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1
Longworth, C. E., W. D. Marslen-Wilson, B. Randall, and L. K. Tyler. "Getting to the Meaning of the Regular Past Tense: Evidence from Neuropsychology." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 7 (July 2005): 1087–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929054475109.
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Neuropsychological impairments of English past tense processing inform a key debate in cognitive neuroscience concerning the nature of mental mechanisms. Dual-route accounts claim that regular past tense comprehension deficits reflect a specific impairment of morphological decomposition (e.g., jump + ed), disrupting the automatic comprehension of word meaning accessed via the verb stem (e.g., jump). Single-mechanism accounts claim that the deficits reflect a general phonological impairment that affects perception of regular past tense offsets but which might preserve normal activation of verb semantics. We tested four patients with regular past tense deficits and matched controls, using a paired auditory semantic priming/lexical decision task with three conditions: uninflected verbs (hope/wish), regular past tense primes (blamed/accuse), and irregular past tense primes (shook/tremble). Both groups showed significant priming for verbs with simple morphophonology (uninflected verbs and irregular past tenses) but the patients showed no priming for verbs with complex morphophonology (regular past tenses) in contrast to controls. The findings suggest that the patients are delayed in activating the meaning of verbs if a regular past tense affix is appended, consistent with a dual-route account of their deficit.
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Faroqi-Shah, Yasmeen, and Laura Friedman. "Production of Verb Tense in Agrammatic Aphasia: A Meta-Analysis and Further Data." Behavioural Neurology 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/983870.
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In a majority of languages, the time of an event is expressed by marking tense on the verb. There is substantial evidence that the production of verb tense in sentences is more severely impaired than other functional categories in persons with agrammatic aphasia. The underlying source of this verb tense impairment is less clear, particularly in terms of the relative contribution of conceptual-semantic and processing demands. This study aimed to provide a more precise characterization of verb tense impairment by examining if there is dissociationwithintenses (due to conceptual-semantic differences) and an effect of experimental task (mediated by processing limitations). Two sources of data were used: a meta-analysis of published research (which yielded 143 datasets) and new data from 16 persons with agrammatic aphasia. Tensed verbs were significantly more impaired than neutral (nonfinite) verbs, but there were no consistent differences between past, present, and future tenses. Overall, tense accuracy was mediated by task, such that picture description task was the most challenging, relative to sentence completion, sentence production priming, and grammaticality judgment. An interaction between task and tense revealed a past tense disadvantage for a sentence production priming task. These findings indicate that verb tense impairment is exacerbated by processing demands of the elicitation task and the conceptual-semantic differences between tenses are too subtle to show differential performance in agrammatism.
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Lalleman, Josine A., Ariane J. van Santen, and Vincent J. van Heuven. "L2 Processing of Dutch regular and irregular Verbs." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 115-116 (January 1, 1997): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.115-116.01lal.
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Abstract Do Ll and (advanced) L2 speakers of Dutch employ distinct processes — rule application for regulars and lexical lookup for irregulars — when producing Dutch past tense forms? Do L2 speakers of a language that observes the same dual conjugation system as in Dutch (e.g. English, German) produce Dutch past tenses by a different process (i.e. more like that of Ll speakers) than learners of Dutch with a different Ll verb system (e.g. Japanese and Chinese)? We studied the on-line past tense production performance of Ll speakers and of advanced L2 speakers of Dutch varying relative past tense frequency of regular and irreg-ular Dutch verbs. Performance proved slower and less accurate with both Ll and L2 speakers for irregular verbs with relatively low past tense frequency. No frequency effects were found for regular verbs. The results were qualitatively the same for English/German and for Japanese/Chinese L2 speakers, with a striking tendency to overgeneralize the regular past tense formation. We conclude that the mental representation of the Dutch past tense rule is essentially the same for Ll and L2 language users.
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Flora, Mousume Akhter, and SM Mohibul Hasan. "The Semantics of Progressive Aspect: A Thorough Study." Stamford Journal of English 7 (April 6, 2013): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sje.v7i0.14464.
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In English grammar, verbs have two important characteristics--tense and aspect. Grammatically tense is marked in two ways: Present and Past. English verbs can have another property called aspect, applicable in both present and past forms of verbs. There are two major types of morphologically marked aspects in English verbs: progressive and perfective. While present and past tenses are morphologically marked by the forms verb+s/es (as in He plays) and verb+d/ed (as in He played) respectively, the morphological representations of progressive and perfective aspects in the tenses are verb+ing (He is/was playing) and verb+d/ed/n/en (He has/had played) respectively. This paper focuses only on one type of aspectual feature of verbs--present progressive. It analyses the use of present progressive in terms of semantics and explains its use in different contexts for durative conclusive and non-conclusive use, for its use in relation to time of reference, and for its use in some special cases. Then it considers the restrictions on the use of progressive aspect in both present and past tenses based on the nature of verbs and duration of time. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sje.v7i0.14464 Stamford Journal of English; Volume 7; Page 87-97
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Shipley, Kenneth G., Mary A. Maddox, and Joyce E. Driver. "Children's Development of Irregular Past Tense Verb Forms." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 22, no. 3 (July 1991): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2203.115.
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In Brown’s (1973) classic studies of language development, he found that irregular past tense verbs developed rather early in the developmental sequence. Several other researchers have also noted this early development of irregular verb forms. However, other researchers and clinicians have suggested that irregular verbs continue developing much later into the school-age years. The purpose of this study was to gain a preliminary view of children’s development of 49 irregular verbs. One hundred and twenty children between 3:0 and 9:0 were examined as they responded to a picture of the target verb with a sentence-completion task. It was found that some irregular verbs (e.g., hit) were correctly produced by the three year olds, but other irregulars (e.g., bent) were still not mastered by age 9. A preliminary order of development of the irregular verbs and possible clinical implications are offered.
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STAVRAKAKI, STAVROULA, and HARALD CLAHSEN. "The perfective past tense in Greek child language." Journal of Child Language 36, no. 1 (September 9, 2008): 113–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000908008866.
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ABSTRACTThis study examines the perfective past tense of Greek in an elicited production and an acceptability judgment task testing 35 adult native speakers and 154 children in six age groups (age range: 3 ; 5 to 8 ; 5) on both existing and novel verb stimuli. We found a striking contrast between sigmatic and non-sigmatic perfective past tense forms. Sigmatic forms (which have a segmentable perfective affix (-s-) in Greek) were widely generalized to different kinds of novel verbs in both children and adults and were overgeneralized to existing non-sigmatic verbs in children's productions. By contrast, non-sigmatic forms were only extended to novel verbs that were similar to existing non-sigmatic verbs, and overapplications of non-sigmatic forms to existing sigmatic verbs were extremely rare. We argue that these findings are consistent with dual-mechanism accounts of morphology.
