Academic literature on the topic 'Past tenses'
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Journal articles on the topic "Past tenses"
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Paulauskienė, Aldona. "On interpreting Lithuanian past tenses in major linguistic works on Lithuanian grammar." Lietuvių kalba, no. 4 (October 25, 2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2010.22854.
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The verb in Lithuanian possesses two simple past tenses, i.e. the past simple and the past frequentative tense. Specialists of comparative historical grammar have not shown any greater interest in the past frequentative tense since it is only typical of Lithuanian. One of the reasons is that Latvian, the other surviving Baltic language, does not possess it; furthermore, in the past a large part of Lithuania did not employ the tense either. However, now it is widely used and all grammars consider the past simple and the past frequentative tense equally significant. Still the paradigm of simple tenses in Lithuanian has not been defined as yet, as the past frequentative tense has not been given theoretical evaluation in the framework of other simple tenses. The article covers the interpretation of past tenses in major grammars of Lithuanian (from the first volume dating back to 1653 to present-day Lithuanian grammars). The paradigmatic relations of past tenses as presented in the numerous sources as well as language facts helped identify the following main features: the role of the category of aspect in the process of the formation of the past frequentative tense, relations between the past frequentative and the past simple tense, and finally, the place of the past frequentative tense in the paradigm of Lithuanian simple tenses.
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Thogmartin, Clyde, and Dulcie M. Engel. "Tense and Text: A Study of French past Tenses." Language 67, no. 2 (June 1991): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415133.
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Healey, F. G., and Dulcie M. Engel. "Tense and Text: A Study of French past Tenses." Modern Language Review 87, no. 1 (January 1992): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3732356.
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Fleischman, Suzanne, and Dulcie M. Engel. "Tense and Text: A Study of French past Tenses." Modern Language Journal 75, no. 1 (1991): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/329869.
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Muta, Jittra, and Nutprapha Dennis. "A STUDY OF TENSES USED IN ENGLISH ONLINE NEWS WEBSITE." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 7 (July 31, 2016): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i7.2016.2617.
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The purposes of this study were to analyze and describe English tenses used in an online news website and to examine which types of English tenses are frequently used in an online news website. The material in this study was 20 news in Mini-Lessons from B r e a k I n g N e w s E n g l i s h .c o m. The research instrument was a checklist which determines and categorizes English tenses as past tense, present tense, and future tense. The data collections were analyzed with the frequency and percentage. The research findings of the study showed that all using of English tenses in the 20 news from the Mini-Lessons were 279 sentences; past tense were 155 sentences (56%), present tense were 120 sentences (43%), and future tense were 4 sentences (1%). The most English tenses aspect of the news were past simple tense and present tense; past simple tense, present simple tense, present perfect tense, and present progressive tense, respectively. In contrast, breaking news used the least English tenses aspect of the news was past perfect tense, future simple tense, past progressive tense, present perfect progressive tense, and future perfect tense, while there were no used past perfect progressive tense, future progressive tense, future perfect tense, and future perfect progressive tense in the 20 selected breaking news.
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Abdur-Razzaq Jafar B.A., Mr Ali, and Asst Prof Dr Abdul-Hussein Kadhim Reishaan. "Past Tense for Non-past : A Contrastive Study." Journal of Education College Wasit University 2, no. 11 (December 2, 2021): 2113–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol2.iss11.2645.
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Understanding Past tense is closely related to the notions of time, tense, and verb-form. Syntactically, it is claimed that most of the verb forms expressing past and present tenses tend to show a somehow correspondence with past and present times respectively. Yet, in the very nature of language use, this is not always the case. Future time, for instance, can be expressed by more than a form, none of which is specifically used for future tense. This behaviour of the verb phrase is common to both Arabic and English languages Past tense, similarly, might refer to past, present, or future times; furthermore, it might refer to simple, progressive, or non-progressive aspects. The present paper attempts to shed some light-beams on these notions in both languages theoretically and practically. Theoretically, it attempts to explicate areas where past verb-forms can easily be used to indicate, past, present, and future, if possible to call them so, tenses. Practically, the two languages tend to show similarities as well as differences that chracterise them or each of them. It is hypothesised that past verb-forms in English and Arabic tend to show certain similarities in relation to the ways these verbs are formed and used to express past and non-past tenses. Besides, what might be syntactically similar could be completely different from the viewpoint of language use. Conclusions and recommendations of the present paper might be of significant to linguisticans, teachers of Arabic and English, and translators to and fro the two languages.
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Salkie, Raphael. "Does French have a relative past tense?" Journal of French Language Studies 10, no. 2 (September 2000): 245–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269500000247.
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Some recent work on French tenses has proposed a new analysis of the difference between the imperfect and the passé simple/passé composé. The imperfect is said to be a relative or anaphoric tense, while the PS/PC are absolute or deictic tenses. A number of studies have argued against the more widely accepted analysis which sees the difference between these tenses in terms of aspect. This paper argues that the new analysis is fundamentally incorrect as an account of the meaning of the French past tenses, although it has brought to light a range of phenomena which need to be included in a full account of the behaviour of the tenses in discourse. I argue that an enriched version of the traditional analysis can account for all the relevant data.
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Zagona, Karen. "Sequence-of-tense and the features of finite tenses." Nordlyd 41, no. 2 (April 16, 2015): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/12.3419.
