monitor to manage their students, the structural contradictions of student management have become more and more obvious than before. In order to deal with complex, covert and exceeding spatio-temporal psychology of these students, we should urgently use an advanced technology to design a kind of student psychology predicting system based on spatio-temporal database. Via the system the educational management can mainly supervise and actively prevent instead of dealing with accident passively. According to the practical requirements of educational management, firstly, the system creates students’ spatial trip information database, which mainly includes students’ spatial location, behavior, psychological dynamic and time. And then it uses association analysis technology to extract their relationship among student’s spatial location, behavior, psychological dynamic and time. Finally, the system will provide predicating association rules for higher education administrator. Via these rules education administrator will draw up some measures to supervise students’ psychological dynamic and actively prevent violent and passive behavior.
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Ermondi, Giuseppe, Diego Garcia Jimenez, Matteo Rossi Sebastiano, Jan Kihlberg, and Giulia Caron. "Conformational Sampling Deciphers the Chameleonic Properties of a VHL-Based Degrader." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010272.
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Chameleonicity (the capacity of a molecule to adapt its conformations to the environment) may help to identify orally bioavailable drugs in the beyond-Rule-of-5 chemical space. Computational methods to predict the chameleonic behaviour of degraders have not yet been reported and the identification of molecular chameleons still relies on experimental evidence. Therefore, there is a need to tune predictions with experimental data. Here, we employ PROTAC-1 (a passively cell-permeable degrader), for which NMR and physicochemical data prove the chameleonic behaviour, to benchmark the capacity of two conformational sampling algorithms and selection schemes. To characterize the conformational ensembles in both polar and nonpolar environments, we compute three molecular properties proven to be essential for cell permeability: conformer shape (radius of gyration), polarity (3D PSA), and the number of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Energetic criteria were also considered. Infographics monitored the simultaneous variation of those properties in computed and NMR conformers. Overall, we provide key points for tuning conformational sampling tools to reproduce PROTAC-1 chameleonicity according to NMR evidence. This study is expected to improve the design of PROTAC drugs and the development of computational sustainable strategies to exploit the potential of new modalities in drug discovery.
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Rosser-Owen, Mariam. "Andalusi Spolia in Medieval Morocco: “Architectural Politics, Political Architecture”." Medieval Encounters 20, no. 2 (March 27, 2014): 152–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12342164.
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Abstract Traditionally, art historians have viewed the art of medieval Morocco through the lens of Islamic Iberia, which is regarded as the culturally superior center and model for the region. However, more recent studies are beginning to show that, rather than Moroccan patrons and artisans passively absorbing an Andalusi model, the rulers of the Almoravid and Almohad regimes were adopting aspects of this model in very deliberate ways. These studies suggest that Andalusi works of art were part of a conscious appropriation of styles as well as material in a very physical sense, which were imbued by the Moroccan dynasties with a significance relating to the legitimacy of their rule. This paper focuses on the way in which Andalusi architectural and other, mainly marble, material was deployed in Moroccan architecture in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Rather than reusing locally available material, this monumental (and extremely heavy) material was gathered in al-Andalus, at the ruined monuments of the Andalusi Umayyad caliphs, and transported over great distances to the imperial capitals at Fez and Marrakesh. Here this Umayyad spolia was deployed in key locations in the mosques and palaces constructed as the architectural manifestations of the Almoravids’ and Almohads’ new political power. Most frequently, this spolia consisted of marble capitals in the distinctive, dynastic style developed by the Andalusi caliphs for their palace at Madīnat al-Zaḥrāʾ. But together with other Andalusi imports, such as the magnificent minbars made in Córdoba for the Qarawiyyīn mosque and Almoravid mosque at Marrakesh, these physical symbols of al-Andalus in Morocco conveyed a clear message that the Almoravids and, later, the Almohads had taken up the mantle of rule in the Islamic West.
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AYVAZYAN, Oksana O., and Aida A. KUKUSHKINA. "COMMUNICATIVE AND LEGAL NIHILISM AS A PHENOMENON DISCREDITING THE COMMUNICATIVE-LEGAL CULTURE OF YOUTH: SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS." PRIMO ASPECTU, no. 2(46) (June 10, 2021): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35211/2500-2635-2021-2-46-20-31.
