Dissertations / Theses: 'Passivt'

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Strobl, Daniel. "Omega - En passiv och vacker tillvaro : Ett passivt bostadshus." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-25566.

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Idag projekteras byggnader för att spara energi och minimera värmeförluster som sker genom klimatskal. För att kunna minska behovet av aktiv uppvärmning för de boende utvecklades en idé om att byggnaden skulle uppvärmas med hjälp av passivvärme. Detta ledde till skapandet av passiv och lågenergihus. Det har funnits passivhus i mer än 20 år och vanligen används denna princip av privatvillor. På senare tid har dock passivhustekniken börjat integreras vid uppförandet av flerbostadshus. Syftet är naturligtvis att minska årsbehovet av aktiv uppvärmning för byggnader och samtidigt minska värmeeffektbehovet. Vid projekterande av passivhus eller lågenergihus har det historiskt sett lagts mer fokus på byggnadsfunktionen än utseendet, vilket kan leda till att den estetiska formen på byggnaden försummas. Det leder i sin tur till frågeställningen om passivhus kan projekteras till att vara såväl energieffektivt som estetisk tilltalande eller om det finns ett motsatsförhållande? Svaret på frågan är att passivhusets energieffektivitet mycket väl kan kombineras med attraktivt utseende – möjligheten lämnas fritt för arkitektens egen tolkning av byggnadens utseende. Formen och utseendet på byggnaden kan påverka byggnadens energiförbrukning vid uppvärmning av byggnaden. I litteraturstudien har det avhandlats det som kallas för YV-faktorn, detta är förhållandet mellan byggnadens omslutande area och invärtes volymen. Ju lägre YV-faktorn desto enklare är det att värma upp byggnaden. Olika geometriska figurer på byggnaden påverkar denna betingelse – bäst anses vara halvklot och cylinder. Detta beror på att krökta väggar i konstruktionen ökar den invändiga volymen på byggnaden och samtidigt ökar den omslutande area minimalt. Omega i denna rapport utvecklades för att passa det svenska klimatet, emellertid bör denna byggnad även kunna tillämpas utomlands t.ex. i Tyskland som är ett av de dominerande länderna vid användning av passivhus. För att en byggnad ska kunna betraktas som ett passivhus i Tyskland är ett av de viktigaste kraven att uppvärmningen max ska vara 15 kWh/m2 och ha en maximal energiförbrukning på 120 kWh/m2. De simuleringar som genomfördes med hjälp av IDA (Indoor, Climate and Energy 4) registrerade att värde på 11.6 kWh/m2 i uppvärmning och 118 kWh/m2 för hela Omegas energiförbrukning. Slutsatsen är att ett flerbostadshus kan konstrueras efter passivhusprincipen, även i krävande länder som Tyskland. Vid en jämförelse mellan ett vanligt hus med formen som ett rätblock och denna byggnad med exakt samma förutsättningar, minskas värmebehovet med 23 %. Detta beror på att vid inkludering av krökta väggar i konstruktionen eller övrig geometrisk form på byggnaden, påverkas uppvärmningsbehovet för byggnaden.
Today buildings are projected to save energy and minimize heat losses through buildings envelope. In order to reduce the need for active heating for the residents, an idea was developed that the building would be heated by passive heat. This eventually led to the creation of passive and low-energy buildings. There have been passive houses for more than 20 years and are commonly used by individuals and their homes. Lately engineers have begun to integrate passive house technology with the construction of apartment buildings. The aim of course is to reduce the annual consumption of active heating for buildings and heating requirements. During the early phase of development, it has historically been more focus on the actual building function than appearance, which may lead that the aesthetic form of the building is neglected. This in turn leads to the question if passive houses can be designed to be both energy efficient and as aesthetically pleasing or if there is a contradiction? The answer is that passive house energy efficiency can be combined with attractive appearance - the possibility is left free for the architect's own interpretation of the building's appearance. The shape and appearance of the building can affect the building's energy consumption for heating of the building. In literature, what is called YV-factor has been discussed; The YV-factor is the ratio between the building's surrounding area and internal volume. The lower YV- factor the easier it is to heat the building. Various geometric shapes of the building affect this condition - best considered is hemisphere and cylinder. This is because the curved walls of the structure increase the internal volume meanwhile the surrounding area increase is negligible. The building Omega in this report was developed to suit the Swedish climate, however it should be investigated if this building can be applied in Germany, which is one of the dominant countries in the use of passive houses. For a building to be considered as a passive house in Germany, one of the key requirements is that the heating do not exceed 15 kWh/m2 and have a maximum power consumption of 120 kWh/m2. The simulations were carried out with the aid of IDA (Indoor , Climate and Energy 4 ) registered the value of 11.6 kWh/m2 for heating and 118 kWh/m2 for the whole District Omega's energy consumption. The conclusion is that a multistoried house can be constructed as a passive house, even in Germany. In a comparison between a normal house with shape as a cuboid and this building with the exact same conditions, the difference is 23 % in heating requirements. This is due to the inclusion of curved walls in the construction or other geometric form of building, affects heating requirement of the building.

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Strågefors, Dennis. "Förskollärares syn på högläsning : Passivt lyssnade eller aktivtmedskapande?" Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för bibliotek, information, pedagogik och IT, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-15470.

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Bakgrund Förskolans läroplan anger att förskolan ska lägga stor vikt vid att stimulera barns språkutveckling, samt ansvara för att de utvecklar ett intresse för skriftspråket och för bilder och texter. Forskning visar dessutom på goda samband mellan regelbunden och medveten högläsning, och på barns utvecklande av sitt ordförråd och sin förmåga att återberätta texter. Trots det finns en alarmerande mängd rapporter och forskning som tyder på att föräldrar spenderar allt mindre tid på att läsa tillsammans med sina barn, samt att litteraturläsning är ett försummat område även på många svenska förskolor. Resultatet av flera svenska studier visar på att högläsning främst sker i form av s.k. läsvila, vilket anses ha svag inverkan på barns lärande och språkutveckling. Syfte Syftet med studien är att få en bild av hur verksamma förskollärare tänker och resonerar kring högläsning i förskolan, samt hur dessa uppfattningar och erfarenheter står i relation till aktuell forskning på området. Metod Studien bygger på kvalitativa, semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra stycken utbildade och yrkesverksamma förskollärare i Kalmar län. Resultat Studien visar att det finns en konsensus bland de intervjuade förskollärarna att högläsning har en positiv effekt på barns språkutveckling, i synnerhet att de leder till att barnen utökar sitt ordförråd och lär sig hur ord uttalas. Däremot tyder det faktum att valet av högläsningsböcker främst föll på barnen, samt att läsning i de allra flesta fall genomfördes direkt efter lunch för de barn som inte vilar, på att sättet som flera av de intervjuade förskollärarna bedriver högläsning inte överensstämmer med vad aktuell forskning på området förespråkar. Man ansåg också att barngruppens storlek hade betydelse för hur effektiv lässtunden blev, men hade olika uppfattning om vilket barnantal som utgjorde en ändamålsenlig läsgrupp. Ett annat uttalat syfte var att skapa närhet, gemenskap, samt att få barngruppen att varva ner. Avsaknaden av separata bok- och läsrum var något som alla de intervjuade förskollärarna påtalade. Förskollärarna följde som regel inte upp högläsningen med några specifika aktiviteter, men upplevde ofta att barnen i sin fria lek ofta hämtade inspiration från handlingen i de böcker som barnen och förskollärarna läst tillsammans. Däremot var alla överens om att det var viktigt att låta barnen ställa frågor och diskutera böckernas innehåll, men några framhöll att det kunde finnas skäl att spara alla frågor tills efter att man läst klart. Endast en av de intervjuade förskollärarna nämnde begreppet boksamtal.

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Rundlöf, Niclas, and Jimmy Lovén. "Ska jag placera aktivt eller passivt? : En studie om premiepensionsvalet." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för ekonomi och företagande, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-15285.

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Intention: The purpose of this thesis is to see if an active investment decision in the Swedish Premium Pension System would result in a higher return than a non-active investment decision. A non-active investment decision is equivalent to leaving the money in AP7 Premium Savings Fund. Method: This thesis is a statistical analysis and has a descriptive character in which the calculations are based on secondary data, thus the thesis has a quantitative character. Furthermore three active portfolios in different risk categories have been chosen. These portfolios are compared with the AP7 Premium Savings Fund’s returns. The thesis is deductive because it is using existing financial theories to do empirical examinations. Conclusion: Generally, higher risk is equal to higher returns. This thesis shows that an active investment of the premium pension should be done in portfolios with higher risk. Therefore the selected low-risk portfolio has lower returns than AP7 Premium Savings Fund. Further Research: The authors would find it interesting to redo this study in the future with the new AP7 Såfa as a benchmark.
Syfte: Studien avser att se om ett aktivt sparande och förvaltande av premiepensionen leder till en högre avkastning i jämförelse mot att låta pengarna ligga kvar i AP7 Premiesparfond Metod: Studien är en statistik analys och har en deskriptiv karaktär där sekundärdata ligger till grund för beräkningarna. Studien kan således ses som en kvantitativ studie. Vidare har tre stycken aktiva portföljval i tre olika riskkategorier tagits fram för att jämföras med AP7 Premiesparfonds avkastning. Studien är deduktiv då den empiriska prövningen sker med hjälp av redan befintliga finansiella teorier. Slutsats: Generellt sett ger högre risk en högre avkastning. Studien visar att om premiepensionen ska förvaltas aktivt bör detta göras i portföljer med högre risk. Då den valda lågriskportföljen gav lägre avkastning än AP7 Premiesparfond. Vidare forskning: Författarna anser det intressant att jämföra om AP7 Såfa skulle gynna icke aktiva sparare i högre grad än den gamla AP7 premiesparfonden. AP7 Såfa är en generationsfond där risken anpassas efter spararens ålder. Studien bör därför omprövas då det finns tioårig historik om AP7 Såfa.

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Lundgren, Ulf G. "Personlighetens inverkan på aktivt och passivt jobbsökande, karriärambition och arbetstillfredställelse." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för lärande och miljö, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-12121.

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Previous research has focused limited attention on how personality affects job search for university educated people in work and no studies have focused on the difference between active and passive job seekers. This survey-based study that examined university educated economists and engineers with 5-25 years of experience, showed that career ambition mediated active job search for the personality dimensions of openness, agreeableness and extraversion and also gave clear evidence that active job seekers have lower levels of job satisfaction, and higher levels of career ambition, agreeableness and extraversion, compared with passive job seekers. These findings provide a more nuanced picture of the impact of different recruitment strategies and provide a starting point for in-depth studies on passive job seekers
Tidigare forskning har riktat begränsad uppmärksamhet mot hur personlighet påverkar jobbsökande för akademiker i arbete och inga studier har fokuserat på skillnaden mellan aktivt och passivt jobbsökande. Denna enkätbaserade studie som undersökt universitetsutbildade ekonomer och ingenjörer med 5-25 års erfarenhet, visade att karriärambition medierade aktivt jobbsökande för personlighetsdimensionerna öppenhet, samstämmighet och extraversion och gav också tydliga belägg för att aktivt jobbsökande har lägre grad av arbetstillfredställelse, och högre grad av karriärambition, samstämmighet och extraversion, jämfört med passivt jobbsökande. Dessa rön ger en mera nyanserad bild av konsekvenser av olika rekryteringsstrategier och utgör en utgångspunkt för fördjupade studier beträffande passivt jobbsökande.

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Björnsson, Daniel, and Serhat Aslan. "Tolkens roll och uppdrag : Ett passivt vittne eller en aktiv agent." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för pedagogik och lärande (PEL), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-94706.

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Abstract. The aim of this study is to examine the role of the interpreter and see how the interpreter thinks of his or her role in interpreted meetings. What kind of difficulties and opportunities does interpreters experience in their professional role and what can they describe as factors to a successful interpreted meeting. Above that we were interested in what kind of support if any, interpreters get from their employers or outsourcers when they are a part of an interpreted meeting where difficult and psychological hard matters is interpreted. The method chosen to examine and answer those questions are a qualitative method with semi structured interviews. Our interview persons were six interpreters with various work experience and degree of education. The theories chosen for this study have been parts of symbolic interactionism, sociocultural theory and communication theories in form of the barrier-model and filter-noise model. The results show us that our informants meets all kinds of difficulties on a day to day basis, however was this something that our informants expected and said to be a part of their job-description. We found in our previous research that some interpreters said that it can be a difficult matter to talk in a first-person way when the interpreted person disguise tough situations such as sexual abuse ore murders for example. This could both verifies and problematize by our informants. Most of them said that they were met with respect from other professions, but one voice distinguished from the others and talked in terms that the interpreter was seen as an idiot and definitely not was respected. One thing that they all could agree about was the lack of information they got to prepare themselves prior to the interpreted meeting, if this was a problem were however not a common thought.

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Ahnve, Fredrik, and Emil Ahlin. "Investmentbolag som sparform : En jämförelse med aktivt och passivt förvaltade aktiefonder." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-341388.

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Fonder i allmänhet och aktiefonder i synnerhet är populära sparinstrument hos den svenska befolkningen. Ett alternativ till att äga aktiefonder är att äga aktier i investmentbolag. Vissa utredningar visar att svenska investmentbolag har presterat bättre på börsen än Sverigefonder under slutet av 1900- och början av 2000-talen, men att investmentbolag även är mer riskfyllda. Forskning som jämför investmentbolag med index indikerar att investmentbolag överpresterar gentemot index. Eftersom Sverige är ett fondsparande folk (Morningstar, 2016; SCB, 2017) är det intressant att undersöka om sparande i investmentbolag är bättre än sparande i aktiefonder.För att göra investmentbolagen jämförbara med aktiefonderna så diversifieras båda tillgångarna i enlighet med Modern Portföljteori genom att kombineras i portföljer. Att investmentbolag ofta har tillgång till styrelseposter i sina dotterbolag och därmed tillgång till insiderinformation om bolagen, skulle enligt den Effektiva Marknadshypotesen kunna medföra att investmentbolagen systematiskt överpresterar på börsen jämfört med aktiefondförvaltare.Eftersom aktiefonder kan vara både aktivt och passivt förvaltade, med en diskussion i bland annat Sverige om vilken av aktivt eller passivt förvaltade fonder som är det bättre valet, väljer denna studie att dela upp aktiefonder i dessa två kategorier. Således jämförs investmentbolagen med (1) aktivt förvaltade aktiefonder och (2) passivt förvaltade aktiefonder. De passivt förvaltade aktiefonderna approximeras sedermera med SIXPRX, ett bredare index över utvecklingen på Stockholmsbörsen. Tidsperioderna som undersöks är rullande intervall om 2, 5, 10 och 15 år mellan 2001-07-02 och 2016-06-30. Måtten som används för prestations-utvärdering är Jensens Alfa och Sharpekvot.Studiens resultat visar på överavkastning hos investmentbolagsportföljen gentemot den aktivt förvaltade aktiefondportföljen och SIXPRX, med signifikanta värden på 15-årsbasis samt ett antal ytterligare signifikanta tidsintervall. Ju längre det uppmätta tidsintervallet är desto starkare resultat uppvisas i favör för investmentbolagsportföljen. Utöver skillnader i informationsunderlag så skulle substansrabatt, skillnader i incitament till långsiktighet och skillnader i antalet ägda bolag kunna ligga till grund för investmentbolagens överprestation.

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Carlstedt, Emelie. "Soil‐structure interaction for bridges with backwalls : FE‐analysis using PLAXIS." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-36798.

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Bro 2004, BV Bro and the Eurocodes give guidelines for how to consider earth pressure induced by change in temperature and braking forces when designing backwalls. In this thesis those demands are investigated using PLAXIS for evaluation of the earth pressure. The results show that the model in PLAXIS corresponds quite well with the conventions in Bro 2004 and that modelling in PLAXIS gives reliable results. The demand in Bro 2004 that backwalls always shall be designed for passive earth pressure has been found to be pessimistic. In case of long bridges and short backwalls passive earth pressure is most often reached but for shorter bridge lengths in combination with longer backwalls this is almost never the case. It was also found that PLAXIS is sensitive and that the structure of the model and the choice of input are essential. A model in PLAXIS doesn’t make the design more effective but it may be a good tool for analysing the effect of the earth pressure combined with other effects such as the patterns for displacement as well as moment- and force distributions.
Bro 2004, BV Bro och Eurocode ger råd för hur jordtryck som uppkommer på grund av temperaturändring och bromskraft skall tas hänsyn till vid dimensionering av ändskärmar. I detta examensarbete undersöks dessa dimensioneringskrav med hjälp av PLAXIS för att göra en bedömning av jordtrycket. Resultaten visar att modellen i PLAXIS överensstämmer ganska väl med de konventioner som ges i Bro 2004 och att PLAXIS ger tillförlitliga resultat. Kravet att ändskärmar alltid ska dimensioneras för passivt jordtryck visade sig vara pessimistiskt. I fall med långa broar och korta ändskärmar nås ofta passivt jordtryck men för kortare broar med djupare ändskärmar är detta nästan aldrig fallet. PLAXIS visade sig vara känsligt för hur modellen byggs upp och vilka indata som ändvänds, varför dessa bör väljas försiktigt. En modell i PLAXIS medför inte en mer effektiv dimensionering men kan vara ett bra verktyg för analys av jordtryck i kombination med andra effekter så som förskjutningsmönster samt moment- och kraftdiagram.

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Gustavsson, André, and Nicole Issa. "Hållbara kontra konventionella fonder : En prestationsstudie om passivt och aktivt förvaltade fonder." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationssystem och –teknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-36868.

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Every fourth Swede chooses to invest their capital in sustainable funds. There is consensus on the fact that the financial market has been affected by the increased awareness on sustainability which companies have embraced and now manage extensive CSR-work. The goal of this essay is to answer the question whether sustainable funds contributes larger to a portfolios risk adjusted return than conventional mutual funds and if there is a connection between that and passive or active fund management. The report compares 16 funds between the years of 2012 to 2018, whereas 8 funds are conventional and 8 are sustainable. Furthermore, half of each group is passively managed and half is actively managed. The ratios used to measure risk adjusted return in this essay is the Sharpe ratio and the Sortino Ratio. The results show that the conventional funds have a higher risk adjusted return than the sustainable funds. The result is further compared to previous research and discussed towards the hypotheses presented in the theory chapter.