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Sawicki, Lea. "Preverbation and narrativity in Lithuanian. The distribution of finite simplex and compound verbs in narrative main clauses." Baltic Linguistics 1 (December 31, 2010): 167–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/bl.439.
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The article deals with the use of simplex and compound (prefixed) verbs in narrative text. Main clauses comprising finite verb forms in the past and in the past habitual tense are examined in an attempt to establish to what extent simplex and compound verbs exhibit aspect oppositions, and whether a correlation exists between the occurrence of simplex vs. compound verbs and distinct textual units. The investigation shows that although simple and compound verbs in Lithuanian are not in direct aspect opposition to each other, in the background text portions most of the verbs are prefixless past tense forms or habitual forms, whereas in the plot-advancing text portions, the vast majority of verbs are compound verbs in the simple past tense.
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Sampson, Geoffrey. "Regional variation in the English verb qualifier system." English Language and Linguistics 6, no. 1 (May 2002): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674302001028.
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Nonstandard dialects often use the same form for the past tense and past participle of irregular verbs for which the standard language has distinct forms. One possible reason would be that some speakers have a nonstandard system of verb qualifiers (tense, mood, and aspect markers) in which the past tense/past participle distinction is functionally redundant. Data on spontaneous speech in Britain in the 1990s partly supports this by showing marked regional variation in the use of the Perfect construction. However, some nonstandard past tenses cannot be explained in terms of a nonstandard qualifier system.
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AL-DEAIBES, MUTASIM. "The Morpho-Syntax of Clausal Negation in Rural Jordanian Arabic." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 5, no. 3 (March 7, 2015): 750–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v5i3.2860.
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In this paper, I argue that the Neg particles head their projections, and the negation in a hierarchical representation occurs between TP and VP. In future tense, I argue that the Aux can move to the Neg head just to pick the negation and then the negative particle and the Aux moves to T. I also show that speakers of RJA use different negation constructions depending on the structure and tense of the sentence. For example, the negative particle ma is a preverbal particle used with present and past verbs evenly. The negative particle ma¦-ƒ is a pre and post-verbal particle where ma is a proclitic and -ƒ is an enclitic. This particle is used with present verbs and past verbs. However, when used with present tense verbs, the proclitic ma becomes optional, whereas with past tense verbs the deletion of the proclitic ma results in an ungrammatical sentence. As for copular sentences, the particle miƒ is used to negate verbless copular sentences where there is a covert present tense verb. But, when the copular sentence is formed via a past tense verb, miƒ is no longer used. Instead, the negative construction maâ¦-ƒ is used.
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Jacobson, Peggy F., and Richard G. Schwartz. "English Past Tense Use in Bilingual Children With Language Impairment." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 14, no. 4 (November 2005): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2005/030).
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Grammatical measures that distinguish language differences from language disorders in bilingual children are scarce. This study examined English past tense morphology in sequential bilingual Spanish/English-speaking children, age 7;0–9;0 (years;months). Twelve bilingual children with language impairment (LI) or history of LI and 15 typically developing (TD) bilingual children participated. Thirty-six instances of the past tense including regular, irregular, and novel verbs were examined using an elicited production task. By examining English past tense morphology in sequential bilinguals, we uncovered similarities and differences in the error patterns of TD children and children with LI. The groups differed in the overall accuracy of past tense use according to verb type, as well as the characteristic error patterns. Children with LI performed lower than their TD peers on all verb categories, with an interaction between verb type and group. TD children were better at producing regular verbs and exhibited more productive errors (e.g., overregularization). Conversely, children with LI performed relatively better on irregular verbs and poorest on novel verbs, and they exhibited more nonproductive errors (e.g., bare stem verbs). The results have important clinical implications for the assessment of morphological productivity in Spanish-speaking children who are learning English sequentially.
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Trompelt, Helena, Denisa Bordag, and Thomas Pechmann. "(Ir)regularity of verbs revisited." Mental Lexicon 8, no. 1 (April 29, 2013): 26–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.8.1.02tro.
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In three experiments we explored the representation and encoding of verb regularity. Contrasting articulation latencies of present and past regular and irregular forms from paradigms consisting of regular, irregular, or hybrid verbs (regular in present, but irregular in past tense), allowed us to differentiate between affixation and stem selection processes. The analyses revealed that regular verbs in the present and past tense were produced significantly faster than all other forms. Crucially, the naming latencies of hybrid and irregular verbs did not differ from each other in both tenses. We conclude that regularity is not a property of individual verb forms, but generalizes to all forms within a paradigm. In a third, picture word interference experiment, we tested whether regularity, when not bound to individual verb forms, is represented in the form of abstract regularity nodes, as assumed for gender or conjugational class. However, the critical conditions did not exhibit the expected congruency effect. Consequently we conclude that the paradigmatic effects could be explained as a result of the complexity of lexical entries. The retrieval of a complex entry (irregular and hybrid verbs) takes longer than the retrieval of a single stem entry (regular verbs).
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Hidayat, Budi Nugraha, and Maryani Maryani. "AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ ERROR IN WRITING SIMPLE SENTENCES." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 3, no. 1 (January 26, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v3i1.p49-53.
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Language is needed whether it is written or spoken. Language is very necessary for people as a mean of communication. The objective of this research was to analyze the students’ ability in writing simple sentences in past tense. This research used qualitaive research and the data were analyzed to investigate the second year of students’ ability in writing English simple sentences. The participant of this research was consisted of 32 students. Data analysis shows that 27.81% the students have difficulties in structure English simple sentence in past tense. Furthermore 38.12% the students have difficulties using regular verbs in past tense, whereas 71.8% the students have difficulties using irregural verbs in past tense. Over all, the students’ ability in writing English simple sentence in past tense can be considered in medium level. This is due to their confusion in using verb (regular verbs and irregular verbs).
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Sutton, Ann E., and Tanya M. Gallagher. "Verb Class Distinctions and AAC Language-Encoding Limitations." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 6 (December 1993): 1216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3606.1216.