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The article is devoted to the study and analysis of young people's ideas about communicative and legal nihilism and ways to overcome it as factors that discredit the communicative and legal culture of young people. The paper analyzes various concepts that reveal the foundations of the definitions of "nihilism", "communicative nihilism" and" legal nihilism". Thus, it is noted that nihilism is a socio-cultural negative phenomenon based on the denial of everything that exists, or some aspects of life (legal, communicative, cultural, etc.). Based on this, the article points out that among the main reasons for the manifestation of the nihilistic attitude are: incorrect interpretation and interpretation of the norms of law and the rules of communication, unwillingness to master the communicative and legal foundations, as well as distrust of the legislation. At the same time, taking into account these reasons for the nihilistic attitude, which lead to the inability to understand the laws, communicative nihilism is manifested, which is "ideological passivity", "communicative skepticism", which is expressed in discrediting the oral and written statements and actions of other persons and authorities. The article also describes the results of the author's sociological survey, which indicate the presence of a high degree of nihilistic manifestations in society in relation to legal norms (laws) and rules for the implementation of communicative interaction. Such destructive tendencies cause concern for our bright future, since nihilistic trends destroy values, moral ideals, in general, and in particular the process of forming a communicative and legal culture of young people, inspired by the spirit of tolerance, tolerance for everything different. In conclusion, the author draws conclusions about the importance and necessity of preventing communicative and legal nihilistic manifestations in the youth environment, and also indicates the mechanisms for their prevention.
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Nemčok, Miroslav. "Active and passive: two ways party systems influence electoral outcomes." European Political Science Review 11, no. 4 (November 2019): 451–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773919000250.
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AbstractParties can not only actively adjust the electoral rules to reach more favourable outcomes, as is most often recognized in political science, but they also passively create an environment that systematically influences electoral competition. This link is theorized and included in the wider framework capturing the mutual dependence of electoral systems and party systems. The impact of passive influence is successfully tested on one out of two factors closely related to party systems: choice set size (i.e., number of options provided to voters) and degree of ideological polarization. The research utilizes established datasets (i.e., Constituency-Level Elections Archive, Party System Polarization Index, Chapel Hill Expert Survey, and Manifesto Project Database) and via regression analysis with clustered robust standard errors concludes that the choice set size constitutes an attribute with passive influence over electoral systems. Thus, it must be reflected when outcomes of electoral systems are estimated or compared across various contexts.
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Afriana, Anita, Ema Rahmawati, Rai Mantili, and Sherly Ayuna Putri. "BATASAN ASAS HAKIM PASIF DAN AKTIF PADA PERADILAN PERDATA." Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum 7, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/jbmh.v7i1.1078.
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ABSTRAKHakim sebagai aktor penegak hukum dalam menjalankan tugasnya terikat pada asas-asas hukum, salah satunya adalah bersikap pasif. Asas merupakan abstraksi dari sebuah aturan, maka apabila asas hukum tidak dirumuskan dalam aturan hanyalah berupa pedoman saja yang tidak mengikat bagi hakim. Asas hukum itu mempunyai kekuatan sebagai undang-undang apabila secara tegas dituangkan dalam undang-undang dan barulah dapat diterapkan hakim pada peristiwa konkrit. Pengaturan dalam RV menunjukkan bahwa hakim bertindak pasif sementara HIR/RBg condong menempatkan hakim bersikap aktif. Sesungguhnya sebagai aturan yang berlaku untuk golongan penduduk Eropa, RV tidak berlaku lagi di Indonesia sepanjang telah diatur dalam HIR/RBg, namun berbagai doktrin yang ada memperkuat dan menempatkan peran hakim yang pasif sebagaimana diatur dalam RV. Artikel ini membahas batasan dari hakim pasif dan aktif pada peradilan perdata salah satunya dalam penyelesaian gugatan sederhana. Metode penelitian berupa yuridis normatif yang mengutamakan data sekunder dan dilengkapi data primer berupa wawancara dengan para hakim di beberapa pengadilan dan dianalisis secara yuridis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian bahwa telah terjadi pergeseran sikap hakim pada peradilan perdata. Berbagai ketentuan dalam Peraturan Mahkamah Agung menujukkan dan menuju pada prinsip bahwa hakim perdata bersikap aktif salah satunya dalam penyelesaian gugatan sederhana. Secara filosofis peran aktif hakim sangat relevan dengan pencarian kebenaran yang dapat mendorong tercapainya peradilan cepat, sederhana, dan biaya ringan. Kata kunci: asas hukum; acara perdata; hakim aktif.