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Gullmarstrand, Olof, and Thomas Lindblom. "Ett aktivt beslut att renovera passivt : En ekonomisk jämförelse vid upprustning av miljonprogrammetsflerbostadshus." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-5720.

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Carlsson, Filip, and Anton Fällman. "HÅLLBARA INVESTERINGAR OCH FÖRVALTNINGSSTRATEGI : Riskjusterad avkastning och hållbarhetsbetyg för aktivt och passivt förvaltade fonder." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-160156.

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Herrick, Rosmarie. "Effekten av passivt hängande som behandlingsmetod hos patienter med subacromial smärta : En kvasiexperimentell studie." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-5776.

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Bakgrund: Subacromial smärta är en av de tre vanligaste förekommande orsakerna till att patienter söker hjälp inom primärvården. En definition på subacromial smärta är att det är en icke-traumatisk smärta, oftast lokaliserad enbart i ena axeln, som skapar smärta i strukturer i och kring axelleden. Orsaken till subacromial smärta sägs vara multifaktoriell och de strukturer som kan vara involverade är många. Vid behandling av subacromial smärta är konservativ behandling förstahandsvalet, evidensen för vilka övningar som är effektiva och hur dessa ska doseras är dock begränsad. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att mäta effekten av behandling med passivt hängande med avseende på axelrörlighet, funktion samt smärta hos patienter med subacromial smärta. Frågeställningar: - Ökar passivt hängande axelrörligheten samt minskar smärtan hos patienter med subacromial smärta? - Minskar passivt hängande förekomsten av störd nattsömn hos patienter med subacromial smärta? - Förbättrar passivt hängande axelfunktionen hos patienter med subacromial smärta? Metod: Studien var av kvasiexperimentell design vilket bestod av två mättillfällen. En mätning innan behandlingen och en mätning efter att interventionen genomförts, en så kallad pretest – posttest design. Samtliga deltagare utförde passivt hängande från en pull up-stång sammanlagt sju minuter per dag (tre minuter på morgonen och fyra minuter på kvällen) under en åtta veckors period. Övningen utfördes i 30 sekunders intervaller. Studiens huvudsakliga data var insamlat genom Constant-Murley shoulder outcome score. Totalt sex patienter genomförde studien. Resultat: Enligt Constant-Murley shoulder outcome score förbättrade samtliga sex deltagare sin rörlighet och funktionsförmåga efter åtta veckors passivt hängande. Förekomsten av störd nattsömn och smärta vid ADL minskade också hos samtliga deltagare. Den smärtfria rörligheten minskade med 61 % på gruppnivå (p=0,028). Smärta vid aktivitet minskade med 75 % på gruppnivå, (p=0,027). Förekomsten av störd nattsömn minskade med 76% på gruppnivå (p=0,027). Och deltagarnas axelfunktion förbättrades med 94% på gruppnivå (p=0,028). Slutsats: Denna pilotstudie indikerar att åtta veckors passivt hängande kan förbättra rörligheten och funktionen hos patienter med subacromial smärta. Förekomsten av störd nattsömn och smärta vid ADL minskade också hos samtliga deltagare efter åtta veckors träning. Trots låga p-värden och stora skillnader på individnivå kan man dock inte uttala sig om signifikanta skillnader eller generaliserbarhet av resultaten på grund av låg power och avsaknad av kontrollgrupp.
Background: Subacromial pain is one of the three most common causes of patients seeking help in primary care. A definition of subacromial pain is that it is a non-traumatic pain, usually located only in one shoulder, which creates pain in structures in and around the shoulder joint. The cause of subacromial pain is proposed to be multifactorial and the structures that may be involved are many. Conservative treatmens is the first choice when treating shoulder injuries, however, the evidence for which exercises are effective and how these should be dosed is limited. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to measure the effect of passive hanging on shoulder mobility, function and pain in patients with subacromial pain. Questions: - Does passive hanging increase mobility and reduce pain in patients with subacromial pain? - Does passive hanging reduce the incidence of disturbed night sleep in patients with subacromial pain? - Does passive hanging improve shoulder function in patients with subacromial pain? Method: The study used a quasi-experimental design, which consisted of two measurement occasions. A measurement before the treatment and a measurement after the intervention, a so-called pretest - post-test design. All participants performed passively hanging from a pull-up bar for a total of seven minutes a day (three minutes in the morning and four minutes in the evening) during an eight-week period. The exercise was performed at 30 second intervals. The main data of the study is collected through the Constant-Murley shoulder outcome score. A total of six patients completed the study. Results: According to the Constant-Murley shoulder outcome score all six participants improved their mobility and shoulder function after eight weeks of passive hanging. The presence of disturbed night sleep and pain in ADL also decreased among all participants. Participants improved their painless mobility by 61 % at group level (p-value 0.028). Pain during activity decreased by 75 % at group level (p-value 0.027). The presence of disturbed night sleep decreased by 76 % at group level (p-value 0.027). And the participants shoulder function improved by 94 % at group level (p-value 0.028). Conclusion: This pilot study indicates that eight weeks of passive hanging can improve the mobility and shoulder function in patients with subacromial pain. The incidence of disturbed night sleep and pain in ADL also decreased in all participants after eight weeks of training. Despite low p-values and large differences at the individual level one cannot comment on significant differences or generalisability of the results due to low power and lack of control group.

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Eriksson, Anna, and Jansson Malin Weber. "Passivitet i en målstyrd skola : en intervjustudie om att undervisa elever som riskerar att inte uppnå kunskapsmålen." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Special Education, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-28864.

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Läroplanens övergripande mål är att alla elever ska uppnå kunskapsmålen. Det finns dock många elever som riskerar att inte uppnå dessa mål. Med utgångspunkt från studiens syfte om att öka förståelsen för arbetet med elever som riskerar att inte uppnå kunskapsmålen på grund av passivt beteende har vi undersökt hur lärare beskriver dessa elever. Vi har även undersökt hur lärare utformar undervisning och klassrumsmiljö för dessa elever, samt vilket pedagogiskt bemötande lärare ser som viktigt för att elever med passivt beteende ska kunna uppnå kunskapsmålen. Vi har också sökt svar på vilka svårigheter lärarna upplever i arbetet med dessa elever. Vi har genomfört sex kvalitativa intervjuer med lärare verksamma i år 1-5. Undersökningen visar att lärarna har erfarenheter av elever med passivt och drömmande beteende som har svårt att uppnå kunskapsmålen. De anser att dessa elever ofta saknar egen drivkraft och därför har svårt att självständigt föra sitt arbete framåt. Lärarna i studien betonar vikten av styrning, tydlighet och struktur, både i undervisning och i klassrumsmiljö. Tät tillsyn och regelbunden återkoppling i form av styrning och stimulans anses som avgörande faktorer för inlärning. Lärarna menar att det är betydelsefullt med korta och konkreta instruktioner som ges både muntligt och skriftligt. Även arbetsuppgifterna bör vara väl avgränsade och på rätt nivå. Uppmuntran och positiv feedback anses som något centralt och avgörande, i synnerhet för elever med passivt beteende. Som lärare är det viktigt att visa på framstegen och uppmärksamma elevernas starka sidor. Vidare är det av stor betydelse att aktivt arbeta med att utveckla en tillåtande stämning och en acceptans för olikheter i klassen. Enligt lärarna är en av svårigheterna i arbetet med elever med passivt beteende tidspressen, vilket påverkar möjligheten att individualisera och utveckla arbetssätten. En annan svårighet är bristen på respons från eleverna. Dessa elever behöver en lugn inlärningsmiljö vilket inte alltid är lätt att skapa. Elevgrupperna är stora och lokalerna bristfälliga. Läraren måste ta hänsyn till många elever i klassen och till elever med andra svårigheter. Detta innebär att det hela tiden är risk för störningar i samspelsprocessen mellan läraren och eleven med passivt beteende.

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Sparf, Henrik, and Jenny Helin. "PPM - Passivt Placerande för Många : En analytisk studie av premiepensionsspararnas avsaknad av strategier för fondval." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Business Studies, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-468.

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Introduction: In 1998, the pension system was changed and the so called PPM system was introduced. The PPM system is partly fund-based, partly distribution-based. There are approximately 700 different investment funds to choose between, at a maximum five for each individual. For persons who are not familiar with the financial market, the choice might be difficult. The lions’ part of the investors do not seem to have an active strategy. Are the reasons for that the complexity of the system or which factors do influence the choice between different fund strategies?

Problem area: The problem area of this thesis was to clarify the following questions: Why do not more peoples entitled to the Swedish PPM system make active investments and changes between different fund options? On the individual level, which factors influence how actively placements and changes are made within the PPM system?

Propose: Our mission was to investigate the reasons for the lack of activity of the individuals entitled to the benefits of the Swedish PPM system.

Methods: Our main approach was to quantitatively analyse the relations and to draw conclusion based on the questionnaire answers from a cohort of 100 respondents living in the city of Stockholm. The results were statistically analysed by using the computerised program SPSS.

Results: The lack of knowledge, experience and interest seem to be the factors most positively associated with the lack of initiative to actively make use of the possibilities offered by the PPM system.

Conclusions: The quantitative analysis performed indicates that a large majority of the Swedish population lack the qualities needed to manage the money obtainable within the Premium Pension System. It is evident that there are individual differences depending on educational level, income, age and risk attitude.

Inledning: 1998 reformerades det svenska pensionssystemet och det så kallade premiepensionssystemet infördes, som dels är fondbaserat, dels distributionsbaserat. I systemet finns omkring 700 olika fonder emellan spararen kan välja, maximalt fem. För en individ som inte är hemma på den finansiella marknaden kan valet av fonder vara ett svårt beslut. Är systemets komplexitet orsaken till att merparten av spararna inte har en aktiv strategi för sin premiepension eller vilka faktorer är det som styr detta?

Problemområde: De problemområden som avsågs klargöras genom denna studie var: Varför väljer inte fler svenska premiepensionssparare att aktivt placera och byta fonder? Vilka individuella faktorer styr hur aktiv individen är i sitt placerande av premiepensionsmedlen?

Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka orsakerna till varför merparten av de svenska premiepensionsspararna inte agerar aktivt i valet av fonder samt vilka individuella faktorer som är nav betydelse för graden av aktivitet i premiepensionssparandet.

Metodval: En kvantitativ ansats har huvudsakligen använts i denna uppsats då syftet var att uppdaga samband och dra slutsatser baserat på enkätsvar från en stor urvalsgrupp. Urvalet utgjordes av ett bekvämlighetsurval med 100 deltagande respondenter i stockholmsregionen. Det empiriska materialet bearbetades statistiskt i dataprogrammet SPSS.

Resultat: De faktorer författarna funnit haft störst inverkan för aktiviteten i premiepensionsvalet är kunskap, erfarenhet samt intresse. Avsaknaden av dessa antas vara vad som resulterar i många av de svenska premiepensionsspararnas passivitet i premiepensionsvalet.

Slutsatser: Den kvantitativa undersökning som genomförts indikerar att stora delar av den svenska befolkningen saknar de egenskaper som krävs för förvaltande av premiepensionen. Det framgår även att det föreligger skillnader beroende på bland annat individens utbildning, inkomst, ålder, kön samt åsikter kring risktagande.

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14

Gustafsson, Olof. "Undersökning av kvaliteten av bytet av geodetiskt referenssystem i Ljusdals kommun : Jämförelse mellan passivt och aktivt referensnätverk." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, GIS, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-24249.

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The municipality of Ljusdal changed geodetic reference system from RT R10 2,5 gon V 0:–15 to the new system SWEREF 99. The technical management had an intent to test the quality of the transformation of coordinates which became the purpose of this thesis. A comparison between the formerly known coordinates and plane coordinates, measured at the same points, was carried out. The equipment in use consisted of a GNSS-receiver of the type Leica GX 1230+GNSS and an antenna of the type Leica AX 1203+GNSS. It was an ambition to manage to measure as many as possible of all the geodetic network points which were located in the densely built-up area of the village of Ljusdal. The measurement efforts were accomplished at 37 points and was pursued during the summer and autumn 2011. 119 series of measurement were accomplished. The result was a weighted average and its standard uncertainty for the coordinates N and E for all of the 37 points. These weighted average values were subtracted by the known value which resulted in a coordinate difference for N, E and radially for all of the 37 points. A root mean square (RMS) value was determined for all coordinate differences in N, E and radially. RMS for the N-coordinates was 9 mm, for the E coordinates it was 11 mm and radially, RMS was 14 mm. That radial RMS value was just slightly bigger than the uncertainty attached to the network RTK-method used in the project. All RMS values are low compared to their analogue data in previous studies. There were two distinguishing features in results of the survey campaign. Firstly, there was a systematic error in the direction southwest. Secondly, surprisingly low values for the standard uncertainty were achieved. If there was a slight damage on the tripod, that may be an explanation of the systematic error. That could have been detected if the calibration would have been carried out at many more occasions and if the results of the calibration would have been treated in a more rigorous way. One special circumstance may explain the low standard uncertainties – the survey campaign was allowed to take longer time than is usual in professional surveying. Many attempts to measure a point were disrupted due to bad constellation of the GNSS-satellites on the sky. These unsuccessful attempts were resumed at many times. Survey data from four of the points showed big coordinate differences for one direction in all or most of the series of measurement. These four points may have been subjected to deformation. There are strong reasons to assert that the coordinate transformation of the municipality of Ljusdal gave a good result.
Med hjälp av personal från Metria bytte Ljusdals kommun ut sitt gamla geodetiska referenssystem RT R10 2,5 gon V 0:–15, mot det nya systemet SWEREF 99. Samhällsutvecklingsförvaltningen i kommunen ville få hjälp med att testa hur bra koordinattransformationen hade lyckats vilket blev examensarbetets syfte. För att uppnå detta gjordes en jämförelse mellan inmätta plana koordinater och de av Metria bestämda koordinaterna. En GNSS-mottagare av typen Leica GX 1230+GNSS och en antenn av modellen Leica AX 1203+GNSS användes. Ambitionen var att mäta in så många som möjligt av de stompunkter som fanns i Ljusdals tätort, med mätmetoden nätverks-RTK. Det resulterade i inmätningar av 37 stompunkter under sommaren och hösten år 2011. De 119 gjorda mätserierna utgjorde data för beräkning av ett viktat medelvärde och dess standardosäkerhet för N- respektive E-koordinaten på varje stompunkt. Det beräknades koordinatdifferenser jämfört med de kända värdena för N, E och radiellt. Slutligen beräknades ett kvadratiskt medelvärde (RMS) för koordinatdifferenserna i N, E och radiellt. RMS-värdena blev för N 9 mm, för E 11 mm och radiellt 14 mm. Det radiella RMS-värdet är bara något större än osäkerheten i den använda mätmetoden och alla RMS-värden är relativt låga jämfört med i tidigare studier. Det fanns två utmärkande drag i mätresultaten, dels att mätningarna råkat ut för ett systematiskt fel i riktningen sydväst och dels att standardosäkerheterna var anmärkningsvärt låga. En förklaring till det till det systematiska felet kan eventuellt vara att någon del av utrustningen, troligast trefoten med dess optiska lod, har varit en aning defekt. Detta hade i så fall kunnat upptäckas om kalibrering hade gjorts vid betydligt fler tillfällen och med en strängare bedömning av dess resultat. Att det var så låga standardosäkerheter kan bero på att arbetet utfördes med mycket god tillgång av tid. Många försök att mäta avbröts p.g.a. att det för tillfället var för dålig satellittäckning. De misslyckade försöken återupptogs i många vid senare tillfällen. Mätdata från fyra av stompunkterna visade stora koordinatdifferenser i alla eller i de flesta mätserier vilket ger anledning att misstänka att de kan ha drabbats av deformation. Undersökningen ger skäl att tro att den koordinattransformation som Ljusdals kommun gjorde år 2010‒2011 har lyckats bra.

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Holgersson, Björn. "Suggestibilitets roll i empati : skillnaden mellan skillnaden mellan att passivt tilldelas och att aktivt dela en annans känsla." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-896.

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Denna uppsats belyser empati ur ett troligen helt nytt perspektiv genom att likna empatiprocessen vid den suggestibla som ”den andres” förmedlande av stimu¬lus, vilket av målpersonen mottages, processas och därefter ofta resulterar i en, hos målpersonen, genuint upplevd känsla eller uppfattning. I uppsatsen förslås vidare att empati och suggestibilitet skiljer sig ifrån övrig form av var¬seblivning genom det radikala internaliserandet av stimulus som de ofta ska¬par hos målpersonen. Studiens syfte var att, baserat på detta förslag, utreda om det finns ett samband mellan empati och suggesti¬bilitet. En studie utförd med 42 per¬soner påvisade en tendens till samband mellan suggestibilitet och empati samt att kvinnor var signifikant mer suggestibla än män. Framtida forskning bör fortsatt testa om suggestibilitet kan förklara empati.

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Stålfelt, Linn, and Lovisa Andersson. "Införandet av Key Audit Matters : En studie om revisorers ansvar och inställning till revisionsberättelsen." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-243311.

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Dagens standardiserade revisionsberättelse har kritiserats för att den innehåller alltför knapphändig information. Dessutom presenterar den enbart att revisorn tagit ett passivt ansvar i sitt granskningsarbete och ger inte revisorn möjlighet att ta ett aktivt ansvar vid författandet av revisionsberättelsen. För att förbättra detta har IAASB beslutat att införa ett nytt avsnitt, Key Audit Matters, där revisorn förväntas redogöra för väsentliga risker och svårigheter i revisionen. Genom att undersöka vilka områden som utgör Key Audit Matters idag och hur dessa kommuniceras bäst i revisionsberättelsen förväntas studien analysera relationen mellan revisorers ansvar och deras inställning till revisionsberättelsen. För att få en djupare förståelse för forskningsfrågan genomförs en kvalitativ studie där sju auktoriserade revisorer intervjuas från Sveriges fyra största revisionsbyråer. Studien visar att de områden som idag utgör Key Audit Matters framförallt består av bedömnings- och värderingsfrågor, väsentlighetsbedömningar och oegentligheter. Vidare anser inte revisorerna att det är viktigt att kommunicera i revisionsberättelsen och de har således en passiv inställning till denna. Detta indikerar till att KAM kommer bli standardiserad och att IAASB inte kommer få sina förväntningar uppfyllda.

