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Journal articles on the topic 'Pastures South Australia Field experiments'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Li, G. D., K. R. Helyar, C. M. Evans, M. C. Wilson, L. J. C. Castleman, R. P. Fisher, B. R. Cullis, and M. K. Conyers. "Effects of lime on the botanical composition of pasture over nine years in a field experiment on the south-western slopes of New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 1 (2003): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01194.

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Two permanent pastures (annual pasture v. perennial pasture) were established in 1992 as part of the long-term field experiment, MASTER — Managing Acid Soils Through Efficient Rotations. The primary objective of the experiment was to develop an agricultural system that is economically viable and environmentally sustainable on the highly acidic soils in south-eastern Australia. This paper reports on the effects of lime on the botanical composition changes of annual and perennial pastures over 9 years. In general, lime increased the proportion of the desirable species, such as phalaris (Phalaris

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Bolan, NS, RE White, and MJ Hedley. "A review of the use of phosphate rocks as fertilizers for direct application in Australia and New Zealand." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 2 (1990): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900297.

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Field trials in New Zealand have shown that reactive phosphate rocks (RPRs) can be as effective as soluble P fertilisers, per kg of P applied, on permanent pastures that have a soil pH<6.0 (in water) and a mean annual rainfall >800 mm. Whereas RPRs such as North Carolina, Sechura, Gafsa and Chatham Rise have been evaluated on permanent pastures in New Zealand, most Australian field trials have examined unreactive PRs such as Christmas Island A and C grade, Nauru and Duchess, using annual plant species. Only in recent experiments has an RPR, North Carolina, been examined. Except on the hi

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3

Latta, R. A., and A. Lyons. "The performance of lucerne - wheat rotations on Western Australian duplex soils." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 3 (2006): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04016.

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In field experiments on duplex soils in the south-eastern and central Western Australian wheatbelt, lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) was compared with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in pasture–crop rotations. Comparative pasture plant densities and biomass, soil water content, available soil nitrogen, wheat grain yield, and protein content were measured during 2 and 3 years of pasture followed by 2 and 1 year of wheat, respectively. Lucerne densities declined by 60–90% over the 3-year pasture phase but produced up to 3 times more total annual biomass than weed-dominant annual past

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4

Bolland, M. D. A., and I. F. Guthridge. "Determining the fertiliser phosphorus requirements of intensively grazed dairy pastures in south-western Australia with or without adequate nitrogen fertiliser." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 7 (2007): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05184.

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Fertiliser phosphorus (P) and, more recently, fertiliser nitrogen (N) are regularly applied to intensively grazed dairy pastures in south-western Australia. However, it is not known if applications of fertiliser N change pasture dry matter (DM) yield responses to applied fertiliser P. In three Western Australian field experiments (2000–04), six levels of P were applied to large plots with or without fertiliser N. The pastures were rotationally grazed. Grazing started when ryegrass plants had 2–3 leaves per tiller. Plots were grazed in common with the lactating dairy herd in the 6-h period betw

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5

Reuter, DJ, CB Dyson, DE Elliott, DC Lewis, and CL Rudd. "An appraisal of soil phosphorus testing data for crops and pastures in South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 7 (1995): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950979.

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Data from more than 580 field experiments conducted in South Australia over the past 30 years have been re-examined to estimate extractable soil phosphorus (P) levels related to 90% maximum yield (C90) for 7 crop species (wheat, barley, oilseed rape, sunflower, field peas, faba beans, potato) and 3 types of legume-based pasture (subterranean clover, strawberry clover, annual medics). Data from both single-year and longer term experiments were evaluated. The C90 value for each species was derived from the relationship between proportional yield responsiveness to applied P fertiliser rates (dete

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Bolland, M. D. A., J. S. Yeates, and M. F. Clarke. "Single and coastal superphosphates are equally effective as sulfur fertilisers for subterranean clover on very sandy soils in high rainfall areas of south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 9 (2003): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02168.

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To reduce leaching of phosphorus (P) from fertilised pastures to shallow estuaries in the high rainfall (>800 mm annual average) areas of south-western Australia, and to supply extra sulfur (S) for subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in pasture, 'coastal superphosphate' was developed as a possible alternative P and S fertiliser to single superphosphate. Coastal superphosphate is made by adding phosphate rock and elemental S to single superphosphate as it comes out of the den before granulation. It has about 3 times more sulfur (S) and one-third the water-soluble P content than s

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Bolland, M. D. A., D. G. Allen, and Z. Rengel. "Response of annual pastures to applications of limestone in the high rainfall areas of south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 7 (2002): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01169.

