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1
Wade, Richard Peter. "A systematics for interpreting past structures with possible cosmic references in Sub-Saharan Africa." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05052009-174557/.
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King, Gabrielle. "Pragmatic constraints on past time reference." Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276131.
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Van, Herk Gerard. "A message from the past: Past temporal reference in early African American letters." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6368.
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This study employs the methods of comparative and variationist linguistics in a new data source, letters by semiliterate 19th-century Liberian immigrants, to confirm and extend the findings of earlier studies on the past temporal reference system of Early African American English (AAE). In the first half of the study, the strongest linguistic constraints on the choice of bare verb forms match precisely those described for large-scale studies of spoken (diaspora) Early AAE: the bare form results from consonant cluster simplification in weak verbs, and from lexical preferences attested through the history of English in the case of strong verbs. Conditioning factors proposed to result from earlier creole influence on Early AAE (anteriority, remoteness, or clause type) did not play a significant role. The second half of the study concerns multiple verb forms, especially the present perfect, described by previous studies as marginal or non-existent in AAE. In contrast, present perfect forms in this corpus are frequent and favoured by all the English-derived conditioning factors tested in this study: ambiguity of temporal orientation and relation, recent or continuing events, negation, extended time adverbials, and since clauses, as well as by non-statives. This conditioning, especially taken in concert with the variability of bare verb forms, suggests that the present perfect has long been part of AAE, with its rarity in other corpora due to genre-based differences in the frequency of contexts requiring its use. The study provides new evidence in the history of the development of African American varieties of English, as well as demonstrating the utility of variationist analysis in resolving problems of linguistic system membership. Combining variationist and comparative analytical methods, it places AAE within the context of the development of the English language.
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Malvar, Elisabete da Silva. "Future temporal reference in Brazilian Portuguese: Past and present." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29059.
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Different forms convey future temporal reference in Portuguese. The recognition of these forms is a starting point towards examining their actual usage in the language. Of four acknowledged future forms, only two, i.e. the periphrastic ir + infinitive and the present variants, are productively used in contemporary spoken Brazilian Portuguese. There was therefore a need for reconstructing the future temporal reference system of early Portuguese, in order to shed light on the development of these forms in the future sector.
This study employs the methods of comparative and variationist linguistics in diachronic and synchronic data to analyse this development. These methods made it possible to identify the conditioning factors contributing to the selection of the variants in future contexts throughout the centuries and establish the direction of the linguistic evolution.
The first analyses concern the use of the future variants in the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. They reveal that three variants were productively used to express the future: the synthetic future, haver + infinitive and the present. The synthetic future, which is acknowledged as the default form by prescriptive literature, had the highest overall probability of occurrence at that time, and was mainly favoured by contingent events, stative verbs and affirmative statements.
The second analyses concern the use of the variants in the nineteenth century: the synthetic future, haver + infinitive, the present and ir + infinitive. In that century, the synthetic future lost two of its favoured contexts, contingent events and affirmative utterances, to the present variant and ir + infinitive, respectively. That century witnessed the emergence of an adverbial specification pattern in Brazilian Portuguese that has also been observed in French.
The last analyses are related to the use of the future variants in the twentieth century. The results for the written data reveal that (i) haver + infinitive moved away from the future sector; (ii) the synthetic future declined; and (iii) the use of ir + infinitive highly increased. In the spoken data, only contingency and adverbial specification retained the present variant in the language. Ir + infinitive has almost completed its process of grammaticalization.
This research reveals that the future variants have been in variation for centuries in Portuguese, and have been involved in a complex process of incursion and withdrawal from the future context, which ultimately changed the representation of future temporal reference in contemporary Brazilian Portuguese. The variationist methodology makes it possible to ascertain that the difference in frequency of variant usage in the different centuries is correlated to their displacement of or expansion into specific linguistic contexts.
5
Stone, Peter Gregory. "Teaching the past, with special reference to prehistory, in English primary education." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315001.
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Weinberg, Yoav. "Community-university partnership : past and present experiences with reference to the Israeli context." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33266.
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Community-university projects have been a common practice in most western countries since the 1960s. However, such projects are very rare in Israel. This thesis explores the possible methods by which architecture and urban planning schools and low-income communities can cooperate and examines the ways these methods can be implemented in Israel.<br>The research investigates several community-university projects practiced in North America between the 1960s and 1990s. A set of interviews conducted with directors of schools of architecture and urban planning as well as with different actors in community-based organizations in Israel enlarges, hopefully, the understanding of the eventual possibility for such projects to exist in Israel.<br>This research reveals that although involvement of Israeli architecture and urban planning students in community issues has been so far rather limited, there are both demand and will among schools of architecture and community-based organizations to cooperate in the future. In conclusions, basic guidelines for a community-university project are given, tailor made for the Israeli context.
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Valdivia, y. Alvarado Paula J. (Paula Jenny) 1976. "Investigation of the remolding step in reference free part encapsulation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91326.
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Lawrence, Helen Rachel. "Aspects of English : an examination of aspect within past temporal reference in northern British English." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341495.
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Merriman, N. J. "The role of the past in contemporary Britain, with special reference to archaeology and museums." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234954.
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The thesis explores ways in which public presentations of history and archaeology might be enjoyed by a wider audience than they are at present. Particular emphasis is placed on understanding cultural barriers that deter certain groups who are otherwise interested in the past. In order to do this it is necessary to understand the role of the past and of institutions such as museums in contemporary culture. A survey representative of all adults shows that, rather than being a commodity as some claim, the past is used in many different ways as a discourse about the present. In addition, claims that presentations of the past act as agents of the dominant ideology are unfounded because 'the dominated' tend not to go to them. As they have not been socialized into the 'code' of museum-visiting, they find the museum's image intimidating and exclude themselves. Archaeology itself suffers from an outdated and unclear image. Archaeological societies, like museums, are participated in predominantly by the better-educated and the affluent. Fieldwork is carried out by a wider range of people, but is perceived by the public to be in the same category as treasure-hunting. This is partly due to archaeology's image, and partly to the exclusion of amateurs from excavations. A study is then made of ways in which people who tend not to go to museums or participate in archaeology do gain their sense of the past, in order to discover ways in which these deterrents might be removed. It is found that most past-related activities are done by active heritage visitors. Those who tend not to participate in them gain their sense of the past in less tangible ways, through memories, family history and attachment to place. In conclusion, two different ways of experiencing the past are isolated, personal, and non-personal or 'heritage'. Participation in the latter is dominated by the better-educated and the affluent, who adopt it as part of a cultured lifestyle appropriate to their social position. Museum-visiting and membership of archaeological societies is emblematic of affiliation to this group. It will therefore not be possible for museums or societies to attract a totally representative audience. Museums are relatively 'open' institutions, however, so it will be possible to widen participation even further, and ways of achieving this are suggested.
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Guevara, Ceani 1977. "Development of the process parameter map for reference free part encapsulation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/88884.
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Tagliamonte, Sali Anna. "A matter of time: Past temporal reference verbal structures in Samana English and the Ex-Slave Recordings." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7725.