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<p>Sequence-of-tense (SOT) is often described as a (past) tense verb form that does not correspond to a semantically interpretable tense. Since SOT clauses behave in other respects like finite clauses, the question arises as to whether the <em>syntactic category</em> Tense has to be distinguished from the <em>functional category</em> tense. I claim that SOT clauses do in fact contain interpretable PRESENT tense. The “past” form is analyzed as a manifestation of agreement with the (matrix past) controller of the SOT clause evaluation time. One implication of this analysis is that finite verb forms should be analyzed as representing features that correspond to functional categories higher in clause structure, including those of the clausal left periphery. SOT morphology then sheds light on the existence of a series of finer-grained functional heads that contribute to tense construal, and to verbal paradigms. These include Tense, Modality and Force.</p>
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Maili, Sjafty Nursiti. "Error Analysis on Unindra Student’s Sentence Tenses Assignment." DEIKSIS 10, no. 02 (May 5, 2018): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/deiksis.v10i02.2131.
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<p class="abstractcontent">Knowing the pattern of tenses is very important to the students, because it can help them to do a good sentence. If the students unknown the pattern of using tenses in sentences, the students are confused to make a good sentence. The teacher should try to correct their error by error analysis. Error analysis is really very important to students, because teachers know the mistaken students done in making a sentence by using in each tenses. In this study, the researcher used descriptive method which is the data was taken by student’s an assignment at the first students of UNINDRA. First, teachers asked students to make sentences based on eight tenses. They are Present Tense; Present Continuous Tense; Present Perfect Tense; Simple Future Tense; Past Tense; Past Continuous Tense; Past Continuous Tense; Past Perfect Tense; Future Perfect Tense. Second, After doing sentences in each tenses, the research done identify based on the pattern of sentences; Third, the last steps researcher analysis the assignment in make the table consist of table 1 the amount of error done; table 2 the error sentences students and correction; table 3 the reasons why sentences are difficulties to the students and easier. The results of these study 60 percentages students UNINDRA made good sentences in eight tenses; 40 percentages did not remember the pattern of tenses; 30 percentages made the error of changed verb; 30 percentages used time action to make sentence in each tenses.</p><p class="abstractcontent">Key words; Tenses, Assignment, Error, Analysis, Pattern</p>
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Gorrell, Robert. "The future of past tenses." English Today 11, no. 4 (October 1995): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078400008580.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Past tenses"
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Hård, Arthur. "The Past Tenses of Early Middle Japanese." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Japanska, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-29462.
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Early Middle Japanese is one of the oldest attested stages of Japanese. Its rich legacy consists of several literary works from the Heian era (7 th to 11 th centuries), some of which are still appreciated and widely read today. Despite a long tradition of research both within and outside Japan, quite a few details of the language remain incompletely understood. The present study addresses a long-standing question in the verbal domain of Early Middle Japanese, namely the semantics of the two so-called “past tenses” in -ki and -ker-. I tested the major hypotheses regarding their use by means of qualitative, corpus-based methods. Specifically, I trained a machine learning algorithm to predict which is likeliest of -ki and -ker- given a set of grammatical and semantic variables. Analysis of the results indicates that the suffixes likely embody a contrast between witnessed and non-witnessed past tense. It is also possible that mirativity—the grammaticalized expression of surprise at learning something unexpected—and aspect influence the choice of past tense suffix.
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Bhattrai, Anju. "A contrastive analysis of the English and Nepali past tenses and an error analysis of Nepali learners' use of the English past tenses." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1159139.
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This dissertation has two main purposes: (a) to provide an analysis of the past tenses in Nepali and compare them with those of English from a discourse pragmatic perspective; and (b) to investigate how Nepali learners of English use the English past tenses in terms of forms, meanings, and functions.A major claim of the dissertation is that tenses and aspects play various discourse functions in Nepali. Although Nepali has various past tenses as in English, their actual use is different from those of English. A significant difference between the use of the past tenses in English and Nepali is revealed in the use of the past perfect tense. In Nepali, unlike in English, the past perfect does not always require the existence of the past reference point between the event time and the speech time. Although used in similar as well as different contexts, the past perfect in both languages is found to express background information. In the analysis of the Nepali past tenses, one of the major arguments is that the traditionally termed `unknown past' does not have `past' as part of its basic meaning. The main function of this verb form is to express the speaker's unawareness of a situation at the time of its happening, whether in the past or the future.After the discussion of the Nepali past tenses in comparison with the English past tenses and aspects, an error analysis of Nepali EFL learners' use of the English past tenses in written essays is carried out. It was hypothesized that Nepali learners would make a wide variety of errors in the use of the English past tenses. Because of differences in the use of the past perfect and the past tense in the habitual sense between Nepali and English, it was expected that Nepali ESL learners would make errors in those areas. However, overgeneralization due to difference in the use was found only in a very few cases. Most of these errors cannot be traced to Nepali influence. One area, however, where Nepali has a clear effect on the students' use of English is in indirect speech. I argue that Nepali speakers do not change tenses in English indirect speech appropriately because verb tenses in Nepali are not changed from direct speech to indirect speech as in English.It is hoped that this dissertation will enhance the understanding of grammatical categories such as tense and aspect in general and of Nepali tense and aspect systems in particular. In general, this dissertation showed contribute to several areas of study in discourse analysis, second language acquisition, language transfer and contrastive analysis. A major significance of this dissertation is its demonstration of the role of tense and aspect in Nepali in the expression of various discourse functions.Department of English
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Petronienė, Saulė. "The Meaning of Lithuanian Past Tenses and their Equivalents in English." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090526_111025-59099.