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The yield response of long-term pastures growing on acidified soil to applications of limestone (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 t/ha with adequate magnesium fertiliser, and 0 and 5 t/ha with no magnesium fertiliser) was measured in 5 field experiments on different representative soils of the high rainfall areas of south-western Australia. After application, limestone was incorporated 1 cm deep in 3 experiments, 3 cm deep in 1 experiment, and 7 cm in another experiment. The pastures comprised subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), and annual and Italian ryegrass (Lolium rigidum and L. multifl

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8

Hume, D. E., and J. C. Sewell. "Agronomic advantages conferred by endophyte infection of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) in Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 8 (2014): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13383.

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Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue are key grasses of sown pastures in the high-rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia. Ryegrass in naturalised pastures, and in sown seed, is widely infected with Neotyphodium fungal endophytes, with toxic endophyte strains occasionally causing toxicosis in livestock. Endophyte infection is also beneficial in sown grasslands, assisting ryegrass hosts to overcome biotic stresses, and tall fescue hosts to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. We review the literature for Australia and present new data, to examine the agronomic effects of endophyte. Frequency of

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9

Bolland, M. D. A., J. S. Yeates, B. J. Codling, and M. F. Clarke. "Tissue testing to assess the sulfur requirements of subterranean clover on very sandy soils in high rainfall areas of south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 11 (2003): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02164.

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Tissue testing was studied in field experiments between 1979 and 1985 to predict when sulfur (S) fertiliser was required for pastures in high rainfall (>650 mm annual average) areas of south-western Australia. The pastures comprised about half subterranean clover and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.), the major pasture species in the region. Tissue testing was done for each species, using: (i) whole shoots, the present method used by commercial laboratories in Western Australia; (ii) youngest open leaves (legumes, YOLs) or youngest expanded blades (grass, YEBs); (iii) old leaves and bl

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Bolland, M. D. A., J. S. Yeates, and M. F. Clarke. "Comparing different sources of sulfur for high-rainfall pastures insouth-western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 10 (2003): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02146.

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The dry herbage yield increase (response) of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)-based pasture (>85% clover) to applications of different sources of sulfur (S) was compared in 7 field experiments on very sandy soils in the > 650 mm annual average rainfall areas of south-western Australia where S deficiency of clover is common when pastures grow rapidly during spring (August–November). The sources compared were single superphosphate, finely grained and coarsely grained gypsum from deposits in south-western Australia, and elemental S. All sources were broadcast (topdressed) onc

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Badgery, W. B., and D. L. Michalk. "Synthesis of system outcomes for a grazing-management experiment in temperate native pastures." Animal Production Science 57, no. 9 (2017): 1869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16599.

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Increasing the intensity of grazing management from continuous grazing or set-stocking to intensive rotational grazing has been proposed as a way of improving the profitability and environmental outcomes for native pasture-based grazing systems in the high-rainfall zone (HRZ) of southern Australia. The present paper synthesised the results and outcomes of eight papers covering different aspects of a grazing-system study investigating the intensity of grazing management at Panuara (33°27ʹS, 148°56ʹE), 25 km south-west of Orange, New South Wales. The systems analysis covered soils and soil water

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Li, Guangdi D., Richard C. Hayes, Jeff I. McCormick, Matthew J. Gardner, Graeme A. Sandral, and Brian S. Dear. "Time of sowing and the presence of a cover-crop determine the productivity and persistence of perennial pastures in mixed farming systems." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 10 (2014): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13447.

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Incorporation of perennial pastures into cropping rotations can improve whole-farm productivity, profitability and sustainability of mixed farming systems in southern Australia. However, success in establishing perennial pastures depends on choice of species, time of sowing, method of establishment, seasonal conditions, and whether sowing is under a cover-crop. Field experiments were sown from 2008 to 2010 to determine effects of sowing time and the presence of a cover-crop on the performance of four perennial pasture species, lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), phala

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13

Moore, A. D., P. J. Vickery, M. J. Hill, J. R. Donnelly, and G. E. Donald. "Combining satellite data with a simulation model to describe spatial variability in pasture growth at a farm scale." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 3 (1999): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98109.

