Academic literature on the topic 'Paste-up techniques'
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Journal articles on the topic "Paste-up techniques"
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Flammia, Madelyn. "Avoiding Desktop Disasters: Why Technical Communication Students should Learn about Mechanical Paste up Techniques." Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 23, no. 3 (July 1993): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/bldx-08k6-34ae-xx1k.
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Today many students learn how to use desktop programs such as PageMaker and Ventura in technical communication courses; however, few of those students are also learning the principles of graphic design underlying the production of mechanicals. The ability to use a desktop publishing program does not necessarily guarantee the ability to produce well-designed and effective documents. In fact, the growing use of desktop publishing software has led to a proliferation of documents that violate all the rules of good design. This article describes a technical publications course in which students gain a better understanding of the principles of design and layout by using mechanical paste up techniques. When required to use mechanical paste up in addition to desktop publishing software, students acquired a more thorough understanding of grids and white space as well as a greater confidence in their abilities to do page design.
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SIEGL, Regina Maura Coli, Tathiane Larissa LENZI, Gabriel Tilli POLITANO, Monique De BENEDETTO, José Carlos Petorossi IMPARATO, and Sérgio Luiz PINHEIRO. "Two endodontics techniques analysis in primary molars with fistula." RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia 63, no. 2 (June 2015): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-863720150002000082990.
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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to follow the radiolucent area (pixels) in the furcation area and the behavior of the endodontically treated deciduous molars with different simplified echniques. METHODS: The treatments were performed without the duct instrumentation using relative isolation and two drugs were applied, as follows: G1: Guedes-Pinto paste (GP) and G2: CTZ paste (CTZ) for the pulp chamber filling. The radiolucent areas in the furcation region of deciduous molars were obtained from previous x-rays, after 6 and 12 months of the endodontic treatment and was analysed by l Image Tool 3.0 by two blinded examiners. In order to analyse the calibration between the examiners, Kappa test was used and for comparison of the initial radiographic image, analysis of variance was used after 6 and 12 months of each group and Tukey spost-hoc test. T-Student test was used for comparison between groups. RESULTS: There was a reduction of radiolucent area after 6 (p<0.01) and 12 months (p<0.01) in the teeth treated with CTZ paste. In the teeth treated with PG there was not reduction of radiolucent area after 12 months. (p= 0,09). CONCLUSION: Although the clinical signs were similar in both groups after 12 months of follow up, only teeth treated with CTZ showed reduction of radiolucent area in the furca area after 6 and 12 months.
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Mondaca, S. L., C. A. Leiva, C. A. Acuña, and E. A. Serey. "Flow Enhancement of Mineral Pastes to Increase Water Recovery in Tailings: A Matlab-Based Imaging Processing Tool." Scientific Programming 2020 (May 26, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5607242.
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The rate of growth of mining copper industry in Chile requires higher consumption of water, which is a resource limited in quality and quantity and a major point of concern in present times. In addition, the efficient use of water is restricted due to high levels of evaporation (10 to 15 (l/m2) per day), in particular at the north highland mining sites (Chile). On the contrary, the final disposal of tailings is mainly on pond, which loses water by evaporation and in some cases by percolation. An alternative are the paste thickeners, which generate stable paste (70% solids), reducing evaporation and percolation and therefore reducing water make up. Water is a resource with more demand as the industries are expanding, making the water recovery processes more of a necessity than a simple upgrade in efficiency. This technology was developed in Canada (early 80s) and it has widely been used in Australia (arid zones with similar weather conditions to Chile), although few plants are using this technology. The tendency in the near future is to move from open ponds to paste thickeners. One of the examples of this is Minera El Tesoro. This scenario requires developing technical capacity in both paste flow characterization and rheology modifiers (fluidity enhancer) in order to make possible the final disposal of this paste. In this context, a new technique is introduced and experimental results of fluidity modifiers are discussed. This study describes how water content affects the flow behavior and depositional geometry of tailings and silica flour pastes. The depositional angle determined from the flume tests, and the yield stresses is determined from slump test and a rheological model. Both techniques incorporate digital video and image analysis. The results indicate that the new technique can be incorporated in order to determine the proper solid content and modifiers to a given fluidity requirement. In addition, the experimental results showed that the pH controls strongly the fluid paste behavior.