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This study explored the status of an English grammatical distinction in the language of individuals who have never been able to encode that distinction previously. English past tense marking was used as a context to examine regular and irregular verb class distinctions in the language of two adults with severe congenital physical impairments who rely on augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems to communicate. In the subjects’ lexically based AAC systems, past tense was marked on regular verbs and irregular verbs using the same strategy. The subjects accessed their AAC displays using four-digit eye gaze number codes. They were shown a novel affixation strategy through manipulation of the four-digit codes that allowed them to mark past tense on regular verbs via an affixation process. Their semantic strategy for marking past tense on irregular verbs was not changed. The subjects’ patterns of use of the two strategies on exemplars of each verb class revealed limited evidence of distinctive use of the two strategies based on verb class membership. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
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Gut, Ulrike. "Past tense marking in Singapore English verbs." English World-Wide 30, no. 3 (September 25, 2009): 262–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.30.3.02gut.
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This study is concerned with the occasional lack of verbal past tense marking in Singapore English, which has been described both as evidence for morphological change and as a phonological consequence of final plosive deletion. Based on a corpus of spoken educated Singapore English, it is investigated whether the lack of past tense marking in verbs in a past tense context is due primarily to morphological or phonological factors and whether word frequency influences the rate of past tense marking. The results are interpreted as evidence for a phonological basis of most unmarked verb forms in Singapore English and suggest a shift in the function of the present tense. They further imply that past tense marking in Singapore English varies with sociolinguistic factors.
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RAVID, DORIT, and LIZZY VERED. "Hebrew verbal passives in Later Language Development: the interface of register and verb morphology." Journal of Child Language 44, no. 6 (November 17, 2016): 1309–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000916000544.
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AbstractThe current study examined the production of Hebrew verbal passives across adolescence as mediated by linguistic register and verb morphology. Participants aged eight to sixteen years and a group of adults were asked to change written active-voice sentences into corresponding passive-voice forms, divided by verb register (neutral and high),binyanpattern (Qal / Nif'al, Hif'il / Huf'al, andPi'el / Pu'al), and verb tense (past and future tense). Results showed that Hebrew passive morphology is a very late acquisition, almost a decade later than in other languages, that passivizing neutral-register verbs was less challenging than high-register verbs, and that past tense verbs were easier to passivize than future tense verbs. An order of acquisition was determined among the threebinyanpairs. The paper provides an account of these findings grounded in the event-telling role of Hebrew passives in discourse and the spurt of abstract, lexically specific vocabulary in Later Language Development.
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Patterson, Karalyn, and Rachel Holland. "Patients with impaired verb-tense processing: do they know that yesterday is past?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1634 (January 19, 2014): 20120402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0402.
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This paper begins with a focus on the task of stem inflection, where participants are given a verb stem and asked to produce the verb's past-tense form, which can produce a neuropsychological double dissociation with respect to regular versus irregular verbs. Two differing theoretical interpretations are outlined: one is based on specifically morphological and separate brain mechanisms for processing regular versus irregular verbs; the other argues that the two sides of the dissociation can arise from one procedure, which is not specifically morphological, and which relies to differing extents on phonological versus semantic information for regular versus irregular verbs. We then present data from a different version of the task, in which patients were given past-tense forms and asked to produce the present-tense or stem forms (talked → talk and ate → eat). This change yielded a very different pattern of performance in four non-fluent aphasic patients as a function of the regular–irregular manipulation, an outcome which is argued to be more compatible with the single- than the dual-mechanism account. Finally, we present a small amount of data from a task in which the patient was asked to judge whether spoken regular and irregular verb stems and past-tense forms indicated actions occurring today or yesterday . This task produced an even more different and intriguing pattern of performance suggesting a deficit in morpho-syntactic knowledge: not how to produce past-tense forms but what such forms mean and how that understanding interacts with verb regularity. The paper concludes with a discussion of how the research field of acquired disorders of tense processing might advance as a result of new approaches, in particular those informed by studies of developmental disorders.
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Supardi, Supardi. "PENERJEMAHAN KALA BAHASA ARAB DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA." Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2011): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2011.10206.
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This article examines the translation of Arabic tenses expression into Indonesian. This library research employs a descriptive analysis method based on Catford’s theoretical translation framework. This study finds that, firstly, from the extension of translation perspective, the tense expression in Arabic can be translated fully into Indonesian, in which all of the Arabic tense expression has the Indonesian equivalence. Linguistically speaking, in certain cases the translation of Arabic verbs both mādī (perfect) and mudāri’ (imperfect) has to be added with an Indonesian temporal adverb. The auxiliary verb kāna, which usually combined with mudāri’ verb in Arabic past tense is translated into Indonesian adverb of time: “dulu”, “dahulu”, or “tadi”. Secondly, the expression of Arabic future tense, which constitutes mudāri’ verb, prefix “sa_” or particle “saufa,” is also translated into “akan”. The mādī (perfect) verb, which is used in the context of wishing, is translated into Indonesian equivalence verb - “semoga”. Thirdly, In translating Arabic into Indonesian, context (siyāq) comes into play, not all Arabic verbs denotes definite tense in a sentence
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Gooden, Shelome. "Discourse aspects of tense marking in Belizean Creole." English World-Wide 29, no. 3 (October 1, 2008): 306–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.29.3.04goo.
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Debates on the relationship between the aspectual properties of verbs and past marking in Caribbean English Creoles tend to focus on two main issues. The first is the semantic function of the “relative past” and its relation to the unmarked verb, and the second is the discourse functions of the relative past marker and the unmarked verb. This paper addresses two issues related to this debate. Using fieldwork data from Belizean Creole, I present a qualitative analysis of tense usage in discourse focusing on the role of the inherent lexical aspect (aktionsart) of predicates. I examine how two different notions of past meaning are distributed between marked and unmarked verbs with different aktionsarten. I also look at the discourse function of these verbs in the contexts of the meanings expressed. I argue that an analysis of both the aktionsarten of the verbs and discourse factors are critical to developing an understanding of the range of meanings and functions of both the relative past marker and the unmarked verb. The paper also presents a new approach to the study of temporal reference in creoles. The picture-based story method provides an objective way of evaluating speakers’ choice of grounding and also facilitates comparison across speakers, given that several potentially variable aspects of the narrative are controlled for.
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Marusch, Tina, Titus von der Malsburg, Roelien Bastiaanse, and Frank Burchert. "Tense morphology in German agrammatism." Mental Lexicon 7, no. 3 (December 31, 2012): 351–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.7.3.05mar.