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Practical application of simulation modelling as a decision aid for grazing system management usually involves an assumption of uniformity of model inputs over a farm paddock or property. In reality, paddocks and farms display high spatial variability in model inputs. There is considerable interest in assessing the significance of this spatial variablity for anmal production and enterprise profitability. This study seeks to demonstrate the use of spatial data with the GRAZPLAN pasture model to provide estimates of annual net primary production from pastures at a farm scale on the Northern Tabl

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Semple, WS, TB Koen, and IA Cole. "Establishing Native Grasses in Degraded Pastures of Central Western New South Wales." Rangeland Journal 21, no. 2 (1999): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9990153.

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Renewed interest in native grasses in recent years has led to the release of a small number of cultivars but for most native species, seed is only available from wild stands. Seed can be harvested with a brush harvester but cleaning seed to a level that will allow it to pass through conventional sowing equipment is often difficult. Techniques for successful field establishment of native species are still not fully understood. From 1993 to 1995, native grasses (mainly warm-season types) were sown in early spring in exotic pastures at a number of sites in the Central West of NSW. Various seedbed

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Bolland, M. D. A., W. J. Cox, and B. J. Codling. "Soil and tissue tests to predict pasture yield responses to applications of potassium fertiliser in high-rainfall areas of south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 2 (2002): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01060.

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Dairy and beef pastures in the high (>800 mm annual average) rainfall areas of south-western Australia, based on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), grow on acidic to neutral deep (>40 cm) sands, up to 40 cm sand over loam or clay, or where loam or clay occur at the surface. Potassium deficiency is common, particularly for the sandy soils, requiring regular applications of fertiliser potassium for profitable pasture production. A large study was undertaken to assess 6 soil-test procedures, and tissue testing of dried herbage, as predictors o

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16

Black, I. D., R. N. Pederson, A. Flynn, M. Moerkerk, C. B. Dyson, R. Kookana, and N. Wilhelm. "Mobility and persistence of three sulfonylurea herbicides in alkaline cropping soils of south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 4 (1999): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98097.

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Biologically active residues of the herbicides metsulfuron-methyl, chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron were estimated with field pea bioassays in soil samples to 80 cm depth from 4 field trials in south-eastern Australia situated on neutral to highly alkaline soil. Residues were both mobile and persistent at low levels. Leaching occurred beyond the lowest sampling depth during the winter–spring growing season. Metsulfuron-methyl was the most mobile of the 3 herbicides. Plant-back experiments involving susceptible crop and pasture species on 2 of the sites showed that the rates of decline of these r

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17

Thompson, R. B., and I. R. P. Fillery. "Fate of urea nitrogen in sheep urine applied to soil at different times of the year in the pasture - wheat rotation in south Western Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 3 (1998): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97097.

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Sheep urine labelled with 15N-urea was applied toconfined micro-plots at different times of the year to follow the fate of ureaN in urine in the grazed pasture-wheat rotation in south Western Australia.Three field experiments were conducted on the same site on a loamy sand.Applications were made either to pasture residues (Expts 1 and 2) which weresubsequently sown to wheat, orto growing pasture in winter-spring, (Expt 3).In Expt 1, urine was applied in November 1990 (9·8 gN/m2) and April 1991 (46·1 gN/m2). From both applications, losses of15N attributed to NH3volatilisation were c. 50% within

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Bird, P. R., T. T. Jackson, and K. W. Williams. "Effect of synthetic windbreaks on pasture growth in south-western Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 6 (2002): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02017.

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The impact of a synthetic windbreak on the growth of subterranean clover and perennial ryegrass pasture in the cool-temperate zone of south-western Victoria was investigated over 2 years. Four square plots (10 m sides) at each of 2 sites were fenced with wire mesh 1.2 m tall in 1996 and 1997. Two plots at each site were sheltered with synthetic mesh of 50% porosity attached to the wire mesh. The open wind speed averaged 3.6 m/s in 1996 and 3.1�m/s in 1997. Winds exceeded 6 m/s for 4–23% and 2–8% of the time in 1996 and 1997, respectively. There were small but significant differences in tempera

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Wang, Yan-Jing, Ramakrishnan M. Nair, Chun-Sheng Mu, and Ian S. Dundas. "Floral morphology and pollination system in the native Australian perennial pasture legume Cullen australasicum (syn. Psoralea australasica)." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 12 (2010): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10193.