ABSTRACTJudges as law enforcement actors in carrying out their duties are bound by legal principles, one of which is being passive. The principle is an abstraction of a rule, so if the legal principle is not formulated in the rules, it is only a guideline which is not binding on judges. The legal principle has the power as law if it is explicitly stated in the law and then the judge can apply it to concrete events. The arrangement in the RV shows that judges act passively while HIR/RBg tends to place judges in an active position. In fact, as a rule that applies to European population groups, RV is no longer valid in Indonesia as long as it has been regulated in HIR/RBg. However, various existing doctrines strengthen and place the passive role of judges as regulated in RV. This article discusses the limitations of passive and active judges in civil courts, one of which is in the settlement of simple lawsuits. The research method is in the form of normative juridical which prioritizes secondary data and is complemented by primary data in the form of interviews with judges in several courts and analyzed qualitatively and juridically. The results showed that there had been a shift in the attitude of judges in civil courts. Various provisions in the Supreme Court Regulations show and lead to the principle that civil judges are active, one of which is in the settlement of simple lawsuits. Philosophically, the active role of judges is very relevant to the search for the truth that can encourage the achievement of quick, simple, and low-cost justice.Keywords: active judge; civil proceedings; legal principles.
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Sidabutar, Risna, and Suhatrizal Suhatrizal. "Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Anak yang Melakukan Tindak Pidana Pencabulan pada Putusan No.2/pid.sus/2014PN.Mdn." Jurnal Ilmiah Penegakan Hukum 5, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jiph.v5i1.1976.
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<p class="1judul"><em><span lang="EN-GB">Legal Protection for Children Conducting Crimes of Harassment on Decision No.2 / pid.sus / 2014PN.Mdn</span></em></p><p class="1judul"> </p><h1>Legal protection, for children can be interpreted as an effort to protect the law on various rights and freedoms of children and various interests related to child welfare. So, all children are protected, including children who are dealing with the law (ABH). The purpose of protection is to ensure the full rights of children to live, grow and participate optimally in accordance with human dignity and dignity, and to be protected from violence and discrimination, in order to realize quality Indonesian children who are noble and prosperous. Criminal action is a term commonly used in Indonesian law, where the term criminal act emphasizes an action that includes the meaning of doing or acting actively and not doing passively which is closely related to an attitude of someone who acts or acts. The actions or actions referred to contain elements or unlawful nature of an existing legal rule that prohibits such actions so that these actions can be punished.</h1>
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Bennett, Wm G., and Aaron Braver. "The productivity of ‘unnatural’ labial palatalization in Xhosa." Nordlyd 42, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/12.3738.
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Xhosa (Bantu, South Africa) has a pattern of labial palatalization. When the passive suffix /-w-/ is added to a stem ending in a labial, the labial becomes palatal (uku-lum-a → uku-luɲ-w-a). Two main types of analysis have been proposed for this alternation: (i) the ‘phonological analysis’, which states that the alternation is part of speakers' synchronic phonological grammar, and (ii) the ‘lexical analysis’, which states that speakers learn the palatalized passive forms as part of their lexical knowledge. To distinguish between the two hypotheses, we conducted a wug test in which speakers of Xhosa were shown nonce verbs and asked to provide their corresponding passive form. Since the phonological analysis requires there to be a synchronic phonological rule, speakers should passivize nonce forms in the conditioning environment. Under the lexical analysis, however, speakers are predicted not to palatalize nonce forms, since the real-word palatalized passives they produce are simply stored in the lexicon. Our results show a great deal of inter-speaker variation. While some speakers produced palatalized nonce forms nearly 100% of the time, other speakers failed to produce any palatalized nonce forms at all. We argue that labial palatalization may be analyzed in different ways by different speakers.