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Svensson, Jennifer. "Effekten av ett passivt vs. aktivt interaktivt användarstöd : Hur ett hjälpverktyg kan påverka användningen av en ny digital plattform." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-106221.

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I denna studie undersöktes hur ett interaktivt hjälpverktyg i form av ett användarstöd kunde bidra med hjälp vid användningen av en ny digital plattform. Undersökningen fokuserade på skillnaden mellan ett passivt och ett aktivt tillvägagångssätt och mer specifikt vilken effekt ett användarstöd av varje art hade på användaren och dess upplevelse. För att besvara frågeställningen genomfördes ett kontrollerat experiment med två grupper samt en passiv och en aktiv prototyp. Användarstödet och dess innehåll baserades på principer från områden som interaktivitet, konceptuella modeller, message design och feedback, koncept som tidigare forskning anser vara fördelaktiga i digitala instruktionsmiljöer. Den aktiva versionen var annorlunda på så sätt att användaren fick kontinuerlig återkoppling på sin inaktivitet. Datan samlades in med hjälp av indirekt observation och ett kvalitativt frågeformulär. Resultatet visade att användarstödet hjälpte användarna i utförandet av en angiven uppgift, men majoriteten av testpersonerna fann hela upplevelsen förvirrande och svårbegriplig. Den passiva gruppen visade på en ökad förståelse för plattformen, men den aktiva gruppen uttryckte själva att de fått mer kunskap än den passiva. Den aktiva prototypen bidrog till kortvarig irritation för testpersonerna, men det påverkade inte den övergripande upplevelsen avsevärt.

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18

Oliveira, Danilo Flamini. "Análise do desajuste vertical e do afrouxamento de parafusos de próteses sobre implante confeccionadas pelas técnicas do cilindro cimentado ou soldado a laser." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58131/tde-06022014-105902/.

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Este estudo avaliou próteses implantossuportadas obtidas por 2 técnicas (cilindro cimentado ou soldado a laser) e seus comportamentos no que tange à passividade e afrouxamento de parafusos. Foram confeccionadas PPFs de 3 elementos sobre 2 implantes: G1, técnica do cilindro cimentado; G2, técnica do cilindro soldado a laser (n=10). Avaliados níveis de desajuste vertical e passividade antes e após aplicação de cerâmica prensada e após ciclagem mecânica, e a perda de torque inicial dos parafusos de retenção protética antes e após fadiga. Ciclagem mecânica simulando 1 ano de função mastigatória normal (50N, 300.000 ciclos). Análises de desajuste vertical e passividade realizadas pelo método de Sheffield. Calculada % de perda de torque de inserção. Os dados de desajuste e perda de torque foram comparados estatisticamente pelo Modelo Linear de Efeitos Mistos. De modo geral, G1 apresentou níveis de desajuste vertical estatisticamente inferiores a G2 (p<0,05) nas três condições analisadas pelo teste de Sheffield, tanto antes quanto após ciclagem mecânica, atingindo valores máximos de desajuste correspondentes a: 11,94 ± 3,17μm (G1) e 48,63 ± 39,68 μm (G2), antes da ciclagem, 12,42 ± 6,19μm (G1) e 47,62 ± 35,16μm (G2), após a ciclagem, estando os parafusos parafusados. Adicionalmente, em todas as condições experimentais, a ciclagem mecânica não influenciou no desajuste de ambos os grupos (p<0,05), com exceção do molar em G1 quando analisado apertado (p<0,0001). Quando analisado G2, verificamos aumento estatisticamente significante do desajuste vertical após prensagem cerâmica para todos os elementos (p<0,0001) nos diferentes momentos avaliados, com exceção do molar quando avaliado solto, o qual apresentou desajustes semelhantes antes e após prensagem (p=0,052). Na análise de perda de torque, valores expressos em % de perda são apresentados: Pré-molar - G1- antes ciclagem: 31,04 ± 13,22%; G2- antes ciclagem: 33,97 ± 13,41% (G1 x G2 antes ciclagem: p=0,662); G1- após ciclagem: 42,36 ± 14,99%; G2- após ciclagem: 37,92 ± 9,32% (G1 x G2 após ciclagem: p=0,461). Quando analisado o pré-molar, não foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas antes e após ciclagem mecânica para ambos os grupos (G1: p=0,067; G2: p=0,423); Molar - G1- antes ciclagem: 30,77 ± 12,37%; G2- antes ciclagem: 44,37 ± 11,14% (G1 x G2 antes ciclagem: p=0,032); G1- após ciclagem: 39,28 ± 13,96%; G2- após ciclagem: 54,40 ± 26,39% (G1 x G2 após ciclagem: p=0,189). Quando analisado o molar, diferenças estatísticas também não foram identificadas antes e após ciclagem, para ambos os grupos (G1: p=0,392; G2: p=0,233). Diante dos resultados, é possível concluir que: G1 apresentou índices de desajuste vertical e passividade menores que G2, porém para ambos os grupos os desajustes estão dentro dos padrões aceitáveis pela literatura; ciclagem mecânica não promoveu alterações nos níveis de desajuste vertical e perda de torque (%) para ambos os grupos; ambas as técnicas não foram capazes de promover passividade absoluta, tendo em vista os maiores valores de desadaptação do lado solto quando comparados ao lado parafusado.
This study evaluated implant supported prostheses obtained by two techniques (cemented cylinder or laser welded cylinder) and their behavior regarding passivity and screw loosening. Three-element FPPs were made over 2 implants: G1, cemented cylinder technique, G2, laser welded cylinder technique (n=10). The levels of vertical misfit and passivity were evaluated before and after ceramic pressing, and after mechanical cycling; while loss of initial torque of prosthetic retaining screws, before and after mechanical cycling. The mechanical cycling simulated one year of normal masticatory function (50N, 300,000 cycles). Vertical misfit and passivity were analyzed by Sheffield\'s test. The percentage of torque loss was calculated. The misfit and torque loss data were statistically compared by Mixed Linear Model . Overall, G1 showed vertical misfit statistically lower than G2 (p<0.05) in the three conditions analyzed by Sheffield\'s test, before and after mechanical cycling, reaching maximum values of misfit corresponding to: 11.94 ± 3.17μm (G1) and 48.63 ± 39.68 μm (G2) before cycling; 12.42 ± 6.19μm (G1) and 47.62 ± 35.16μm (G2), after cycling, when screws were tightened. Additionally, in all experimental conditions, the mechanical cycling did not influence the misfit in both groups (p<0.05), except for the molar G1 when analyzed in the tightened condition (p<0.0001). When was analyzed G2, statistically significant increase in the vertical misfit was found after ceramic pressing for all elements (p<0.0001) for different moments, except when the molar was not tightened, which showed similar misfit before and after pressing (p=0.052). In the analysis of torque loss, values expressed as percentage of loss are presented: Pre-molar - G1- before cycling: 31.04 ± 13.22%, G2- before cycling: 33.97 ± 13.41% (G1 x G2 before cycling: p=0.662), G1- after cycling: 42.36 ± 14.99%, G2- after cycling: 37.92 ± 9.32% (G1 x G2 after cycling: p=0.461). When the pre-molar was analyzed, statistical differences before and after cycling were not found for both groups (G1: p=0.067; G2: p=0.423); Molar - G1- before cycling: 30.77 ± 12.37%; G2- before cycling: 44.37 ± 11.14% (G1 x G2 before cycling: p=0.032); G1- after cycling: 39.28 ± 13.96%; G2- after cycling: 54.40 ± 26 , 39% (G1 x G2 after cycling: p=0.189). When the molar was analyzed, statistical differences were not found before and after cycling for both groups (G1: p=0.392; G2: p=0.233). Based on these results, it is possible to conclude that: G1 showed vertical misfit and passivity smaller than G2, but for both groups, the misfits are within acceptable standards for the literature; mechanical cycling did not change the vertical misfit and torque loss (%) for both groups; both techniques were not able to promote absolute passivity, in view of the higher values of misfit when compared to the side no tightened.

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Karlsson, Anna, and Johansson Ronja Nikkanen. "Inre tal hos barn med utvecklingsstörning : Finns det ett samband mellan inre tal och storleken på ordförråd?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-109071.

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Bakgrund: Då barn möts av en kognitiv utmaning talar de ofta högt med sig själva. Detta är en vanlig strategi hos barn i femårsåldern och kallas privat tal (private speech) vilket gradvis, i takt med att barnen åldras, utvecklas till en tyst form kallat inre tal. Inre tal är centralt i flera kognitiva uppgifter bland annat planering och problemlösning och är även involverat i arbetsminnet, främst i den fonologiska loopen. Det finns en begränsning i arbetsminnets kapacitet och även den fonologiska loopen är begränsad hos barn med utvecklingsstörning. Arbetsminneskapaciteten och utvecklingen av fonologiska loopen har en stor avgörande betydelse i tillägnandet av ordförrådet och därför kan en begränsning eller försening leda till en försening även i ordförrådet. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka inre tal hos barn med utvecklingsstörning samt att undersöka om det finns något samband mellan barnens inre tal och det aktiva respektive passiva ordförrådets storlek. Metod: I studien deltog 28 barn. Målgruppen bestod av 14 barn med lätt till måttlig utvecklingsstörning i åldrarna 8:4-16:0 år. Kontrollgruppen bestod av 14 barn med typisk utveckling i åldrarna 4:8-8:6 år. De båda grupperna matchades efter deras testresultat på Ravens färgade progressiva matriser. Det aktiva ordförrådet testades med Boston Naming Test och det passiva ordförrådet undersöktes med Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. För att undersöka barnens inre tal och minnesstrategier användes European Picture Span Study. Resultat: Resultatet visar att barnen i kontrollgruppen har ett större passivt och aktivt ordförråd jämfört med målgruppen och att ett större ordförråd hos kontrollgruppen tycks ha viss betydelse för att barnen ska välja en mer mogen strategi. Målgruppen i föreliggande studie använder sig av verbala strategier i mindre utsträckning än kontrollgruppen, men de tycks ha utvecklat en medvetenhet kring sin strategianvändning. Analyserna visar även ett signifikant samband mellan uppnådd spannivå och storleken på det passiva ordförrådet hos målgruppen, medan det hos kontrollgruppen finns ett signifikant samband mellan uppnådd spannivå och storleken på det aktiva ordförrådet.
Background: When children are faced by a cognitive challenge they often speak out loud to themselves. This is a common strategy in five year old children and is called private speech, which gradually, is developed into a silent form called inner speech. Inner speech is essential in several cognitive tasks including planning and problem solving, and is also involved in the working memory, particularly in the phonological loop. Children with intellectual disabilities have a limitation in the capacity of the working memory and in the phonological loop. The capacity of the working memory and the development of the phonological loop have a big importance in the acquisition of the vocabulary, therefore a limitation or delay in these skills lead to a delay in the vocabulary. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the inner speech in children with intellectual disabilities and to investigate the correlation between the inner speech and the dimension of the active and passive vocabulary. Method: 28 children participated. The target group consisted of 14 children with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities aged 8:4-16:0 years. The control group consisted of 14 children with typical development aged 4:8-8:6 years. The two groups were matched according to their test results on Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices. The active vocabulary was tested with Boston Naming Test and the passive vocabulary was examined with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. To examine the inner speech and memory strategies the European Picture Span Study was used. Results: The result showed that the children in the control group have a bigger passive and active vocabulary compared to the target group and that there is a correlation between having a big vocabulary and using a more mature strategy in the control group. The target group use phonological strategies to a smaller extent than the control group, but they seem to have developed a consciousness regarding their use of strategies. The analysis also shows a significant correlation between span level and the size of the passive vocabulary in the target group, whilst there is a significant correlation between the span level and the active vocabulary in the control group.

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Ahl, Bollesparr Marcus, and John Michelle Andrea. "Fondförvaltning : Går det fortfarande inte att generera en större riskjusterad avkastning än marknadens?" Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-75011.

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Många svenska hushåll fondsparar och 2018 uppgick fondsparandet i genomsnitt till 434 000 kronor per person. Nobelpristagaren Fama (1970) påvisade att det inte är möjligt att generera en högre riskjusterad avkastning än marknadens. Samtidigt finns det fortfarande mängder av aktivt förvaltade fonder som utlovar högre avkastning än marknaden. Därmed är det alltjämt otydligt för småsparare om passivt eller aktivt förvaltade fonder genererar störst avkastning. Till skillnad från liknande tidigare studier, har denna studie ett större urval av fonder. Syftet är att undersöka vilket fondalternativ som mest gynnar investerares avkastning på den svenska marknaden. Syftet uppfylls genom att prestationsmåtten Sharpekvot och Jensens Alfa, för utvärdering av fondernas avkastning, undersöks. Resultaten visade att det inte är möjligt att generera en högre riskjusterad avkastning över den valda tidsperioden. Generellt hade indexfonderna bland de högre riskjusterade avkastningarna, jämfört med de aktivt förvaltade fonderna. Vilket även tyder på att en högre fondavgift är omotiverad.
Many Swedish households are investors, in 2018 investments in funds reached an average of 434 000 Swedish Crowns per person. The Nobel laureate Fama showed that yielding a higher risk-adjusted return than the market is not possible. Simultaneously, a great amount of actively conducted funds that pledges a higher return than the market is still launched today. Which arises a disorientation among small savers if passive or active conducted funds generate higher returns. Unlike previous studies, the range of funds were increased in this study. The purpose is to examine the returns of the funds with the performance measures Sharpe-ratio and Jensen’s Alpha. The results indicate that it is not possible to outperform a higher risk-adjusted yield than the market for the chosen time period. Overall, the passive funds had higher risk-adjusted returns compared to the active funds, which indicates that a higher fee for the funds is unjustified.

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21

Pehlivanovic, Verda. "Hungrig efter kunskap : En studie med fokus på lust att lära bland gymnasieelever på det naturvetenskapliga programmet." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för lärarutbildning (LUT), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-21575.

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Den här uppsatsens syfte har varit att studera variationen av uppfattningar bland gymnasieelever på det naturvetenskapliga programmet om vad som bidrar till deras lust att lära. Detta eftersom att det i Skollagen (2010:800) står att utbildningen ska främja elevers utveckling och lärande samt en livslång lust att lära.Studien har utförts som en allmänpedagogisk studie i form utav en enkätundersökning. Enkätundersökningens syfte var att fånga variation bland informanternas utsagor angående deras egna uppfattningar och erfarenheter om vad som bidrar till deras lust att lära. Undersökningen utfördes genom ett klusterurval bland gymnasieskolorna i Nordvästra Skåne och urvalet av informanter blev elever på det naturvetenskapliga programmet och totalt medverkande 110 elever från två gymnasieskolor i Nordvästra Skåne. Det är genom de medverkande elevernas utsagor som den här uppsatsen presenterat sitt empiriska material. Uppsatsens resultat är vidare analyserat genom inspiration av den fenomenografiska ansatsen.Tillsammans med enkätundersökningen kring elevernas uppfattningar om deras lust att lära och genom inspiration av fenomenografin har den här studien frambringat att bland annat lärares engagemang och intresse för sitt eget yrke stimulerar elevernas lust att lära. Andra faktorer som lyfts fram är undervisningens syfte och dess upplägg, elevernas framtidsplaner, klassrumsmiljön och de sociala relationerna utanför skolan. Utifrån de föregående faktorerna. som i den här studien representerar kategorierna av variation, har undersökningen kunnat tyda helheten som handlar om elevers passiva samt aktiva aktörskap gentemot sin lust att lära.

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Orrling, Julia, and Justina Peter. "Varför får jag aldrig hjälp? : -En studie av hur ofta lärare ger positiv uppmärksamhet till elever med passivt och aktivt okoncentrerat beteende." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för lärarutbildning (LUT), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-21686.

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Lärare ska enligt styrdokumenten förmedla de grundläggande demokratiska värderingarna som det svenska samhället vilar på. Om elever med aktivt okoncentrerat beteende oftare får positiv uppmärksamhet av lärare än elever med passivt okoncentrerat beteende kan det leda till att elever känner sig orättvist behandlade. Det innebär att elever inte får rätt bild av det svenska samhällets demokratiska värderingar som skolans ska förmedla. Utifrån tidigare erfarenheter upplever vi att elever inte får lika mycket positiv uppmärksamhet av lärare när de beter sig okoncentrerat, det vill säga elever med aktivt okoncentrerat beteende får oftare positiv uppmärksamhet av lärare än elever med passivt okoncentrerat beteende. Elever saknar förklaring till varför lärare frångår det vanliga hjälpsystemet och väljer att uppmärksamma vissa elever oftare än andra. Syftet med undersökningen är att genom strukturerade observationer undersöka hur några lärare uppmärksammar problemet som uppstår när elever beter sig okoncentrerat. Studien syftar även till att analysera hur några lärare uppmärksammar elever med okoncentrerat beteende i förhållande till det svenska samhällets demokratiska värderingar. Studien är avgränsad till två skolor i södra Halland. Det kvantitativa resultatet visar att elever med passivt okoncentrerat beteende oftare får positiv uppmärksamhet av lärarna i studien än elever med aktivt okoncentrerat beteende. Det kvalitativa resultatet visar att lärarna inte är tydliga när de frångår det vanliga hjälpsystemet. Lärarna förklarar inte för eleverna vilket system som gäller när de väntar på hjälp. Vi kan där med konstatera att lärarna i denna studie inte förmedlar samhällets demokratiska värderingar i sitt sätt att ge uppmärksamhet och anvisningar till elever som beter sig okoncentrerat. Vår förhoppning med denna studie är att göra lärare medvetna om hur ofta och på vilket sätt de ger uppmärksamhet till elever med aktivt eller passivt okoncentrerat beteende samt betydelsen av ett fungerande hjälpsystem.

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Tofferi, Liisa. "Design of passively loaded specimen for constant KI during crack growth." Thesis, KTH, Hållfasthetslära, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300939.