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This study investigates tense morphology in agrammatic aphasia and the predictions of two accounts on processing of regular and irregular verbs: the Dual Mechanism model, that is, for aphasic data, the Declarative/Procedural model, and the Single Mechanism approach. The production of regular, irregular and mixed verbs in the present, simple past and past participle (present perfect) was tested in German by means of a sentence completion task with a group of seven speakers with agrammatic aphasia. The results show a difference between regular verbs and irregular verbs. Mixed verbs were equally difficult as irregular verbs. A frequency effect was found for irregular verbs but not for regular and mixed verbs. A significant difference among the correctness scores for present tense and simple past forms was found. Simple past and past participle were significantly more difficult than present tense. Error types were characterized by pure infinitive responses and time reference errors. Neither of the above accounts is sufficient to explain these results. Correctness scores and error patterns for mixed verbs suggest that such minor lexical patterns can be useful in finding new evidence in the debate on morphological processing. The findings also highlight time reference as well as language specific characteristics need to be taken into consideration.
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Xu, Fei, and Steven Pinker. "Weird past tense forms." Journal of Child Language 22, no. 3 (October 1995): 531–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900009946.
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ABSTRACTIt is often assumed that children go through a stage in which they systematically overapply irregular past tense patterns to inappropriate verbs, as inwipe-wope, bring-brang, trick-truck, walk-has walken. Such errors have been interpreted both as reflecting over-use of minor grammatical rules (e.g. ‘changeitoa’), and as reflecting the operation of a connectionist pattern associator network that superimposes and blends patterns of various degrees of generality. But the actual rate, time course, and nature of these errors have never been documented. We analysed 20,000 past tense and participle usages from nine children in the CHILDES database, looking for overapplications of irregular vowel-change patterns, as inbrang, blends, as inbranged, productive suffixations of -en, as inwalken, gross distortions, as inmail-membled, and double-suffixation, as inwalkeded. These errors were collectively quite rare; children made them in about two tenths of one per cent of the opportunities, and with few stable patterns: the errors were not predominantly word-substitutions, did not occur predominantly with irregular stems, showed no consistency across verbs or ages, and showed no clear age trend. Most (though not all) of the errors were based closely on existing irregular verbs; gross distortions never occurred. We suggest that both rule-theories and connectionist theories have tended to overestimate the predominance of such errors. Children master irregular forms quite accurately, presumably because irregular forms are just a special case of the arbitrary sound-meaning pairings that define words, and because children are good at learning words.
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Nur, Tajudin. "PERNYATAAN KALA DAN ASPEK DALAM BAHASA ARAB: ANALISIS SEMANTIK VERBA." Arabi : Journal of Arabic Studies 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24865/ajas.v3i1.65.
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This research was a qualitative research using structural linguistic method. The findings showed that the conjugation of the perfect verbs (ma>dhi) into imperfect verbs (mudha>ri’) can reveal the concept of semantic time and aspect. It was found that the conjugation of verb from perfect (ma>dhi) to imperfect (mudha>ri’) expresses semantical concept of tense and aspect. Perfect verb expresses past tense, present tense, future tense, and perfective aspect, while imperfect verb expresses present tense, future tense, and imperfective aspect. The other constituents which had a role in expressing tense and aspect were auxiliary verb of kana, the particles of qad, sawfa, lan, and sa- prefix. The auxiliary verb of kana had a role to express past tense in the case of equational sentence or if it precedes imperfect verb, while if it precedes perfect verb, it expresses perfective aspect. The particle of qad expresses perfective aspect if it precedes perfect verb (ma>dhi), while the particle of sawfa, lan, and sa- prefix express future tense. In addition, to clarify the tense in Arabic adverb of time standing beside the verb also was used.
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Regel, Stefanie, Andreas Opitz, Gereon Müller, and Angela D. Friederici. "The Past Tense Debate Revisited: Electrophysiological Evidence for Subregularities of Irregular Verb Inflection." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 9 (September 2015): 1870–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00818.
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Neuropsychological research investigating mental grammar and lexicon has largely been based on the processing of regular and irregular inflection. Past tense inflection of regular verbs is assumed to be generated by a syntactic rule (e.g., show-ed), whereas irregular verbs consist of rather unsystematic alternations (e.g., caught) represented as lexical entries. Recent morphological accounts, however, hold that irregular inflection is not entirely rule-free but relies on morphological principles. These subregularities are computed by the syntactic system. We tested this latter hypothesis by examining alternations of irregular German verbs as well as pseudowords using ERPs. Participants read series of irregular verb inflection including present tense, past participle, and past tense forms embedded in minimal syntactic contexts. The critical past tense form was correct (e.g., er sang [he sang]) or incorrect by being either partially consistent (e.g., *er sung [*he sung]) or inconsistent (e.g., *er sing [*he sing]) with the proposed morphological principles. Correspondingly, in a second experimental block, pseudowords (e.g., tang/*tung/*ting) were presented. ERPs for real words revealed a biphasic ERP pattern consisting of a negativity and P600 for both incorrect forms in comparison to the correct equivalents. Most interestingly, the P600 amplitude for the incorrect forms was gradually modulated by the type of anomaly with medium amplitude for consistent past tense forms and largest amplitude for inconsistent past tense forms. ERPs for pseudoword past tense forms showed a similar gradual modulation of N400. The findings support the assumption that irregular verbs are processed by rule-based mechanisms because of subregularities of their past tense inflection.
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RISPENS, JUDITH, and ELISE DE BREE. "Bilingual children's production of regular and irregular past tense morphology." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 290–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000108.
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This study examined the production of the Dutch past tense in Dutch–Hebrew bilingual children and investigated the effect of type of past tense allomorph (de versus te) and token frequency on productions of the past tense. Seven-year-old bilingual children (n=11) were compared with monolingual children: age-matched (n=30) and younger vocabulary-matched (n=21). Accuracy of regular and novel past tense was similar for the bilingual and monolingual groups, but the former group was worse on irregular past tense than the age-matched monolingual peers. All three groups showed effects of type frequency: te past tenses were more accurate than de. The difference between the bilingual and monolingual children surfaces in the extent of the effect: for the bilingual children it was most pronounced in verbs with low token frequency and novel verbs. Results are interpreted as stemming from a learning strategy or from phonological transfer from the Hebrew morphosyntactic system.
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TATSUMI, TOMOKO, and JULIAN M. PINE. "Comparing generativist and constructivist accounts of the use of the past tense form in early child Japanese." Journal of Child Language 43, no. 6 (December 16, 2015): 1365–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000915000732.