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Cullen australasicum (syn. Psoralea australasica) is a native perennial legume with potential in the low-rainfall wheatbelt of southern Australia. The objective of this study was to investigate the reproductive biology of C. australasicum utilising five accessions. Glasshouse and field pollination experiments were conducted in Adelaide, South Australia. Floral morphology, stigma receptivity and pollen : ovule ratios were determined. Pollen tube growth and stigma morphology were examined using fluorescence and scanning electron microscopes. Glasshouse pollination studies indicated that four of

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Bakker, D. M., G. J. Hamilton, D. J. Houlbrooke, C. Spann, and A. Van Burgel. "Productivity of crops grown on raised beds on duplex soils prone to waterlogging in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 11 (2007): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06273.

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Waterlogging of duplex soils in Western Australia has long been recognised as a major constraint to the production of agricultural crops and pastures. The work described in this paper examines the application of raised beds to arable land that is frequently waterlogged for the production of crops such as wheat, barley, field peas, lupins and canola. Raised beds are 138 cm wide, seed beds separated by 45 cm wide furrows 183 cm apart. These beds were made with a commercial bed former. Seven sites were selected across the south-eastern wheat belt of Western Australia with the experimental areas v

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Behrendt, K., J. M. Scott, D. F. Mackay, and R. Murison. "Comparing the climate experienced during the Cicerone farmlet experiment against the climatic record." Animal Production Science 53, no. 8 (2013): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12300.

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Farming systems research conducted under dryland conditions is subject to the vagaries of the climate during the experimental period. Whether such an experiment experiences a representative series of climatic years must be examined in relation to the longer term climatic record. The Cicerone Project’s farmlet experiment was conducted on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, to investigate the profitability and sustainability of three different management systems: one managed under typical, moderate-input conditions (farmlet B); a second which employed a higher level of pasture

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Syme, H., T. L. Botwright Acuña, D. Abrecht, and L. J. Wade. "Nitrogen contributions in a windmill grass (Chloris truncata) - wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system in south-western Australia." Soil Research 45, no. 8 (2007): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07159.

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Chloris truncata, a perennial grass that is native to Australia, has potential as a short-lived summer pasture in rotation with wheat and other winter crops in the low to medium rainfall zone of south-western Australia. In this paper we examine the nitrogen contributions from a C. truncata–wheat system, with the expectation that C. truncata may take up nitrate which would otherwise be lost to leaching, for later release to the following wheat crop. In glasshouse experiments, residual soil nitrate in bare soil was available for uptake and growth of wheat, with a greater response when N was appl

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Bolland, M. D. A., D. G. Allen, and K. S. Walton. "Soil testing for phosphorus: comparing the Mehlich 3 and Colwell procedures for soils of south-western Australia." Soil Research 41, no. 6 (2003): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02153.

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Soil samples were collected from 14 long-term field experiments in south-western Australia to which several amounts of superphosphate or phosphate rock had been applied in a previous year. The samples were analysed for phosphorus (P) by the Colwell sodium bicarbonate procedure, presently used in Western Australia, and the Mehlich 3 procedure, being assessed as a new multi-element test for the region. For the Mehlich procedure, the concentration of total and inorganic P in the extract solution was measured. The soil test values were related to yields of crops and pasture measured later on in th

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Lewis, D. C., M. D. A. Bolland, R. J. Gilkes, and L. J. Hamilton. "Review of Australian phosphate rock research." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 8 (1997): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96103.

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Summary. Most of the research on the effectiveness of phosphorus (P) fertilisers in Australia has involved comparing phosphate rock (PR) or partially acidulated PR (PAPR) with superphosphate (SP) or other water-soluble P fertilisers. There are many estimates of effectiveness (current relative effectiveness or CRE) which compared freshly-applied (current) PR and freshly-applied (current) SP. The CRE values for PR range from <0.1 to 2.5, with a mean value for apatite PR of 0.26 and 0.43 for calcined calcium iron aluminium PR (Calciphos). As measured in field experiments in the years after app

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Davies, S. L., A. M. Storrie, A. S. Cook, R. A. Latta, A. D. Swan, and M. B. Peoples. "Factors influencing herbicide efficacy when removing lucerne prior to cropping." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 10 (2006): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05220.