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Passive loading of a specimen is a relatively cheap method to use in fracture mechanical testing compared to an actively loaded specimen. For stress corrosion cracking testing it is easier to use a passively loaded specimen since the specimen easily can be placed in a specific corrosive environment. The passive method lacks information about the crack growth over time and the load can not be regulated during the test to ensure crack growth. This thesis work was mainly about finding a specimen with a region of constant KI to ensure crack growth without the need of controlling the load and to find a way to estimate the crack growth over time. The work is based on Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics and the Finite Element Method. The thesis work resulted in a specimen with constant KI in the region 23/50 ≤ a/W ≤ 33/50 of crack growth and an equation was found to describe the relation between the crack propagation and the strain measured on the specimens back face.
Passiv belastning av en provstav är en relativt billig metod att använda för brottmekanisk provning jämfört med en aktivt belastad provstav. En passivt belastad provstav är enklare att använda vid provning av spänningskorrosion då provstaven enkelt kan placeras i en specifik korrosiv miljö. Den passiva metoden är bristande i information om spricktillväxen över tid och belastningen på provstaven kan inte justeras för att upprätthålla fortsatt spricktillväxt under provningens gång. Detta examensarbete syftade till att ta fram en provstav med ett spricktillväxtomrade med konstant KI för fortsatt spricktillväxt vid konstant belastning samt att hitta en metod för att uppskatta spricktillväxten över tid. Arbetet är baserat på linjärelastisk brottmekanik och finita elementmetoden. Arbetet resulterade i en provstav med konstant KI i spricktillväxtområdet 23/50 ≤ a/W ≤ 33/50 och en relation mellan spricktillväxt och töjningen som mäts på provstavens baksida.

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Eriksson, Emil, and Eriksson Gustav. "Analys och mätning av övertoner i batteriladdare : Filtrering med passiva och aktiva filter." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för fysik och elektroteknik (IFE), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105904.

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Arbetet utfördes med hjälp av Micropower groups i Växjö. För att få ett förståelse för hur Micropowers batteriladdare beter sig och hur stora övertoner de skapar. Då 5 kW laddaren ej klarade SS-EN IEC 61000-3-12[1] standarden, konstruerades det passiva filter för att reducera övertonerna. Det paralleldämpade filtret klarade att reducera dessa övertoner till rätt nivå. 26 KW laddaren klarar standarden, men det lånades in ett elektroniskt filter av Comsys. Filtret testades för att reducera övertoner till den bästa nivån i standarden och hur många laddare filtret kan hantera. Efter detta gjordes det en enkel beräkning för att se hur stor ekonomisk vinst det är på att införskaffa ett filter istället för att bygga individuella filter för varje laddare. Nyckelord: Batteriladdare, Filter, Övertoner, Passivt filter, Elektroniskt filter.

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Lundbrant, Sarah, and Tove Fält. "Passivt sparande i de svenska storbankernas fonder : Varför behåller privatpersoner fonder som förvaltas av de svenska storbankerna trots att avkastning inte alltid kompenserar för höga avgifter?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-167334.

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Bakgrund: I Sverige finns det ett stort intresse för privat fondsparande. De svenska storbankerna erbjuder ett flertal fonder och utgör den huvudsakliga andelen av den svenska fondmarknaden. Fondförvaltares mål med en aktiv fond är att generera en högre avkastning jämfört med dess jämförelseindex, men tidigare forskning har visat att de svenska storbankernas aktiva fonder sällan presterar bättre än jämförelseindex. Syfte: Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka varför privatpersoner behåller fondinnehav i de svenska storbankernas aktiva fonder trots att tidigare studier visar att dessa fonder ofta har högre avgifter, men inte bättre avkastning jämfört med exempelvis indexfonder. Metod: Hypotesprövning har tillämpats med en kvantitativ ansats deriverad utifrån befintlig teori. Empiriska primärdata har samlats in med en fysisk enkätundersökning som 174 studenter vid Linköpings universitet har besvarat. I denna studie har ett icke-sannolikhetsurval med ett bekvämlighetsurval tillämpats. Bivariat och multivariat analys av studiens empiriska data har genomförts med logistisk regressionsanalys. Resultat: Nollhypotesen förkastas för den oberoende variabeln byteskostnader (p <0,1). För de oberoende variablerna finansiell kunskap och familjär-bias förkastas nollhypotesen tills vidare (p <0,1). Resultatet av beta-koefficientens riktning är negativ för byteskostnader avseende avgifter och andra finansiella kostnader, men positiv för relationskostnader, finansiell subjektiv och objektiv kunskap samt familjär-bias. Slutsats: De oberoende variabler som kan förklara varför privatpersoner i studiens urval behåller fondinnehav i de svenska storbankernas aktiva fonder är byteskostnader, finansiell kunskap och familjär-bias. Studiens resultat genererar ett kunskapsbidrag som kan öka kundrörligheten på fondmarknaden.
Background: In Sweden, there is a great interest in private fund savings. The major banks in Sweden offer several funds and constitute the majority of the Swedish fund market. Fund managers' goal with an active fund is to generate a higher return compared to its benchmark index, but previous research has shown that active funds rarely outperform the benchmark index. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate why individuals retain fund holdings in the Swedish major banks’ active funds, although previous studies show that these funds often have higher fees, but not better returns than for example index funds. Methodology: Hypothesis testing has been applied with a quantitative approach derived from existing theory. Empirical primary data has been collected with a physical survey answered by 174 students at Linköping University. In this study, a non-probability sample with a convenience sample has been used. Bivariate and multivariate analysis of the study's empirical data was conducted with logistic regression analysis. Results: The null hypothesis is rejected for the independent variable switching costs (p <0.1). For the independent variables financial knowledge and familiarity bias, the null hypothesis is rejected for the time being (p <0.1). The result of the beta coefficient's direction is negative for switching costs regarding fees and other financial costs, but positive for relationship costs, financial subjective and objective knowledge, and familiarity bias. Conclusions: The independent variables, which might explain why private individuals in this study's sample retain fund holdings in the Swedish major banks' active funds, are switching costs, financial knowledge, and familiarity bias. The results of this study generate a knowledge contribution which might increase customer mobility in the fund market.

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Attouman, Mahaman Bachir. "Le passif en Hawsa: une nouvelle approche." Universität Leipzig, 2007. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33612.

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Le présent article se donne pour objectif d’examiner de façon critique les études précédentes sur le passif en Hawsa et de proposer, dans le cadre de lan théorie de l’énonciation de Antoine Culioli, une nouvelle approche. Le passif en Hawsa morphologiquement très simple offre une diversité complexe sur le plan sémantique. Cette complexité de signification ne peut être démêlée et appréhendée que par une approche transcatégorielle qui associe les différents types de procès, l’aspect et le passif dans leur interrelation nécessaire. Cette démarche a d’abord mis en évidence l’impossibilité de dériver le passif de l’actif. En second lieu, elle a permis de distinguer les types de passifs suivants : passif potentiel qui résulte de la combinaison du passif et de l’inaccompli, le passif résultatif obtenu avec l’accompli et qui se subdivise en passif conatif quand le verbe est discret et en passif qualitatif en haut degré avec les verbes denses. En fin, elle a permis de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de certains verbes qui semblent avoir un comportement à priori singulier y compris le fonctionnement du passif dit « dégénéré » qui s’explique par le double rôle d’agent et d’agi du sujet grammatical.

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Pereira, Marina Sundfeld. "Construções com os verbos-suporte bringen e kommen do alemão: significado ativo e passivo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8144/tde-09012018-180916/.

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Construções com verbo-suporte (CVS) são ligações verbo-nominais que possuem um significado único, como por exemplo, zu Ende bringen (levar a cabo, concluir). O substantivo ligado ao verbo-suporte (VS) pode estar ou não precedido por uma preposição. Por meio de uma CVS é possível expressar a mudança na Aktionsart em relação ao verbo-base, que é o verbo que dá origem ao substantivo da parte nominal da CVS. A Aktionsart expressa pela CVS com bringen e com kommen é, respectivamente, perfectiva ingressiva causativa e perfectiva ingressiva. As CVS podem ter significado ativo ou passivo, sendo bringen um VS com significado ativo, pois expressa um agente ou uma causa, e kommen um VS com significado passivo, uma vez que não os expressa. Por isso, kommen é o principal substituto para bringen na formação de CVS, mantendo Aktionsart perfectiva ingressiva de bringen, mas sem expressar um agente ou causa. No entanto, ao fazermos o levantamento de CVS com bringen, verificamos que esse VS também pode ocorrer na voz passiva, o que nos levou a investigar se essas formas coocorrem paralelamente a todas as CVS com bringen elencadas para compor esta pesquisa. O levantamento de CVS com bringen na voz ativa e passiva e das CVS com kommen foi feito através da ferramenta de busca, gerenciamento e de análise de corpus Cosmas II. As CVS com bringen que compõem o corpus constituído para este trabalho foram categorizadas como prototípicas (preposicionadas e com substantivo deverbal) ou não prototípicas. Além disso, foram categorizadas de acordo com a resposta afirmativa ou negativa a testes de lexicalização, que consistem em descobrir se cada CVS com bringen aceita determinadas mudanças em sua parte nominal, como pluralização do substantivo, adjetivação entre outros. Concluímos que a formação da voz passiva com bringen e a possibilidade de substituir o VS bringen por kommen não dependem da lexicalização da CVS, mas sim da presença ou não de preposição na parte nominal da CVS.
Light-verb constructions (LVCs) are verb-noun combinations with a single meaning, for example, zu Ende bringen (to bring to an end). The noun attached to the light verb may or may not be preceded by a preposition. By means of a LVC it is possible to express a change in the Aktionsart in comparison to the Aktionsart of the verb which gives rise to the noun of the LVC. The Aktionsart, expressed by the LVC with the verbs bringen and kommen, are perfective ingressive causative and perfective ingressive respectively. LVCs may have either a passive or an active meaning. While the light verb bringen has an active meaning, because it expresses a cause or an agent, the verb kommen has a passive meaning. The verb kommen is the main substitute for the light verb bringen, because, although it has a passive meaning, it still maintains the perfective ingressive Aktionsart. However, the corpus data of the constructions with bringen has showed us a great amount of passive-voice constructions. As a result, we have researched if both ways of expressing passivity may occur with all LVCs comprising the verb bringen, which were chosen as the corpus of this research. The data survey was made with Corpus Search, Management and Analysis System Cosmas II. The constructions with the light verb bringen were categorized as prototypical (with a preposition and a deverbative noun) or not prototypical. They were also categorized according to their response to the lexicalization tests, which consist in ascertaining if the constructions accept some changes in their nominal part, like pluralization of nouns, adjectivation, and so on. We concluded that the formation of passive voice of such constructions does not depend on the lexicalization of the LVCs but rather on the presence of a preposition in the nominal part of the LVC.

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Neto, Rafael Tobias Moretti. "Determinação de níveis ótimos de passividade em prótese sobre implante em função da deformação dos intermediários." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25135/tde-04092007-143032/.

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O assentamento passivo tem sido considerado um dos mais importantes requisitos para o sucesso de próteses implanto-suportada. Este estudo in vitro investigou a deformação do intermediário de prótese implantosuportada após o aperto do parafuso tanto do cilindro de Paládio-Prata como de Cobalto-Cromo. Um modelo mestre foi usado para simular uma mandíbula humana com cinco implantes. Extensômetros foram colados nas faces mesial e distal de cada intermediário para registrar as deformações causadas pelos cilindros após o aperto dos parafusos. Os intermediários foram montados sobre as réplicas dos implantes e os parafusos foram apertados com um torque de 20 Ncm e as leituras foram gravadas. Após este passo, os parafusos tanto dos cilindros de Paládio-Prata como de Cobalto-Cromo foram apertados com um torque de 10 Ncm e as leituras também foram gravadas. Estas medições foram repetidas por cinco vezes. O teste estatístico de Mann-Whitney foi aplicado aos resultados. Nenhuma diferença estatística foi encontrada entre as tensões geradas tanto pelos cilindros de Paládio-Prata como os de Cobalto-Cromo. No entanto, existiram diferenças com relação à qualidade da tensão. A deformação gerada pelo aperto dos parafusos dos cilindros de Cobalto-Cromo foi de compressão e o aperto dos parafusos dos cilindros de Paládio-Prata gerou forças de compressão e tração.
Passive fit has been considered one of the most important requirements for the success of implant supported prostheses. This in vitro study investigated the abutment deformation of an implant-supported prosthesis after screw tightening of palladium-silver and cobalt-chromium prosthetic cylinder. A master model was used to simulate a human mandible with five implants. The Strain gauges were attached on the sides of each abutment to capture deformations because of the cylinders screws after was tightened. The abutments were mounted onto implant replicas and the screws were tightened to a 20 Ncm torque, and the readings were recorded. After this step, palladiumsilver and cobalt-chromium prosthetic cylinders were tightened to a 10 Ncm torque and the readings were recorded. The measurements were repeated five times. Mann-Whitney statistical test was applied to the results. No statistical differences were found between the deformation generated by palladium-silver and cobalt-chromium prosthetic cylinders. However, there were differences relative to the quality of the strain. The deformation generated by screw tightness of the cobalt-chromium prosthetic cylinders was compressive while palladium-silver prosthetic cylinders generated compressive and tensile strain.

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Löwenstein, Gustaf. "Lyssnarvanor och betalningsvilja för inspelad musik : Webbenkätundersökning av musikartisters och vanliga lyssnares lyssningssätt och betalningsvilja för inspelad musik." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Ljud- och musikproduktion, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-21342.

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Strömmande musik över internet är nu vanligt att använda i Sverige. Denna medieteknologiska förändring har medfört att olika betalningsmodeller för att lyssna på inspelad musik har vuxit fram. Tidigare forskning om användning av inspelad musik och olika lyssningssätt i form av aktiv och passiv lyssning ger mig skäl att anta att grupper av lyssnare lyssnar på musik med olika motiv. Syftet är att med en webbenkätundersökning jämföra vanliga lyssnares och musikartisters betalningsvilja för inspelad musik för att bidra med kunskap om sambanden mellan betalningsvilja, lyssningssätt och musikformat. Frågeställningen är: Finns det någon skillnad mellan vanliga lyssnares och musikartisters betalningsvilja för inspelad musik? Resultatet visar att betalningsviljan för att lyssna på inspelad musik är större hos musikartister än vanliga lyssnare. Båda grupperna använder strömmad musik mest, men betalningsviljan är större för fysiska format. Musikartister lyssnar aktivt till skillnad mot vanliga lyssnare som lyssnar passivt.

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Angeli, Bruno Cesar de Camargo. "Projeto e teste de um receptor para transmissões em modo de rajada de redes ópticas passivas de nova geração." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/261921.

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Orientador: Aldário Chrestani Bordonalli
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
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Resumo: Devido ao grande volume de trafego causado pelo aumento exponencial do numero de usuários na Internet e o surgimento continuo de novas aplicações de banda larga, redes de alta capacidade são necessárias para suportar a grande demanda de trafego. Dentre os diferentes tipos de redes de acesso, as redes ópticas passivas são consideradas uma das alternativas mais promissoras para conexão de ultima milha, devido ao seu baixo custo e a eficiência de seus recursos, o que a torna uma das principais soluções para a demanda por banda de transmissão. Para acomodar o alto numero de assinantes, a transmissão em modo de rajada e utilizada, sendo o tratamento e a recepção desta natureza de transmissão um dos pontos mais críticos de concepção do sistema. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho apresenta o estudo e projeto de um receptor operando em modo de rajada para ser usado em redes ópticas passivas de próxima geração, devendo este suportar uma taxa de transmissão de ate 2,5 Gbit/s. Os passos de desenvolvimento do protótipo são descritos e seu desempenho avaliado em termos das recomendações propostas pelo órgão ITU-T
Abstract: Due to the increasing volume of traffic caused by the exponential growth of the number of Internet users and the continuous arrival of new broadband applications, high-capacity networks are necessary to handle large traffic demand. Among the different types of access networks, passive optical networks are considered one of the most promising alternatives for the last mile connection, due to its low cost and resource efficiency, making it one of the main solutions to the demand for bandwidth transmission. To accommodate a large number of subscribers, burst mode transmission is used. Thus, the reception and processing of this type of transmission becomes one of the most critical system design issues. Within this context, this work presents the study and design of a receiver operating in burst mode to be used in next generation passive optical networks, supporting transmission rates up to 2.5 Gbit/s. The prototype development stages are described and the receiver performance evaluated in terms of the recommendations proposed by the ITU-T
Mestrado
Telecomunicações e Telemática
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

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31

Sant´Anna, Danilo Barbosa de. "Processo coletivo passivo : um estudo sobre a admissibilidade das ações coletivas passivas." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2015. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/18156.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Direito, 2015.
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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as particularidades do processo coletivo passivo e analisar o cabimento das ações coletivas passivas no Brasil. A partir do viés passivo da tutela coletiva, reexaminados marcos históricos das ações coletivas. Com atenção às situações coletivas passivas, identificou-se os fundamentos e as características da coletividade-ré. Sem desprezar a abordagem de lege ferenda do tema, analisou-se casos variados em que a jurisprudência brasileira já admite o processamento de ações coletivas passivas. Demonstrou-se que, em que pese a ausência de previsão legal específica do instituto e a divergência doutrinária sobre a matéria, o Judiciário brasileiro está autorizado a apreciar demandas coletivas passivas. Seja em razão do princípio da inafastabilidade, seja pela garantia do devido processo legal, há respaldo na Constituição Federal para que grupos, assim considerados, sejam processados. A admissibilidade do processo coletivo passivo depende da estruturação de aspectos procedimentais que permitam o correto processamento das ações coletivas passivas. A legitimidade coletiva passiva deverá ser aferida a partir do controle judicial da representatividade adequada. A coisa julgada coletiva passiva deve ser simples e ampla, abrangendo todos os membros da coletividade, inclusive os que não participaram do processo. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This work aimed to study the particularities of defendant class litigation and analyze the admissibility of the defendant class actions in Brazil. From the defendant class point of view, re-examines the historical landmarks of class actions. With attention to defendant class situations, we identified the reasons and the characteristics of the defendant group. Without neglecting the lege ferend a approach of the theme, analyzed various cases where the Brazilian jurisprudence already allows the processing of defendant class actions. It was demonstrated that, despite the absence of specific legal provisions of the institute and the doctrinal disagreement on the matter, the Brazilian Judicial Power is authorized to assess defendant class demands. Either because of the principle of access to justice, or because of the due process of law, there is support in the Constitution for groups, considered as such, be sued. The admissibility of defendant class litigation depends on the structuring of procedural aspects to enable the correct processing of defendant class actions. The defendant class representative must be chosen through judicial control of adequacy of representation. The binding effect of the defendant class action must be simple and extensive, covering all members of the group, including the absent parties.