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Musztyfaga-Staszuk, Małgorzata, Grzegorz Putynkowski, Robert Socha, Maciej Stodolny, and Piotr Panek. "Copper-Based Volumetric Filler Dedicated for Ag Paste for Depositing the Front Electrodes by Printing on Solar Si Cells." Materials 11, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 2493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11122493.
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In this work we present research results on a new paste NPCuXX (where: NP—new paste, CuXX—component, XX—a modifier consisting of Ni and other important elements) based on a copper composite (CuXX) for fabrication of front electrodes in silicon solar cells. The CuXX composite is obtained by chemical processing of copper powder particles and can be used in two ways: as an additive to commercially available paste or as a base material for a new paste, NPCuXX. The CuXX offers the possibility to exchange up to 30 and 50 wt.% Ag into Cu, which significantly decreases the solar cells material costs, and therefore, the overall solar cell price. Emphasis was placed on a proper mass suitable fabrication process of the CuXX component. The NPCuXX paste has been applied both to conventional cell structures such as aluminum-back surface field (Al-BSF) and passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC), and finally solar cells with front electrodes deposited by screen-printing method were fabricated and characterized by current-voltage techniques. This paper reports the first implementation of the copper volumetric material into a screen print paste used in a high-temperature metallization process to fabricate the front contacts of Si solar cells with a highest fill factor of 77.92 and 77.69% for the abovementioned structures, respectively.
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Clay, David W. "Mathtype, Version 3.0." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Stochastic Analysis 6, no. 3 (January 1, 1993): 287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1048953393000255.
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MathType is a mathematical equation editor in the Windows 3.1 environment. It lets you build up any kind of mathematical expression by using simple point-and-click techniques and then insert them into any Windows 3.1 compatible word processor; for instance, Word Perfect 5.1/5.2 for Windows, Word 2.0 for Windows, and AMI Pro 3.0 for Windows. An expression designed by MathType can be transferred into a word processor by using standard Cut and Paste commands or by using Object Linking and Embedding techniques.
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Samrudhi Khatod, Anuja Ikhar, Pradnya Nikhade, Manoj Chandak, Kaustubh Khatod, Akshay Jaiswal, Madhulika Chandak, Chanchal Rathi, and Nidhi Motwani. "Comparative Evaluation of Different Irrigation Techniques with Conventional Irrigation Technique for the Removal of Double Antibiotic Paste from Root Canal-An in vitro study." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (September 28, 2020): 5578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3194.
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Complete removal of infection, rendering root canal free of an organism is the prime aim of endodontic treatment. It cannot be achieved alone by biomechanical preparation due to the complexity of root canal treatment. Therefore the use of intracanal medicament is a must. The antibiotic paste is frequently used intracanal medicament, usually in regenerative cases. Hence the aim of the is to compare different irrigation technique for removal of double antibiotic paste from root canal through a stereomicroscope. 36 single-rooted were standardized to root length of 12mm then instrumented by Protaper rotary file up to size F4. Irrigation was done using sodium hypochlorite in between instrument change. The root canal was dried using paper point and filled by DAP and then randomly allocated to 3 groups(n=12) according to irrigation system used: conventional syringe irrigation (CSI), Passive ultrasonic irrigation(PUI), EndoVac (EV). Roots were then longitudinally sectioned using the diamond disk and studied under a stereomicroscope using a scoring scale. Data were evaluated using one way ANOVA and Tukey test. Among all experimental group CSI was least efficient. PUI and EV showed greater efficiency but no significant difference between PUI and EV, but a significant difference between CSI and PUI, EV (p< 0.05). Use of irrigation activation system results in efficient removal of DAP compared to CSI.
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Petrlová, J., S. Křížková, V. Šupálková, M. Masařík, V. Adam, L. Havel, K. J. Kramer, and R. Kizek. "The determination of avidin in genetically modified maize by voltammetric techniques." Plant, Soil and Environment 53, No. 8 (January 7, 2008): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2185-pse.