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Farmers often experience inconsistent responses when using herbicides to terminate an established lucerne pasture prior to cropping. In an attempt to redress this problem, a series of field experiments were conducted between 1999 and 2002 at various locations in southern and northern New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, and south Western Australia that aimed to identify management guidelines that improved the efficacy of herbicide mixtures commonly used to remove lucerne. Collectively, these studies indicated that herbicides were generally less effective when applied either early

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Huxtable, C. H. A., T. B. Koen, and D. Waterhouse. "Establishment of native and exotic grasses on mine overburden and topsoil in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales." Rangeland Journal 27, no. 2 (2005): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj05006.

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Native grasses have an important role to play in mine rehabilitation throughout Australia, but there have been few scientifically designed studies of field establishment of native grasses from sown seed in this country. Current recommendations for rehabilitation of open-cut coal mines in the Hunter Valley involve the sowing of exotic pasture species to reinstate mined land to Class IV and V under the Rural Land Capability System. Despite the importance of native grasses in the pre-mined landscape, they are currently not widely included in mine rehabilitation. To address this issue a project wa

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Braunberger, P. G., L. K. Abbott, and A. D. Robson. "Early vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation in soil collected from an annual clover-based pasture in a Mediterranean environment: soil temperature and the timing of autumn rains." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 1 (1997): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96049.

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The results of 2 experiments investigating the early stages of the formation of vesicular- arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas in response to both soil temperature and the timing of autumn rains are reported for a Mediterranean environment in the south-west of Western Australia. In Expt 1, treatments including an early break, a late break, and a false break followed by a late break were applied to a mixed and sieved field soil collected dry in the summer and placed in pots in a glasshouse. In each break, pots were watered to field capacity and planted with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum)

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Brennan, R. F., and M. D. A. Bolland. "Residual values of soil-applied zinc fertiliser for early vegetative growth of six crop species." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 10 (2006): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05154.

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Zinc (Zn) oxide is the most widely used fertiliser for the predominantly acidic to neutral soils of south-western Australia. For these soils, the residual value of Zn oxide has been determined for wheat and lupin, but not for barley, oats, canola and triticale, which are also grown in the region. Just after termination of a long-term (17 year) field experiment that measured the residual value of Zn oxide for wheat, soil samples were collected from selected plots to use in 2 glasshouse experiments. The field experiment was on previously unfertilised, newly cleared duplex soil (sand with much la

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Batson, M. G. "Agrostis castellana (Poaceae), Dominant Agrostis Species, Found in Bent Grass Pastures in South-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 46, no. 6 (1998): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97065.

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There is considerable uncertainty that the traditional identification of bent grasses in south-eastern Australia as Agrostis capillaris L. (Syn. Agrostis tenuis Sibth.) is correct, due to a history of confusing nomenclature and mis-identification. Bent grass is considered a weed of pastures in the high-rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia and thus the correct identity of bent grass may have implications for its management and control. Populations of bent grass were sampled from 42 pastures in south-eastern Australia and Agrostis castellana Boiss. et Reuter, rather than A. capillaris, was f

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Mitchell, M. L., M. R. McCaskill, and R. D. Armstrong. "Phosphorus fertiliser management for pastures based on native grasses in south-eastern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 12 (2019): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19217.

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Approximately 3.1 Mha (22%) of the agricultural area of south-eastern Australia can be classified as native pasture. There is the assumption that, owing to the widespread occurrence of low-fertility soils in Australia, native grass species do not respond to increased phosphorus (P) fertility. Currently, there are no industry recommendations of target soil-test P values for native-grass-based pastures. This paper reviews the responses of perennial native pasture species endemic to south-eastern Australia to P application in controlled environments, surveys, replicated experiments and paired-pad

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Grainger, C., T. Clarke, and R. J. Eckard. "Effect of whole cottonseed supplementation on energy and nitrogen partitioning and rumen function in dairy cattle on a forage and cereal grain diet." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07400.

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The experimental objective was to determine the effect of adding whole cottonseed (WCS) to a forage and cereal grain diet on the energy and nitrogen balance and rumen function of lactating dairy cattle. Two experiments were carried out, a field experiment and an indoor metabolism experiment. In the field experiment, 50 lactating cows ~200 days in milk were randomly allocated to one of two groups (control or WCS). Cows were offered lucerne hay (morning) and ryegrass-based pasture silage (afternoon) in one group for 5 weeks. The hay and silage were placed on the ground in a bare paddock. Cows in

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McCormick, Jeff I., Richard C. Hayes, Guangdi D. Li, and Mark R. Norton. "A review of pasture establishment by undersowing with special reference to the mixed farming zone of south-eastern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 10 (2014): 956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14049.