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Leite, Levi Rodrigues. "Forças de depleção exercidas por matéria ativa e passiva em colóides passivos." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/22522.

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LEITE, L.R. Depletion forces exerted by passive and active matter on passive colloids. 2017. 125 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2017.
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In this thesis it is proposed a study of the influence of the depletion forces induced by passive particles as a function of the medium (particles) that surrounds then. In the first part of this thesis, the depletion forces exerted by active (self-propelled) particles on passive and elliptical passive objects are studied through numerical simulations. It is shown that a bath of active particles can induce repulsive and attractive forces that are sensitive to the shape and orientation of the passive objects. In general, the force resulting in passive objects due to the active particles is studied as a function of the shape and orientation of the passive objects, magnitude of the angular noise, and distance between passive objects. In the case where the separation between passive objects is less than an active particle diameter, the increase of this separation results in an increase of the magnitude of the depletion forces, which are repulsive in this case. For distances between passive objects larger than one diameter of the active particle, the magnitude of the depletion force always decreases with increasing distance between the passive particles. It is also observed that the nature of the depletion force (attractive or repulsive) depends on the shape and relative orientation of the passive particles. It is noted that an attractive depletion force occurs when elliptical passive objects are arranged side by side, but so that the semi-major axis are parallel and not aligned. This occurs for a sufficiently high concentration (or density) of active particles. In the second part of the thesis, we study the dependence of the depletion force related to the shape of the objects that undergo such interactions. In this case, passive "large" objects (elliptic, triangular and semi-circular forms), which undergo the depletion interaction, are immersed in a passive solvent (bath of passive particles of smaller size). The depletion forces may present distinct nature (attractive or repulsive) from that predicted by Asakura-Oosawa. The passive bath always attractive or repulsive depletion forces depending on the shape of the passive objects. In addition, the intensity of the depletion forces are sensitive to the shape of the obstacle and the bath temperature of passive particles, as well as to the size of the passive objects suffering the depletion interaction and density of the bath particles. By modifying the shape of the passive objects from elliptical to triangular, the magnitude of the repulsive depletion forces increases by two orders of magnitude. In the case of semi-circular objects, a strong damped oscillation is observed in the depletion force, emphasizing that such forces are considerably sensitive to the distance between the passive objects. In the case of triangular objects, it is observed that the induced depletion forces can be attractive or repulsive depending on the internal angle, which becomes a parameter of control of the resulting depletion force.
Nesta tese propõe-se o estudo da influência das forças de depleção induzidas em partículas passivas em função do meio (partículas) que as circundam. Na primeira parte do trabalho, estudam-se as forças de depleção exercidas por partículas ativas (auto-propelidas) em objetos passivos circulares e elípticos através do cálculo numérico. Mostra-se que um banho de partículas ativas pode induzir forças repulsivas e atrativas que são sensíveis à forma e orientação dos objetos passivos. Em geral, a força resultante nos objetos passivos devido às partículas ativas são estudadas como função da forma e orientação dos objetos passivos, magnitude do ruído angular e distância entre os objetos passivos. No caso em que a separação entre objetos passivos é menor que um diâmetro de partícula ativa, o aumento desta separação resulta em um aumento da magnitude das forças de depleção, que são repulsivas neste caso. Para distâncias entre os objetos passivos maiores que um diâmentro da partícula ativa, a magnitude da força de depleção sempre decresce com o aumento da distância entre as partículas passivas. Observa-se também que a natureza da força de depleção (atrativa ou repulsiva) depende da forma e orientação relativa das partículas passivas. Observa-se que uma força de depleção atrativa ocorre quando objetos passivos de forma elíptica são dispostos lado a lado, mas de modo que os semi-eixos maiores estão paralelos e não alinhados. Isto ocorre para uma densidade suficientemente alta do banho de partículas ativas. Na segunda parte do trabalho, estuda-se a dependência da força de depleção em relação a forma dos objetos que sofrem tal interação. Neste caso, os objetos passivos “grandes” (formas elíptica, triangular e semi-circular), que sofrem a interação de depleção, estão imersos em um solvente passivo (banho de partículas passivas com dimensões menores). Observa-se que as forças de depleção podem ser de natureza (atrativa ou repulsiva) distinta daquelas previstas por Asakura-Oosawa. O banho passivo induz forças de depleção de natureza distinta, dependendo da forma dos objetos passivos. Além disso, a intensidade das forças de depleção são também sensíveis à forma do obstáculo e à temperatura do banho de partículas passivas, bem como em relação ao tamanho dos objetos passivos que sofrem a interação de depleção, e à densidade das partículas do banho. Modificando-se a forma dos objetos passivos de elíptico para triangular, a magnitude das forças repulsivas de depleção aumentam em duas ordens de magnitude. Para o caso do objetos semi-circulares, uma oscilação fortemente amortecida é observada na força de depleção, ressaltando-se que a natureza dessa força é consideravelmente sensíveis à distância entre os objetos passivos. Para o caso de objetos triangulares, observa-se que as forças de depleção induzidas podem ser atrativas ou repulsivas dependendo do ângulo interno, tornando-se este um parâmetro de controle da força de depleção resultante.

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Goes, Adriano Almeida 1978. "Modelo de propagação empírico para sistemas RFID passivo = Emprirical propagation model for RFID passive systems." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/261045.

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Orientador: Paulo Cardieri
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
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Resumo: Resultados de campanhas de medição realizadas visando o desenvolvimento de uma fer-ramenta para o projeto, implantação e análise de sistemas de RFID são mostrados nesse traba-lho. Particularmente, a perda de percurso de rádio a partir de um leitor de RFID até um TAG, e de volta para o leitor é caracterizada na banda 915 MHz, para diferentes distâncias de separação leitor-TAG, alturas de TAG e de antena do leitor. Vários cenários de propagação foram considerados, incluindo ambientes exteriores e in-teriores, para os quais foi colhido um extenso número medidas. Os dados de campo são, então, comparados a uma versão melhorada do modelo clássico perda caminho 2-ray, ajustada para incluir também os padrões de radiação da antena não omnidirecionais no leitor. Além disso, foi investigado, por meio da análise de medidas de campo, o efeito da mobi-lidade do TAG no sinal recebido no leitor. Para a coleta das medidas, foi construído um aparato composto de uma esteira de velocidade controlada, onde foram instalados TAGs de teste. Os resultados de medida mostraram que a mobilidade do TAG provoca uma diminuição do valor médio e um aumento da variância do sinal recebido no leitor. Essa atenuação extra e a variância do sinal não são fortemente afetadas pelo valor da velocidade. Por fim, esses efeitos de propagação são incorporados em um modelo matemático, que pode ser utilizado para a simulação e planejamento de sistemas RFID
Abstract: Results of measurement campaigns carried out aiming at the development of a tool for design, deployment, and analysis of RFID systems are shown. Particularly, the radio path loss from an RFID reader towards the test TAG and back to the reader is characterized at the 915 MHz band. The path loss is estimated based on the received signal strength measured at the reader, for different reader¿TAG separation distances and different antenna TAG heights. Several propagation scenarios have been considered, including outdoor and indoor environments for which an extensive number of typical real manufacturing plants have been chosen. The field data are then compared to a proposed novel, improved version of the classical 2-ray path loss model, adjusted to include non-omnidirectional antenna radiation patterns at the reader. In addition, the effect of TAG mobility in the received signal at the reader was also investigated, by means of field measurements. To collect the field measurements, an apparatus was designed and constructed, consisting of a mat of controlled speed, on which test TAGs were installed. The results showed that TAG mobility decreases the average value increases the variance of the received signal at the reader. This extra attenuation and the increased variance of the signal are not strongly affected by the value of speed. Finally, these two effects are incorporated into a mathematical model that can be used for simulation and planning of RFID systems
Doutorado
Telecomunicações e Telemática
Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

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34

Portí, de Ballabriga Maria Eulàlia. "Passió, estrés laboral i apreciació de la bellesa i l’excel·lència: relació amb el rendiment i el benestar dels músics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/460772.

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La interpretació de la música a nivell professional és una de les experiències humanes més exigents i fascinants. Esdevenir músic comporta un gran sacrifici, tant pels assajos diaris com per la complexitat de les seves jornades laborals. Degut a la l’elevada exigència, considerem que cal conèixer els aspectes que poden ajudar als músics a tenir un alt rendiment, però que no suposi un risc pel seu benestar. En aquest estudi considerem alguns conceptes que considerem rellevants per la comprensió del rendiment dels músics i el seu benestar: la passió, l'apreciació de la bellesa i l'excel·lència i l'estrès. Si bé hi ha estudis que han analitzat aquestes variables per separat, no coneixem estudis que les integrin amb finalitat de determinar el seu efecte combinat. Per tant, aquest estudi té per aobjectiu: a) Analitzar el perfil psicològic dels músics, en termes de passió, apreciació de la bellesa i l’excel·lència, estrès ocupacional, rendiment i benestar; i b) Determinar quins efectes tenen la passió, l’apreciació de la bellesa i l’excel·lència i l’estrès en el rendiment i el benestar dels músics. La mostra va estar composada per 500 músics, dels quals 237 (el 47,4%) eren dones i 263 (un 52,6%) eren homes, amb una edat mitjana de 32,72 anys (DT=11,52). Les mesures utilitzades incloïen variables sociodemogràfiques i professionals, les versions espanyoles de l’escala de la passió (Chamarro et al., 2015), l’escala d’apreciació de la bellesa i l’excel·lència (Martínez-Martí, et al. 2013), el qüestionari sobre el contingut del treball (Escribà-Agüir, Más, i Flores, 2001), el qüestionari abreviat del model del desequilibri Esforç-Recompensa (Macías-Robles et al., 2003), l’escala de Benestar Psicològic (Díaz et al., 2006). Per mesurar el rendiment hem utilitzat les hores d’assaig a la setmana, el nombre de concerts, la pràctica deliberada i la subescala de por escènica del Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventori (Zarza, Casanovas, i Orejudo, 2015). Els resultats indiquen que els músics poden ser descrits com a apassionats, amb una major prevalença de passió harmoniosa que obsessiva. També hem pogut constatar que tot i tenir bones puntuacions en apreciació de la bellesa i l’excel·lència, aprecien més l’excel·lència moral, és a dir la bondat de les persones. Referent a l’estrès hem pogut constatar que els músics experimenten control però també elevades demandes, és a dir tenen un perfil actiu. D’acord amb el model d’esforç-demanda trobem que els seus esforços no són recompensats com esperen, essent els apassionats obsessius els que mostren més estrès. Hem trobat baixa ansietat escènica, sent les dones les que en pateixen més. Finalment, les variables psicològiques contribueixen a l’explicació del rendiment i dels benestar, de tal manera que són els apassionats obsessius i els que experimenten més control els qui dediquen més temps a la pràctica deliberada. Tot i que l’apassionat obsessiu mostra elevada puntuació amb la mesura de rendiment més efectiva (la pràctica deliberada) ho fa en detriment de la seva salut, ja que pateix més d’ansietat escènica i mostra menys benestar. En canvi, ser home, apassionat harmoniós, tenir control sobre la feina i experimentar que les recompenses són adequades als seus esforços, contribueixen al benestar psicològic. Es deriven propostes per l’educació dels futurs músics contribuint al seu rendiment i benestar: és important que respecti l’autonomia del músic en la seva formació, creant un clima de confiança i suport, introduint horaris de pràctica assequibles, evitant la repetició mecànica de fragments que poden provocar frustració, ensenyar a combinar la música amb hàbits de vida saludable com l’exercici regular i el descans apropiat.
Music performance on a professional level is one of the most demanding and fascinating human experiences. Becoming a musician entails great sacrifice, both for daily trials and the complexity of their workdays. Due to the high demand, we believe that we must know the aspects that can help musicians to have a high performance, but does not pose a risk for their welfare. In this study we consider some concepts that we believe are relevant to understand the performance of the musicians and their welfare: passion, appreciation of beauty and excellence and stress. While there are studies that have analyzed these variables separately, we don’t know of studies that integrate them with the aim to determine their combined effect. Therefore, this study has the objective to: a) Analyze the psychological profile of the musicians in terms of passion, appreciation of beauty and excellence, occupational stress, performance and welfare; and b) determine what effects have the passion, appreciation of beauty and excellence in performance and stress and welfare on musicians. The sample was composed of 500 musicians, of whom 237 (47.4%) were women and 263 (52.6%) were men, with an average age of 32.72 years (DT = 11.52). The measures used included variables socialdemographic and professional, the Spanish versions of the Passion Scale (Chamarro et al., 2015), the scale of appreciation of beauty and excellence (Martinez-Martí et al., 2013), the Job Content Questionnaire (Escribà-Aguir, Mas and Flores, 2001), the abbreviated questionnaire of the model of Effort-reward imbalance (Macías-Robles et al., 2003), and the scale of Psychological Welfare (Díaz et al., 2006). To measure the performance we used essay times during the week, the number of concerts, deliberate practice and the subscale of scenic fear from the Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (Zarza, Casanovas and Orejudo, 2015). Results show that the musicians can be described as passionate, with a higher prevalence of harmonious passion over obsessive. We have also noted that despite having high scores in appreciation of beauty and excellence, they appreciate even more moral excellence, which is people’s goodness. Referring to stress, we have seen that musicians experience control but also high demands, meaning they have an active profile. According to the effort-demand model we found out that their efforts are not rewarded as expected, being the passionate obsessives who show more stress. We found low scenic anxiety, being the women who suffer most. Finally, psychological variables contribute to the explanation of the performance and welfare, so that the passionate obsessives and the ones who experience more control are who devote more time to deliberate practice. Although passionate obsessives show high score with the more effective performance measure (deliberate practice) they do so at the expense of his health, because they suffer more scenic anxiety and less wellness. However, being a man, passionate harmonious, having control over the work and experience that rewards are appropriate to their efforts contribute to the psychological welfare. Implications are foreseen with proposals for the education of future musicians contributing to its performance and welfare; it’s important to respect the autonomy of the musician during its formation, creating an atmosphere of trust and support, introducing practice affordable schedules, avoiding the mechanical repetition of fragments that can cause frustration, and combining music with healthy habits like regular exercise and proper rest.

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Boissard, Aubrée. "Voix passive et passif lexical en innu : une analyse aspectuelle et sémantique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27940.

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Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2017-2018
L’innu est une langue algonquienne parlée au Québec et au Labrador par environ 10 000 locuteurs. Ce mémoire examine l’aspectualité de la voix passive ainsi que le phénomène du passif lexical en innu, un sous-type de passif peu documenté au sein des langues algonquiennes. L’étude de cas menée dans ce but révèle que certaines formes verbales passives en innu peuvent osciller entre une sémantique dynamique et stative/résultative. Ce mémoire propose d’envisager les formes statives/résultatives comme des formes passives lexicalisées dans la langue. L’étude met aussi en lumière des formes verbales apparentées à la voix passive et à la voix moyenne également présentes dans d’autres langues algonquiennes qui sont traitées comme des passifs lexicaux en tant que tels dans le présent travail. Les annexes fournissent les données de l’étude de cas menée dans le cadre de ce mémoire ainsi qu’une sélection de phrases passives tirées de l’ouvrage Eukuan nin matshimanitu innu-iskueu (Kapesh, 1976). Les annexes fournissent également une sélection de formes verbales passives transitives ainsi qu’une sélection des formes verbales traitées comme des passifs lexicaux. Ces deux sélections sont extraites à partir du dictionnaire innu en ligne.
Innu is an Algonquian language spoken in Québec and Labrador by around 10 000 speakers. This thesis investigates the aspectual properties of the passive voice as well as the phenomenon of lexical passive, a subtype of passive that remains poorly documented in Algonquian languages. The case study carried out with this aim reveals that certain passive verbal forms in Innu can have either a dynamic or a stative/resultative semantics. This thesis explores forward the idea of considering stative/resultative forms as lexicalized passive forms in the language. Moreover, the study highlights a number of verbal forms related to passive and middle voice also found in other Algonquian languages. These forms are considered as lexical passives in this thesis. Appendices show the data of the case study study as well as a selection of passive sentences from the book Eukuan nin matshimanitu innu-iskueu (Kapesh, 1976). Appendices show also a selection of transitive passive verbal forms and a selection of verbal forms analyzed as lexical passives in this study. Those selection are all extracted from the Innu online dictionnary.

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Amblàs, i. Novellas David. "Morfodinàmica sedimentària de marges continentals passius silicoclàstics / Sedimentary morphodynamics of siliciclastic passive continental margins." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/110347.