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This dissertation is based on two corpora of Black English. The first, the Samana English Corpus is a series of recorded conversations with very elderly residents of the Samana peninsula in the Dominican Republic. They are the descendants of American Ex-Slaves who immigrated there just after emancipation. The second, the Ex-Slave Recordings are interviews with American Ex-Slaves conducted in the 1930's. These corpora represent two, of the very rare, oral data bases which can tell us what Black English was like at an earlier point in time. The focus of our investigation was the past temporal reference system. Here, variable marking patterns among tense/aspect morphemes suggest that there are underlying differences between white and black varieties of English. We considered every verbal structure used to mark past time. This encompasses a wide range of different morphological types--base forms, e.g. I walk, suffixal inflections, e.g. I walked, suppletive forms, e.g. I went, pre-verbal items such as auxiliaries, e.g. I used to walk, as well as auxiliary/inflection combinations, e.g. I have walked/I have gone/I was walking. Many of these are used interchangeably, possibly as alternative semantic categories. Each of these forms was examined quantitatively with respect to many contextual features and from all areas of the grammar--phonology, syntax, semantics and discourse. Our results suggest some general patterns to temporal structure and organization. For example, we found that the existence of a preceding verbal mark was significant to all the variables we examined. An overt mark or no mark at all, led to more of the same. Such a counter-functional effect, although unattested in any English variety, is distinctly unlike a Creole system where overt marking is said to lead to unmarked forms. We concluded that there is very little evidence that the variable past temporal reference verbal structures in Samana English or the Ex-Slave Recordings can be attributed to Creole-like temporal organization. To the question of whether they represent English processes--there is little evidence that they do not. It remains to be seen, however, whether these results will be confirmed or contrasted in other Creole and/or English varieties (either Black or white). (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Hutchinson, Robert A. "Mosquito borne diseases in England : past, present and future risks, with special reference to malaria in the Kent Marshes." Thesis, Durham University, 2004. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3067/.
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Malaria was once common in the marshes of southern England. In this study I investigated why a disease called benign tertian malaria became known as the killer of the marshes and looked at the present and future threat from malaria returning to these marshes. The main focus of research was carried out on the Isle of Sheppey, one of the last places in England to experience an epidemic of malaria. An historical analysis of malaria was carried out by analysing births and deaths using Parish and Hospital records. Here I make the case that the deaths associated with malaria were more likely to be caused by diarrhoeal diseases and acute respiratory infections. The present risk of malaria was assessed using several methods. Field surveys showed that populations of An. atroparvus on Sheppey were small and severely limited by the few over-wintering sites and the filamentous surface algae needed for the aquatic stages to develop. Local residents found mosquitoes a major nuisance during the summer months, but few of these were likely to be malaria vectors. Overall the risk of local malaria transmission is extremely low and far below that needed to maintain the disease. Searches of 52 aircraft arriving at Gatwick Airport from Africa revealed no malaria vectors suggesting that the risk of importing exotic mosquitoes by aircraft is remote. Finally, 1 developed a simple surveillance system that could be used for assessing the threat of future vector borne diseases, using West Nile virus as a model. Routine sampling with Mosquito Magnet traps, a carbon-dioxide baited trap, was extremely efficient at collecting large numbers of potential disease vectors and could be used as a tool for risk assessment programmes. These studies indicate that malaria is extremely unlikely to ever return to the United Kingdom.
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Cilliers, Andre. "Leisurenet : a strategic analysis with reference to corporate governance as part of company strategy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52917.
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Mini-study project (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The rise of the health and fitness club, Health and Racquet Club, in the late eighties
was spectacular and it came as no surprise that the company was listed on the
Johannesburg Stock Exchange in 1994. The two founder members, Peter Gardener
and Robert Mitchell listed a company within a short period of time and were not
afraid to change their strategy and expand their operations into other sectors of the
leisure industry in 1995. In the late nineties, after restructuring the subsidiaries of the
group, management started to look at foreign markets for expansion of the core
business, namely the Health and Racquet Clubs. The group's foreign expansion
accumulated a vast amount of debt on its balance sheet and in retrospect was seen
as one of the main reasons for its collapse. The company was placed under
liquidation in the end of the 2000 financial year.
This study will evaluate the different strategies management followed, and will
identify some key strategic mistakes that was made and that led to the downfall of a
seemingly financially strong organization that offered above average returns to it's
stakeholders. It also aims to show that a business strategy has to rely on strong
corporate governance and that the last say always lies with the stakeholders within
that company.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die gesondheids- en fiksheidsklub, die Health and Racquet Club, het in die laat
tagtigerjare ongelooflike opgang gemaak, wat uiteindelik gelei het tot notering op die
Johannesburgse Effektebeurs in 1994. Die twee stigterslede, Peter Gardener en
Robert Mitchell, het die maatskappy binne 'n kort tyd genoteer, en het nie gehuiwer
om hulle strategie te verander en in 1995 hulle bedrywighede uit te brei na ander
sektore in die ontspanningsindustrie nie. In die laat negentigerjare, nadat die filiale
van die groep geherstruktureer is, het die bestuur oorsese markte begin ondersoek
met die oog op uitbreiding van die kernbesigheid, naamlik die Health and Racquet
Clubs. Die groep se uitbreidingsaksie het groot skuld tot gevolg gehad - een van die
hoofredes vir die ineenstorting. Die maatskappy is aan die einde van die 2000
finansiële jaar gelikwideer.
Hierdie studie evalueer die verskillende strategieë wat die bestuur gevolg het, en
identifiseer die belangrikste strategiese foute wat gemaak is en wat gelei het tot die
ineenstorting van 'n maatskappy wat oënskynlik finansieel sterk was en bogemiddelde
opbrengste aan die aandeelhouers besorg het. Die studie poog ook om
aan te toon dat 'n besigheidstrategie gebaseer moet wees op stewige korporatiewe
beheer en dat die laaste sê altyd by die aandeelhouers van die maatskappy lê.
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Roberts, Geoffrey Charles. "Soviet foreign policy 1933-1941, with special reference to the pact with Nazi Germany." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364789.
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Kong, Woo-seok. "The biogeographic divisions of Korea and their past and present environments, with special reference to Arctic-Alpine and Alpine floras." Thesis, University of Hull, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294090.
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Bowness, Sophie. "The presence of the past : art in France in the 1930s, with special reference to Le Corbusier, Leger and Braque." Thesis, Courtauld Institute of Art (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321639.
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James, Fiona. "An exploration of grounded theory with reference to self and identity of part-time, mature learners in higher education." Thesis, University of Hull, 2013. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:7163.
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This study explores ‘Constructivist’ Grounded Theory, a methodology advanced by Charmaz (2006) to serve as a redevelopment of Glaser and Strauss’ original version. The study’s focus is a group of mature learners on a part-time Higher Education programme in relation to ‘self’ and ‘identity’. Data from thirteen in-depth interviews are analysed, enabling the construction of a data-driven ‘Grounded Theorisation’. Commensurate with the methodology, no extant theoretical framework is applied to this analysis. The findings from the ‘Grounded Theorisation’ were that while participants encounter varying tensions relating to the accomplishment of their own particular goals, a unifying principle is ‘operating within constraints’. Expressions of how they manage the difficulties presented in these constraining circumstances are interlaced with particular ‘selves’. On an individual level, participants confront the various pressures they experience with ‘selves’ that coincide with their coping strategies. A self that resists a sense of being ‘channelled’ by the demands of the course may take precedence. Other presentations of self include one resigned to taking a patient stance as an explorer in an undulating journey. A further analytic concept developed concerns ‘containing’. This may involve monitoring the impact of studying upon one’s life; alternatively, ‘containing’ may pertain to a personal resolve to block out external impediments and remain on track. When the literature was consulted, the Grounded Theorisation resonated with the extant concepts: ‘identity work’ and ‘framing’ of self. ‘Identity work’ entails thinking of self as resistant, submitting only reluctantly. Further, to be ‘bloody minded’ and resist, rather than circumvent obstacles, might represent a student’s sense-making and their efforts to maintain a feeling of integrity amidst turbulence. Finally, participants’ collective commitment to clearing hurdles is glimpsed via particular constructs and shared phrases: participants ‘frame’, or ‘make sense of’ themselves and their actions with respect to navigating obstacles presented by the course.
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Olivier, Agnès. "Le conditionnel en français et ses équivalents en allemand : le concept de référentiel temporel et l’analyse aspecto-temporelle et énonciative." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040059/document.