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Howell, J. N., A. G. Chila, G. Ford, D. David, and T. Gates. "An electromyographic study of elbow motion during postexercise muscle soreness." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 1713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.5.1713.
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Postexercise muscle soreness was induced in the elbow flexors of human volunteer subjects through the use of a regimen of eccentric contractions. Physical examination before and 48 h after the exercise included measurements of range of elbow motion at the elbow and of arm diameter. Electromyographic (EMG) observations, utilizing fine wire electrodes introduced into each of the elbow flexors, were carried out before and 48 h after the exercise. These observations included resting EMG levels, EMG activity under various isometric loads, and activity during active and passive extensions. The soreness induced was accompanied by a reduction in resting elbow angle while the subjects stood with arms relaxed at their sides, decreased range of both flexion and extension of the elbow, and swelling of the arm. EMG measurements showed no increase in EMG activity as the sore arms were extended passively at the elbow, indicating that the extra resistance to extension associated with the soreness was not a result of stretch receptor-induced activity in the flexors. The results rule out the possibility that neuromuscular activity is responsible for the restriction of motion and are consistent with the idea that edematous changes within the perimuscular connective tissue alter the elastic behavior of the muscles and cause restriction of motion.
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Hischen, Florian, Gerda Buchberger, Cristina Plamadeala, Oskar Armbruster, Ernst Heiss, Kai Winands, Martin Schwarz, Bert Jüttler, Johannes Heitz, and Werner Baumgartner. "The external scent efferent system of selected European true bugs (Heteroptera): a biomimetic inspiration for passive, unidirectional fluid transport." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 140 (March 2018): 20170975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0975.
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In this work, we present structured capillaries that were inspired by the microstructures of the external scent efferent system as found in different European true bug species (Pentatomidae and Cydnidae). These make use of small, orientated structures in order to facilitate fluid movement towards desired areas where defensive substances are evaporated. Gland channels and microstructures were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy and abstracted into three-dimensional models. We used these models to create scent channel replicas from different technical substrates (steel and polymers) by means of laser ablation, laser structuring and casting. Video analysis of conducted fluid-flow experiments showed that bug-inspired, artificial scent fluid channels can indeed transport different fluids (water solutions and oils/lubricants) passively in one direction (velocities of up to 1 mm s −1 ), while halting the fluid movement in the opposite direction. At the end of this contribution, we present a physical theory that explains the observed fluid transport and sets the rules for performance optimization in future work.
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Goryca, M., N. P. Wilson, P. Dey, X. Xu, and S. A. Crooker. "Detection of thermodynamic “valley noise” in monolayer semiconductors: Access to intrinsic valley relaxation time scales." Science Advances 5, no. 3 (March 2019): eaau4899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau4899.
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Together with charge and spin, many novel two-dimensional materials also permit information to be encoded in an electron’s valley degree of freedom—that is, in particular momentum states in the material’s Brillouin zone. With a view toward valley-based (opto)electronic technologies, the intrinsic time scales of valley scattering are therefore of fundamental interest. Here, we demonstrate an entirely noise-based approach for exploring valley dynamics in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenide semiconductors. Exploiting their valley-specific optical selection rules, we use optical Faraday rotation to passively detect the thermodynamic fluctuations of valley polarization in a Fermi sea of resident carriers. This spontaneous “valley noise” reveals narrow Lorentzian line shapes and, therefore, long exponentially-decaying intrinsic valley relaxation. Moreover, the noise signatures validate both the relaxation times and the spectral dependence of conventional (perturbative) pump-probe measurements. These results provide a viable route toward quantitative measurements of intrinsic valley dynamics, free from any external perturbation, pumping, or excitation.
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Schank, Roger C. "The pragmatics of learning by doing." Pragmatics and Society 1, no. 1 (August 13, 2010): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.1.1.10sch.