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Pastures continue to provide essential functions for the mixed-farming zone in south-eastern Australia, where crop and livestock production are integral parts of most farms. Establishment of pastures in this zone needs to be low-cost and preferably with minimal risk. Pastures are typically sown either directly or in combination with a cover-crop (also called undersowing; the practice of sowing pasture seed simultaneously with a crop that is intended for grain production in the first year), so that the establishment cost is offset by income from the sale of grain. The purposes of this review ar

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Kemp, D. R., and P. M. Dowling. "Towards sustainable temperate perennial pastures." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 2 (2000): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98003.

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Naturalised pastures across the higher rainfall (>600 mm) perennial pasture zone of south-eastern Australia are less productive than they were, while sown pastures fail to maintain their initial levels of production. Several factors have contributed to this, including lack of knowledge of suitable grazing practices, weed invasion, increasing acid soils, rising water tables and poor management practices during droughts. A key issue in each case is the decline in perennial grass species which is both a cause and effect of the decline in productivity and sustainability of these ecosystems. Thi

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Mitchell, GJ, RJ Carter, and SR Chinner. "Studies on the control of water-dropwort (Oenanthe pimpinelloides) in South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 4 (1995): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950483.

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Water-dropwort (Oenanthe pimpinelloides L.), a tuberous perennial herb, is currently known in South Australia from only a single locality in the Mount Lofty Ranges. There is little information on water-dropwort control, and 2 experiments were conducted to assess the effects of sowing pasture, with or without presowing herbicides, on the control of this weed. Phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) and perennial clovers were successfully introduced into infested pastures by direct drilling in autumn. Water-dropwort regenerated from seed more densely in unsown plots than plots of established perennial p

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Bolland, M. D. A., and I. F. Guthridge. "Responses of intensively grazed dairy pastures to applications of fertiliser nitrogen in south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 8 (2007): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06014.

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For the first time, we quantified pasture dry matter (DM) responses to applied fertiliser nitrogen (N) for intensively grazed, rain-fed, dairy pastures on sandy soils common in the Mediterranean-type climate of south-western Australia. The pastures are composed of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and annual and Italian ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud. and L. multiflorum Lam.). Six rates of N, as urea (46% N), were applied to 15 m by 15 m plots four times during 2002 and after each of the first 5–7 grazings in 2003 and 2004, throughout the typical April–October growing season. Tota

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Chan, K. Y., A. Oates, G. D. Li, M. K. Conyers, R. J. Prangnell, G. Poile, D. L. Liu, and I. M. Barchia. "Soil carbon stocks under different pastures and pasture management in the higher rainfall areas of south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 48, no. 1 (2010): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09092.

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In Australia, pastures form the basis of the extensive livestock industries and are important components of crop rotation systems. Despite recent interest in the soil carbon sequestration value of pastures in the mitigation of climate change, little information is available on the soil carbon sequestration potential of pastures in New South Wales farming systems. To quantify the soil carbon stocks under different pastures and a range of pasture management practices, a field survey of soil carbon stocks was undertaken in 2007 in central and southern NSW as well as north-eastern Victoria, using

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Sandral, Graeme A., Andrew Price, Shane M. Hildebrand, Christopher G. Fuller, Rebecca E. Haling, Adam Stefanski, Zongjian Yang, et al. "Field benchmarking of the critical external phosphorus requirements of pasture legumes for southern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 12 (2019): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19014.

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In recent decades several pasture legumes have been available in southern Australia as potential alternatives to the most widely used annual pasture legume Trifolium subterraneum. Little is known about their soil phosphorus (P) requirements, but controlled environment experiments indicate that at least some may differ in their P fertiliser requirements. In this study, pasture legume varieties, including T. subterraneum as the reference species, were grown at up to four sites in any one year over a 3-year period (in total, seven site × year experiments) to measure herbage growth responses in sp

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Hill, J. O., M. J. Robertson, B. C. Pengelly, A. M. Whitbread, and C. A. Hall. "Simulation modelling of lablab (Lablab purpureus) pastures in northern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 4 (2006): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05263.

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The capability to simulate lablab production across a range of environments in northern Australia provides a useful tool for exploring agronomic and management options and risk assessments for the crop. This paper reports on the development and testing of a model of lablab (annual cultivar cv. Highworth and perennial cultivar cv. Endurance) growth, designed for use in the cropping systems simulator, APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems Simulator). Parameters describing leaf area expansion, biomass accumulation, and partitioning were derived from field experiments, and other essential paramet

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Garden, D. L., G. M. Lodge, D. A. Friend, P. M. Dowling, and B. A. Orchard. "Effects of grazing management on botanical composition of native grass-based pastures in temperate south-east Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 2 (2000): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98010.