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“El present és la clau del passat”. James Hutton (1788), amb aquesta prou coneguda asserció uniformista, posà els fonaments pel desenvolupament de la investigació geològica moderna des de la perspectiva actualista. L’estratigrafia es val d’aquest principi per interpretar l’origen de les formacions geològiques a partir de l’observació de processos i geometries actuals i subactuals. Alhora, la geomorfologia estudia els processos afaiçonadors del relleu per conèixer l’origen i l’evolució del paisatge actual. Conceptualment, aquesta Tesi se situa a cavall entre l’estratigrafia i la geomorfologia amb l’objectiu general de reconèixer el per què i el com de la variabilitat morfosedimentària dels marges continentals passius silicoclàstics a llarg termini. Per atènyer aquest objectiu adoptem la hipòtesi de partida següent: la variabilitat morfològica dels marges continentals silicoclàstics passius pot ésser classificada per categories de forma objectiva i sistemàtica. Les diferències morfològiques observades responen principalment a l’acció d’uns pocs processos sedimentaris claus. Els mètodes i conceptes emprats en aquesta Tesi són propis de la hidrodinàmica i la sedimentologia. L’observació detallada de la morfologia i l’estratigrafia dels marges continentals, junt amb l’estudi dels processos hidrodinàmics que les han generades i l’anàlisi de la variabilitat espaciotemporal de les condicions ambientals en què s’han format, permet establir lleis de transport geomòrfic, altrament dites lleis de la morfodinàmica. En els successius capítols d’aquesta Tesi abordem aquests aspectes mitjançant l’anàlisi de dades geofísiques de reconeixement del fons i del subsòl marins, amb un especial èmfasi en les xarxes de drenatge del talús continental i la conca profunda. Els resultats d’aquesta anàlisi se sintetitzen en el plantejament d’un model morfodinàmic predictiu sobre la forma del perfil longitudinal dels canyons submarins. Aquest model dóna peu a discutir sobre transitorietat i equilibri en les formes de drenatge observades a les dades geofísiques considerades. Així doncs, en aquest treball advoquem per la complementarietat i interdependència de les anàlisis observacionals i la modelització basada en la formulació teòrica de processos. Els principals resultats obtinguts en aquest treball demostren la possibilitat d’extreure informació sobre l’evolució de les conques sedimentàries a partir de l’estudi de les seves morfologies, tan modernes com relictes i fòssils, i indiquen la necessitat d’entendre els canyons submarins com a sistemes capaços d’evolucionar a partir de mecanismes netament deposicionals, a més dels mecanismes erosius ja prou coneguts. Aquests resultats es poden traduir en una millora de les prediccions estratigràfiques al talús continental, en un millor coneixement de la distribució de reservoris sedimentaris d’hidrocarburs o aigua en aquests ambients, i a replantejar els models establerts sobre el desenvolupament dels canyons submarins a escala global. La Tesi està formada per un compendi de quatre articles publicats en revistes pertanyents al Journal Citation Report de l’Institute for Scientific Information (JCR-ISI), i l’hem estructurada en set capítols. El Capítol 1 consisteix en una introducció general destinada a centrar el lector en el marc conceptual, geogràfic i metodològic en què s’ha elaborat l’estudi. Els capítols 2 a 5 corresponen als quatre articles publicats. El capítol 6 correspon a la síntesi i discussió general dels principals resultats presentats als quatre capítols anteriors. Al capítol 7 hi incloem un sumari de les conclusions més rellevants conjuntament amb algunes perspectives de futur sorgides arran d’aquest treball. Finalment, a l'Annex, hi incloem un treball de síntesi bibliogràfica on descrivim les principals característiques fisiogràfiques dels fons marins mediterranis.
Sedimentary morphodynamics of siliciclastic passive continental margins "The present is the key to the past". James Hutton (1788), with this well-known principle of uniformitarianism, established the basis of the modern geology by following the assumption of actualism. Stratigraphy makes use of this principle to interpret the origin of geological formations according to observations of modern and submodern processes and geometries. Geomorphology studies the processes that sculpt the Earth’s surface to understand the origin and evolution of present landscapes. The main objective of this Thesis, which is conceptually halfway between stratigraphy and geomorphology, is to understand the long-term morphosedimentary variability of siliciclastic passive continental margins. Our initial hypothesis is that the morphology differences among modern siliciclastic passive margins can be objectively and systematically categorized, and that these differences are mainly related to the action of a few key sedimentary processes. The methods and concepts we use in this study are based on hydrodynamics and sedimentology. The detailed observation of continental margin morphology and stratigraphy, the study of the hydrodynamic processes that control their evolution, and the analysis of changing environmental conditions through time and space facilitate the development of geomorphic transport laws (also known as morphodynamic flux laws) for predicting landscape forms and dynamics. In the following chapters we discuss these topics while analysing seafloor and subseafloor geophysical data, with a particular focus on submarine drainage networks. An important result of this analysis is a morphodynamic model that can explain the long-profile shape of submarine canyons. The model stimulates our discussion about the equilibrium and transience of drainage morphologies observed in the geophysical data set we present. In this work we advocate for the complementariness and interdependence of observational analyses and modeling of sedimentary processes. This Thesis demonstrates that much can be learned about the sedimentary evolution of submarine basins from the study of seascape morphologies, both modern and ancient, and that submarine canyons can evolve while remaining net depositional, beyond the broadened view of these features as purely erosive. These results can be translated to improved stratigraphic prediction in slope strata, a better knowledge of hydrocarbon and water resource distribution in these settings, and a broadened view of submarine canyon development.

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Sidane, Djoudi. "Etude par microscopie électrochimique (SECM) de la réactivité d'une surface métallique hétérogène passivée : effet de la contrainte mécanique et thermomécanique." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14487/document.

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Les phénomènes de corrosion localisée observés sur les matériaux passifs, largement utilisés dans l’industrie et le transport, résultent de la présence d’hétérogénéités microstructurales et de l’effet des sollicitations mécaniques et thermomécaniques. C’est pourquoi la caractérisation et la compréhension des processus réactionnels nécessitent l’utilisation de techniques d’investigation locales. La microscopie électrochimique à balayage (SECM), technique récente, a été utilisée dans différentes situations. Dans un premier temps, des essais permettant de visualiser les sites d’amorçage des piqûres ont été réalisées sur un acier inoxydable en situation de corrosion. Les modifications de réactivité de surface induites par des déformations élastiques et plastiques ont ensuite été étudiées sur ce même matériau. Une corrélation a notamment pu être établie entre la répartition des déformations et la répartition de la constante cinétique apparente en fond d’entaille sur une éprouvette pré-entaillée.Enfin, sur des alliages d’aluminium soudés par FSW (Friction Stir Welding), des situations de couplage galvanique à différentes échelles ont été révélées à l’échelle microscopique du fait de la présence des composés intermétalliques et à l’échelle de la structure dans le cas d’une soudure de deux alliages d’aluminium différents
Localized corrosion phenomena observed on passive materials, used in industry and transport, areresulting from the presence of microstructural heterogeneities and the effect of mechanical andthermomechanical stresses. The characterization and the understanding of reaction processes requirethe use of local electrochemical techniques. The scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), newpowerful local technique was used in different situations. First, in order to detect pitting corrosionareas, measurements were performed on a stainless steel in corrosion situation. Then, changes insurface reactivity induced by elastic and plastic deformations were measured on the same material. Ina notch root, correlation between the distribution of deformation and the distribution of the apparentelectrochemical rate constant has been established. Finally, on aluminum alloy welded by FSW(Friction Stir Welding), situations of galvanic coupling at different scales have been shown at themicroscopic scale, because of the presence of intermetallic compounds and at the scale of the structurewhen two different aluminum alloys are welded

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Lima, Marco Aurélio Oliveira. "Desenvolvimento de amostrador passivo para amônia na atmosfera." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFBA, 2011. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/10799.

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Este estudo teve como principal objetivo desenvolver um amostrador passivo para monitoramento de amônia na atmosfera. A configuração do amostrador passivo (AP) desenvolvido minimiza problemas de turbulência do ar e outras interferências de amostragem: um cilindro de polietileno (21 x 12 mm), fechado no fundo, com uma tela de aço inox (0,08 x 0,125 mm) adaptada na entrada de ar seguida por um filtro de teflon. Após o caminho de difusão (12 mm), encontra-se um filtro (celulose) impregnado com reagente apropriado (C2H2O4, ácido oxálico; C6H8O7, ácido cítrico, solução a 0,3 %) para fixar NH3 gasosa difundida. Após reação com a solução ácida, a concentração de amônia fixada no filtro foi medida por espectrofotometria molecular Visível (λ = 630 nm). O desempenho do amostrador passivo foi avaliado em campo a partir de medidas simultâneas com analisador contínuo para amônia em áreas sob influência industrial próximas ao Pólo Industrial de Camaçari, onde os amostradores passivos foram expostos em estações da Rede de Monitoramento de Ar da Cetrel: Gravatá em Camaçari, Leandrinho em Lamarão do Passé e Concórdia em Dias D´Ávila. Testes para avaliação das soluções absorvedoras utilizando três ácidos (oxálico, cítrico e fosfórico) foram desenvolvidos em diferentes períodos de exposição (1, 3 e 7 dias). As medidas com o AP proposto revelaram exatidão variando entre 2,4 a 13 % usando ácido cítrico como reagente no meio absorvedor, em períodos de exposição até 3 dias, e entre 1,3 a 12% para ácido oxálico com exposição de 7 dias. A precisão das medidas feitas usando conjuntos de 3 a 6 amostradores variou de 6,6 a 16% para o ácido cítrico (tempo de exposição até 3 dias) e de 2,8 a 19% para o ácido oxálico (tempo de exposição de 7 dias). Os limites de detecção para as medidas de NH3 na atmosfera utilizando o AP foram determinados como 0,49 μg m-3 (0,71 ppb) para 1 dia de exposição usando ácido cítrico e 0,071 μg m-3 (0,10 ppb) para 7 dias de exposição usando ácido oxálico, o que mostra sua adequação para medidas em atmosferas com concentração extremamente baixas como a de áreas remotas. A capacidade do amostrador passivo é de 159 e 227 μg de NH3 utilizando-se ácido cítrico e ácido oxálico respectivamente, onde isso mostra que o AP pode ser usado também em ambientes de trabalho onde as concentrações são muitas vezes mais elevadas do que em ambientes externos
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Silva, Maria Andréa da. "Otimização de amostradores passivos para a determinação de pesticidas em águas utilizando SPE e GC-MS." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFBA, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/9740.

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CAPES
Neste trabalho foram usados amostradores passivos POCIS e Chemcatcher com a técnica de Extração em Fase Sólida SPE e a Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas, GC/MS. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia para os amostradores passivos POCIS e Chemcatcher para a análise de agrotóxicos em água superficial e os objetivos específicos: estudar o desempenho dos amostradores passivos através de desenvolvimento de metodologia SPE e GC/MS, calibrar em laboratório, determinando as taxas de amostragem e implantar os amostradores na região do Vale do São Francisco, em Petrolina, Pernambuco. O sorvente usado na SPE foi à base de sílica modificada (C18) e os solventes foram metanol e diclorometano. A validação do método foi feita para disco e cartucho, onde, o LD para disco variou de 0,0080 a 0,096 μg L-1 e para cartucho 0,0070 a 0,43 μg L-1, o LQ de 0,026 a 0,32 μg L-1 e 0,024 a 1,4 μg L-1, respectivamente. Os percentuais de recuperação para o disco variaram de 70,0 a 119,9 para disco e 70,2 a 119,7 para cartucho. Os desvios-padrões para o disco variaram de 2,86 a 19,9 e para cartucho 1,89 a 19,8. A repetitividade com 95% de confiança para disco variou de 0,0070 a 0,089 e 0,0070 a 0,41 para cartucho. As taxas de amostragem para os dispositivos POCIS e Chemcatcher variaram, respectivamente: para 1 dia: sem membrana, 0,105 a 0,693 L dia-1 e 0,100 a 0,757 L dia-1; com membrana PES < 0,0080 a 0,069 L dia-1 e <0,0080 a 0,050 L dia-1; com malha de nylon 0,103 a 0,333 L dia-1 e 0,093 a 0,33 L dia-1. Para 3 dias com renovação de água: com membrana PES < 0,011 a 0,083 L dia-1 e < 0,011 a 0,042 Ldia-1; com malha de nylon 0,077 a 0,80 L dia-1 e 0,074 a 0,95 L dia-1. Durante três dias sem renovação de água: com malha de nylon 0,067 a 0,28 L dia-1 e 0,064 a 0,31 L dia-1. Taxas de amostragem teóricas foram calculadas em função dos coeficientes de difusão dos pesticidas em água e do desenho e configuração dos dois modelos de amostradores passivos. As taxas de amostragem para o POCIS e Chemcatcher variaram respectivamente de 0,11 a 0,23 L dia-1 e 0,077 a 0,16 L dia-1. Considerando-se um ambiente aquático com baixa contaminação (ao nível do LQ do método) o tempo de exposição dos amostradores para captar os pesticidas pode variar, a depender do composto, de 3 a 9 dias para o POCIS e de 4 a 10 dias para o Chemcatcher. O desempenho dos dois modelos pode ser considerado semelhante e seu uso com a técnica SPE e GC/MS é uma alternativa para a metodologia de determinação de pesticidas em água, uma vez que o procedimento é simples, rápido e econômico.
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Banha, Filipe Miguel Santos. "Mecanismos de dispersão passiva de camarão-de-rio entre massas de água : Mechanisms of river passive dispersal between water bodies." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/21221.

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Neste trabalho investigou-se a dispersão passiva, externa, do camarão de rio (Athyaephyra desmarestit) através de aves aquáticas e analisaram-se os factores que influenciam este processo. Experiências demonstraram que em condições laboratoriais o camarão de rio pode sobreviver fora de água até 90,1 minutos. Já em condições de voo de ave simulado usando um carro o mesmo pode sobreviver ao transporte até 24 km de distância. Verificou-se que o camarão de rio tem capacidade para aderir a um vector de transporte (pato) sendo esta capacidade dependente da profundidade da água. Calculou-se também a probabilidade de sobrevivência ao transporte em função da distância percorrida. Com este estudo demonstrou-se que pode ocorrer dispersão passiva do camarão de rio através de aves aquáticas. Este processo pode ser fundamental para o fluxo genético entre as populações e para a colonização de novos locais. __ ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of passive external dispersal of river shrimp (Athyaephyra desmarestit) by waterfowl, and to analyze the factors influencing this process. Experiments focused on desiccation survival showed that river shrimp can survive out of water up to 90.1 minutes in laboratory conditions. Experiments with simulated bird flight conditions using a car indicated that river shrimp can survive 24 km transport distances. Our results show that the river shrimp's capacity to take a transport vector (a duck) is dependent upon water depth. We also found out that river shrimps can stay on the animal vector and we calculated the survival probabilities for each distance. This study demonstrated that waterfowl mediated passive dispersal (WMPD) of river shrimp can occur. WMPD may be fundamental for genetic flows between populations and for the colonization of new sites.

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Águas, Maria Serpa Cabral de Matos. "Dispersão passiva de lagostim vermelho da Luisiana (Procambarus clarkii) através de pato-real (Anas platyrhynchos)." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15603.

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Neste trabalho testámos a possibilidade de dispersão passiva dos juvenis do lagostim vermelho da Luisiana (Procambarus clarkii) através de um vector animal, o pato-real (Anas platyrhynchos). Realizou-se uma experiência de dessecação, a duas temperaturas, constatando-se que os juvenis sobrevivem até 225 minutos fora de água, resistindo mais tempo quando à temperatura inferior. Realizaram-se também outras duas experiências para determinar a capacidade de se agarrarem a patas do pato e à plumagem do pato em movimento. Os resultados da primeira experiência levaram-nos a concluir que o tempo de repouso das patas afecta a probabilidade de transporte. Na segunda experiência concluímos que os juvenis se podem agarrar a um pato em movimento e que a probabilidade é afectada significativamente pela profundidade da água. Para determinar probabilidade de morte fora de água num vector animal, recrearam-se condições semelhantes às do voo de patos e obtiveram-se valores de LT50 e LT90 de 2,239 e 4,880 minutos, respectivamente; ABSTRACT:In this paper we investigated the possibility of passive dispersal of juvenile red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) through an animal vector, the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). We performed a desiccation survival experiment, at two different temperatures and the results showed that the juveniles can survive until 225 minutes, and they resist longer at lower temperatures. We also performed other experiments to test the capacity to attach to duck´s legs and feathers while moving. The results of the first experiment show that the probability of transport is affected by the resting time. In the second experiment we concluded that the juveniles are able to attach to a moving duck and that the probability is significantly affected by water depth. To determine the survival time out of water on an animal vector, we recreated similar conditions similar to the duck’s flight and obtained LT50 and LT90 values of 2,239 and 4,880 minutes, respectively.

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Boqvist, Natalie. "Är ett framtida vaccin mot Alzheimers sjukdom möjligt?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-226441.

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Alzheimers sjukdom är en smygande neurodegenerativ demenssjukdom som främst drabbar äldre och som karakteriseras av uppkomsten av amyloidplack och neurofibriller i hjärnan. De vanligaste symptomen är demens, kognitiva problem, inbillningar och aggressivitet. Alzheimer förekommer i två olika former, presenil och senil alzheimer. Den fullständiga mekanismen bakom alzheimer är ännu okänd men två proteiner, beta-amyloid och tau, anses ligga bakom orsaken till alzheimer. Ett tredje inblandat protein som man funnit via genetisk analys är apolipoprotein E. Idag är alzheimer ett växande problem, detta i takt med att världens befolkning blir allt äldre. En problematik finns idag då den symptomatiska behandling som finns mot alzheimer anses vara otillräcklig, ett botemedel eftersträvas därför. Immunterapi är ett botemedel som man i framtiden hoppas kunna erbjuda, detta i form av ett aktivt eller passivt vaccin verksamt mot beta-amyloid. Forskning för att finna ett sådant pågår därför just nu. AN-1792 (aktivt vaccin), CAD106 (aktivt vaccin), Bapineuzumab (passivt vaccin) och Solanezumab (passivt vaccin) är fyra vaccin som har tagits fram och testats på människor. I de vaccinstudier som gjorts har motgångar stötts på men även framgångar gjorts. AN-1792 är det vaccin som visat sig vara effektivast men med svåra biverkningar medan CAD106 är det vaccin som visat sig vara mindre effektivt men säkrast. Bapineuzumab och Solanezumab visade sig däremot båda två vara overksamma. Då flera av de vaccin som framställts har varit verksamma mot amyloidplack anser forskare att ett framtida vaccin mot alzheimer är möjligt att framställa.
Alzheimer’s disease is an insidious neurodegenerative dementia disease that primarily affects elderly and is characterized by the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. The most common symptoms are dementia, cognitive problems, delusions, and aggressiveness. Alzheimer’s occurs in two forms, presenile and senile Alzheimer’s disease. The complete mechanism behind Alzheimer’s is still unknown but two proteins, beta-amyloid and tau, are considered to be behind the cause of Alzheimer’s. A third protein involved that was found through genetic analysis is apolipoprotein E. Today, Alzheimer’s is a growing problem as the world’s population is getting older. A complex of problems exists as the symptomatic treatment available against Alzheimer’s is considered to be insufficient; a cure is therefore aimed at. Immunotherapy is a cure that hopes can be offered, this in the form of an active or a passive vaccine effective against beta-amyloid. Research to find such a vaccine is therefore under progress right now. AN-1792 (active vaccine), CAD106 (active vaccine), Bapineuzumab (passive vaccine), and Solanezumab (passive vaccine) are four vaccines that have been developed and tested on humans. In the vaccine studies that have been done setbacks have been encountered but also successes have been made. AN-1792 is the vaccine proved to be effective but with severe side effects while CAD106 is the vaccine proved to be less effective but safer. Both Bapineuzumab and Solanezumab showed to be ineffective. Since several of the produced vaccines have been active against amyloid plaques scientists believes that a future vaccine against Alzheimer’s disease is possible to make.