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The meanings of Lithuanian past simple tenses and their equivalents in English is the object of the thesis. Other forms expressing past, i.e. compound forms, participles used instead of indicative mood in the narrative speech as well as predicative indeclinable forms of past passive participles are the subject matter in the thesis. There are two simple past tenses in Lithuanian: the past simple and the past frequentative tense. Both tenses are used to express an action which happened before the moment of speech; however, the relation to the moment of speech is different: the past simple tense is used to express a very close action to the reference time (whether it is present or other past action). Thus, the past simple tense has the perfective and plusquamperfective meaning. Whereas, the past frequentative tense does not possess those meanings; it is used to express a repetitive action of a more distant past. Moreover, the relationship of analytic forms to the simple ones is determined in the study. The problem of modus relativus and the meaning of predicative participles of passive voice are covered in the thesis as well. Analytical nature of English tenses enables to perceive and evaluate the meanings and functions of Lithuanian tenses more accurately. The search for the equivalents of Lithuanian tenses in English allows determining more precise meanings of Lithuanian past tenses, particularly the grammaticalization of analytic constructions, the relationships of... [to full text]Disertacijoje analizuojami ne tik vientisinių būtųjų lietuvių kalbos laikų reikšmės ir jų atitikmenys anglų kalboje, bet ir praeities raiškos formos, įtraukiant ir vadinamąsias sudurtines arba sudėtines laikų formas, dalyvius, vartojamus vietoj tiesioginės nuosakos atpasakojamojoje kalboje, ir predikatines nelinksniuojamas neveikiamosios rūšies būtojo laiko dalyvių formas. Lietuvių kalboje yra du vientisiniai laikai: būtasis kartinis ir būtasis dažninis. Abiems šiems laikams bendra tai, kad jie reiškia veiksmą, vykusį prieš kalbamąjį momentą, o skiria juos pagrindinė santykio su kalbamuoju momentu reikšmė: būtasis kartinis laikas gali reikšti labai artimą veiksmą atskaitos momentui: ar tai būtų dabartis, ar kitas praeities veiksmas. Taigi būtasis kartinis laikas turi ir perfekto, ir pliuskvamperfekto reikšmes. Šių reikšmių neturi būtasis dažninis laikas. Jis reiškia tolesnės praeities kartojamą veiksmą, kurio atžvilgiu jis sudaro opoziciją būtajam kartiniam laikui. Darbe taip pat nagrinėjamos analitinės formos, nustatomas jų santykis su vientisinėmis: ar jos sudaro vientisinėms opozicijas, ar yra sinoniminės, ar visos santykiauja vienodai. Taip pat tiriama vadinamoji netiesioginė nuosaka (modus relativus) ir neveikiamosios rūšies formą turinčių predikatinių dalyvių reikšmė. Analitinis anglų kalbos laikų pobūdis geriau padeda suprasti ir įvertinti lietuvių kalbos laikų reikšmes ir funkcijas. Ieškojimas lietuvių kalbos laikų formoms atitikmenų anglų kalboje padeda geriau... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Full, Wolfram. "Two past tenses in Comorian: morphological form and inherent meaning." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-91542.
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Comorian is a Bantu language spoken on the Comoro Islands, a small archipelago between the East African coast and the northern tip of Madagascar. It is usually grouped within the Sabaki languages together with Swahili, Mwani, Elwana, Pokorno and Mijikenda (Nurse & Hinnebusch 1993: 4-19). Internally Comorian is divided into different dialects. In congruence with the four main islands, four dialects of Comorian are usually distinguished in the linguistic literature (Ahmed- Charnanga 1992:13; Nurse & Hinnebusch 1993: 18): Shingazija on the island of Ngazija (Grande Comore), Shimwali on Mwali (Moheli), Shinzwani on Nzwani (Anjouan) and Shimaore on Maore (Mayotte). These four dialects are arranged into two dialect groups (Shingazija/ Shimwali vs. Shinzwani/Shimaore) which are supposed to reflect peculiar linguistic similarities and differences.
Although, in general, the greatest morphological differences between the Comorian dialects are within the TAM-markers, the past tense is morphologically quite homogeneous. Therefore dialectal differences do not play a dominant role for the subject of this paper. Two different past tense forms frequently used in everyday speech will be treated here: one morphological simple (one word) form and one compound (two word) form combining the auxiliary -ka (be) with the main verb. They will be discussed first from a formal point of view demonstrating the rules to create the morphosyntactical form. After this they are treated with regard to their semantic contents. The results presented here are based on a one year dialectological research on the Comoro Islands 1996-97. Interviews were made in 56 towns and villages on all four islands of the archipelago.
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Labeau, Emmanuelle. "The acquisition of French past tenses by tutored anglophone advanced learners : is aspect enough?" Thesis, Aston University, 2002. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14846/.
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Following Andersen's (1986, 1991) study of untutored anglophone learners of Spanish, aspectual features have been at the centre of hypotheses on the development of past verbal morphology in language acquisition. The Primacy of Aspect Hypothesis claims that the association of any verb category (Aktionsart) with any aspect (perfective or imperfective) constitutes the endpoint of acquisition. However, its predictions rely on the observation of a limited number of untutored learners at the early stages of their acquisition, and have yet to be confirmed in other settings. The aim of the present thesis is to evaluate the ex planatory power of the P AH in respect of the acquisition of French past tenses, an aspect of the language which constitutes a serious stumbling block for foreign learners, even those at the highest levels of proficiency (Coppieters 1987). The present research applies the PAH to the production of 61 anglophone 'advanced learners' (as defined in Bartning 1997) in a tutored environment. In so doing, it tests concurrent explanations, including the influence of the input, the influence of chunking, and the hypothesis of cyclic development. Finally, it discusses the cotextual and contextual factors that still provoke what Anderson (1991) terms "non-native glitches" at the final stage, as predicted by the PAH. The first part of the thesis provides the theoretical background to the corpus analysis. It opens with a diachronic presentation of the French past tense system focusing on present areas of competition and developments that emphasize the complexity of the system to be acquired. The concepts of time, grammatical aspect and lexical aspect (Aktionsart) are introduced and discussed in the second chapter, and a distinctive formal representation of the French past tenses is offered in the third chapter. The second part of the thesis is devoted to a corpus analysis. The data gathering procedures and the choice of tasks (oral and written film narratives based on Modern Times, c10ze tests and acceptability judgement tests) are described and justified in the research methodology chapter. The research design was shaped by previous studies and consequently allows comparison with these. The second chapter is devoted to the narratives analysis and the third to the grammatical tasks. This section closes with a summary of discoveries and a comparison with previous results. The conclusion addresses the initial research questions in the light of both theory and practice. It shows that the PAH fails to account for the complex phenomenon of past tense development in the acquisitional settings under study, as it adopts a local (the verb phrase) and linear (steady progression towards native usage) approach. It is thus suggested that past tense acquisition rather follows a pendular development as learners reformulate their learning hypotheses and become increasingly able to shift from local to global cues and so to integrate the influence of cotext and context in their tense choice. Key Words: French language Aspect - Aktionsarl - French as a foreign language - Corpus analysis
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Petronienė, Saulė. "Lietuvių kalbos būtųjų laikų reikšmės ir jų atitikmenys anglų kalboje." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090526_111014-88971.