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AbstractThe present study investigated children's early use of verb inflection in Japanese by comparing a generativist account, which predicts that the past tense will have a special default-like status for the child during the early stages, with a constructivist input-driven account, which assumes that children's acquisition and use of inflectional forms reflects verb-specific distributional patterns in their input. Analysis of naturalistic data from four Japanese children aged 1;5 to 2;10 showed that there was substantial by-verb variation in the use of inflectional forms from the earliest stages of verb use, and no general preference for past tense forms. Correlational and partial correlational analyses showed that it was possible to predict the proportional frequency with which the child produced verbs in past tense versus other inflectional forms on the basis of differences in the proportional frequency with which the verb occurred in past tense form in the child's input, even after controlling for differences in the rate at which verbs occurred in past tense form in input averaged across the caregivers of the other children in the sample. When taken together, these results count against the idea that the past tense has a special default-like status in early child Japanese, and in favour of a constructivist input-driven account of children's early use of verb inflection.
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Cziko, Gary A., and Keiko Koda. "A Japanese child's use of stative and punctual verbs." Journal of Child Language 14, no. 1 (February 1987): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900012757.
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ABSTRACTThis study investigated the use of stative, process, punctual, and non-punctual verbs by a child acquiring Japanese as a first language between the ages of 1;0 and 4;11 in an attempt to find evidence for two of Bickerton's (1981) proposed language acquisition universals, which form part of the language bioprogram hypothesis of language acquisition. As predicted by Bickerton's state-process hypothesis, it was found that all sampled present progressive verb forms occurred with process verbs while these forms were never used with stative verbs. Also, with only one exception, all omissions of present progressive forms occurred with the early use of ‘mixed’ verbs, i.e. verbs which behave syntactically as process verbs in Japanese but are nonetheless semantically stative. However, contrasting with Bickerton's hypothesis that children initially use the past tense to mark punctuality, no relationship between past tense use and punctuality was found.
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Werfel, Krystal L., Alison Eisel Hendricks, and C. Melanie Schuele. "The Potential of Past Tense Marking in Oral Reading as a Clinical Marker of Specific Language Impairment in School-Age Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, no. 12 (December 20, 2017): 3561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_jslhr-l-17-0115.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study was twofold. The first aim was to explore differences in profiles of past tense marking in oral reading of school-age children with specific language impairment (SLI). The second aim was to explore the potential of past tense marking in oral reading as a clinical marker of SLI in school-age children.MethodThis study examined oral readings of connected text to describe the frequency and type of reading errors on regular and irregular past tense verbs for 21 children with SLI as compared to 30 children with typical language in Grades 2 and 3. Each past tense verb token was categorized into 1 of 6 mutually exclusive response types: (a) correctly marked past tense, (b) overmarked past tense, (c) bare stem, (d) other verb inflection, (e) nonverb, or (f) no response. Performance across groups was compared. Additionally, classification statistics were calculated at several cutoffs for regular past tense accuracy and regular past tense finiteness marking.ResultsFor regular past tense, there was a significant group difference on accuracy. Children with SLI were less accurate at marking past tense when in oral reading than typical language peers; other response types did not differ. For irregular past tense, there were no group differences. In addition, there was a significant group difference on finiteness marking; this difference was driven by regular but not irregular verbs. A cutoff of 90% for regular past tense accuracy yielded moderate sensitivity and specificity; no cutoff for regular past tense finiteness marking yielded sensitivity above 70%.ConclusionsRegular past tense accuracy in oral reading provides promise as a clinical marker for diagnosing SLI in school-age children.
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Auclair-Ouellet, Noémie, Pauline Pythoud, Monica Koenig-Bruhin, and Marion Fossard. "Inflectional Morphology in Fluent Aphasia: A Case Study in a Highly Inflected Language." Language and Speech 62, no. 2 (March 26, 2018): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830918765897.
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Inflectional morphology difficulties are typically reported in non-fluent aphasia with agrammatism, but a growing number of studies show that they can also be present in fluent aphasia. In agrammatism, morphological difficulties are conceived as the consequence of impaired phonological encoding and would affect regular verbs more than irregular verbs. However, studies show that inflectional morphology difficulties concern both regular and irregular verbs, and that their origin could be more conceptual/semantic in nature. Additionally, studies report more pronounced impairments for the processing of the past tense compared to other tenses. The goal of this study was to characterize the impairment of inflectional morphology in fluent aphasia. RY, a 69-year-old man with chronic fluent aphasia completed a short neuropsychological and language battery and three experimental tasks of inflectional morphology. The tasks assessed the capacity to select the correct inflected form of a verb based on time information, to access the time information included in an inflectional morpheme, and to produce verbs with tense inflection. His performance was compared to a group of five adults without language impairments. Results showed that RY had difficulties selecting the correct inflected form of a verb, accessing time information transmitted by inflectional morphemes, and producing inflected verbs. His difficulties affected both regular and irregular verbs, and verbs in the present, past, and future tenses. The performance also shows the influence of processing limitations over the production and comprehension of inflectional morphology. More studies of inflectional morphology in fluent aphasia are needed to understand the origin of difficulties.
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Alotaibi, Yasir. "Verb Form and Tense in Arabic." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 5 (July 30, 2020): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n5p284.
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This paper discusses tense in Arabic based on three varieties of the language: Classical Arabic (CA), Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), and the Taif dialect (TD). We argue against previous analyses that suggest that Arabic is a tenseless language, which assume that tense information is derived from the context. We also argue against the suggestion that Arabic is tensed, but that its tense is relative, rather than absolute. We propose here that CA, MSA, and TD have closely related verb forms, and that these are tensed verbs. Tense in Arabic is absolute in a neutral context and verb forms take the perfective and imperfective aspect. Similar to other languages including English, verb forms in Arabic may take reference from the context instead of the present moment. In this case, we argue that this does not mean that tense in Arabic is relative, because this would also imply that tense in many languages, including English, is relative. Further, we argue that the perfective form indicates only the past tense and the imperfective form, only the present; all other interpretations are derived by implicature.
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Strik, Oscar. "Explaining tense marking changes in Swedish verbs." Journal of Historical Linguistics 4, no. 2 (September 30, 2014): 192–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.4.2.02str.
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This study investigates the role of analogy in the changes in inflectional classes of Swedish verbs from the Old Swedish to Modern Swedish period. Verbs in the Germanic languages are generally classed as either weak or strong according to their type of inflection, but closer examination reveals interesting subtleties and exceptions to this general picture. Furthermore, changes in inflectional class go in different directions: not only from strong to weak, but also the other way around, and between strong classes and weak classes. Two analogical computer models — Analogical Modeling (Skousen 1989) and Minimal Generalization (Albright & Hayes 2002) — are used to model a selection of 80 such changes in the history of Swedish verbs. Taking only phonological descriptions of present tense verb stems paired with their original past tense stems as input, the models attempt to predict the most likely past tense forms based on analogy. In the cases where the new outcome matches the actual changes in Swedish, the predictions are considered correct. In this way, both models predicted roughly half of all changes correctly, but 83% of the changes where a weak verb became strong. I conclude that analogy modeled in this way may play a moderate to strong role in inflection class change in general, but a particularly strong role in the case of new strong verbs. Based on these results, analogy is deserving of a revaluation as an explanatory force in diachronic linguistics.