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Based on his experience as an educator, the author criticizes current methods and philosophies of learning and teaching. Learning should be geared towards practice (‘learning by doing’); teaching should be about exciting students and helping them perform meaningful tasks, rather than having them passively absorb knowledge that they cannot see the use of. Feedback from former students allows the author to posit a few simple rules for teaching and learning, and identify some of the major (though universally accepted) misconceptions about the role of the teacher and the nature of the learning process. A pragmatics of learning starts from naturally occurring learning situations and emphasizes teaching that is based on the learner’s own experiences, where mistakes are seen as a major source of insight into what is needed in order to achieve success in education and to remake the broken educational system that we are trying to cope with in today’s schools.
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Zhang, Hong, Rui Li, and Chuncheng Shi. "Deep learning technology of Internet of Things Blockchain in distribution network faults." Journal of Intelligent Systems 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 965–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2022-0064.
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Abstract Nowadays, the development of human society and daily life are inseparable from the power supply. Therefore, people also put forward higher requirements for the reliability of distribution network, but power companies can only passively deal with distribution network failures, which is a bottleneck for the improvement of distribution network reliability. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the best solution for online equipment status monitoring and basic data sharing for large, widely distributed, relatively fixed, and large numbers of equipment. The construction of the IoT for power distribution equipment faces many important problems, including the selection of networking, equipment selection, and interaction standards. When researching the implementation plan, research on the distribution of IoT market was carried out. Based on the grid, the idea of optimizing the investment selection plan of the power distribution using IoT was discussed, and a result verification model was established. After the completion of the theoretical part, a case study of medium-voltage distribution grid equipment management and medium-voltage distribution network equipment management based on the grid was carried out by taking a real enterprise application situation as an example. Realizing fault diagnosis of distribution network will not only provide decision support for operation and maintenance of distribution network for power companies, but also have great economic and social benefits. Aiming at the shortcomings of single data mining method in distribution network fault diagnosis, hybrid data mining method is proposed. First, rough set theory is used to reduce the original fault data and form a simplified rule set. Because of the non-linearity of distribution network fault and the strong learning ability, adaptability, and robustness of Bayesian network, Bayesian network can be used to classify distribution network faults. Therefore, a simplified fault diagnosis system is established in this paper, and its correctness is confirmed. Then, the learning and training are carried out by using Bayesian network to call the simplest rule set, which has the characteristics of short learning and training time and high diagnostic accuracy.
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Shearer, Jeffry, Michelle Vassar, Nancy Niemuth, William Swiderski, H. Holley, Karen Metcalfe, and Mary Hart. "Evaluation of the botulinum neurotoxin neutralizing efficiency in immunoglobulin purified from clinical volunteers vaccinated with recombinant botulinum vaccine (46.5)." Journal of Immunology 184, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2010): 46.5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.46.5.
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Abstract Efficacy of the Recombinant Botulinum Vaccine A/B (rBV A/B) against lethal intoxication with botulinum neurotoxin complex (BoNT) cannot be evaluated directly in humans; therefore, efficacy will be based on meeting the requirements of the FDA Animal Rule. Serum BoNT neutralizing antibody concentration (NAC) is being proposed as a correlate of protection to evaluate efficacy in nonclinical models. Under this approach, NAC levels in animals vaccinated either with rBV A/B or passively immunized with BoNT neutralizing antibody will be used to estimate the potential level of protection in humans with similar NAC levels. Estimating the level of protection based on NAC requires establishing NAC neutralizing efficiency (the amount of BoNT neutralized per NAC unit). The neutralizing efficiency of human BoNT neutralizing antibody was evaluated using immunoglobulin purified from pooled sera of clinical volunteers vaccinated with rBV A/B. Solutions of immunoglobulin were prepared at three different NAC levels, mixed with serial dilutions of BoNT serotype A or serotype B and injected into mice. At each NAC level, 50% and 99% neutralization of BoNT was determined by probit analysis of mortality dose-response curves. A simple linearly proportional relationship does not exist between NAC level and the amount of BoNT neutralized. Extrapolations of level of protection must consider variability in BoNT neutralizing efficiency at different NAC levels.