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Disertacijoje analizuojami ne tik vientisinių būtųjų lietuvių kalbos laikų reikšmės ir jų atitikmenys anglų kalboje, bet ir praeities raiškos formos, įtraukiant ir vadinamąsias sudurtines arba sudėtines laikų formas, dalyvius, vartojamus vietoj tiesioginės nuosakos atpasakojamojoje kalboje, ir predikatines nelinksniuojamas neveikiamosios rūšies būtojo laiko dalyvių formas. Lietuvių kalboje yra du vientisiniai laikai: būtasis kartinis ir būtasis dažninis. Abiems šiems laikams bendra tai, kad jie reiškia veiksmą, vykusį prieš kalbamąjį momentą, o skiria juos pagrindinė santykio su kalbamuoju momentu reikšmė: būtasis kartinis laikas gali reikšti labai artimą veiksmą atskaitos momentui: ar tai būtų dabartis, ar kitas praeities veiksmas. Taigi būtasis kartinis laikas turi ir perfekto, ir pliuskvamperfekto reikšmes. Šių reikšmių neturi būtasis dažninis laikas. Jis reiškia tolesnės praeities kartojamą veiksmą, kurio atžvilgiu jis sudaro opoziciją būtajam kartiniam laikui. Darbe taip pat nagrinėjamos analitinės formos, nustatomas jų santykis su vientisinėmis: ar jos sudaro vientisinėms opozicijas, ar yra sinoniminės, ar visos santykiauja vienodai. Taip pat tiriama vadinamoji netiesioginė nuosaka (modus relativus) ir neveikiamosios rūšies formą turinčių predikatinių dalyvių reikšmė. Analitinis anglų kalbos laikų pobūdis geriau padeda suprasti ir įvertinti lietuvių kalbos laikų reikšmes ir funkcijas. Ieškojimas lietuvių kalbos laikų formoms atitikmenų anglų kalboje padeda geriau... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The meanings of Lithuanian past simple tenses and their equivalents in English is the object of the thesis. Other forms expressing past, i.e. compound forms, participles used instead of indicative mood in the narrative speech as well as predicative indeclinable forms of past passive participles are the subject matter in the thesis. There are two simple past tenses in Lithuanian: the past simple and the past frequentative tense. Both tenses are used to express an action which happened before the moment of speech; however, the relation to the moment of speech is different: the past simple tense is used to express a very close action to the reference time (whether it is present or other past action). Thus, the past simple tense has the perfective and plusquamperfective meaning. Whereas, the past frequentative tense does not possess those meanings; it is used to express a repetitive action of a more distant past. Moreover, the relationship of analytic forms to the simple ones is determined in the study. The problem of modus relativus and the meaning of predicative participles of passive voice are covered in the thesis as well. Analytical nature of English tenses enables to perceive and evaluate the meanings and functions of Lithuanian tenses more accurately. The search for the equivalents of Lithuanian tenses in English allows determining more precise meanings of Lithuanian past tenses, particularly the grammaticalization of analytic constructions, the relationships of... [to full text]
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Pais, Artur Geraldo [UNESP]. "As formas de pretérito do modo indicativo no Ensino Fundamental II: reflexões e propostas de atividades." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/147128.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Os recentes materiais didáticos destinados à aprendizagem de Língua Portuguesa no Ensino Fundamental II têm procurado desenvolver um trabalho de gramática direcionado aos mais diversos gêneros textuais. No que diz respeito ao ensino dos verbos, particularmente as formas de pretérito do modo indicativo, gêneros como relato de experiência, notícia de jornal, crônica, biografia, entre outros, contemplam o conteúdo das formas de passado no português brasileiro. Entretanto, percebe-se que ainda persiste um mero ensino das características morfológicas desse tempo verbal. Noções de aspecto, modalidade e uso são deixadas em segundo plano, ou simplesmente ignoradas. O Currículo do Estado de São Paulo propõe, com base nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais, que o ensino gramatical seja voltado para o texto em seus mais variados gêneros, e que tenha respaldo na língua em situações de uso real. Por outro lado, os materiais de apoio do Currículo (Caderno do Aluno e Caderno do Professor) não concentram o ensino da gramática a essas situações de uso e acabam seguindo o mesmo padrão adotado pelos livros didáticos, nos quais sequer existem menções a valores aspectuais e modais dos verbos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar os resultados acerca da investigação e análise da abordagem dada às concepções de ensino de língua e aos estudos gramaticais nos materiais de apoio do Currículo do Estado de São Paulo e em alguns livros didáticos de Língua Portuguesa de 6º e 7º anos do Ensino Fundamental, com um recorte dado aos verbos e, particularmente, às formas flexionadas nos tempos do pretérito do modo indicativo no português do Brasil. Considerando os conceitos de tempo e de aspecto verbal e as diferentes perspectivas de abordagem dos tempos de pretérito do modo indicativo na Língua Portuguesa, esta pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, consiste na análise dos documentos oficiais e dos materiais didáticos utilizados na Educação Básica, e apresenta, como proposta de intervenção, um Caderno Complementar de Atividades para o professor aplicar junto aos alunos do Ensino Fundamental II, com exercícios que contemplem o passado dos verbos em português, dentro de uma perspectiva semântica e funcional, em diferentes gêneros textuais. A presente pesquisa também apresenta uma análise da elaboração do Caderno Complementar e da aplicação das primeiras atividades com alunos do 7º ano de uma escola pública da cidade de Assis, SP.