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Quality assurance is a major issue in the food industry. The authenticity of food ingredients and their traceability are required by consumers and authorities. Plant species such as barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>), rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>), sunflower (<i>Helianthus annus</i>), wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) and maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) are very common objects of interest of genetic modification (GMO); therefore the development of specific assays for their specific detection and quantification of GMO are needed. Furthermore, the production and trade of genetically modified lines from an increasing number of plant species brings about the need for control within research, environmental risk assessment, labeling-legal, and consumers’ information purposes. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on modification of working electrode could be suitable tools for these purposes. Here, we report using of an avidin-modified carbon paste electrode for rapid and sensitive determination of avidin in plant extract solution and in a transgenic maize extract. The process could be used to determine avidin concentrations up to 3pM in solution and 170nM in a maize seed extract. Moreover, we applied the method to analyze different maize flours.
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Makrygianni, Marina, Filimon Zacharatos, Kostas Andritsos, Ioannis Theodorakos, Dimitris Reppas, Nikolaos Oikonomidis, Christos Spandonidis, and Ioanna Zergioti. "Eco-Friendly Lead-Free Solder Paste Printing via Laser-Induced Forward Transfer for the Assembly of Ultra-Fine Pitch Electronic Components." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 3353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123353.
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Current challenges in printed circuit board (PCB) assembly require high-resolution deposition of ultra-fine pitch components (<0.3 mm and <60 μm respectively), high throughput and compatibility with flexible substrates, which are poorly met by the conventional deposition techniques (e.g., stencil printing). Laser-Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT) constitutes an excellent alternative for assembly of electronic components: it is fully compatible with lead-free soldering materials and offers high-resolution printing of solder paste bumps (<60 μm) and throughput (up to 10,000 pads/s). In this work, the laser-process conditions which allow control over the transfer of solder paste bumps and arrays, with form factors in line with the features of fine pitch PCBs, are investigated. The study of solder paste as a function of donor/receiver gap confirmed that controllable printing of bumps containing many microparticles is feasible for a gap < 100 μm from a donor layer thickness set at 100 and 150 μm. The transfer of solder bumps with resolution < 100 μm and solder micropatterns on different substrates, including PCB and silver pads, have been achieved. Finally, the successful operation of a LED interconnected to a pin connector bonded to a laser-printed solder micro-pattern was demonstrated.
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Zampini, Davide, Surendra P. Shah, and Hamlin M. Jennings. "Early age microstructure of the paste-aggregate interface and its evolution." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 7 (July 1998): 1888–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0268.
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The sequence of microstructural changes occurring at the wet paste-aggregate interface is documented at an age as early as 5 min using the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). Unlike other microscopic techniques, the ESEM allows pastes of normal water: cement ratio to be observed at early ages without reducing the paste to a powder. Evolution of the paste-aggregate microstructure is followed up to an age of 24 h. The region adjacent to the aggregate surface contains a phase with a morphology referred to as a “sheaf of wheat” morphology. The same interfacial region in a 10-day-old specimen has a microstructure similar to the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) reported in the literature. Variations of the “sheaf of wheat” morphology due to original water-to-cement ratio, mixing energy, incorporation of silica fume, and drying are documented. As revealed by energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS), the microstructure contains significant amounts of calcium and silica. These results indicate that the observed morphology is likely to be a calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) product that is a precursor to type I C-S-H. A description of the evolution of the observed microstructural features is presented. The “sheaf of wheat” morphology appears to be a general precursor to morphologies commonly seen in mature pastes.
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Mommaerts, Maurice Y., Paul R. Depauw, and Erik Nout. "Ceramic 3D-Printed Titanium Cranioplasty." Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 13, no. 4 (July 16, 2020): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1943387520927916.