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Cette thèse propose une analyse du conditionnel en français basée sur des concepts énonciatifs et aspecto-temporels, dont le plus important pour ce temps grammatical se révèle être celui de « référentiel temporel ». Après avoir exposé le cadre théorique de J.-P. Desclés et Z. Guentchéva utilisé pour ce travail, nous présentons tout d’abord une application de ce modèle à des temps verbaux de l’indicatif (présent, imparfait et futur), puis nous abordons les problématiques du discours rapporté et des énoncés en si, que concernent à la fois les temps de l’indicatif mentionnés et le conditionnel. Nous passons ensuite à l’analyse du conditionnel lui-même, qui est sous-tendu par un invariant sémantique : ce temps grammatical pose la relation prédicative aspectualisée (le procès) dans un référentiel autre que le Référentiel Énonciatif, l’actualisation de ce procès vers le Référentiel Énonciatif se faisant alors de différentes manières selon les trois classes d’emplois du conditionnel que nous avons dégagées (« futur dans le passé », hypothèse, et désengagement). Chaque classe est étudiée en détail et divisée en sous-classes. Nous proposons dans une troisième partie une étude des équivalents en allemand du conditionnel. Cette langue utilise diverses formes verbales, relevant des modes Indikativ, Konjunktiv I et II, ainsi que de la forme en würde + infinitif, pour exprimer les valeurs du conditionnel. Pour finir, une comparaison entre cette dernière forme et le conditionnel met en évidence la pertinence du concept de référentiel temporel puisqu’il permet d’expliciter le rapprochement sémantique entre deux formes verbales morphologiquement différentes<br>This thesis proposes an analysis of the French conditional based on enunciative and aspecto-temporal concepts, where the most important concept for this grammatical tense is shown to be that of “temporal reference framework”. Having expounded the theoretical framework of J.-P. Desclés and Z. Guentchéva, we will first present an application of this model to verb tenses in the indicative (present, imperfect and future), after which we will take up the problematics of reported speech and si utterances which both the indicative tenses mentioned and the conditional are concerned with. We will then move on to the analysis of the conditional itself which is underlain by a semantic invariant: this grammatical tense places the aspectualized predicative relation (the process) in a reference framework other than the Enunciative Reference Framework. The actualization of this process in another reference framework different from the Enunciative Reference Framework is realized in different ways according to the three classes of usage of the conditional which we have singled out (“future in the past”, hypothetical value, disengagement). Each class is studied in detail and divided into sub-classes. In a third part we study the equivalents of the conditional in German. This language makes use of some verb forms of Indikativ and Konjunktiv I and II moods as well as the form würde + infinitive, to express the values of the conditional. Finally, a comparison of this last form with the conditional will reveal the pertinence of the concept of temporal reference framework since it explains the semantic connection between two morphologically different verb forms
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Gregory, Abigail. "A Franco-British comparison of patterns of working hours in large-scale grocery retailing, with specific reference to part-time work." Thesis, Aston University, 1989. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/10278/.
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In this thesis patterns of working hours in large-scale grocery retailing in Britain and France are compared. The research is carried out using cross-national comparative methodology, and the analysis is based on information derived from secondary sources and empirical research in large-scale grocery retailing involving employers and trade unions at industry level and case studies at outlet level. The thesis begins by comparing national patterns of working hours in Britain and France over the post-war period. Subsequently, a detailed comparison of working hours in large-scale grocery retailing in Britain and France is carried out through the analysis of secondary sources and empirical data. Emphasis is placed on analyzing part-time working hours. They are contrasted and compared at national level and explained in terms of supply and demand factors. The relationships between the structuring of, and satisfaction with, working hours and factors determining women's integration in the workforce in Britain and France are investigated. Part-time hours are then compared and contrasted in large-scale grocery retailing in the context of the analysis of working hours. The relationship between the structuring of working hours and satisfaction with them is examined in both countries through research with women part-timers in case study outlets. The cross-national comparative methodology is used to examine whether dissimilar national contexts in Britain and France have led to different patterns of working hours in large-scale grocery retailing. The principal conclusion is that significant differences are found in the length, organization and flexibility of working hours and that these differences can be attributed to dissimilar socio-economic, political, and cultural contexts in the two countries.
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Kenefick, William. "The impact of the past upon the present : the experience of the Clydeside Dock labour force c.1850 to 1914 with particular reference to the port of Glasgow." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308671.
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Le, Roux Janell. "A cut and paste identity : an investigation of reality TV's role in postmodern identity construction with special reference to ordinary people as celebrities." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1462.
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This study aimed to examine the construction of the identity of the participants within the reality TV programmes (Style Her Famous, My Celebrity Home and How Do I Look) as well as examined the representation of that identity as reflected in the change in participants from the beginning to the end of the program. Drawing on literature from fields such as postmodernism and its influence on culture, identity constructions and ordinary people as celebrities, an analysis of the three American reality TV shows Style Her Famous, My Celebrity Home and How Do I Look was conducted. An indepth content analysis with specific reference to comparative analysis further aided this study. A total of 18 episodes (six episodes for each programme) were collected and thoroughly analyzed where the ‘cut and paste identity’ of ordinary people as ‘celebrities’ constituted the hermeneutical key of the study. The episodes and programs have been scrutinized and have been systematically classified to enable an analysis of the observations. This study attempted to not only describe, but also to foster change in the representation of the identity of the participants of the above mentioned reality TV programmes. The study found that reality television plays a role in shaping the postmodern identity of ordinary people as celebrities. The study also found that the participants involved in the above mentioned programmes found it easy to make someone else’s identity their own. It appeared that the postmodern mind is easily influenced and willing to adopt an identity especially that of a celebrity. The participants involved in these programs claimed this identity as their own and then believed that the new identity was in fact who they ‘really are’ but in actual fact it is a beginning of a new sameness with somebody else. Hence the participants possessed a ‘cut and paste identity.’
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Hållmarker, Ola, and Martin Linderoth. "Fast Mode Selection Algoritm for H.264 Video Coding." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-3788.
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<p>ITU - T and the Moving Picture Expert Group (MPEG) have jointly, under the name of Joint Video Team (JVT), developed a new video coding standard. The standard is called H.264 and is also known as Advanced Video Coding (AVC) or MPEG-4 part 10. Comparisons shows that H.264 greatly outperforms MPEG-2, currently used in DVD and digital TV. H.264 halves the bit rate with equal image quality. The great rate - distortion performance means nevertheless a high computational complexity. Especially on the encoder side.</p><p>Handling of audio and video, e.g. compressing and filtering, is quite complex and requires high performance hardware and software. A video encoder consists of a number of modules that find the best coding parameters. For each macroblock several $modes$ are evaluated in order to achieve optimal coding. The reference implementation of H.264 uses a brute force search for this mode selection which is extremely computational constraining. In order to perform video encoding with satisfactory speed there is an obvious need for reducing the amount of modes that are evaluated.</p><p>This thesis proposes an algorithm which reduces the number of modes and reference frames that are evaluated. The algorithm can be regulated in order to fulfill the demand on quality versus speed. Six times faster encoding can be obtained without loosing perceptual image quality. By allowing some quality degradation the encoding becomes up to 20 times faster.</p>
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Saradjian, Anahid. "Mise en évidence d'une facilitation proprioceptive corticale pendant la planificationd'un pas exécuté ou imaginé. : Etude en microgravité et normogravité." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4061.