The newest schoolbooks for the learning of Portuguese language in Elementary Education try to develop a grammar teaching according to various text genres. When the subject is the teaching of verbs, particularly the forms of the past tenses in the indicative mood, text genres like experience report, newspaper report, chronicle, biography, and many others, include the contents of the forms of the verbs in the past in Brazilian Portuguese. However, it is very clear that there is still a mere teaching of the morphological characteristics of this tense. The verbal aspect, the modal verbs and the functions of verbs are not the main topic in the studies, or they are simply ignored. The Currículo do Estado de São Paulo – an official document that indicates the contents to be taught in public schools in São Paulo State – proposes, based on the PCN (Brazilian National Curriculum Parameters), that the grammar teaching must be focused on the text in its several genres, and has to consider the language in real use situations. On the other hand, the Currículo support materials (student’s and teacher’s notebooks) do not consider these situations in the grammar teaching, and the approach follows the same pattern adopted by the textbooks, in which there is not any mention about aspect values or modal verbs. The aim of this work is to present the results on the research and analysis of the approach of the language teaching concepts in the support materials of the Currículo do Estado de São Paulo and in some textbooks of the 6th and the 7th years in elementary school, with the focus on the grammatical studies about the verbs and, particularly, their inflected forms in the past tenses in the indicative mood, in Brazilian Portuguese. Considering the concepts of tense and verbal aspect, and the different perspectives of approach to the past tenses in the indicative mood in Portuguese, this qualitative research analyzes the official documents and the teaching materials used in Elementary Education, and presents, as a proposal of intervention, a Complementary Activities Notebook for the teacher’s work with the elementary school students, with exercises that include the verbs in the past in Portuguese, in a semantic and functional perspective, in different genres. This research also analyzes the development of that Complementary Notebook and the results of implementing its first activities with students in a 7th year at a public school in Assis, São Paulo State.
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Flahive, Patrick J. "Past tense marking in Chinese-English interlanguage." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4664/.
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This data study concentrates on the past tense marking in the interlanguage (IL) of Chinese speakers of English. Following the assumptions of Hawkins & Lizska, (2003), it is assumed that unlike native speakers of English, Chinese speakers of English have a higher level of optionality within the past tense marking of their grammars. It is claimed that the primary reason for this occurrence is the lack of the functional feature T(ense) [+/-past] in Mandarin Chinese. If a particular functional feature is missing in a learner's L1 grammar, it is thought that it will be absent in one's L2 grammar as well. Three advanced Chinese speakers of English were tested on the past tense marking in their IL production. Both spontaneous oral and reading speech were used for this data analysis.
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Makihara, Hideo. "On the past tense in Japanese relative clauses /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8380.
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Proctor-Williams, Kerry, and Marc E. Fey. "Recast Density and Irregular Past Tense Verb Acquisition." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1855.
Full textBooks on the topic "Past tenses"
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Engel, Dulcie M. Tense and text: A study of French past tenses. London: Routledge, 1990.
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Joyce, Rebeta-Burditt, and Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), eds. The past tense. New York: Signet, 2005.
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Hobbs, Charlie. Past tense: Charlie's story. Burnstown, Ont: General Store Pub. House, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Past tenses"
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Wallwork, Adrian. "Past tenses." In English for Academic Research: Grammar Exercises, 39–47. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4289-9_7.
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Byon, Andrew Sangpil. "Past tenses." In Modern Korean Grammar Workbook, 42–44. New York : Routledge-Taylor & Francis Group, [2017] | Series: Routledge Modern Grammars: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315178158-11.
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Wallwork, Adrian. "Tenses: present, past, future." In English for Research: Grammar, Usage and Style, 49–58. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1593-0_8.
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Jubb, Margaret. "Key points: past tenses." In Upgrade Your French, 75–81. Third edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge,: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351013031-12.
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Rôme, Denise De. "The past indicative tenses." In Soluzioni, 305–41. Fourth edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge concise grammars series: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429508202-21.
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Ortega, Ane, Tita Beaven, Cecilia Garrido, Sean Scrivener, and Javier Muñoz-Basols. "Past tenses of the indicative." In ¡Exacto!, 128–45. Third edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon : New York, NY: Routledge, [2018] | Previous editions published in London: Hodder Education, 2009; 2nd ed.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315228334-18.
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Wigger, Arndt. "Chapter 3. Celtic past tenses past and present." In Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond, 50–93. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.352.03wig.
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Wicher, Oliver. "Chapter 14. Phraseological usage patterns of past tenses." In Tense, Aspect, Modality, and Evidentiality, 309–34. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.197.14wic.
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Mynett, Mark. "Gerunds, past participles, compound perfect tenses and the passive." In Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar, 158–66. 2nd edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York,: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315627311-20.
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Fehringer, Carol. "Past tense." In German Grammar in Context, 80–86. Third edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Languages in context: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429197475-12.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Past tenses"
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Selezneva, Olga Nikolaevna. "Ambiguity of Future in the Past in the Modern English Language." In All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation. Publishing house Sreda, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-98695.