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Study Design: Inlay cranioplasties following partial craniectomy in tumor or trauma cases and onlay cranioplasties for reconstructions of residual developmental skull anomalies are frequently performed using CAD-CAM techniques. Objective: In this case series, we present a novel cranial implant design, being a combination of 3D-printed titanium grade 23 and calcium phosphate paste (CeTi). Methods: The titanium patient-specific implant, manufactured using selective laser melting, has a latticed border with interconnected micropores. The cranioplasty is miniscrew fixed and its border zone subsequently partially filled with calcium phosphate paste to promote osteoinduction and osteoconduction. From April 2017 to April 2019, 8 patients have been treated with such a CeTi implant. The inlay cranioplasties were each time revision surgeries of complicated cases. Results: All implants were successful after a limited follow-up time (range 18-42 months). There were no dehiscences and no infections, and no complaints of thermal conduction. Conclusions: The proposed CeTi cranial implant combines the strength of titanium implants with the biological integration potential of ceramic implants and seems particularly resistant to infection, probably due to the biofunctionalized titanium surface and the antimicrobial activity of elevated intracellular free calcium levels.
Books on the topic "Paste-up techniques"
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Uchelen, Rod Van. Paste-up: Production techniques and new applications. New York: Prentice Hall Press, 1986.
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Warren, Jack. Basic graphic design & paste-up. Cincinnati, Ohio: North Light Publishers, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Paste-up techniques"
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G. Al-shammari, Meshal. "Regenerative Endodontic Procedure in Immature Permanent Teeth." In Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96986.
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This literature review will aim to recapitulate the different factors involved in the endodontic regenerative procedure, with a focus on different bacterial disinfecting techniques, intra-canal dressings and expected treatment outcomes. The electronic databases searched were EMBASE, MEDLINE and PUBMED. Articles included were limited to the English language from the year 1988 to May 2019. A hand search of the literature was also performed for articles dating back to 1958. No clear guidelines were available regarding follow-up and expected treatment outcomes in terms of success, survival (acceptable) or treatment failure. However, calcium hydroxide as an intra-canal medicament was found to be the best treatment modality in comparison to antibiotic paste for intra-canal dressing.
Conference papers on the topic "Paste-up techniques"
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Oka, Yasuhiro, and Akihiko Goto. "Research of Adhesive Effect Enhanced by Pounding Brush on Second Lining Pounding Procedure for Japanese Scrolls." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37886.
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Hanging scrolls are a traditional Japanese ornamental art, which allow paintings and calligraphy to be unrolled and hung on a wall or in an alcove for display, and rolled up and stored in a box. Hanging scrolls should hang straight when unrolled, and roll smoothly for proper storage, without damaging the artwork beneath. For this purpose, scrolls are lined with several layers of Japanese paper, and adhered together with a weak, aged paste made from wheat starch, which gives the paper the flexibility required when the scrolls are rolled up for storage. While this old paste facilitates winding a scroll because it does not become hard even when dried, it does not have sufficient adhesive effect to grip Japanese paper. In order to increase the adhesive power of this aged paste, craftsmen employ a traditional technique of pounding the paper with a special “pounding brush.” This pounding technique is an important part of the fabrication process of hanging scrolls, but it is a difficult task for each generation to pass down the proper pounding technique. This study was intended to verify the effects of the pounding technique on aged paste and Japanese paper. We prepared samples with the pounding technique and investigated their adhesive properties of samples by peel text. In order to verify the importance of this traditional technique and the traditional materials, we compared and analyzed the differences in adhesion between craftsmen of different skill and differences introduced by paste concentration and backing paper quality.
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Liu, Changqing, Paul Conway, Dezhi Li, and Michael Hendriksen. "Analysis of the Micro-Mechanical Properties in Aged Lead-Free, Fine Pitch Flip Chip Joints." In ASME 2003 International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2003-35130.
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This research seeks to characterize the micro-mechanical behavior of Sn-Ag-Cu solder bumps/joints generated by fine feature flip chip fabrication and assembly processes. The bumps used for characterization were produced by stencil deposition of solder paste onto an electroless Nickel UBM, followed by a bump-forming reflow soldering process and the final assembly joints were then achieved by a subsequent reflow of die onto a fine feature Printed Circuit Board (PCB). The bumps and joints were aged at either 80°C or 150°C for up to 1.5 months and then analyzed by means of micro-shear testing and nano-indentation techniques. The shear test of the aged bumps showed a slight increase in shear strength after an initial period of aging (∼ 50h) as compared to as-manufactured bumps, but a decrease after longer aging (e.g. 440 h). A brittle Ag3Sn phase formed as large lamellae in the solder and along the interface between the Cu on the PCB during the initial aging, and is attributed to the increase of shear strength, along with the refinement of the bump microstructure. However, as the time of aging extended, the solder bumps were softened due to grain growth and re-crystallization. It was found that the formation of brittle phases in the solder and along the interfaces caused localized stress concentration, which can significantly affect joint reliability. In addition, Nano-testing identified a lamellar Au-rich structure, formed in the solder and interface of the solder/PCB in the joints after the aging process. These are believed to be detrimental to joint reliability.