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Cox, Maureen V. "Children's over-regularization of nouns and verbs." Journal of Child Language 16, no. 1 (February 1989): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900013519.
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ABSTRACTThe procedure used by Pratt, Tunmer & Bowey (1984) was employed in this study to investigate young children's abilities to correct over-regularized plural nouns and verbs in the past tense. Older children (mean age 6; 4) performed better than younger children (mean age 4; 11) and plural nouns were corrected significantly more than past-tense verb forms. As predicted, the younger children were better at correcting the nouns than the verbs; the two grammatical forms were corrected equally well by the older children.
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PLIATSIKAS, CHRISTOS, and THEODOROS MARINIS. "Processing of regular and irregular past tense morphology in highly proficient second language learners of English: A self-paced reading study." Applied Psycholinguistics 34, no. 5 (March 14, 2012): 943–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716412000082.
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ABSTRACTDual-system models suggest that English past tense morphology involves two processing routes: rule application for regular verbs and memory retrieval for irregular verbs. In second language (L2) processing research, Ullman suggested that both verb types are retrieved from memory, but more recently Clahsen and Felser and Ullman argued that past tense rule application can be automatized with experience by L2 learners. To address this controversy, we tested highly proficient Greek–English learners with naturalistic or classroom L2 exposure compared to native English speakers in a self-paced reading task involving past tense forms embedded in plausible sentences. Our results suggest that, irrespective to the type of exposure, proficient L2 learners of extended L2 exposure apply rule-based processing.
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NATION, KATE, MARGARET J. SNOWLING, and PAULA CLARKE. "Production of the English past tense by children with language comprehension impairments." Journal of Child Language 32, no. 1 (February 2005): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000904006555.
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Three experiments investigated the ability of eight-year old children with poor language comprehension to produce past tense forms of verbs. Twenty children selected as poor comprehenders were compared to 20 age-matched control children. Although the poor comprehenders performed less well than controls on a range of tasks considered to tap verbal-semantic abilities, the two groups showed equivalent phonological skills. Poor comprehenders performed as well as control children when asked to inflect novel verbs and regular verbs. In contrast, poor comprehenders were less skilled than controls at inflecting both high frequency and low frequency irregular verbs. Although the predominant error pattern for all children was to over-regularize, this was most marked in the poor comprehenders; control children were more likely to produce errors that contained knowledge of the irregular form than poor comprehenders. In addition, the ability to inflect irregular verbs was related to individual differences in verbal-semantic skills. These findings are discussed within a framework in which verb inflection is related to underlying language skills in both the phonological and semantic domains.
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Makharoblidze, Tamar, and Roland Pfau. "A negation-tense interaction in Georgian Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 21, no. 1 (October 19, 2018): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.00013.mak.
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Abstract We describe an intriguing interaction of negation and tense in Georgian Sign Language (GESL), a sign language which to date has received close to no attention by linguists. GESL verbs that employ an irregular negation strategy in the present tense (modal verbs and the verb know) require double marking in the past tense, i.e. the irregular negative form combines with the negative particle not, which is not used in the present and future tense with these verbs. The GESL data thus provide us with direct evidence for an active contribution of the feature tense in the grammar of GESL – in contrast to most other sign languages previously studied. We also offer a cross-linguistic perspective on the data by discussing instances of Negative Concord reported for various sign languages as well as tense-negation interactions attested in spoken languages.
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Zhidqi, Elvan Adam, and Lilia Indriani. "ANALYZE THE USE OF PROGRESSIVE VERB ON SPONGEBOB MOVIES SERIES." MIMESIS 2, no. 2 (July 27, 2021): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/mms.v2i2.4233.
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Progressive verb or continuous tense is a verb tense that uses to describe an action or activity that still ongoing. This progressive verb can be in past, present, and future tense. This article inspects progressive verbs in SpongeBob SquarePants Movie Series. Descriptive qualitative is the method of this article. It analyzes the distribution of progressive verb on the movie series, and which one from the progressive verb form that most distribution in movie series.
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Odera, Hellen, David Barasa, and Atichi Alati. "Inflectional Forms of Tense in Lutsotso." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.1.3.
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Lutsotso verbs consist of more than one morpheme expressing a particular grammatical meaning. The various morphological affixes attached to the verb indicate agreement, tense, aspect and voice. Tense and aspect morphemes in Lutsotso follow the same order for all types of verb constructions. Although tense and aspect in Lutsotso are deeply intertwined, this paper focuses on tense only. The Lutsotso tense is divided into the present, past and the future. The past and the future are distributed in four degrees as follows: remote, intermediate, near and immediate. Since the verb is the unit of analysis in this paper, we first describe the basic verb form in Lutsotso. This will entail the verb root and other crucial aspects such as the final vowel and the infinitive form that influence it. We also give agreement in the feature, person, number, subject verb markers and object markers. Finally, tense forms in Lutsotso will be discussed beginning with the present, followed by the past and the future.
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Kątny, Andrzej. "Zur Darstellung der Tempora in ausgewählten Grammatiken des Deutschen." Studia Germanica Posnaniensia, no. 38 (June 25, 2018): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sgp.2017.38.07.
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The meaning of past tenses is presented in various grammars in different ways. It was especially the hypothesis of the aspect-oriented meaning of Perfekt tense that has been paid attention to; its supporters claim that German Perfekt and Plusquamperfekt tenses express the meaning of completed action. The analysis of works of scholars has proved that the basic meaning of Perfekt tense is expressing the concept of anteriority. In the following part a few grammars have been presented. Their authors analysed the meaning of Perfekt tense having discussed telic and atelic verbs.