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Les informations sensorielles peuvent être atténuées de la périphérie jusqu'au cortex durant le mouvement. Notre hypothèse est que l'information somatosensorielle serait facilitée durant la planification du pas où il serait inopportun de supprimer ces informations cruciales. Nous avons enregistré les potentiels somatosensoriels (SEPs) évoqués par vibration bilatérale des muscles des chevilles afin de stimuler la proprioception.Les résultats montrent que la composante évoquée corticale précoce restait inchangée mais une composante tardive négative était significativement augmentée durant la planification du pas.Pour tester si cette facilitation proprioceptive était due aux contraintes d'équilibre, la même expérience fut effectuée en microgravité où cette facilitation disparut, malgré la restauration d'un cadre de référence spatial.Cette facilitation tardive survint pendant l'imagerie motrice kinesthésique d'un pas planifié, démontrant que l'imagerie mentale intègrerait les contraintes d'équilibre et posturales requises pour la tâche, ceci étant confirmé par la disparition de cette facilitation lors de la planification du pas imaginé en microgravité.Ceci démontre au niveau neurophysiologique, une modulation de la transmission des afférences sensorielles selon leur pertinence pour planifier un mouvement. Cette facilitation résulterait de mécanismes prédictifs reliés à l'importance de contrôler l'équilibre du corps avant l'initiation du pas, car ce processus survint durant la planification d'un pas exécuté ou imaginé. Il serait basé sur un modèle interne de l'action impliquant des lois physiques du mouvement (1-g modèle) car cette facilitation fut supprimée en microgravité<br>Sensory inputs can be attenuated from the periphery to the cortex during voluntary movements. Our hypothesis is that the somatosensory information could be facilitated during the planning of a step. It would appear dysfunctional to suppress somatosensory information, which is considered to be of the utmost importance for gait planning. We recorded somatosensory potentials (SEPs) evoked by bilateral ankle vibration to stimulate proprioception. Results showed that cortical early evoked component remained unchanged but a negative late component was significantly increased during step planning. To determine whether this facilitation of proprioceptive inputs was related to gravitational equilibrium constraints, we performed the same experiment in microgravity. In the absence of equilibrium constraints, both components did not significantly differ between the static and stepping conditions, despite the restoration of a body in space reference frame.This late facilitation occurred during kinesthetic motor imagery of a planned step, suggesting that mental imagery would integrate postura and balance constraints required for the task, as it was confirmed byt the lack of this facilitation during the planning of an imagined step in microgravity.These observations provide neurophysiological evidence that the brain exerts a dynamic control over the transmission of the afferent signal according to their current relevance during movement preparation.These processes should be based on internal model of action involving the physical laws of motion (1g-model) as this sensory facilitation was suppressed in microgravity when planning motor imagery
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Araujo, Andréia Silva. ""Você me faria um favor?" o futuro do pretérito e a expressão de polidez." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5781.
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Politeness is a linguistic strategy used in order to avoid conflicts in verbal interaction. Politeness is an influential variable in sociolinguistic (cf. MEYERHOFF, 2006) to be related to language use: the pragmatic point of view, the social distance, power relations and the cost of enforcing variables are strongly involved in evaluation of linguistic strategies which are polished or not (BROWN; LEVINSON, 2011 [1987]); and sociolinguistic point of view, the sex/gender proves to be significant. Among the linguistic strategies used to express this value, we are interested in the verbal form of the future tense (FP). The use of this verb form may vary according to the value of temporal reference: past, present, future. A ware of this possibility of variation of the FP and considering that politeness can be seen on a continuum (the less polished the more polished), this research aimed to investigate the effects of pragmatic and sociolinguistic aspects of the uses FP as a function of time reference in the speech data of informants Itabaiana/SE. The general hypothesis guiding our research is that the FP alone does not encode politeness, but a set of contextual features in specific timeframes. To develop research in this perspective, we used as the sample speech corpus social network of university informants Itabaiana/SE. This sample consists of interactions conducted - the informants themselves lead to interaction - collected from a methodological model developed in our study specifically to capture the nuances of politeness, both in its pragmatic aspects as sociolinguistic. The collected data were categorized and analyzed statistically. The results were generated from three rounds statistics, with the variable rule the temporal reference of the form of FP (past, present, future) and the expression of politeness: past x present x future, past x no past, present x future. The results obtained in the first round showed that none of the controlled variables was significant in the expression of the phenomenon under study. In the second round, the program selected only two variables as significant: the verb form and the kind of discursive sequence. The results showed that the use of FP with past temporal reference is favored when the verb occurs with the assist going and the type of sequence is narrative. In the third round statistics, present x future, five variables were selected as significant: control of the interaction terms of sex/gender, verbal, linguistic parallelism, cost of enforcing and question-answer pair and comment. Among these, we highlight the results obtained with the control of the interaction terms of sex/gender which showed that men when they are in the field of the topic tend to use more verbal form of FP with present time reference. Regarding the variable cost of the levy, the results showed that the less imposing was the most recurring topic was the use of the FP with this timeframe. As for the question-answer pair variable and review, the results showed that the use of FP with present time reference was conditioned in contexts that were characterized as comment/contextualization the topic. In general, the use of theoretical and methodological collection procedures focusing on the pragmatic and sociolinguistic effects to capture the effects of politeness allowed us to demonstrate that there are significant differences regarding the use of the FP, especially regarding social distance and sex/gender.<br>A polidez é uma estratégia linguística utilizada com o objetivo de evitar conflitos na interação verbal. Trata-se de uma variável influente na sociolinguística (cf. MEYERHOFF, 2006) por estar relacionada à língua em uso: do ponto de vista pragmático, a distância social, as relações de poder e o custo da imposição são variáveis fortemente envolvidas na avaliação de quais estratégias linguísticas são polidas ou não (BROWN; LEVINSON, 2011 [1987]); e do ponto de vista sociolinguístico, o sexo/gênero mostra-se significativo. Dentre as estratégias linguísticas utilizadas para expressar esse valor, interessa-nos a forma verbal de futuro do pretérito (FP). O uso dessa forma verbal pode variar conforme o valor da referência temporal: passado, presente, futuro. A par dessa possibilidade de variação do FP e considerando que a polidez pode ser analisada em um continuum (do menos polido ao mais polido), objetivamos nesta pesquisa verificar os efeitos dos aspectos pragmáticos e sociolinguísticos nos usos do FP em função da referência temporal em dados de fala de informantes de Itabaiana/SE. A hipótese geral que norteia a nossa investigação é a de que o FP por si só não codifica polidez, mas sim um conjunto de traços contextuais em referências temporais específicas. Para desenvolvermos a pesquisa nessa perspectiva, utilizamos como corpus a amostra de fala Rede Social de Informantes Universitários de Itabaiana/SE. Esta amostra é composta por interações conduzidas - os próprios informantes conduzem a interação - coletada a partir de um modelo metodológico elaborado em nosso estudo especificamente para captar as nuanças de polidez, tanto em seus aspectos pragmáticos quanto sociolinguísticos. Os dados coletados foram categorizados e submetidos à análise estatística. Os resultados foram gerados a partir de três rodadas estatísticas, tendo como regra variável a referência temporal da forma de FP (passado, presente, futuro) e a expressão de polidez: passado x presente x futuro, passado x não passado, presente x futuro. Os resultados obtidos na primeira rodada evidenciaram que nenhuma das variáveis controladas foi significativa na expressão do fenômeno em estudo. Já na segunda rodada, o programa selecionou apenas duas variáveis como significativas: a forma verbal e o tipo de sequência discursiva. Os resultados evidenciaram que o uso do FP com referência temporal passada é favorecido quando a forma verbal ocorre com o auxiliar ir e o tipo de sequência é narrativo. Na terceira rodada estatística, presente x futuro, cinco variáveis foram selecionadas como significativas: o controle da interação quanto ao sexo/gênero, forma verbal, paralelismo linguístico, custo da imposição e par pergunta-resposta e comentário. Dentre estas, ressaltamos os resultados obtidos com o controle da interação quanto ao sexo/gênero, os quais demonstraram que os homens quando estão com domínio do tópico tendem a utilizar mais a forma verbal de FP com referência temporal presente. No que concerne a variável custo da imposição, os resultados evidenciaram que quanto menos impositivo era o tópico, mais recorrente foi o uso do FP com referência temporal presente. Quanto a variável par pergunta-resposta e comentário, os resultados mostraram que o uso do FP com referência temporal presente foi condicionado em contextos que se caracterizavam como comentário/contextualização do tópico. Em termos gerais, o uso de procedimentos teórico-metodológicos de coleta focalizando os efeitos pragmáticos e sociolinguísticos para captar os efeitos de polidez permitiu-nos comprovar que há diferenças significativas em relação ao uso do FP, principalmente, quanto à distância social e ao sexo/gênero.
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Hasumi, Jiro. "A critical examination of the aims of political education as a constituent part of citizenship education : with particular reference to the contemporary policies of England and Japan." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611865.