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The article raises the question of ambiguity of Future in the Past in expressing the future tense in the modern English language. The author of the article analyzes should/would + infinitive, its grammatical status and the expressed lexical meaning. The article notes that ambiguity of Future in the Past is mainly due to the homonymy of should/would + infinitive forms with the forms of the subjunctive mood. However, Future in the Past is a part of the verb system of tenses in the modern English language and it expresses assumption, intention or obligation to perform a future action from the past position.
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Mari, Saraheimo. "Compound past tenses in komi zyrian: word order составные временные структуры глаголов коми языка: порядок слов." In Idndigenous Languages as a Factor of sustainable development of the Arctic. Yakutsk: Russian Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch, The institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous studies of the North, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25693/npk2019saraheimo.
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Nose, Masahiko. "The Habitual Pastin Amele, Papua New Guinea." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.2-4.
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This study attempts to clarify the tense systems in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea; particularly, the past tense and habitual past forms in the sample three languages in the area: Amele, Waskia, and Kobon. This study thus investigates past tense and habitual features, and discusses how the people in the area interpret past events. The study then discusses how these people map their temporal frames in their grammars (“anthropology of time”, Gell 1996). To aid analysis, I collected data through observing descriptive grammars and fieldwork, finding that Amele exhibits three types of past tense and habitual tense forms, as in (1). Kobon has two distinct simple and remote past tenses, as in (2). Kobon has habitual aspect with the help of the verb “to be.” Waskia, in contrast, has a distinction between realis and irrealis meanings, and the realis forms can indicate past and habitual meanings (two habitual forms: one is include in realis, another is with the help of the verb “stay”), as shown in (3). (1) Amele: Today’s past: Ija hu-ga. “I came (today).” Yesterday’s past: Ija hu-gan. “I came (yesterday).” Remote past: Ija ho-om. “I came (before yesterday).” Habitual past (by adding the habitual form “l”): Ija ho-lig. “I used to come.” (2) Kobon (Davies 1989): Simple past: Yad au-ɨn. “I have come.” Remote past: Nöŋ-be. “You saw” Habitual aspect (by using the verb “mid” to be): Yad nel nipe pu-mid-in. “I used to break his firewood.” (3) Waskia (Ross and Paol 1978): Realis: Ane ikelako yu naem. “I drank some water yesterday.” (simple past) Realis: Ane girako yu no-kisam “In the past I used to drink water” (habitual past) Habitual (by using the verb “bager“ (stay)): Ane girako yu nala bager-em. “In the past I used to drink water.“ Finally, this study claims that Amele and Kobon have remoteness distinctions; near and remote past distinctions, but there is no such a distinction in Waskia. The observed habitual usages are different to each other. Nevertheless, the three languages have a grammatical viewpoint of habitual past mapping.
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Martin, Shelley F. "Removal of History." In 1995 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.1995.27.
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In regarding history as a concept, the foundation of both the critical and the cultural historian relies on the metaphor selected to order the world. The acquisition of knowledge by inquiry, as in the Greek “historia”, is related to the Latin “videre” ( to see), and develops an historical sense which includes the perception of the past, the present, and the future simultaneously. These relationships of time usually move either horizontally as a chronological time line with clear regulations and overlaps; or vertically with the direct impact of a cut or incision that both divides and links at the same time. A ruin is a state of time where, for a moment, all three tenses collide as the past and the future crash into the present. In a ruin both the productions and the destructions of history reveal themselves as an opportunity to recognize the significance and signatures of events and the boundaries enclosing them.
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Leeuwenberg, Artuur, and Marie-Francine Moens. "A Survey on Temporal Reasoning for Temporal Information Extraction from Text (Extended Abstract)." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/712.
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Time is deeply woven into how people perceive, and communicate about the world. Almost unconsciously, we provide our language utterances with temporal cues, like verb tenses, and we can hardly produce sentences without such cues. Extracting temporal cues from text, and constructing a global temporal view about the order of described events is a major challenge of automatic natural language understanding. Temporal reasoning, the process of combining different temporal cues into a coherent temporal view, plays a central role in temporal information extraction. This article presents a comprehensive survey of the research from the past decades on temporal reasoning for automatic temporal information extraction from text, providing a case study on the integration of symbolic reasoning with machine learning-based information extraction systems.
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Albright, Adam, and Bruce Hayes. "Modeling english past tense intuitions with minimal generalization." In the ACL-02 workshop. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1118647.1118654.
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Lukyanov, Alexander A. "Thermodynamically Consistent Anisotropic Plasticity Model." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10398.
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The objective of the work presented in this paper is to consider the thermodynamically consistent anisotropic plasticity model based on full decomposition of stress tensor into generalised deviatoric part and generalised spherical part of stress tensor. Two fundamental tensors αij and βij which represents anisotropic material properties are defined and can be considered as generalisations of the Kronecker delta symbol which plays the main role in the theory of isotropic materials. Using two fundamental tensors, αij and βij, the concept of total generalised “pressure” and pressure corresponding to the volumetric deformation are redefined. It is shown that the formulation of anisotropic plasticity in the case of incompressible plastic flow must be considered independently from the generalised hydrostatic “pressure”. Accordingly, a modification to the anisotropic Hill criterion is introduced. Based on experimental research which has been published, the modified Hill (1948, 1950) criterion for anisotropic elasto-plasticity is validated. The results are presented, discussed and future studies are outlined.
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Ермолова, М. В. "О соотношении двух плюсквамперфектов в псковских говорах в сопоставлении с инославянским материалом." In Межкультурное и межъязыковое взаимодействие в пространстве Славии (к 110-летию со дня рождения С. Б. Бернштейна). Институт славяноведения РАН, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/0459-6.08.