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Jacobson, Peggy F., and Yan H. Yu. "Changes in English Past Tense Use by Bilingual School-Age Children With and Without Developmental Language Disorder." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61, no. 10 (October 26, 2018): 2532–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-l-17-0044.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine changes in English past tense accuracy and errors among Spanish–English bilingual children with typical development (TD) and developmental language disorder (DLD).MethodThirty-three children were tested before and after 1 year to examine changes in clinically relevant English past tense errors using an elicited production task. A mixed-model linear regression using age as a continuous variable revealed a robust effect for age. A 4-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted with age (young, old) and language ability group (TD, DLD) as between-subjects variables, time (Time 1, Time 2) and verb type (regular, irregular, and novel verbs) as within-subject variables, and percent accuracy as the dependent variable. Subsequently, a 4-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted to measure the overall distribution of verb errors across 2 time points.ResultsOverall, children produced regular and novel verb past tense forms with higher accuracy than irregular past tense verbs in an elicitation task. Children with TD were more accurate than children with DLD. Younger children made more improvement than older children from Time 1 to Time 2, especially in the regular and novel verb conditions. Bare stem and overregularization were the most common errors across all groups. Errors consisting of stem + ing were more common in children with DLD than those with TD in the novel verb condition.DiscussionContrary to an earlier report (Jacobson & Schwartz, 2005), the relative greater difficulty with regular and novel verbs was replaced by greater difficulty for irregular past tense, a pattern consistent with monolingual impairment. Age was a contributing factor, particularly for younger children with DLD who produced more stem + ing errors in the novel verb condition. For all children, and particularly for those with DLD, an extended period for irregular past tense learning was evident. The results support a usage-based theory of language acquisition and impairment.
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Muftah, Muneera. "English Past Tense Morphology in Adult Arab EFL learners: Mental Representation Mechanism and Types of Errors." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 6, no. 3 (March 17, 2016): 1038–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v6i3.4666.
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English past tense morphology is one of the most difficult but yet one of the most important areas in the acquisition of English language by L2 Learners. The objectives of this study were to: (a) determine the acquisition sequence of English regular and irregular past tense forms in adult Arab EFL learners; (b) identify whether English past tense forms are represented by a single mechanism or a dual mechanism, and (c) investigate types of errors that L2 learners produce in their acquisition of English past tense morphology. In total, 77 adult Arab EFL learners participated in an oral production task. The use of the verbal inflectional morphemes in obligatory contexts in each learners production is examined. The results show that L2 learners acquire the past tense morphology of the regular verbs before they acquire the past tense morphology of the irregular verbs and that there is frequency effect for the irregular verbs, but not for the regular verbs. This indicates that the dual system theory accounts for the mental representations of English past tense forms for the L2 learners in this study. The most frequent error types produced by the Learners are omission, overregularization and overgeneration of be forms.
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Nguyen, Thong Vi. "A VARBRUL Analysis on The Reporting Verb Propose in Electrical Engineering Research Articles." International Journal of Language Teaching and Education 2, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ijolte.v2i2.4953.
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Choosing an appropriate reporting verb is not only a technique to report a claim but also a tool to imply the writer’s stance or attitude towards the claim. The manner in which the reporting verb is employed can reflect the writer’s underlying implication. By using a variationist framework, this study is an in-depth investigation on how reporting verbs are affected in Electrical engineering research articles, taking propose as a variation. With the assistance of VARBRUL program, 397 tokens from 160 Electrical research articles were analyzed. Past tenses of propose was selected as an application value. The results show that time periods that the articles are published and verb voices are two factors independent from the application value. Meanwhile, tense choice of the verb has a significant correlation with journal editions and verb types. In different journals, frequency of propose used in past tenses can vary, and a significant proportion of self-reporting propose is used in past tense. Regardless the limitation of sample size and verb types, the study is potential in analyzing reporting verb from the sociolinguistic approach in future.
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Delatorre, Fernanda, Rosane Silveira, and Alison Roberto Gonçalves. "The intelligibility of English verbs in the simple past tense." Veredas - Revista de Estudos Linguísticos 21, no. 2 (September 12, 2019): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34019/1982-2243.2017.v21.27975.
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This study investigated the intelligibility of English verbs in the simple past inserted in sentences. The verbs were produced by two adult native speakers of English and six adult nonnative speakers, and they were transcribedby 13 adult Brazilian listeners. Results indicated that the intelligibility rate of regular verbs was similar to the irregular ones, and that the intelligibility of verbs produced by BP talkers was similar to the Spanish talkers. The intelligibility rate of German talkers, on the other hand, was lower than the intelligibility of BP and Spanish talkers but higher than the intelligibility of verbs produced by native speakers.
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Anom, Dang, Danuri Danuri, and Jaroji Jaroji. "APLIKASI KAMUS IRREGULAR VERBS BERBASIS ANDROID." Infotekmesin 9, no. 01 (July 22, 2019): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35970/infotekmesin.v9i01.3.
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Irregular is verbs on English do not add with ed or d but change agree with rule. To listen andcomprehend only memorize from verb base make past tense and past participle. Because this resultmany people so think difficult in learning English specially of irregular verbs. Aim of this research is to make application dictionary irregular verbs base android to make support in listen English specially irregular verbs. Scheme of system use Unified Modelling Language, java programming and sqlite database. This research produce a application dictionary irregular verbs to use device mobile base android
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Botsman, Andriy, Olga Dmytruk, and Tamara Kozlovska. "The development of Germanic analytical tenses." Actual issues of Ukrainian linguistics theory and practice, no. 41 (2020): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apultp.2020.41.135-154.
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The stages that encompass the future tense development are singled out as discrete phenomena within the process of the Germanic language development. The Gothic verb system can serve as the background for the investigation of the tense transformations in question. The difficulties of tense examination in the Old Germanic languages were connected with some conceptions about the Indo-Iranian and Greek languages that used to dominate in the scientific circles for a long time. Those conceptions were based on Latin and Greek patterns and postulated the use of present, past and future tenses in all Indo-European languages. The above conceptions were ruined when the study of Tokharian and Hittite demonstrated the use of the present tense for the description of future actions. The idea of losing “the protolanguage inheritance” was proved wrong, and it was incorrect to transfer the complex tense system of Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin to other Proto-Indo-European languages. The examination of the tense differentiation in Gothic (as the main source of the Old Germanic language) demonstrates that the Gothic infinitive functioned as a no-particular-time unit, while personal verb forms were involved in performing tense functions. The Gothic present tense verbs represented present and future tenses and no-particular-time phenomena. Some periphrastic forms containing preterite-present verbs with the infinitive occurred sporadically. The periphrastic forms correlated with Greek and Latin patterns of the same future tense meaning. The periphrastic future forms in Gothic often contained some modal shades of meaning. The Gothic present tense functioned as a colony-forming archi-unit and a pluripotential (temporal) precursor. The periphrastic Gothic future forms are recognised as a monopotential (temporal) precursor with some modal meaning. The key research method used in the present article is the comparative historical method. The authors viewed it as the most reliable and appropriate for the study of tense forms.
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MCDONALD, JANET L., and CRISTINE C. ROUSSEL. "Past tense grammaticality judgment and production in non-native and stressed native English speakers." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13, no. 4 (March 15, 2010): 429–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728909990599.