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Martens, Peter. "Inspired by the past : a practical guide for cellist and other string players to the execution of Baroque music on modern instruments with special reference to the Six Suites for Solo Cello by J. S. Bach." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8144.
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Includes abstract.<br>Includes bibliographical reference (leaves 84-86).<br>This dissertation will explore cello technique through the ages with a view to providing a performer with a meaningful and accurate guide to the various techniques necessary to give stylistic and historically honest performances of Baroque music on a modem instrument.
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Mzokwana, Nomnikelo Nondwe. "An investigation into the factors affecting the pass rate of Grade Twelve learners with specific reference to the English subject : a case study of selected schools in Libode district." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1022.
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Libode district is a rural district within the Eastern Cape Province. It has forty-two senior secondary schools. All schools in Libode district offer the English subject as the first additional language (second language). Schools in Libode district use English as the medium of instruction. English as the medium of instruction was seen by the National Department of Education as an important aspect of teaching and learning and as an effective tool through which teachers and learners can express their knowledge. The pass rate of grade twelve learners had declined from 2004 showing very low success rates. The quality of grade twelve results in English had deprived learners of their future career prospects. This treatise investigated the factors that might have affected the pass rate of grade twelve learners with specific reference to the English subject: a case study of selected schools in Libode district. A sample of 165 grade 12 learners and six English teachers from randomly selected senior secondary schools participated in the study. The study used both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Some factors affecting the pass rate of grade twelve learners with specific reference to the English subject were identified which included the non-implementation of English as medium of instruction, the non-availability of teaching facilities, and the influence of the mother tongue on the English subject. The treatise offers some recommendations such as improved in-service training on language teaching, assessment techniques and learner-centredness, involvement of all education stakeholders in the implementation of English as a language of teaching and learning, and the provision of teaching facilities in schools.
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Brown, Clare R. "To faithfully do our part : the contribution of Joseph Sturge to the anti-slavery movement in Britain and America with special reference to the principles which motivated his work." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.682691.
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Joseph Sturge was an Evangelical, a committed Quaker, a successful businessman and a tireless campaigner for social reform. As secretary and leading light of the Birmingham Anti-Slavery Society he played a key role in influencing and invigorating the anti-slavery movement in the early nineteenth century, in both Great Britain and the United States. This thesis examines his role and approach in that campaign and looks closely at his purpose and motivation. Sturge's involvement with the Birmingham Anti-Slavery Society is the starting point for this thesis. Sturge and his collegues sought to arouse popular sentiment in order to further the anti-slavery cause. The Society's committee organized public anti-slavery meetings, circulated anti-slavery journals, and used church networks to promote its objectives. It also engaged in electoral pressure, and attempted to persuade local candidates to pledge their support for slave emancipation in return for votes. Further evidence of the Society's growing militancy, was the committee's insistence that the slave system should be abolished immediately, without regard to consequence, because it was sinful. This initiative lifted the campaign out of the realm of ordinary politics, giving it the zest of a religious crusade. Gradually, the Birmingham abolitionists stopped deferring to the Metropolitan committee of the national Anti-Slavery Society on matters of policy and method. This thesis also considers Sturge's tour of the United States, analyzing his interaction with both radical and moderate American abolitionists. Some of the most controversial theological debates of the era intensified the divisions in the American anti-slavery movement, and this study will explain Sturge's approach to the bitter disputes that characterized the American movement at this time. Yet primarily, this thesis will consider how Sturge's Christian principles informed his anti-slavery work. A deep awareness of his personal Christian responsibility appeared to imbue Sturge with a sense of urgency about 'God's directive' to help the less fortunate. Recent scholarship has emphasized the need for understanding Victorian reformers within the context of their own values. This study aims, therefore, to evaluate what it meant for Joseph Sturge to be engaged in God's work. He believed he should faithfully do his part: but ultimately he trusted all his reform endeavours to God's overruling Providence.
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di, Gregorio Silvana. "Growing old in twentieth century Leeds : an exploratory study based on the life histories of people now aged 75 years and over, with specific reference to their past and present management of everyday living - at home and at work." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1986. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296660.
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Bartlett, Gabriel. "Nietzsche's attempt to tempt nature, the will to power and the eternal return of the same : a general interpretation of Nietzsche's doctrine, with special reference to chapter 2 of part III of Thus spoke Zarathustra." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63189.pdf.
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Van, Aardt Peet Petrus. "Resources as part of the narrative in biography. A study of the extent to which letters contribute to the narrative in biography, with reference to JC Kannemeyer’s biography Leroux : ’n Lewe and Charles Bukowski by Barry Miles." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60428.
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The primary research question in my study is "[t]o what extent resources such as letters contribute to the narrative in biography?. With reference to JC Kannemeyer's biography Leroux: 'n Lewe and Charles Bukowski by Barry Miles.
The secondary research questions are:
? What roles do fact and fiction play in the construction of a biography?
? When can letters be trusted as the truth. Amd therefore as a 'vehicle', so to speak, to convey an accurate account?
? To what extent does an author have the right to manipulate or use official / authentic documents such as letters to complement his / her work of fiction?
? Seeing as the biographer makes a selection of letters he / she uses in the telling of the life story, does this not mean that the biographer inadvertently becomes a creator of a specific storyline?
My research is comprised of three elements: an unpublished manuscript of a novel under the working title Vier en veertig, agtien, an edited collection of letters by Etienne Leroux written to famous writers and artists, and lastly a thesis written in English on the extent to which letters play a role in establishing a narrative in biography writing.<br>Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2016.<br>Unit for Creative Writing<br>PhD<br>Unrestricted
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Pecot, Fabien. "Consumers’ responses to brand heritage : cognitive and affective paths." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1083.
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Cette thèse étudie les représentations du passé par les marques et leur effet sur les consommateurs dans le cadre théorique de la distance temporelle. Que se passe-t-il lorsqu’une marque indique sa date de fondation sur un packaging, présente son histoire en page d’accueil du site internet ou fait de son fondateur le personnage central de ses créations publicitaires ? L’objectif de cette thèse est de qualifier ce phénomène, de mieux le comprendre et d’en mesurer les effets cognitifs et affectifs sur les consommateurs. La première partie de la thèse situe ce phénomène par rapport aux recherches sur le rôle du temps en marketing, et plus particulièrement à celles liées au passé comme le marketing rétrospectif, la nostalgie, l’authenticité et la consommation du passé. La seconde partie présente deux études qualitatives et cinq études quantitatives (chapitres 4 à 6) dont les résultats permettent de 1) proposer une nouvelle échelle pour mesurer la perception du patrimoine de marque, 2) démontrer que la mobilisation du patrimoine de marque augmente la distance temporelle entre le consommateur et la marque, 3) montrer que le patrimoine de marque est associé à des bénéfices cognitifs même si la causalité n’est pas vérifiée, et 4) prouver que le patrimoine de marque a un effet sur l’attachement à la marque, uniquement si les consommateurs en sont familiers. Ces résultats contribuent à la recherche sur la gestion de la temporalité de la marque, aux travaux sur le concept de patrimoine de marque, sur les effets cognitifs et affectifs des représentations du passé par les marques, et sur les effets de la distance temporelle dans le passé<br>This doctoral thesis explores brands’ representations of the past and their effect on consumers in the theoretical framework of temporal distance. What happens when a brand indicates its founding date on a packaging ? Or puts forward its history on its website ? Or uses its founder as the central character in an advertising campaign ? This thesis aims to qualify this phenomenon, to better understand it, and to measure its cognitive and affective effects on consumers. The first part of the dissertation situates this phenomenon with regards to existing research on the role of time in marketing, and most particularly, to the research relating to the past such as retrospective branding, nostalgia, authenticity and the commodification of the past. The second part details two qualitative and five quantitative empirical studies whose results : 1) suggested a new scale to measure the perception of brand heritage, 2) demonstrated that brand heritage increases temporal distance between the brand and its consumers, 3) showed that brand heritage is associated with cognitive benefits although causality is not assessed, and 4) proved the effect of brand heritage on brand attachment for familiar brands. Those results contribute to the research on temporality in brand management, on the concept of brand heritage and its measurement, on the cognitive and affective consequences of brands’ representations of the past, and on the temporal distance on the past