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Boteler, Lauren, Nicholas Jankowski, Bruce Geil, and Patrick McCluskey. "A Micromachined Manifold Microchannel Cooler." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11780.
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An improved MEMS fabricated, manifold microchannel cooler has been developed for single phase liquid, forced convection. The manifold design uses multiple channel sizes to minimize pressure drop, maximize heat transfer, and improve temperature uniformity across the area of the cooled device. A significant reduction is achieved in thermal resistance between the device and the cooling fluid. This is a critical need in modern electronic components because of the increasing demand for higher power levels and packaging densities. This paper discusses improvements in fabrication, alignment procedure, and packaging in comparison to our previously published work. A wide range of microchannel dimensions have been fabricated and tested to show the effect of channel size on performance. Testing results of the thermal transfer rates will be presented using silicon diodes as heat sources. A 25 mm × 8 mm × 3 mm (thick) silicon cooler was fabricated to cool two 6 mm square devices. The cooler was microfabricated with a silicon three wafer stack and the channels were etched using standard MEMS processing techniques including DRIE. This new device has modified the authors previously published work in a number of ways. First, fabrication sequence has been modified for better depth uniformity and a new alignment technique has been used that incorporates micro ball bearings as passive alignment pins. Second, triangular shaped inlets have been incorporated to further reduce pressure drop. Third, an aluminum nitride layer was incorporated into the layer stack to achieve electrical isolation between the device and the fluid. Finally, thermal characterization has been improved by using aluminum nitride chip resistors as surrogate heat sources with improved reliability and temperature uniformity over the heated area. Dimensional improvements have also been made to improve fluidic performance and lessen the potential of clogging. The manifold channels are 500 μm wide and 1mm deep with a 50 μm fin width. The microchannels are 150 μm deep with a width of 80 μm and a fin width of 40 μm. The aluminum nitride is bonded onto the top of the silicon channels then the chip resistors are bonded with a silver polyimide paste onto the aluminum nitride. The devices fluidic and thermal performance was measured. We have demonstrated an improvement over the previously published manifold microchannel cooler while also demonstrating the use as a multichip module. The manifold microchannel design minimizes the pressure drop across the channel while maximizing cooling potential and temperature uniformity across the area of the device. The experimental results have shown very promising thermal performance of this multi-chip manifold microchannel cooler. Thermal resistances less than 0.4 C/W were measured at flow rates of 400 ccm with a pressure drop of 5.6 psi. Tests were performed with heat fluxes up to 331 W/cm2 with a measured chip temperature rise of only 53C. The results of the testing show very good thermal performance of this device.
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Pan, Kai-Lin, Yi-Lin Yan, and Bin Zhou. "Precisely Controlling Assembly Angle of Surface Tension Powered Self-Assembly for MEMS Microstructures." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21407.