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This paper explores whether the poor mastery of morphosyntax exhibited by second language (L2) learners can be tied to difficulties with non-syntactic processing. Specifically, we examine whether problems with English regular and irregular past tense are related to poor L2 phonological ability and lexical access, respectively. In Experiment 1, L2 learners showed poorer past tense mastery than native English speakers in grammaticality judgment and production tasks. L2 phonological ability was positively correlated with correct performance on regular verbs and negatively with unmarked production. L2 lexical access was positively correlated with correct performance on irregular verbs, and negatively with overregularization production. Experiment 2 simulated these difficulties in native English speakers by placing them under phonological processing (noise) or lexical access (deadline) stress. Noise selectively impacted regular verbs in grammaticality judgment but impacted all verb types in production. Deadline pressure impacted irregular verbs while sparing regular verbs across both tasks. Thus, non-syntactic processing difficulties can have specific impacts on morphosyntactic performance in both non-native and native English speakers.
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Dort-Slijper, Marjolein van, Gert Rijlaarsdam, and Eva Breedveld. "De Verwerving Van Morfologische Regels in Schrift (III)." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 61 (January 1, 1999): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.61.09dor.
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In order to provide textbook authors with empirical data on the acquisition in Dutch of written morphology in nouns, verbs and adjectives, several empirical studies have been undertaken. In this article, the third study reports on the performance of the morpheme -e in a special case of adjectives in Dutch: the adjectives derived from participles. The study tries to determine the possible interference between the morphological rules for verb inflection (past tense) and adjective declension in reading and writing. Five classes of adjectives were distinguished according to order of relative difficulty established a priori. Subjects (n=157, grade 6, 7 and 8 from two schools) individually completed a compre-hension and a production task in which factors were systematically varied. Also a recognition test on the spelling of the past tense of verbs was administered. The results showed an effect of categories of verbal adjectives in the production task, but only for groups 7 and 8; group 6 was not sensitive to the differences between the categories. In the recognition task, no effect of type of adjective (verbal or normal) was found for groups 7 and 8; but for group 6, performance on verbal adjectives was lower for the three most difficult categories of adjectives. In the production task, all three groups performed lower on verbal adjectives than normal adjectives in the two most difficult categories of adjectives. It turned out that groups which acquired spelling rules for the past tense of verbs to a higher level, made more errors in the spelling of verbal adjectives, especially in the two categories of adjectives which related the strongest to the spelling of verbs. It was concluded that indications were found that negative transfer or interference is present. Authors recommend changing the order of phases in which spelling rules are trained: from 'adjective declension-verb inflection (past tense)-verbal adjective declension' to 'adjective declension (including verbal adjective declension)-verb declension (past tense).
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TOMASELLO, MICHAEL, NAMEERA AKHTAR, KELLY DODSON, and LAURA REKAU. "Differential productivity in young children's use of nouns and verbs." Journal of Child Language 24, no. 2 (June 1997): 373–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000997003085.
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A fundamental question of child language acquisition is children's productivity with newly learned forms. The current study addressed this question experimentally with children just beginning to combine words. Ten children between 1;6 and 1;11 were taught four new words, two nouns and two verbs, over multiple sessions. All four words were modelled in minimal syntactic contexts. The experimenter gave children multiple opportunities to produce the words and made attempts to elicit morphological endings (plural for nouns, past tense for verbs). Overall, children combined the novel nouns productively with already known words much more often than they did the novel verbs – by many orders of magnitude. Several children also pluralized a newly learned noun, whereas none of them formed a past tense with a newly learned verb. A follow-up study using a slightly different methodology confirmed the finding of limited syntactic productivity with verbs. Hypotheses accounting for this asymmetry in the early use of nouns and verbs are discussed.
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Mustafa, Faisal. "THE USE OF PAST TENSE VERBS AND ADVERBS IN STUDENTS’ RECOUNT TEXTS." INFERENCE: Journal of English Language Teaching 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/inference.v4i1.6002.
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<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>This study was conducted to find out the grammatical error of using Past Tense verbs and adverbs in students' recount text at private Vocational High Schools in West Jakarta. The method used in this study was <em>descriptive analysis </em>using qualitative data. The procedures were carried out by choosing the text from students' writing recount text, analyzing data, interpreting data, and concluding the result of the study. The result shows that 1.) There are common errors produced of using Past Tense Verb in students' recount text. The total error is 632 which the highest frequency of error happens in misformation, which consists of 375 errors or 59.33%, 2.) While the highest frequency of error in adverbs happens in omission, consisting of 21 errors or 24.07%. The findings that the students' grammatical error of using Past Tense Verbs and Adverbs in writing recount text occurred for some reasons. They are affected by the different rules between first language and target language. Moreover, it is because of insufficient students' knowledge about English grammar.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: grammatical error; past tense verb; adverb; writing; recount text</p>
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Kielar, Aneta, Marc F. Joanisse, and Mary L. Hare. "Priming English past tense verbs: Rules or statistics?" Journal of Memory and Language 58, no. 2 (February 2008): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2007.10.002.
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Cohen-Shikora, Emily R., David A. Balota, Abhi Kapuria, and Melvin J. Yap. "The past tense inflection project (PTIP): speeded past tense inflections, imageability ratings, and past tense consistency measures for 2,200 verbs." Behavior Research Methods 45, no. 1 (September 7, 2012): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0240-y.
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Chernova, Daria. "Figurative use of past tense in Russian: a case study." Poljarnyj vestnik 13 (January 1, 2010): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/6.1264.
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This article discusses past tense verbs in collocations with the future tense adverbial завтра ‘tomorrow'. It is shown that the past tense grammeme can express habitual, hypothetical and conditional meanings that are related through metonymy.
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Fasikh, Mukhlasul. "mk THE ERROR ANALYSIS OF REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE." Journal of English Language and Literature (JELL) 5, no. 01 (March 5, 2020): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37110/jell.v5i01.97.
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This study aims to identify how many average students who are able to understand the use of regular and irregular verbs and to find out how many percentages of errors in using regular and irregular verbs and also to find out the source of error in using regular and irregular verb and also to make teaching and learning activities more effective and efficient. This research is descriptive research method. The Writer uses the questioners to collect the data. Students answer the questions and choose the best respond to complete the affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences. The writer finds out the average of students who are able to understand the use of regular and irregular verbs by answering questions correctly is 11.8. The total percentage of errors in using regular and irregular verbs is 70.48% and 29.52% of students are able to answer correctly. The source of errors that many students have made is from overgeneralization and both transfer of knowledge which is interlingual and intralingual transfer.