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Rebimbas, Rafael Marques. "REssignificar o lugar Projeto de reabilitação e valorização do mosteiro de Santa Cruz de Coimbra e área urbana envolvente." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/99384.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia<br>This document proposes the dignification of Coimbra’s Santa Cruz Monastery, through its rehabilitation as a museum space. National Monument since 1907, and reaching the category of National Pantheon in 2003, as the two first kings of Portugal are buried there, the Santa Cruz Monastery is currently one of the most important heritage spaces in Coimbra. After its foundation, in 1131, the Romanesque structure would be subjected to Manueline and, later, Johannine interventions. Despite its historical importance, the extinction of the religious orders in 1834, plunged the monastery into an immense loss of character with the extinction of several spaces, as well as part of its collection which, given the vicissitudes of time, was diverted to other institutions.Our proposal goes through the contemporary reinterpretation of some of those spaces as they were in 1834. The starting point will be an historical approach to the monastery and its surroundings, later used as the main reference and justification for the proposed intervention. This one intends to give a new dynamic to the D. Pedro V Market through its replacement, and the subsequent transformation of the exterior space that surrounds the monastery. The proposal also intends to return the missing bell tower to the city, as well as the original scale and geometry to the Manga cloister, through a building that once again inserts the fountain into the original enclosure. This building will be the main focus of this work, translating into an expansion of the current museum space of the monastery, allowing not only the increase of the exhibition area, but also the introduction of essential functions that are currently missing. The connection between the two spaces also allows the creation of a logical visit route, making it possible to return and organize the entire collection of works.<br>Este documento propõe uma dignificação do Mosteiro de Santa Cruz de Coimbra, através da sua reabilitação enquanto espaço museológico. Monumento Nacional desde 1907, alcançando também a categoria de Panteão Nacional em 2003, por nele estarem enterrados os dois primeiros reis de Portugal, não surpreende que seja um dos espaços patrimoniais mais relevantes de Coimbra. Após a fundação, em 1131, o conjunto românico viria a ser submetido a intervenções manuelinas e, mais tarde, joaninas. Não obstante da sua importância histórica, com a extinção das ordens religiosas em 1834, acaba por mergulhar numa imensa descaracterização com a perda de alguns espaços, assim como parte do espólio que, com as vicissitudes do tempo, foi desviado para outras instituições.A nossa proposta passa exatamente pela reinterpretação contemporânea de alguns desses espaços à data de 1834. O ponto de partida será, por isso, uma abordagem histórica ao mosteiro e espaço envolvente, usada posteriormente como principal referência e justificação da intervenção. Esta, pretende dar uma nova dinâmica ao Mercado D. Pedro V através da sua substituição, e subsequente transformação do espaço exterior que envolve o mosteiro. Pretende ainda devolver à cidade a desaparecida torre sineira, assim como ao claustro da Manga a sua escala e geometria original, através de um edifício que insere novamente a fonte na clausura primitiva. Este edifício será o principal objeto de trabalho, constituindo-se como uma ampliação do espaço museológico atual do mosteiro, permitindo não só o aumento da área expositiva, como a introdução de funções essenciais que lhe faltam atualmente. A ligação entre os dois espaços facilita também a criação de um percurso lógico de visita, tornando ainda possível o retorno e organização de todo o espólio de obras.
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Chiu, Ching-Hsuan, and 邱靖軒. "Children's understanding of emotion in reference to other’s desire and past experience." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5utv95.
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碩士<br>臺北市立大學<br>兒童發展碩士學位學程<br>102<br>The purpose of this study was to explore children's understanding of emotion in reference to others’ desires and past experiences. The subjects consisted of 180 children (4, 5,6 years old) , who came from Taipei city and New Taipei city. There were 90 girls and 90 boys. Children were interviewed individually. Their responses to six hypothetical stories were coded and analyzed.
The major findings were as follows：
1. In the desire situations, 6 years old children were better than 4 years old.
2. Children’s understandings in simple desire situations were better than those in conflicting desire situations.
3. In the past experience situations, 5 and 6 years old children were better than 4 years old.
4. When Children’s understandings in non–expression-clue situations were better than those in given-expression-clue situations.
5. Besides, children’s understandings in the negative emotion situations were better than those in the positive ones.
6. Finally, in given-expression-clue situations, children’s performance were better in present-past unfit situation than those in fit ones.
The results are discussed in terms of socialization processes, gender differential processes of emotional socialization, and cultural influences on children’s emotional understanding.
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Chueh, Kuang Hisen, and 闕光賢. "An Analysis of past reference marking in Taiwan senior high school students' english compositions." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59558516844816152748.
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碩士<br>國立政治大學<br>語言學研究所<br>96<br>Without tense marker in Mandarin Chinese, most Chinese EFL learners have difficulties in past tense marking in the beginning of learning English. Before marking past tense steadily, Chinese EFL learners tend to depend mainly on temporal adverbials in expressing past time. Temporal adverbials seem to play important roles during the process of acquiring tense marking. The present study tries to observe how Chinese learners use temporal adverbials to express past time and what kinds of difficulties learners have in past tense marking. Furthermore, we attempt to investigate the relation between tense marking and temporal adverbials.
By analyzing learners’ composition, we found that Chinese EFL learners have high frequency in using temporal. Most learners are prone to put temporal adverbials in sentence-initial position except for learners with higher proficiency. Besides, learners are more likely to mark past tense co-occurring with temporal adverbials. Morphologically, Chinese EFL learners seem to regard was/were as a past-tense marker and put was/were in front of finite verbs ungrammatically. These findings manifest the importance of temporal adverbials for Chinese EFL learners in expressing past time and provide potential explanations for tense errors.
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Hsu, Mei-Chu, and 許美珠. "Use “ The Book of Odes ” of Reference: to explore the “ Environmental Ethics ” thoughts of past and present time." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86039947422440709376.
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碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>文化資產維護系碩士班<br>92<br>“ Environmental Ethics ” has emerged as a hot topic. The reason is that the human beings is facing a severe challenge because the natural environment has been destroyed what we have never seen before. The researcher made a reflective search back to the life described in “ The Book of Odes ”. Ancient Chinese people gained bounty knowledge and experience from their mutual interaction with the Nature. They developed the philosophical thoughts of “ Environmental Ethics ”. This essay thus focuses on the study of exploring the relation between “ The Book of Odes ” and “ Environmental Ethics ”. The author puts an emphasis on how modern human beings can borrow and apply the wit appeared in this book to resolve the conflict between the material civilization and the ecological system which is under hazardous crisis. This essay is consisted of the following five chapters. The followings are the outlines of each chapter accordingly:
Chapter Ⅰ. Introductory. This is the statement of all the framework, from the background of this issue、 motives、goals、methodology and the interpretations which are related to this topic.
Chapter Ⅱ. It’s about the value of “ The Book of Odes ”, especially harts related to the Nature. Description of the usage and distribution of natural resources are explaining the unique and irreplaceable statue of the Nature.
Chapter Ⅲ. It’s about the thoughts of “ Environmental Ethics ” existed in “ The Book of Odes ”, with the first-handed approach, namely, documentary approach and the Interpretative approach; the author explored, analyzed and concluded the implied thoughts and wisdom about the Nature. Besides, how they acquired with reference to the ecological wisdom. And quotations and explanations about the three core ideas in “ The Book of Odes ”: Compliance to Nature’s essence, Suit ness and Fitness of everything in their status, Appreciation and thrifty. Also stating how ancient Chinese paid respect and lived in harmony with the environment, the philosophy of “Combining nature and human beings”.
Chapter Ⅳ. It’s the modern meaning of “ Environmental Ethics ” in “ The Book of Odes ”. The author has tried to re-think the environmental problems modern people faced and applied the wisdom of “ Environmental Ethics ” that was hidden in “ The Book of Odes ” to solve the above-mentioned problems. Furthermore, in “ Index one ”, there are some referential websites, all classified and with simplified arrangement.