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There are two pluperfect forms in Pskov dialects: “to be (past tense) + vši-form” and “to be (past tense) +l-form”. The first one has a resultative meaning and should be considered in the row of other perfective forms with the verb to be in the present tense, future tense and in the form of subjunctive mood. The second one has a meaning of discontinuous past. Apparently, it is a grammeme of the past tense and it is opposed to the “simple” past tense by the meaning of the irrelevance of the action to the present. There are similar systems with two pluperfect forms in other Slavic and non-Slavic languages.
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Lai, Dr Ching Ching. "Enhanced and Unenhanced Recasts on Hong Kong Students' Past Tense Usage." In 2nd Annual International Conference on Language, Literature and Linguistics (L3 2013). Global Science and Technology Forum Pte Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-3566_l313.145.
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Naghdabadi, Reza, and Kamyar Ghavam. "Elastic-Plastic Modeling of the Hardening Materials Based on an Eulerian Strain Tensor and a Proper Corotational Rate." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71445.
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In this paper a model for analyzing elastic-plastic kinematic hardening materials is introduced, based on the additive decomposition of the corotational rate of an Eulerian strain tensor In this model, the elastic constitutive equation as well as the flow rule and the hardening equation is expressed in terms of the elastic and plastic parts of the corotational rate of the mentioned Eulerian stain tensor and its conjugate stress tensor. In the flow rule, the plastic part of the corotational rate of the Eulerian strain tensor is related to the difference of the deviatoric part of the conjugate stress and the back stress tensors. A proportionality factor is used in this flow rule which must be obtained from a consistency condition based on the von Mises yield criterion. A Prager type kinematic hardening model is used which relates the corotational rate of the back stress tensor to the plastic part of the corotational rate of the Eulerian strain tensor. Also in this paper a proper corotational rate corresponding to the Eulerian strain tensor is introduced. Finally the governing equations for the analysis of elastic-plastic kinematic hardening materials are obtained. As an application, these governing equations are solved numerically for the simple shear problem and the stress and back stress components are plotted versus the shear displacement. The results are compared with those, which are available in the literature.
Reports on the topic "Past tenses"
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Scheidler, Michael J. Time Rates of Generalized Strain Tensors. Part 1. Component Formulas. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada232497.
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Scheidler, Michael J. Time Rates of Generalized Strain Tensors. Part 2. Approximate Basis-Free Formulas. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada242095.
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Restrepo Villamizar, Claudia Elena. Toma de relación bicondilo maxilar. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gcgp.33.
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El objetivo de la guía es ayudar al estudiante a tener conocimiento del paso a paso en la toma de la relación bicondilo maxilar para que, posteriormente, pueda representar las posiciones mandibulares necesarias para un diagnóstico, pronóstico y tratamiento del paciente; lo anterior teniendo en cuenta cada uno de los detalles al momento de realizar la toma en el consultorio odontológico o en el área de práctica clínica.
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Kerai, Urvi, Lydia Kiroff, and Rashika Sharma. The Response of Auckland Construction Firms to Recent Technological Changes. Unitec ePress, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.087.
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Over the past decade, the impacts of technology on the construction sector have been profound. This trend presents significant challenges for construction firms in an environment characterised by skilled labor shortages and an aging workforce that tends to struggle to accept new technology. The purpose of this research is to determine the types of technologies that are being used by Auckland construction firms, the challenges that they face as they adopt new technologies, and the impact of technology on the construction workforce.
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Díaz, Regina Ingrid, and Hernán López Hernández. Neuroderechos. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/2050012728/9691202048.
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Es clave tener presente que no todo es tecnología, sino que también humanidad, y no todo desarrollo tecnológico es necesariamente progreso humano. Debemos tomar un espacio y repensar ¿qué implica esta cuarta revolución industrial? Este resulta ser el primer paso. En un proceso de cambio social, cultural, económico, tecnológico, biológico y jurídico, es un nuevo paradigma, en que la neuroprotección representa un desafío legislativo para Chile y el mundo.
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Hahnel, Robin. Participatory Planning. Mέta | Centre for Postcapitalist Civilisation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55405/mwp2en.
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The Centre for Postcapitalist Civilisation presents Professor Robin Hahnel’s mέta Working Paper entitled Participatory Planning (accessible here), part of the “Towards (a Better) Postcapitalism: A Handy How-To Guide” series under “Allocation.” mέta Working Papers’ series “Towards (a Better) Postcapitalism: A Handy How-To Guide” publishes solicited policy papers on aspects of how would a non-dystopian postcapitalism look like. The series focuses on three ‘pillars’: Production | Allocation | Decision-making i.e., how could/would postcapitalist production be like (and who would own the means of production), what shape would the allocation of goods take (and which alternatives to the market economy may be explored), and what would be the main tenets of postcapitalist democracy. In this paper, Professor Robin Hahnel addresses the second pillar, ‘allocation’, as participatory planning.
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Uche, Chidi, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Retrospective Study of Inspectors Competency in the Act of Writing GMP Inspection Report. Purdue University, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317445.