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Gimeno-Vives, Oriol. "L’évolution tectono-sédimentaire des marges de la Téthys dans le système orogenic Rifain." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CERG1028.

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La chaîne du Rif (Maroc du nord) est une chaîne de montagnes située à la jonction entre Atlantique Central et domaine méditerranéen. Constituant l’extrémité occidentale des Maghrébides, il appartient à la catégorie des chaînes alpines issues de la Téthys qui se poursuivent jusqu’à l’Himalaya et au-delà. Plus précisément, le Rif résulte de la collision entre deux ensembles continentaux séparés initialement par une branche de la Téthys. Le Rif est subdivisé en trois grands domaines: (1) Les zones internes, (Rif Interne), constituées d’une pile de nappes souvent métamorphiques. (2) Le domaine des Flyschs (couverture sédimentaire de la Téthys Maghrébine). (3) Les Zones externes, héritées de l’ancienne marge passive nord-africaine.Malgré des événements compressifs spectaculaires, le Rif apparaît comme un site intéressant pour l’étude des processus de rifting et d’océanisation. En effet, des traces de la marge passive mésozoïque de l’Afrique du Nord sont remarquablement bien préservées. Ce qui même assez exceptionnel est la possibilité d’accéder à la partie la plus distale de l’ancienne marge. Cette thèse, présente une étude de terrain détaillé et de nouvelles données géo et thermo-chronologiques pour proposer une interprétation moderne du zonage paléogéographique et, en particulier, du Mésorif et de l’Intrarif.Le Mésorif montre une phase de rifting majeure pendant le Jurassique Moyen; Cette phase est typique de la Téthys Maghrébine. On observe un cortège gabbroïque supportant tectoniquement la plate-forme carbonatée du Jurassique Inférieur totalement démembrée. Des datations U-Pb sur zircon sur le gabbro révèle des âges à 195-200 Ma, c’est-à-dire à la transition Trias-Jurassique. Chronologiquement et pétrographiquement, les gabbros mésorifains au fameux événement CAMP (Central Atlantic Magmatic Province), connu autour de l’Atlantique Central et au-delà.L’Intrarif porte les traces d’un processus d’exhumation du manteau. Celui-ci affleure dans le Massif de Béni Malek sous la forme de péridotites serpentinisées et d’ophicalcites supportant stratigraphiquement le Jurassique terminal. Cette observation permet de caler dans le temps l’initiation de l’océanisation dans la Téthys Maghébine. Mises ensemble, ces observations donnent des contraintes fortes pour discuter de l’architecture et de l’évolution de la partie ouest de l’ancienne marge nord-africaine.La localisation du Rif, à l’ancienne jonction entre l’Atlantique Central et la Téthys Maghrébine permet de discuter des relations entre ces deux domaines au Mésozoïque. Mon travail se situe dans la continuation de l’étude magistrale de cet auteur. Cependant, à l’aide des nouveaux concepts et modèles développés depuis cette période, j’ai été en mesure de proposer un scénario renouvelé incluant le poly-rifting, la mise en place de gabbros et l’exhumation du manteau.A partir du Crétacé Supérieur, la marge nord-africaine va subir une histoire complètement différente et change de statut: celle-ci va rentrer en convergence à l’instar du domaine téthysien tout entier. Le Rif externe présente plusieurs caractéristiques rares dans un contexte de zones externes de chaîne de montagnes: (1) Il enregistre une déformation polyphasée avec un événement compressif précoce, pré-Oligocène, antérieur au chevauchement miocène des Zones Internes sur les Zones Externes. (2) Il inclut des Massifs Métamorphiques Externes enregistrant un gradient de type HP-BT. (3) Il inclut de grandes nappes de charriage identifiées depuis longtemps jusqu’au front de chaîne.La thèse est basée sur une étude de terrain à différentes échelles (synthèse cartographique, étude détaillée d’affleurements); elle cherche à caractériser toutes les étapes de la formation du Rif Externe depuis la formation de la marge nord-africaine jusqu’à la formation de la chaîne et l’état actuel
The Rif belt (northern Morocco) is a mountain chain at the junction between the Mediterranean and Central Atlantic Domains, representing the western edge of the Maghrebides System. It belongs to a much larger orogeny, the Mediterranean Alpine belts extending from the Western Mediterranean up to the Himalayas. The Rif belt results from the collision between two continental domains initially separated by the Maghrebian Tethys.This belt is classically subdivided into: (1) Internal zones (or Internal Rif), is an allochthonous metamorphic domain. (2) Flysch zones (the original cover of the Maghrebian Tethys). (3) External zones (or External Rif) representing the North African margin remnants.Despite spectacular compressional events, the Rif represents a remarkable place for the understanding of rifting and oceanization mechanisms and their incorporation in mountain belts, because remnants of the Mesozoic North African rifted margin are especially well preserved in its external zones. Especially, the External Rif conserves characteristics of the distal margin. This thesis presents detailed field evidence and geochronological data from two subunits of the External Rif, the Mesorif, and the Intrarif.- The Mesorif preserves a major rifting phase during the Middle Jurassic, characterizing the formation of the Mesozoic North African margin. It presents particular lithostratigraphic associations of mafic intrusive rocks overlain by dismembered and discontinuous blocks of Lower Jurassic carbonates covered by Middle to Upper Jurassic sediments. U-Pb zircon dating of 4 samples from the intrusive has been done, showing ages close to the Triassic-Jurassic boundary (195-200 Ma). From a petrographic and chronologic point of view, the intrusive magmatism, corresponds to the CAMP (Central Atlantic Magmatic Province), known around the Central Atlantic.- The Intrarif displays the exhumed mantle domain, exposed in the Beni-Malek massif, consisting on highly serpentinized peridotites exhibiting ophicalcites with uppermost Jurassic limestones resting conformably on top. This suggests that the exhumation of the mantle occurred at the distal part of the North African Mesozoic margin at this time. Altogether, these observations enable us to discuss the architecture and evolution of the western part of the North African rifted margin.Moreover, the location of the Rif, in between the Central Atlantic and the Alpine/Maghrebian Tethys, enables to investigate the connection between these two oceanic domains during the Mesozoic. However, thanks to the new concepts and models developed since this period, we are able to propose a renewed scenario for the building of this margin. As we will see this scenario implies poly-phase rifting, magmatic activity and mantle exhumation.Later on, by the Late Cretaceous, the North African margin has suffered a complete different history, passing from a passive margin to a convergence setting, affecting the whole Tethys Realm. The External Rif presents several features that are unusual in the external zones of a mountain belt:-They record poly-phase deformation events with evidence for an early and initial (pre-Oligocene) contractional event occurring before the Miocene thrusting of the Internal Units over the External Units.-They include the presence of External Metamorphic Massifs (EMM) recording a HP-LT metamorphic gradient.-They exhibit large allochthonous thrust-sheets identified since a long time across the whole External Rif.The thesis is based on the onshore study of the geodynamic evolution of the Rif belt since the earliest stages of the North African Mesozoic margin formation, through the compressional stages of mountain building, up to its present day position

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Camargo, Diogo Gaubeur de. "Avaliação colostral de búfalas (Bubalus bubalis) com e sem mastite e de níveis imunes séricos de bezerros bubalinos. /." Araçatuba, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/180871.

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Orientador: Francisco Leydson Formiga Feitosa
Resumo: O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar os efeitos da mastite, clínica e subclínica, em búfalas mestiças da raça Murrah nas características físicas, microbiológicas e imunes do colostro produzido com relação à eficiência de transferência de imunidade passiva em seus respectivos bezerros. Para isso acompanhou-se o parto de 30 búfalas e de seus bezerros que foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o resultado do cultivo bacteriano observado na secreção colostral. Avaliou-se a presença de alterações físicas na glândula mamária e macroscópicas das secreções lácteas, foi realizado a contagem de células somáticas, o California Mastitis Test (CMT) e foram mensuradas as concentrações de IL-6 e TNF- e traçado eletroforético das secreções lácteas e séricas dos bezerros, no momento do parto, às 24 e 48 horas após. A CCS e o CMT mostram-se como importantes indicadores da ocorrência de mastite subclínica, porém baixos valores de CCS e/ou resultados negativos do CMT não implicam, necessariamente, na ausência de infecção intramamária. A presença de agentes microbianos provocou alterações físicas discretas no parênquima mamário e nas características macroscópicas das secreções lácteas das búfalas. Os agentes microbianos isolados nas amostras de colostro foram Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Bacillus spp e Bacillus cereus, sendo o Streptococcus spp. o mais comumente isolado. A ingestão de colostro de vacas bubalinas com mastite subclínica não influencia a tr... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of clinical and subclinical mastitis on crossbred Murrah buffaloes on the physical, microbiological and immune characteristics of colostrum produced in relation to the passive immunity transfer efficiency in their respective calves. For this, 30 calf buffaloes and their calves were divided into two groups according to the result of the bacterial culture observed in the colostral secretion. The presence of physical changes in the udder and macroscopic glands of milk secretions was evaluated, the somatic cell count, the California Mastitis Test, and the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF- and electrophoretic tracing of milk and serum secretions of the calves, at the time of delivery, at 24 and 48 hours after. CCS and CMT are important indicators of the occurrence of subclinical mastitis, but low CCS values and / or negative CMT results do not necessarily imply the absence of intramammary infection. The presence of microbial agents caused discrete physical alterations in the mammary parenchyma and the macroscopic characteristics of buffalo milk secretions. The microbial agents isolated in the colostrum samples were Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Bacillus spp. And Bacillus cereus, being Streptococcus spp. the most commonly isolated. The ingestion of colostrum from buffalo cows with subclinical mastitis does not influence the transfer of passive immunity to calves. The concentrations of IL-6, TNF-, ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Novo, Sylvia Marquart Fontes. "Efeito dos leucócitos do colostro materno na resposta imune de bezerros recém-nascidos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10136/tde-25082015-113618/.

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Esta pesquisa avaliou o efeito da transferência passiva dos leucócitos do colostro na imunidade específica de bezerras recém-nascidas. Foram acompanhadas 20 bezerras Holandesas durante o período neonatal, distribuídas em dois grupos experimentais: grupo COL+ recebeu colostro fresco (4L) proveniente de suas respectivas mães; e grupo COL- recebeu colostro congelado e acelular (4L), oriundo de vacas doadoras de colostro. As avaliações foram realizadas antes da mamada do colostro (M0), 1-2 (M1), 7 (M2), 14 (M3), 21 (M4) e 28 dias pós-nascimento (M5). As bezerras foram submetidas ao exame clínico, seguido da colheita das amostras sanguíneas para realização de hemograma, imunofenotipagem e cultivo celular. Os dois grupos foram colostrados com colostro de igual qualidade com relação à concentração de imunoglobulinas (70-120 g/L). A concentração de células do colostro fresco fornecido ao grupo COL+ foi de 1.895.849 células/mL. Não foi possível encontrar diferenças para as funções vitais em relação aos grupos experimentais. O exame específico dos sistemas revelou um caso de broncopneumonia, três de inflamação umbilical e maior frequência de escore de fezes 3 no COL-. As alterações clínicas foram refletidas no eritrograma das bezerras, sendo encontrado menor valor médio para a taxa de hemoglobina (HGB) no COL- em M3. Em relação à idade, observou-se redução gradativa dos valores médios para He (hemácias), HGB, HCT (hematócrito) e índices hematimétricos no primeiro mês de vida. A frequência de bezerras anêmicas foi maior no grupo COL- nos momentos M4 e M5. Em relação ao leucograma, observou-se diferença entre os grupos para linfócitos no M0 e M2 com valores superiores no COL-. Em relação aos momentos foi possível detectar leucocitose por neutrofilia no M0 e M1, observando-se inversão da relação neutrófilo:linfócito a partir desses momentos. Os valores de CD45+CD45RO- foram maiores em M0 no COL-, além disso, observou-se aumento da expressão do marcador de memória celular CD45RO+ do M0 ao M1 nos dois grupos experimentais. O CD3+gamma-delta- aumentou no decorrer do estudo, em contrapartida as células CD3+gamma-delta+ foram menores em M5 com relação ao M0-M3. Foi detectado também aumento dos valores de CD14+MHCII+ no primeiro mês de vida indicando maturação das células apresentadoras de antígeno. Em relação à produção de citocinas pelas células mononucleares sanguíneas, foi possível identificar maior concentração de IFN-gamma em M4, quando as células do COL- foram estimuladas com S. aureus (1 mononuclear:10 bactérias inativadas). A concentração de IL-17 detectada a partir das células do COL+ foi maior em M3, quando as células foram estimuladas com ConA. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que: a) bezerras COL- apresentaram maior frequência e intensidade de doenças que evoluíram para anemia da inflamação; b) bezerras COL- apresentaram maior número absoluto de linfócitos, representadas especialmente pela subpopulação CD3+gamma-delta+ nos episódios de maior frequência de diarreias; c) Linfócitos de memória CD45RO+ aumentaram após a colostragem em ambos os grupos, sugerindo que outros componentes acelulares do colostro podem apresentar papel fundamental no desenvolvimento da resposta imunológica de bezerras recém-nascidas; d) a subpopulação CD3+gamma-delta- e as células CD14+MHCII- e CD14+MHCII+ aumentaram durante o primeiro mês de vida, indicando maturação imunológica; e) as células mononucleares das bezerras não responderam ao Herpesvírus Bovino tipo 1, porém responderam aos estímulos bacterianos, especialmente para a Escherichia coli; a interpretação do leucograma em conjunto com a análise das variações apresentadas para as citocinas inflamatórias IFN-gamma e IL-17 permitem afirmar que as bezerras apresentaram resposta inflamatória retardada e de menor magnitude no COL-.
This study evaluated the effect of leukocytes passive transference from bovine colostrum in specific immunity of newborn calves. During neonatal period, 20 Holstein calves were followed. Animals were distributed in two experimental groups: COL+ which received fresh colostrum (4L) from their mothers, and COL- which received frozen and acellular colostrum (4L) that came from donor cows. The evaluations were performed in the following moments: before colostrum intake (M0), 1-2 (M1), 7 (M2), 14 (M3), 21 (M4) and 28 days after birth (M5). Heifers were submitted to clinical examination. Then, blood samples were harvested for hemogram, immunophenotyping and cell culture. Both groups were fed with the same quality of colostrum (immunoglobulin concentration 70-120 g/L). The cell concentration of fresh colostrum that was provided to COL+ group was 1.895.849 cells/mL. It was not possible to detect differences in vital functions concerning the experimental groups. The system specific examination reveled one case of bronchopneumonia, three cases of umbilical inflammation and major rates of diarrhea score 3 in group COL-. Clinical alterations were reflected in calves erythrogram. It was found lower mean value for hemoglobin (HGB) in M3 for COL-. Regarding age, a gradual reduction in mean values for erythrocytes, HGB, HCT (hematocrit) and hematimetric rates were observed in the first month of life. The frequency of anemic heifers was higher in COL- group at moments M4 and M5. Regarding leukogram, it was observed difference between groups for lymphocytes in M0 and M2 with higher values in COL-. Concerning moments, it was possible to detect leukocytosis by neutrophilia from M0 up to M1 and inversion of neutrophil:lymphocyte relation from this moment. Values of CD45+CD45RO- was higher in M0 for COL-, furthermore, increase of cellular memory marker expression CD45RO+ was observed from M0 to M1 in both groups. The CD3+gamma-delta- increased during the study. On the other hand, CD3+gamma-delta+ were lower in M5 in relation to M0-M3. Increase of CD14+MHCII+ values were also detected in the first month of life, indicating maturation of antigen presenting cells. Regarding cytokine production by mononuclear cells of heifers blood, it was possible to identify higher concentration of IFN-gamma in M4 when cells of COL- were stimulated with S. aureus (1 mononuclear: 10 inactivated bacteria). The concentration of IL-17 detected from COL+ cells was higher in M3, when cells were stimulated with ConA. Based on these results, it can be concluded that: a) COL- heifers presented higher frequency and intensity of diseases that evolved to anemia of inflammation; b) COL- heifers presented higher lymphocyte absolute number, represented specially by CD3+gamma-delta+ subsets in episodes of higher frequency of diarrhea; c) memory lymphocytes CD45RO+ increased after colostrum intake in both groups, suggesting that other acellular colostrum components can present fundamental role in development of immunological response in newborn heifers; d) the subset of CD3+gamma-delta- and the cells CD14+MHCII- and CD14+MHCII+ increased during the first month of life, indicating immunological maturation; e) heifers mononuclear cells did not respond for herpes virus bovine type 1, however, responded for bacterial stimulus, specially Escherichia coli. The interpretation of leukogram with the variation of presented analyses for inflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-17, allow to state that heifers presented delayed inflammatory response and of lesser magnitude in COL-.

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Fernandes, Samuel Lucas. "Avaliação da efetividade de diferentes protocolos de irrigação na limpeza do canal radicular." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25147/tde-24112015-154911/.