Chapter Ⅴ. Here comes the conclusion and suggestions, the researcher gives three suggestions, which are about the implementation of Environment and Resource Reservation, for further study.
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TU, HAO-YUN, and 涂皓雲. "Protection of Part-Time Workers : With Special Reference to Labor Rights of Senior High School Part-Time Teachers in Taiwan." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67579670947914562490.
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碩士<br>國立臺北大學<br>法律學系法律專業組<br>101<br>In response to the changes and needs of the social and economic developments in modern society, “atypical employment” which is different from the traditional employment, becomes more prevalent. Therefore, the focus of this study is to discuss “part-time employment” within the domain of atypical employment.
Even though the current percentage of part-time employees in Taiwan is not as high as many European countries, minority groups such as women, newly graduates, and older individuals constantly struggle with negotiating their rights with employers. It is possible that without proper action their rights will be further violated which would lead to even more social injustice.
However, the regulations and laws regarding part-time employees are often neglected. The specialized regulations and laws for part-time employees are limited due to the nature of the employment (e.g., fewer working hours). As a result, part-time employees continue to struggle with job-related issues due to the lack of support from the environment. The first part of this article will discuss the issues faced by part-time employees, generate systemic discussion, and explore possible solutions based on equal-pay principle.
In recent years, due to the impact of the low birth rate in Taiwan, many public school teachers have been hired as contract-based employees. Other relevant factors include tax-related policy and increasing workload for other teachers. Like part-time employees aforementioned, the regulations and laws for public school teachers do not apply to contract-based teachers and this has caused great harm to their rights and benefits. In the second part of the study, a comparison analysis will be conducted among formally-hired teachers, contract-based teachers (e.g., full-time substitutes and part-time teachers), and part-time employees to explore the rights of contract-based teachers. Last, in order to promote the rights and benefits of people who have “atypical employment,” suggestions and recommendations will be made based on the results of the study.
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P, Holtzhausen J. "Generator earthing: a review and analysis of past and current practice with special reference to protection and systems conditions." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/16889.
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Masupha, Elisa Teboho. "Drought analysis with reference to rain-fed maize for past and future climate conditions over the Luvuvhu River catchment in South Africa." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23197.
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Recurring drought conditions have always been an endemic feature of climate in South Africa, limiting maize development and production. However, recent projections of the future climate by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change suggest that due to an increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases, the frequency and severity of droughts will increase in drought-prone areas, mostly in subtropical climates. This has raised major concern for the agricultural sector, particularly the vulnerable small-scale farmers who merely rely on rain for crop production. Farmers in the Luvuvhu River catchment are not an exception, as this area is considered economically poor, whereby a significant number of people are dependent on rain-fed farming for subsistence. This study was therefore conducted in order to improve agricultural productivity in the area and thus help in the development of measures to secure livelihoods of those vulnerable small-scale farmers.
Two drought indices viz. Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and Water Requirement Satisfaction Index (WRSI) were used to quantify drought. A 120-day maturing maize crop was considered and three consecutive planting dates were staggered based on the average start of the rainy season. Frequencies and probabilities during each growing stage of maize were calculated based on the results of the two indices. Temporal variations of drought severity from 1975 to 2015 were evaluated and trends were analyzed using the non-parametric Spearman’s Rank Correlation test at α (0.05) significance level. For assessing climate change impact on droughts, SPEI and WRSI were computed using an output from downscaled projections of CSIRO Mark3.5 under the SRES A2 emission scenario for the period 1980/81 – 2099/100. The frequency of drought was calculated and the difference of SPEI and WRSI means between future climate periods and the base period were assessed using the independent t-test at α (0.10) significance level in STATISTICA software.
The study revealed that planting a 120-day maturing maize crop in December would pose a high risk of frequent severe-extreme droughts during the flowering to the grain-filling stage at Levubu, Lwamondo, Thohoyandou, and Tshiombo; while planting in October could place crops at a lower risk of reduced yield and even total crop failure. In contrast, stations located in the low-lying plains of the catchment (Punda Maria, Sigonde, and Pafuri) were exposed to frequent moderate droughts following planting in October, with favorable conditions noted following the December planting date. Further analysis on the performance of the crop under various drought conditions revealed that WRSI values corresponding to more intense drought conditions were detected during the December planting date for all stations. Moreover, at Punda Maria, Sigonde and Pafuri, it was observed that extreme drought (WRSI <50) occurred once in five seasons, regardless of the planting date.
Temporal analysis on historical droughts in the area indicated that there had been eight agricultural seasons subjected to extreme widespread droughts resulting in total crop failure i.e. 1983/84, 1988/89, 1991/92, 1993/94, 2001/02, 2002/03, 2004/05 and 2014/15. Results of Spearman’s rank correlation test revealed weak increasing drought trends at Thohoyandou (ρ = of 0.5 for WRSI) and at Levubu and Lwamondo (ρ = of 0.4 for SPEI), with no significant trends at the other stations. The study further revealed that climate change would enhance the severity of drought across the catchment. This was statistically significant (at 10% significance level) for the near-future and intermediate-future climates, relative to the base period.
Drought remains a threat to rain-fed maize production in the Luvuvhu River catchment area of South Africa. In order to mitigate the possible effects of droughts under climate change, optimal planting dates were recommended for each region. The use of seasonal forecasts during drought seasons would also be useful for local rain-fed maize growers especially in regions where moisture is available for a short period during the growing season. It was further recommended that the Government ensure proper support such as effective early warning systems and inputs to the farmers. Moreover, essential communication between scientists, decision makers, and the farmers can help in planning and decision making ahead of and during the occurrence of droughts.<br>Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology<br>M. Sc. (Agriculture)
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Rombach, Angelia. "How to turn Pura Vida into a reference in the healthy food business? Individual part on branding." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/18651.
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Santos, Cláudia. "How to turn Pura Vida into a reference in the healthy food business? Individual part: the communication plan." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/18588.
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Liao, Pei-Ling, and 廖珮伶. "Legal Study of Women’s Social Rights within the Framework of International Labour Law: With Reference to Part-Time Employment." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/prq7j6.
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碩士<br>東吳大學<br>法律學系<br>99<br>According to the statistics of international employment, part-time employment is commonly developed in intense industrialized country and female is the main group of the labor market. From a general observation to the economics and social structure, the flexibility of labor market and atypical c are triggered by the transformation of industrial structure and globalization, especially the part-time employment. More over, gender-based of social structure, when a married woman is facing the work and family responsibilities, to work part-time will be considered. From the feature of part-time employment system, female in part-time job may be lack of equal working conditions and social recovery. As a result, female part-time employment is concerned with in the social rights issue area.
Understanding from the problem of normative side, although the international rules of equal pay or treatment for men and women has been well-developed, there are still many unequal treatment between them, especially the indirect discrimination to the female part-time work. Secondly, the national social security system are based on a typical employment, therefore, female part-time employer may not reach the threshold of working hour stated in the statutory of social security, causing the exclusion of part-time work female from the typical indemnification. What’s more, from the view of institution, whether the wellness of family care is not only the availability of basic economic security and employment security needs, but also affect the will of women take in part-time employment. This article is determined by the framework on women's social rights of International Labour norms, and the rights of female part-time work in the issue area of law.
First, this article is written from the international labor standards for protecting the rights of female workers and the theoretical basis, which shows the principles of employment-related social protection of the rights. Second, viewing the International Labour Organization and the European Union part-time work requirement, citing the international part-time system developed in the national legislation. Third, take the European Court ruling as a example, to explain the working conditions of female part-time workers and the principle of equal treatment of social security. Then, observing the policy to promote family-friendly mode in the practice of main country. Finally, a brief introduction of Taiwan's part-time work legal system, a suggestion to promote women into the work part-time, and conclusions.
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Castro, Maria Teresa Pinto Basto Cyrne de. "How to turn Pura Vida into a reference in the healthy food business? - Individual part on product and place strategies." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/18612.