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Egan, Arika, Nicholas Nell, Ambily Suresh, Kevin France, Brian Fleming, Aickara Gopinathan Sreejith, Julian Lambert, and Nicholas DeCicco. "The On-orbit Performance of the Colorado Ultraviolet Transit Experiment Mission." Astronomical Journal 165, no. 2 (January 23, 2023): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aca8a3.
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Abstract We present the on-orbit performance of the Colorado Ultraviolet Transit Experiment (CUTE). CUTE is a 6U CubeSat that launched on 2021 September 27 and is obtaining near-ultraviolet (NUV; 2480 Å-3306 Å) transit spectroscopy of short-period exoplanets. The instrument comprises a 20 cm × 8 cm rectangular Cassegrain telescope, an NUV spectrograph with a holographically ruled aberration-correcting diffraction grating, and an NUV-optimized CCD detector. The telescope feeds the spectrograph through an 18′ × 60″ slit. The detector is a passively cooled, back-illuminated NUV-enhanced CCD. The spacecraft bus is a Blue Canyon Technologies XB1, which has demonstrated ≤ 6″ jitter in 56% of CUTE science exposures. Following spacecraft commissioning, an on-orbit calibration program was executed to characterize the CUTE instrument’s on-orbit performance. The results of this calibration indicate that the effective area of CUTE is ≈19.0–27.5 cm2 and that the average intrinsic resolution element is 2.9 Å across the bandpass. This paper describes the measurement of the science instrument performance parameters as well as the thermal and pointing characteristics of the observatory.
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Miyashita, Shuhei, Christof Audretsch, Zoltán Nagy, Rudolf M. Füchslin, and Rolf Pfeifer. "Mechanical catalysis on the centimetre scale." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 104 (March 2015): 20141271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.1271.
Full textAbstract:
Enzymes play important roles in catalysing biochemical transaction paths, acting as logical machines through the morphology of the processes. A key challenge in elucidating the nature of these systems, and for engineering manufacturing methods inspired by biochemical reactions, is to attain a comprehensive understanding of the stereochemical ground rules of enzymatic reactions. Here, we present a model of catalysis that can be performed magnetically by centimetre-sized passive floating units. The designed system, which is equipped with permanent magnets only, passively obeys the local causalities imposed by magnetic interactions, albeit it shows a spatial behaviour and an energy profile analogous to those of biochemical enzymes. In this process, the enzyme units trigger physical conformation changes of the target by levelling out the magnetic potential barrier (activation potential) to a funnel type and, thus, induce cascading conformation changes of the targeted substrate units reacting in parallel. The inhibitor units, conversely, suppress such changes by increasing the potential. Because the model is purely mechanical and established on a physics basis in the absence of turbulence, each performance can be explained by the morphology of the unit, extending the definition of catalysis to systems of alternative scales.
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Schapiro, Anna C., Emma Gregory, Barbara Landau, Michael McCloskey, and Nicholas B. Turk-Browne. "The Necessity of the Medial Temporal Lobe for Statistical Learning." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 8 (August 2014): 1736–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00578.
Full textAbstract:
The sensory input that we experience is highly patterned, and we are experts at detecting these regularities. Although the extraction of such regularities, or statistical learning (SL), is typically viewed as a cortical process, recent studies have implicated the medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the hippocampus. These studies have employed fMRI, leaving open the possibility that the MTL is involved but not necessary for SL. Here, we examined this issue in a case study of LSJ, a patient with complete bilateral hippocampal loss and broader MTL damage. In Experiments 1 and 2, LSJ and matched control participants were passively exposed to a continuous sequence of shapes, syllables, scenes, or tones containing temporal regularities in the co-occurrence of items. In a subsequent test phase, the control groups exhibited reliable SL in all conditions, successfully discriminating regularities from recombinations of the same items into novel foil sequences. LSJ, however, exhibited no SL, failing to discriminate regularities from foils. Experiment 3 ruled out more general explanations for this failure, such as inattention during exposure or difficulty following test instructions, by showing that LSJ could discriminate which individual items had been exposed. These findings provide converging support for the importance of the MTL in extracting temporal regularities.