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O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de dissolução e remoção de biofilme formado in situ, na remoção de smear layer e debris empregando dez protocolos de irrigação final (solução fisiológica com ou sem agitação ultrassônica; ou hipoclorito de sódio como irrigante primário, seguido de solução salina, ou EDTA 17%, ou ácido peracético (PAA) 2%, ou Qmix, com ou sem agitação ultrassônica de ambas as soluções). Duzentos e trinta raízes bovinas foram seccionadas e cortadas com 15mm de comprimento e instrumentadas com o instrumento Reciproc R50. Para a análise da remoção de debris e smear layer foram separadas 100 raízes, que foram clivadas e, no terço apical de uma das metades radiculares, foi confeccionado um sulco longitudinal, simulando extensões de canais ovais, posteriormente preenchidos com detritos artificiais. Após esse procedimento na outra metade foi realizada a formação de smear layer com uma vigora instrumentação da parede com movimentos de limagem. Essas amostras foram levadas ao MEV para análise prévia. Essas metades, depois de justapostas, voltaram a mufla e foram realizados os protocolos de tratamento. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de scores. Para a análise da dissolução e viabilidade do biofilme in situ 130 raízes foram separadas preparadas com instrumento R25 e um disco de dentina foi retirado do terço médio com uma trefina. Esses discos foram inseridos em uma placa de hawley, que foi utilizada pelo pesquisador durante três dias. Os discos foram removidos e deixados por 48 horas em BHI, em estufa a 37oC. Após a contaminação os discos voltaram para a raiz de onde foram removidos e fixados com cera utilidade voltando a mufla, sendo tratados e avaliados. Setenta discos foram utilizados para análise da dissolução e viabilidade em confocal e as imagens obtidas foram avaliadas pelo software Bioimage. Sessenta discos foram utilizados para a análise da dissolução do biofilme em MEV, sendo avaliados pré e pós-tratamento. Na comparação entre os grupos para a remoção de smear layer foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes (P < 0.05) entre os protocolos que utilizavam EDTA e Qmix, com os protocolos utilizando somente solução salina e hipoclorito seguido de solução salina independente da agitação ultrassônica. Enquanto que para a ranhura houve uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos que utilizaram PUI e os demais grupos. Tanto a agitação ultrassônica, quanto o uso do hipoclorito de sódio como irrigante primário influenciaram significativamente para a redução do biovolume e da viabilidade bacteriana. O grupo que utilizou o NaOCl, seguido do Qmix associados ao PUI apresentou os menores valores de viabilidade e a maior dissolução do biofilme. O QMix PUI e o PAA/PUI mostraram os melhores resultados de dissolução na análise em MEV.se diferenciando estatisticamente (P<0.05) dos demais grupos. Levando-se em conta todos os critérios analisados, o protocolo que se mostrou mais eficiente foi o NaOCl seguido do QMix e associados a PUI.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the dissolution capacity and removal of biofilm formed in situ, in smear layer and debris removal and debris use ten final irrigation protocols (saline with or without ultrasonic agitation, or sodium hypochlorite as primary irrigating, and then used saline or 17% EDTA, or 2% peracetic acid (PAA), or Qmix, with or without ultrasonic agitation of both solutions). Two hundred and thirty bovine roots were sectioned and cut with 15mm in length and instrumented with Reciproc R50. For the analysis of removal of debris and smear layer were separated 100 roots, which were cleaved, and the apical third of the half of root, has a longitudinal groove made simulating extensions of oval canals, artificial subsequently filled with debris. After this procedure was performed on half the formation of smear layer with a force wall with instrumentation filing motions. These samples were taken to SEM prior to analysis. These halves, after juxtaposed, and again the flask were held treatment protocols. Data analysis was performed by means of scores. For the analysis of the dissolution and viability of the biofilm in situ roots 130 were prepared with R25 separate instrument and dentin disc was taken from the middle third with a trephine. These disks were inserted into a hawley plate, which was used by the researcher for three days. The discs were removed and left for 48 hours in BHI at 37oC. After contamination disks back to the root from which they were removed and fixed with wax utility returning to muffle being treated and evaluated. Seventy disks were used for analysis of dissolution and viability and confocal images were evaluated by Bioimage software. Sixty discs were used for the analysis of the dissolution of the biofilm SEM and are assessed before and after treatment. Comparing the groups for the removal of smear layer statistically significant differences were found (P <0.05) between the protocols used EDTA and Qmix with the protocols using only saline solution and hypochlorite followed by saline independent of ultrasonic agitation. While for the slot there was a statistically significant difference between the groups using PUI and the other groups. Both ultrasonic agitation, and the use of sodium hypochlorite as primary irrigant influenced significantly to the reduction of bacterial viability and biovolume. The group using the NaOCl, and then used Qmix associated with PUI had the lowest viability values and the highest dissolution of the biofilm. The QMix PUI and the PAA / PUI showed the best dissolution results in the analysis MEV.se differentiating statistically (P <0.05) from the other groups. Taking into account all the criteria analyzed, the protocol that was more efficient was the NaOCl and then used QMix and associated with PUI.

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Rocha, Fernando Martins. "As vozes verbais na gramática normativa: aspectos problemáticos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-15042014-094816/.

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Esta pesquisa investiga alguns aspectos das vozes verbais nas gramáticas normativas de língua portuguesa. Alguns conceitos como o de voz passiva e de partícula apassivadora são objeto de discussão por parte de diferentes autores da gramaticografia de língua portuguesa que tem adotado pontos de vista distintos e até antagônicos sobre cada um destes aspectos. Este trabalho também busca demonstrar que a gramática normativa de língua portuguesa atual não renovou a sua teoria sobre as vozes verbais, que remonta a Dionísio o Trácio com seu manual escrito há mais de dois mil anos atrás, e que necessita, deste modo, identificar as fragilidades de sua teoria e renová-la com o instrumental teórico de que dispõe as modernas correntes da linguística.
This research investigates some aspects of the verbal voices in the normative grammar of portuguese language. Some concepts like passive voice and the clitic SE are discussed by many authors in the portuguese language gramaticography that have adopted different and opposite points of view about each one of these aspects. This work also intends to demonstrate that the normative grammar of portuguese language nowadays did not renew its theory about verbal voices, which remonts to Dionísio of Trácia with his manual which was written two thousand years ago, and it needs identify the fragilities of normative grammar theory and needs to renew it with the theorical instrumental available in the modern linguistics currents.

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Grandino, Débora Regina. "Dispositivo de amostragem passiva com papel e resina para monitoramento de metais potencialmente tóxicos em solo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-07052018-102946/.

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A identificação de elementos potencialmente tóxicos em solos, a distribuição destes e sua disponibilidade química são importantes para a avaliação de risco ambiental, diagnóstico esse imprescindível para um desenvolvimento sustentável com segurança dos alimentos, da água, da energia, da estabilidade climática, da manutenção da biodiversidade e do ecossistema. Usualmente, a identificação de áreas contaminadas exige a coleta e análise de um número elevado de amostras de solo, que consequentemente elevam os custos e demandam muitas horas de trabalho. Neste sentido, estratégias que permitem determinações mais rápidas a baixo custo e eficientes são desejáveis. Estratégias de amostragem passiva têm sido desenvolvidas para superar as limitações da análise química convencional, além de possuir vantagens adicionais que permitem incorporar a esse diagnóstico as influências edáficas do local amostrado. Outra forma de reduzir custo e aumentar a frequência analítica é o uso de técnicas de análise direta de sólidos, que eliminam ou minimizam o preparo da amostra, e consequentemente o tempo de análise. Visando contribuir no desenvolvimento da amostragem em campo e técnicas de análise direta em sólidos, este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver, avaliar e validar um dispositivo de amostragem passiva composto por papel e resina além de comparar aspectos técnicos entre procedimentos convencionais e as técnicas analíticas de análise direta de sólidos: Fluorescência de Raios X (XRF) e Espectrometria de Emissão Óptica Induzida por Laser (LIBS). Para avaliar o conceito foi realizado mapeamento do solo de uma área experimental supostamente contaminada, analisando o conjunto de dados com o auxílio de ferramentas matemáticas de interpolação baseadas na técnica de Krigagem. Testes foram realizados com o intuito de se determinar a melhor forma de acoplamento, condicionamento, processo de adsorção e extração dos elementos de ambas as partes do dispositivo (papel e resina). As duas técnicas de análise direta de sólidos também foram testadas. A XRF trouxe informações com base na distribuição dos elementos, depois de adsorvidos, no papel e na resina, porém não apresentou viabilidade e capacidade (por ter alto background) na quantificação dos elementos. O LIBS mostrou-se promissor para quantificação dos elementos, proporcionando boa correlação com as concentrações presentes no solo, na resina mais (por esta adsorver mais uniformemente os elementos) que no papel e por ser rápido, além de multielementar. Quando inserido em solo contaminado (com altas concentrações dos metais), o dispositivo apresentou ótimas correlações com a quantidade adicionada e com as intensidades fornecidas pelo LIBS. Porém, quando há baixas concentrações não houve uma relação definida entre os diferentes tipos de extração. Acredita-se que o dispositivo tenha potencial para quantificação de elementos potencialmente tóxicos em solos contaminados, por ter respondido bem a extração e determinação neste tipo de solo
Identification of potentially toxic elements in soils, their distribution and their chemical availability are important for environmental risk assessment, an essential diagnostic for sustainable development with security food, water, energy, climate stability, biodiversity and the ecosystem. Usually, the identification of contaminated areas requires the collection and analysis of a large number of soil samples, which consequently raise costs and require many hours of work. In this sense, strategies that allow faster, cost-effective and efficient determinations are desirable. Passive sampling strategies have been developed to overcome the limitations of conventional chemical analysis, besides possessing additional advantages that allow incorporating to this diagnosis the edaphic influences of the sampled site. Another way of reducing cost and increasing analytical frequency is the use of direct solids analysis techniques, which eliminate or minimize the sample preparation, and consequently the analysis time. Aiming to contribute to the development of field sampling and direct solid analysis techniques, the objective of this work was to develop, evaluate and validate a passive sampling device composed of paper and resin and to compare technical aspects between conventional procedures and analytical analysis techniques direct solids: X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Laser Induced Optical Emission Spectrometry (LIBS). In order to evaluate the concept, a soil mapping of a supposedly contaminated experimental area was carried out, analyzing the data set with the aid of mathematical interpolation tools based on the Kriging technique. Tests were performed with the purpose of determining the best way of coupling, conditioning, adsorption and extraction of the elements of both parts of the device (paper and resin). The two techniques of direct solids analysis were also tested. The XRF provided information based on the distribution of the adsorbed elements on paper and resin, but it did not present viability and capacity (because of the high background) in the quantification of the elements. The LIBS showed promise for the quantification of the elements, providing a good correlation with the concentrations present in the soil, in the resin more (by this more uniformly adsorb the elements) than in the paper and because it is fast, besides multielementar. When inserted into contaminated soil (with high concentrations of metals), the device showed excellent correlations with the amount added and the intensities provided by the LIBS. However, when there are low concentrations there was no definite relation between the different types of extraction. It is believed that the device has potential for quantification of potentially toxic elements in contaminated soils, since it has responded well to extraction and determination in this type of soil

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49

Macedo, Luiz Alberto. "Controle de Sistemas Passivos de Resfriamento de Emergência de Reatores Nucleares por Meio de Linhas de Desvio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85133/tde-29052003-092313/.

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Abstract:

Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados experimentais, de um circuito operando em circulação natural, que permitem analisar o comportamento de um sistema de resfriamento de emergência quando é aberta uma linha de desvio entre a fonte quente e a fonte fria. O trabalho tem ainda a importância de documentar os testes de caracterização hidráulica do circuito experimental, fornecendo inclusive os fatores de perda de pressão específicos para o circuito. Observou-se que, para uma mesma potência, quando é aberta a linha de desvio, a temperatura na saída da fonte quente aumenta substancialmente. Esse aumento ocorre porque a vazão através do aquecedor diminui. A vazão através do trocador de calor (fonte fria) aumenta ligeiramente, sendo sempre a soma das vazões na linha de desvio e no aquecedor. O trabalho mostra ainda que a posição de conexão da linha de desvio com a perna quente determina o sentido de escoamento, podendo ocorrer a inversão a partir de uma determinada cota. Para comprovar a possibilidade de simulação precisa dos experimentos foi ainda desenvolvido um modelo numérico das equações de conservação, utilizando o programa Engineering Equation Solver (EES). Esse modelo foi utilizado para reproduzir os experimentos de circulação natural pelo circuito externo.
This work presents experimental results of a circuit when operating in natural circulation. These results allow to analyze the behavior of an emergency core cooling system when a bypass line that connects the hot source with the cold source is opened. This work also reports the hydraulic characterization of the experimental loop, given geometric and hydraulic data including experimental friction factors specific to this circuit. It was observed that, to a fixed thermal power, when the bypass line is opened, the heater outlet temperature increases. This temperature increase is due to the decrease in the flow rate through the heater. The heat exchanger's flow rate is subjected to a small increase. This flow rate is the sum of the bypass line and heater mass flow rates. This work also shows that the vertical position of the connection of the bypass line in the hot-leg determines the flow direction in the bypass line. If the bypass line connection is in the lowest position, the flow is from the cold to the hot-leg. If the bypass connection is in the highest position, the flow is from the hot to the cold-leg. A numerical model used to evaluate friction factors and heat transfer coefficients influence was developed. It was used to confirm the possibility of precise experiments simulation. The conservation equations are solved using Engineering Equation Solver (EES), a thermal hydraulics analysis tool. The model was adjusted with natural circulation experimental data and was tested with results of natural circulation without bypass lines.

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50

Madureira, Karina Medici. "Citocinas IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α e IFN-γ no sangue e colostro de fêmeas bovinas da raça Holandesa. Importância na transferência de imunidade passiva." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10136/tde-01102012-151432/.

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Abstract:

O colostro bovino contém fatores imunológicos, como imunoglobulinas, leucócitos e citocinas, absorvidos pela mucosa intestinal do neonato até 48 horas de vida, no entanto, pouco se conhece sobre a função de alguns desses componentes, como as citocinas, participantes da resposta imune inata e adaptativa. Acredita-se que estas substâncias possuem papel importante na imunidade dos neonatos nos seus primeiros dias de vida. Assim, os objetivos específicos desta pesquisa foram: determinar as concentrações das citocinas IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ e TNF-α no soro sanguíneo e colostro de fêmeas bovinas da raça Holandesa; verificar a liberação de citocinas pelas células mononucleares do colostro e sangue bovino "in vitro" antes e após a estimulação com Escherichia coli enterotoxigênica (ECET); avaliar a transferência das citocinas IL-1β, IL-6 e TNF-α do colostro aos bezerros neonatos, por meio da determinação das concentrações destas citocinas no soro sanguíneo dos bezerros, durante os quinze primeiros dias de vida. O trabalho foi realizado em duas etapas, em duas propriedades distintas: (1) avaliação do soro sanguíneo e colostro de primeira ordenha proveniente de 22 fêmeas; (2) avaliação das citocinas sanguíneas de 11 bezerros, antes e após a mamada de colostro. Nesta pesquisa foi possível determinar as medianas da concentração de citocinas IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ e TNF-α no colostro bovino e soro sanguíneo, correspondente a 70,5 e 41,5; 86,1 e 13,5; 41 e 57,9; 139,9 e 20,8 pg/mL, respectivamente, verificando menores valores de IFN-γ no colostro e TNF-α e IL-6 no soro sanguíneo. Observou-se diferença entre as citocinas no colostro e soro sanguíneo para a TNF-α. Observou-se produção de citocinas pelas células do colostro e sangue das mães mediante liberação espontânea e pela ECET com tendência ao aumento dessa produção entre os períodos de incubação celular e pela estimulação com ECET. A avaliação do soro dos bezerros mostrou ausência das citocinas IL-1β, IL-6 e TNF-α antes da ingestão de colostro, que atingiram pico após 48 horas de vida. Os valores médios das concentrações de citocinas presentes no soro das vacas e novilhas foram de 98,3; 88,4; 53,5 e 235,9 pg/mL e 144,5; 94,5; 83,9 e 116,2 pg/mL, para IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ e TNF-α, respectivamente. Os valores médios das concentrações de citocinas (pg/mL) presentes no colostro das vacas e novilhas foram de 97,4; 21,3; 143,3 e 35,1 pg/mL e 69,5; 6,4; 51,9 e 16,32 pg/mL, para as citocinas IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ e TNF-α, respectivamente. Quando se comparou os dois grupos analisados verificou-se que os valores médios de IFN-γ e TNF-α foram significativamente maiores nas vacas. Assim, com base nos resultados desta pesquisa foi possível: (a) determinar a concentração de citocinas do soro sanguíneo e colostro de fêmeas bovinas; (b) verificar a produção de citocinas pelas células do soro e colostro das vacas, verificando-se diferentes perfis nestas duas regiões; (c) verificar a absorção das citocinas do colostro pelo neonato bovino; (d) verificar que as vacas possuem maiores concentrações de citocinas IFN-γ e TNF-α no colostro, quando comparadas às novilhas; (e) não há diferenças entre a concentração das citocinas do colostro obtidas em diferentes quartos mamários.
Bovine colostrum contains immunological factors, such as immunoglobulins, leukocytes and cytokines, which are absorbed by the intestinal mucous membrane of the neonate up to 48 hours of life. However, little is known about the function of some of these components, such as cytokines, which take part in innate and adaptive immune responses. It is believed that these substances have important roles in neonate immunity on their first days of life. Therefore, the specific objectives of this study were: to determine the concentration of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α in serum and colostrum of Holstein cows; to assess the in vitro release of cytokines by mononuclear cells of colostrum and blood before and after stimulation with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ECET); to evaluate IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α transfer from colostrum to neonate calves by determining cytokine concentrations in calf blood during the first 15 days of life. The study was carried out in two stages, in different farms: (1) evaluation of blood and first milking colostrum in 22 females; (2) evaluation of blood cytokines of 11 calves, before and after colostrum intake. In this study, it was possible to determine the medians of IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α concentration in blood and colostrum as equal to 70.5 and 41.5; 86.1 and 13.5; 41 and 57.9; 139.9 and 20.8 pg/mL, respectively. The lowest values of IFN-γ were observed in colostrum, and of TNF-α and IL-6, in serum. TNF-α concentration was different in serum and in blood. It was observed colostrum and blood cells of the cows produced cytokines spontaneously and by means of ECET, with a tendency to increase production in periods of cell incubation and stimulation with ECET. Evaluation of calf serum showed absence of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α before colostrum ingestion, and these cytokines reached a peak after 48 hours of life. Mean values for cytokine concentration in the serum of cows and heifers were 98.3; 88.4; 53.5 and 235.9 pg/mL, and 144.5; 94.5; 83.9 and 116.2 pg/mL, for IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α, respectively. Mean values for cytokine concentration in the colostrum of cows and heifers were 97.4; 21.3; 143.3 and 35.1 pg/mL, and 69.5; 6.4; 51.9 and 16.32 pg/mL, for IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α, respectively. When the two groups were analyzed, it was observed that mean de IFN-γ and TNF-α were significantly greater in the cows. Thus, based on the results of this study, it was possible to: (a) determine the concentration of cytokines in serum and colostrum of cows; (b) assess cytokine production by cells of cow serum and colostrum, observing different profiles in the two samples; (c) observe cytokine absorption from colostrum by the calves; (d) assess that cows show greater concentrations of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the colostrum, when compared with heifers; (e) that there are no differences between cytokine concentrations observed in the different quarters.

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