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Grazing management strategies to alter botanical composition of native pastures were investigated at 4 locations in the high rainfall zone of south-east Australia, including Tasmania. These studies were conducted as part of the Temperate Pasture Sustainability Key Program, which evaluated the effects of grazing management on a wide range of pasture types between 1993 and 1996. Pastures in this study were based on Aristida ramosa/Bothriochloa macra, Microlaena stipoides–Austrodanthonia spp. or Themeda triandra–Austrodanthonia spp. Seasonal rests, increased grazing pressure in spring, mob stocki

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Orgill, Susan E., Jason R. Condon, Mark K. Conyers, Stephen G. Morris, Brian W. Murphy, and Richard S. B. Greene. "Parent material and climate affect soil organic carbon fractions under pastures in south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 55, no. 8 (2017): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16305.

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In the present field survey, 72 sites were sampled to assess the effect of climate (Monaro, Boorowa and Coleambally regions) and parent material (Monaro region only; basalt and granite) on soil organic carbon (OC) under perennial pastures. In the higher-rainfall zone (Monaro and Boorowa; >500mm mean annual rainfall), OC stocks under introduced and native perennial pastures were compared, whereas in the lower-rainfall zone (Coleambally; <500mm mean annual rainfall) OC stocks under crops and pastures were compared. Carbon fractions included total OC (TOC), particulate OC (POC), resistant O

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Maino, James L., Matthew Binns, and Paul Umina. "No longer a west-side story – pesticide resistance discovered in the eastern range of a major Australian crop pest, Halotydeus destructor (Acari: Penthaleidae)." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 2 (2018): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17327.

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The redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acari: Penthaleidae), is an important pest of pastures, broad-acre crops, and vegetables across southern Australia. Populations of H. destructor in Western Australia have been known to be resistant to pyrethroid and organophosphorus pesticides since 2006 and 2014, respectively. Resistant populations are currently widespread across Western Australia’s southern growing region but have, until now, remained undetected in the large south-eastern Australian range of H. destructor, despite ongoing resistance screening since 2006. Following rep

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Cox, JW, DJ Mcfarlane, and RW Skaggs. "Field-evaluation of DRAINMOD for predicting waterlogging intensity and drain performance in South-Western Australia." Soil Research 32, no. 4 (1994): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940653.

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Waterlogging is common on sloping duplex soils in south-western Australia and causes damage to non-irrigated cereal crops and pastures. The factors which affect the performance of surface seepage interceptor drains installed to reduce this waterlogging are complex because the soils are very variable and have preferred pathways for groundwater flow. We compared DRAINMOD's predictions with field measured waterlogging intensity and drain flow over 3 years near Mt Barker and Narrogin in Western Australia. DRAINMOD failed to accurately predict waterlogging intensities and drain flows because water

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Kemp, D. R., D. L. Michalk, and J. M. Virgona. "Towards more sustainable pastures: lessons learnt." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 2 (2000): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99001.

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The Temperate Pasture Sustainability Key Program (TPSKP) was established across south-eastern Australia to test the hypotheses that an improved perennial grass content in pastures would result in fewer weeds, better water use (and hence lesser impacts on soil salinity), and lower soil acidification rates. Grazing tactics were seen as a means to enhance or maintain the perennial grass content. Soil and water sustainability experiments in summer and winter dominant rainfall environments showed fewer weeds, improvements in water use and less acidity under perennial versus annual grass pastures. F

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White, R. E., K. R. Helyar, A. M. Ridley, D. Chen, L. K. Heng, J. Evans, R. Fisher, et al. "Soil factors affecting the sustainability and productivity of perennial and annual pastures in the high rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 2 (2000): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98013.

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A field study was carried out in the high rainfall zone (HRZ, >600 mm p.a.) of southern Australia from March 1994 to August 1997 to test the hypothesis that sown perennial grasses and liming could make the existing pastures more sustainable through better use of water and nitrogen. The site, on an acid duplex soil at Book Book near Wagga Wagga in southern New South Wales, was typical of much of the HRZ grazing country in southern New South Wales and north-east Victoria. The experiment consisted of 4 replicate paddocks (each 0.135 ha) of 4 treatments: annual pasture (mainly ryegrass Lolium r

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Schut, A. G. T., S. G. Gherardi, and D. A. Wood. "Empirical models to quantify the nutritive characteristics of annual pastures in south-west Western Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 1 (2010): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08438.