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The research was a retrospective study of twenty-five Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) inspection reports (from March 2017 through to December 2018) of a national medicine regulatory agency, drug Inspectorate, in West Africa, designed to assess the inspectors’ expertise in the act of inspection report writing. The investigation examined a paper-based tool of thirteen pre-registration Inspection reports and twelve GMP reassessment reports written prior and following an intervention program by external GMP trainers to enhance inspectors’ skill in pharmaceutical cGMP inspection. The study made use of quantitative analysis to investigate each team’s expertise in the act of writing GMP inspection report. Likewise, each report’s compliance with the requirements of three regulatory standards on GMP inspection report writing was ascertained. Impact of intervention program on lead inspectors’ competence was assessed. Lastly, gap in each team writing effectiveness, and lead inspectors’ abilities to deliver an effective report were determined. The results showed one of the inspection team (4.0%) wrote an excellent report. Two (8.0%) of the twenty-five inspection teams penned good inspection reports. Eleven (44.0%) teams drafted needs improvement reports and the remaining eleven teams (44.0%) prepared unacceptable reports. The excellent report and the two good reports had report format that meet expectation. One (50.0%) of the good reports showed the authors possess excellent knowledge of cGMP technical areas. The remain good report (50.0%) revealed the writers’ knowledge.as good. The excellent report showed the authors displayed partial mastery in the use of objective evidence while the two good reports disclosed theirs as having partial and evolving abilities. One of the teams (50.0%) that wrote good reports displayed good use of third person narrative past tense in report writing whereas the other team used the same tense and voice excellently. Generally, a sort of marginal level of performance was prominent among the inspection teams. A gap, if not tackled, will slow down regulatory process through increase report review, litigations that query report factual accuracy (AIHO, 2017) and delay in issuance of marketing authorization. In conclusion, trainings on quality attributes, such as technical content (Quality Management System (QMS) and Site), the use of objective evidence, assignment of risk levels to GMP violations and citing of applicable laws, regulation and guidelines that substantiate GMP observations, were recommended, to enhance knowledge sharing and regulators’ performance in the act of writing inspection report.
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Webb, Philip, and Sarah Fletcher. Unsettled Issues on Human-Robot Collaboration and Automation in Aerospace Manufacturing. SAE International, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2020024.
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This SAE EDGE™ Research Report builds a comprehensive picture of the current state-of-the-art of human-robot applications, identifying key issues to unlock the technology’s potential. It brings together views of recognized thought leaders to understand and deconstruct the myths and realities of human- robot collaboration, and how it could eventually have the impact envisaged by many. Current thinking suggests that the emerging technology of human-robot collaboration provides an ideal solution, combining the flexibility and skill of human operators with the precision, repeatability, and reliability of robots. Yet, the topic tends to generate intense reactions ranging from a “brave new future” for aircraft manufacturing and assembly, to workers living in fear of a robot invasion and lost jobs. It is widely acknowledged that the application of robotics and automation in aerospace manufacturing is significantly lower than might be expected. Reasons include product variability, size, design philosophy, and relatively low volumes. Also, the occasional reticence due to a history of past false starts plays a role too. Unsettled Issues on Human-Robot Collaboration and Automation in Aerospace Manufacturing goes deep into the core questions that really matter so the necessary step changes can move the industry forward.
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Walsh, Alex. The Contentious Politics of Tunisia’s Natural Resource Management and the Prospects of the Renewable Energy Transition. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.048.
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For many decades in Tunisia, there has been a robust link between natural resource management and contentious national and local politics. These disputes manifest in the form of protests, sit-ins, the disruption of production and distribution and legal suits on the one hand, and corporate and government response using coercive and concessionary measures on the other. Residents of resource-rich areas and their allies protest the inequitable distribution of their local natural wealth and the degradation of their health, land, water, soil and air. They contest a dynamic that tends to bring greater benefit to Tunisia’s coastal metropolitan areas. Natural resource exploitation is also a source of livelihoods and the contentious politics around them have, at times, led to somewhat more equitable relationships. The most important actors in these contentious politics include citizens, activists, local NGOs, local and national government, international commercial interests, international NGOs and multilateral organisations. These politics fit into wider and very longstanding patterns of wealth distribution in Tunisia and were part of the popular alienation that drove the uprising of 2011. In many ways, the dynamic of the contentious politics is fundamentally unchanged since prior to the uprising and protests have taken place within the same month of writing of this paper. Looking onto this scene, commentators use the frame of margins versus centre (‘marginalization’), and also apply the lens of labour versus capital. If this latter lens is applied, not only is there continuity from prior to 2011, there is continuity with the colonial era when natural resource extraction was first industrialised and internationalised. In these ways, the management of Tunisia’s natural wealth is a significant part of the country’s serious political and economic challenges, making it a major factor in the street politics unfolding at the time of writing.
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Oosterhoff, Pauline, and Raudah M. Yunus. The Effects of Social Assistance Interventions on Gender, Familial and Household Relations Among Refugees and Displaced Populations: A Review of the Literature on Interventions in Syria, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.011.
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This literature review aims to explore the evidence on the effects of social assistance on gender, familial, and household relations and power dynamics among refugees and (internally) displaced populations in Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon. It examines the findings from an intersectional gender perspective allowing the authors to build on the knowledge of ‘what works’ in interventions in general and hopefully improve gender equality and social inclusion. Out of 1,564 papers initially identified and screened, 22 were included in the final stage. A question that emerged as the papers were analysed was whether the arduous work of targeting individuals was efficient or necessary, given that the available evidence suggests that beneficiaries generally tend to share their stipend with other family members for the collective good. Most studies tended to conflate gender with women and girls – making distinctions between widowed, married, unmarried and divorced women – but ignoring other dimensions such as class, health status, religion, ethnicity, education, prior work experience, political affiliation, and civil participation. Many programmes and research fail to disaggregate data. Social assistance programmes focus on individuals and households, with little attention to the wider context and overall conflict. Most studies paid negligible attention to familial infrastructures and strategies for sustainable interventions. Access to, and use of, cash transfers are part of broader familial strategies to mobilise or increase resources including, for example, (male) migration in pursuit of remittances, or (female) dependency on ‘community charity’. Short-term cash transfers can, in some circumstances, disrupt individuals’ and families’ access to more sustainable income or ‘charity’. Thus, important questions are raised about the purpose of social assistance: does it aim to preserve or transform families through targeting?