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Rathete, Matome Bethuel. "The reality and relevance of seriti in the past and present: its essence and manifestation in an African religion perspective with special reference to the Northern Sotho." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1672.
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The thesis has to do with seriti in its tripartite manifestation that the researcher calls category A, B and C. Category A deals with oratory, wisdom, hospitality, kindness and generosity in the Northern Sotho's everyday interaction with other people. It also deals with ritual as part of strengthening the character of an individual. Category B deals with a human being in his/her interactions with ancestors who in turn end up conferring seriti upon him/her. Category C is the type of seriti that is almost antithetical to category A seriti. This type of seriti could be enhanced with the sole purpose of harming others or seeking unfair advantage over other people.
Of the three types of seriti, the researcher argues that category C seriti is waning. In the case of category B, there is a rejection of traditional healers (who perform rituals which are required by ancestors), as well as other elements like protecting oneself with strong medicine which has to do with category C. This therefore means that category B is not rejected in totality. The chapter that deals with women and seriti takes into account the development of seriti from the past and present. Both the traditional concept of a woman and the modern one are accepted by all respondents. The idea of a woman working like a slave to please everyone is not gaining popularity.
The traditional concept of a man is that he is a polygamist and a lover of many concubines. He produces many children who make up for the loss through warfare. A traditional man works in a group context and loves to possess many cattle. These traits are rejected by modern people who in turn think that a man with seriti works for his family, he is loved and respected, he loves his wife and believes in equality. The thesis proves that certain characteristics of category B and C are waning while category A seriti is getting popular. The fact that this is the case is encouraging for the development of an African Philosophy and Religion.<br>Religious Studies and Arabic<br>D. Litt. et Phil (Religious Studies)
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Gebretsadike, Aychiluhem Yesuneh. "The extent of the regulation of atypical employment relationships in Ethiopian law, with comparative reference to South African labour law." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3215.
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Magister Legum - LLM<br>Universally, workers’ protection is centred on the standard employment relationship (full-time,indeterminate employment) based on the distinction between ‘employee’ and ‘independent contractor’; nonetheless globalization coupled with advances in technology and other related
processes such as casualization, externalization and informalization, has resulted in the proliferation of different forms of work that deviate from the conventional employment relationship. There is also an increase,worldwide, in the number of persons who perform work outside the employment sphere because they are labelled independent contractors though in fact they are on the same level of economic dependence and vulnerability with those who perform work as ‘employees’. It is to this category of workers that literature refers collectively as ‘atypical employees’ or ‘non-standard
employees’. Despite the fact that there have been moves internationally and nationally to integrate these classes of worker, it remains clear that they constitute a labour force which is less well paid and less secure. Most of the atypical employees are included in the definition of ‘employee’ in both
jurisdictions though home workers are explicitly excluded under the Ethiopian labour law.However, the collective bargaining system does not function to address the problems of atypical employees in both countries as it does for standard employees.
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Frazão, Mariana. "How to turn Pura Vida into a reference in the healthy food business? Individual part on retail strategy and retailing mix." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/18616.
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Zíková, Markéta. "Soukromé archivy - stopy minulosti v naší přítomnosti." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-357311.
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The main topic of Master thesis with the title Private Archives - The Traces of Past in Our Present, is creation of private archives and how reading and work of French philosopher Gilles Deleuze support understanding of those archives and establishment of intimate history of human being. Private archives are represented by any object, collections of objects or by anything else what reminds to owner or author of archives his past and who is returning back to the past through this object. Private archives are present in life of human being and we are coming back to the archives whenever we consider it important and whenever we want. Private archives are the part of life of all of us and that is why I consider crucial to understand their functioning, their role in our life and to know how to use them. The private archives, unlike our memories, which can be mixed one into each other, represent concrete tool referring to our past. The master thesis includes the description of practical part which is represented by creation of private archive, the functioning and the characteristics are also described. Three philosophers who influenced Gilles Deleuze have their place in this master thesis as well. I am referring to Michel Foucault, Henri Bergson and Marcel Proust.
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Mokofe, William Manga. "The regulation of non-standard employment in Southern Africa : the case of South Africa with reference to several other SADC countries." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25816.
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This doctoral thesis deals with the regulation of non-standard employment in Southern Africa: the case of South Africa with reference to several other SADC countries. The growth and presence of non-standard employment since the 1970s has revealed an important concern in a number of countries, both at the global and national levels. The overall significance of non-standard employment has increased in recent decades in both developed and developing states, as its use has grown exponentially across economic sectors and employment.
Non-standard employment is the opposite of the standard employment relationship, which is work that is full time and indefinite. Non-standard employment includes an unequal employment relationship between an employee and an employer. Some workers choose to work in non-standard employment, and the choice has positive results. Nonetheless, for the majority of workers, non-standard employment is associated with job insecurity, exploitation, and the absence of trade unions and collective bargaining.
Non-standard employment can also create challenges for firms, the labour market and the economy, including society at large. Backing decent work for all entails a comprehensive understanding of non-standard employment and its ramifications. This study explores the regulation and protection of non-standard employment in Southern Africa with focus on South Africa. The study draws on international and regional labour standards, the South African Constitution of 1996, and the national experience to make policy recommendations that will ensure workers are protected, firms are sustainable and labour markets operate well. Social justice and the democratisation of the workplace cannot be achieved if workers in non-standard employment are excluded from the labour relations system.<br>Mercantile Law<br>LL. D.
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McGregor, Marié. "The application of affirmative action in employment law with specific reference to the beneficiaries: a comparative study." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2531.
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South African affirmative action law in the workplace is in its infancy. Yet some concepts in this context have already proven to be unclear or in need of interpretation, or are lacking.
This thesis focuses on the beneficiaries of affirmative action in employment law. The Employment Equity Act (EEA) creates `designated groups' ─ black people, women and people with disabilities ─ as the beneficiaries of affirmative action. It lays down two requirements for beneficiaries of affirmative action which are investigated: (a) beneficiaries must be from the designated groups - in this regard, the question that arises is whether, having been categorised as disadvantaged, persons are presumed to be de facto disadvantaged and entitled to benefit from affirmative action, or whether further evidence of actual past disadvantage is required; and (b) beneficiaries must be `suitably qualified'. In addition, citizenship as a third requirement for beneficiaries of affirmative action has been mooted in case law. This is evaluated against modern interpretation theory, the Constitution and discrimination law.
Against the background of a comparative investigation of the position in the US and Canada, and under international law, specific findings and recommendations are made in respect of South African affirmative action law. These relate to the interpretation of the concept `disadvantage', to a pragmatic and contextualised approach to the notion `degrees of disadvantage', to the recognition of the concept `multiple disadvantage', to the clarification of the meaning and application of the concept `suitably qualified' in a code of good practice, and to a policy decision by government to ensure that affirmative action measures apply mainly to South African citizens who otherwise qualify to benefit.
To this end, certain amendments to the EEA, its regulations and codes of good practice are proposed with the aim of ensuring that affirmative action measures in fact benefit those intended by the EEA.
Some projections are made to indicate the way forward for affirmative action in South Africa.<br>Jurisprudence<br>LL.D.
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BASAŘOVÁ, Petra. "ANAPHORE ASSOCIATIVE DANS LE ROMAN DE MILAN KUNDERA " LA PLAISANTERIE " : IDENTIFICATION, FONCTIONNEMENT, TRAITS FORMELS." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-153303.
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This thesis deals with questions of so called associative anaphora, which represents one of means of textual references. Firstly, the term is generally delimitated after a study of specialized literature. Then, the analysis is demonstrated at the French version of the novel by Milan Kundera called "La Plaisanterie" and the sequences found in this book are commented and classified on the basis of given criteria into several subcategories. The emphasis is put on semantic relations between coreferential segments and possible influence of using of determiners on functioning of these relations. In addition, the work aims to focus whether the associative link and lexical stereotypes are connected. The final task of this work is the comparison with Czech original and there is demonstrated by a summary what language means are used in Czech language to express such anaphoric links.