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The objective of this paper is to quantify the magnitude of the major sources of variation, which affect in vitro digestibility (DMD) and concentrations of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), and crude protein (CP) of annual pastures in Mediterranean-type climate zones. Four experiments were conducted in the south-west of Western Australia in 2006–07 and 2007–08, where the supply of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, or sulfur and pasture types were varied. Effects of seasonality, fertiliser application, pasture type, and site were analysed with an auto-regression maximum

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Jones, Roger A. C. "Virus diseases of pasture grasses in Australia: incidences, losses, epidemiology, and management." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 3 (2013): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13134.

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This paper reviews current knowledge for Australia over the occurrence, losses caused, epidemiology, and management of virus diseases of pasture grasses. It also reviews all records of viruses in wild grasses likely to act as alternative host reservoirs for virus spread to nearby pastures or crops. Currently, 21 viruses have been found infecting 36 pasture or forage grass species and 59 wild grass species. These viruses are transmitted by arthropod vectors (mites or insects) or, in one instance, via grass seeds. Their modes of transmission are critical factors determining their incidences with

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Roget, DK. "Decline in root rot (Rhizoctonia solani AG-8) in wheat in a tillage and rotation experiment at Avon, South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 7 (1995): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9951009.

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Studies of a tillage x rotation field experiment begun in 1978 at Avon, South Australia, have demonstrated a decline in rhizoctonia root rot of wheat. In direct-drilled treatments the severity of rhizoctonia root rot culminated in 1983, with patches of poor plant growth accounting for up to 46% of the crop area, and then declined to negligible levels by 1990. Disease severity was significantly less in cultivated than direct-drilled treatments. In cultivated treatments the onset of decline was more difficult to determine, but by 1990 there was negligible rhizoctonia root rot in either tillage t

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48

Elliott, D. E., and R. J. Abbott. "Nitrogen fertiliser use on rain-fed pasture in the Mt Lofty Ranges, SouthAustralia. 2. Responses of perennial grasses, Tama ryegrass, andsod-sown oats to nitrogen fertiliser and cutting frequency." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 6 (2003): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01132.

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Two series of experiments were conducted in the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia, to examine, in a grass–subterranean clover pasture, the contribution of the companion grass to herbage mass and the responsiveness to the application of nitrogen (N) fertiliser. The first study examined the responsiveness, to a single rate of N, of grass–clover pastures containing either Tama ryegrass, sod-sown oats or 1 of 4 perennial grasses, viz. Victorian perennial ryegrass, Demeter fescue, Currie cocksfoot or Australian phalaris. These were compared in 2 experiments, under 3��different cutting frequencies at

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49

Niu, Yining, Guangdi Li, Lingling Li, K. Yin Chan, and Albert Oates. "Sheep camping influences soil properties and pasture production in an acidic soil of New South Wales, Australia." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 89, no. 2 (May 1, 2009): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss08004.

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This paper reports sheep camping influences on soil chemical and physical properties, and pasture dry matter (DM) production of an acidic soil on the southwest slopes of New South Wales, Australia. The experiment was conducted in the spring (October-November) of 2005 on a long-term field experimental site after 13 yr of rotational grazing. The factors considered were sheep camping (distance from the camping site), pasture type (perennial vs. annual pastures) and lime application (limed vs. unlimed treatments). Over 13 yr of rotational grazing, significant amounts of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), p

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Doyle, PT, RA Love, and TW Plaisted. "Mineral supplementation and wool production of young Merino sheep on the south coast of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 4 (1995): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950437.

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Wool-free liveweight change (LWC), wool growth rate, annual wool production, and wool characteristics of young Merino wethers fed supplements of lupins with gypsum or a multi-element mineral lick were examined in 12 experiments at 5 farms between 1989 and 1992. The source of sheep varied between experiments; age was 4.5-6.5 months and liveweight 28-37 kg at the beginning of supplementation. Sheep were fed lupins, lupins coated with gypsum (15-20 g/kg lupins), or lupins along with access to the mineral lick (offered at 140 g/sheep.week). The amount of lupins offered in all treatments within any

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