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How to integrate the microstructures which are made by various micro manufacturing methods into a functional system or device is the key to the application of MEMS technology. Solder self-assembly is based on surface tension with the properties of “self-organization”, low cost, batch processes and the compatibility with surface mount technology, which makes it be a challenging alternate technique. Solder self-assembly is based on the principle of surface energy minimization of molten solder material. During the process of minimizing the surface energy, surface tension can pull the horizontal hinged or hingeless plate up to a particular angle to achieve the minimal system energy. Finite element method is applied in this paper. MEMS self-assembly three-dimensional dynamic simulation model is developed by SURFACE EVOLVER. First, the model in this paper dynamically simulate the angle change of hinged plate during the process of evolvement of solder; second, the comparisons among the results from the current model and those from analytical two-dimensional model and three-dimensional static model are carried out; third, through Design of Experiments (DoE) with the application of the current model, the influences of design parameters such as pad size, pad geometry, and solder paste volume to the assembly angle are compared and discussed. Through changing the pad size, pad geometry and solder paste volume in SURFACE EVOLVER model, the corresponding final assembly angel from dynamic three-dimensional models are obtained. The relationship between design parameters to the assembly angle is concluded by the application of statistical analyses. The final angle can be controlled more effectively through synthetically optimize these parameters. It can provide effective guidance to the practical manufacturing of MEMS. Further research should focuses on the MEMS self-assembly experiment to intensively understand the relationship between the pad sizes, pad position, solder paste volume, hinge position, lock position and intermetallic compounds and the final assembly angle.
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Hassan, Sunir, C. Lakshmana Rao, and K. Ganesh Babu. "Unit Cell Approach as a Multi Scale Modeling Technique for Predicting the Behaviour of Fiber Reinforced High Strength Concrete Under Compression." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63541.
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Fiber reinforced concrete has been identified as a particulate composite consisting of hardened cement paste, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, particulate fibers etc. and each constituent plays a significant role in the combined quasi brittle behaviour of the material. From the view point of a numerical modeler, a two phase model consisting of a matrix phase and a coarse aggregate phase is simple and sufficient enough to take care of the heterogeneity without affecting the capability of the model to predict the material behaviour as reported by Ghouse et al [1]. Thus the unit cell under consideration is modeled as a square with an inner circle (Fig. 1), the square representing the total volume fraction of combined properties of cement paste, fine aggregates, particulate fibers and water. The inner circle represents the total volume fraction of coarse aggregates in the material. This representative volume fraction is assigned with periodic boundary conditions to ensure uniformity in deformation and to avoid any discontinuities in the material once the unit cell has been repeatedly arranged to build up the macro sized material and has undergone deformation in elastic range. Ghouse et al [1] could identify only slight variations in the compressive strength of normal low strength concrete with varying aggregate volume fractions. A comparatively decreasing trend in compressive strength has also been observed initially when glass fiber reinforced high strength cement composite (GFRCC) was analyzed by Sunir et al [2]. Investigations proceed in the direction of predicting the material behaviour by replacing the glass fiber and its volume fraction with polypropylene fibers considered by Pavan [3] as being significant in improving the mechanical characteristics of the macro composite under consideration. An analysis of polymer fiber reinforced high strength concrete (PFRC) with similarly varying aggregate volume fractions could predict significantly decreasing trends in compressive strength for lower volume fractions. In future, the ease with which the unit cell approach predicts the behaviour of fiber reinforced plain mortar is also to be investigated in a similar manner.
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Ignat, Madalina, Lucretia Miu, Emanuel Hadimbu, Claudiu Sendrea, Maria-Cristina Micu, Simona Maria Paunescu, Iulia Maria Caniola, and Elena Badea. "The influence of TiO2 and N-TiO2 nanopowders in natural leather finishing for heritage or modern binding." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.v.3.
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The methods for processing raw hides over time, have been numerous: smoke, fat, fermented milk, egg, volcanic soils, plants (shells, fruits, leaves) and so on. The books binding with leather has its origins in the Orient and are known various types of goatskin and calfskin, tanned with sumac finished marbled (sapphire), in black (Moroccan), by floating and dyeing in various colors (Cordoba leathers). Preoccupations regarding the assurance of optimal characteristics for the binding leathers, respectively the durability of the leathers for the restoration of the patrimony objects or of the modern binding were of the most topicality in the last decades, abroad and also in our country. The paper describes the finishing of vegetable and alum tanned leather samples that have been functionalized with titanium dioxide (TiO2) or nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO2) nanopowders, in different concentrations. To simulate soiling in real conditions, four types of soiling agents were applied: tea, coffee, beetroot extract and pen paste. The samples were exposed to irradiation in a photoreactor with various light sources for up to 192 hours. The evaluation of the photocatalytic degradation was performed by the CIELab technique.