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Journal articles on the topic 'Patent Citations'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Nair, Shyam Sreekumaran, and Mary Mathew. "The Dynamics Between Forward Citations and Price of Singleton Patents." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 12, no. 03 (June 2015): 1540003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877015400039.

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In recent years, business practitioners are seen valuing patents on the basis of the market price that the patent can attract. Researchers have also looked into various patent latent variables and firm variables that influence the price of a patent. Forward citations of a patent are shown to play a role in determining price. Using patent auction price data (of Ocean Tomo now ICAP patent brokerage), we delve deeper into the role of forward citations. The successfully sold 167 singleton patents form the sample of our study. We found that, it is mainly the right tail of the citation distribution that explains the high prices of the patents falling on the right tail of the price distribution. There is consistency in the literature on the positive correlation between patent prices and forward citations. In this paper, we go deeper to understand this linear relationship through case studies. Case studies of patents with high and low citations are described in this paper to understand why some patents attracted high prices. We look into the role of additional patent latent variables like age, technology discipline, class and breadth of the patent in influencing citations that a patent receives.

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2

Og, Joo Young, Krzysztof Pawelec, Byung-Keun Kim, Rafal Paprocki, and EuiSeob Jeong. "Measuring Patent Value Indicators with Patent Renewal Information." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 6, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6010016.

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This paper attempts to fill a research gap of literature by constructing the dynamic model into which both ex ante and ex post patent value indicators are incorporated. A patent renewal model is tested using a large set of Pharmaceutical patents granted by the European Patent Office between 1996 and 2009. We test five ex ante indicators and single ex post indicator including family size, patent backward citations, backward references to non-patent literature, number of claims, number of inventors, renewal fee, patent age, application year, and the ex post indicator forward citations. Empirical findings show that three citation related indicators, family size, and the number of claims are positively associated with patent values, while the number of inventors, renewal fee, patent age, and application year are negatively correlated. In addition, forward citations seem to have persistent learning effects on patent values.

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3

Atallah, Gamal, and Gabriel Rodríguez. "Indirect patent citations." Scientometrics 67, no. 3 (June 2006): 437–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/scient.67.2006.3.7.

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4

Kuhn, Jeffrey, Kenneth Younge, and Alan Marco. "Patent citations reexamined." RAND Journal of Economics 51, no. 1 (March 2020): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1756-2171.12307.

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5

Mcmillan, G. Steven. "An Analysis of the Relationship Between Publishing Activity and Internal Knowledge Development." International Journal of Innovation Management 02, no. 04 (December 1998): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919698000213.

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Previous research has explored the value of using patent citations, versus simple patent counts, as indicators of innovative value. However, little work has delved into whether a company's patent citations are to its own patents or to external ones. This study examines the relationship between publishing and patenting using patent citation analysis that is separated into internal and external cites, with self-citations as a measure of internal knowledge development. Its results are that publishing patterns and internal knowledge development are correlated, which may provide a different view of Cohen and Levinthal's absorptive capacity model. In addition, these findings' plausibility was confirmed through an interview with a practising research manager.

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6

NIKULAINEN, TUOMO, RAINE HERMANS, and MARTTI KULVIK. "PATENT CITATIONS INDICATING PRESENT VALUE OF THE BIOTECHNOLOGY BUSINESS." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 05, no. 03 (September 2008): 279–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877008001436.

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In this paper our aim is to assess the potential of using patent statistics in predicting the future sales anticipations and present value of a company active in the science-based industry. Instead of using conventional patent and patent application counts as indicators, we constructed patent citation weighted portfolios for each company. This way the heterogeneity of patents can be taken into account. Our data covers biotechnology patents held by Finnish biotechnology companies. Empirical results imply that particularly backward citations are related to present value estimations of the companies. In contrast to some previous studies, forward citations do not seem to predict the present value estimations. The findings provide some important implications on interpreting the significance of patent citations regarding valuation of science-based companies, and planning technology and innovation policies.

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7

Donato, Claudia, Paolo Lo Giudice, Roberta Marretta, Domenico Ursino, and Luca Virgili. "A well-tailored centrality measure for evaluating patents and their citations." Journal of Documentation 75, no. 4 (July 8, 2019): 750–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-10-2018-0168.

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Purpose The development of innovations in all the research and development (R&D) fields is leading to a huge increase of patent data. Therefore, it is reasonable to foresee that, in the next future, Big Data-centered techniques will be compulsory to fully exploit the potential of this kind of data. In this context, network analysis-based approaches are extremely promising. The purpose of this paper is to provide a contribution to this setting. In fact, the authors propose a well-tailored centrality measure for evaluating patents and their citations. Design/methodology/approach The authors preliminarily introduce a suitable support directed network representing patents and their citations. After this, the authors present the centrality measures, namely, “Naive Patent Degree” and “Refined Patent Degree.’” Then, the authors show why they are well tailored to capture the specificities of the patent scenario and why classical centrality measure fails to fully reach this purpose. Findings The authors present three possible applications of the measures, namely: the computation of a patent “scope” allowing the evaluation of the width and the strength of the influence of a patent on a given R&D field; the computation of a patent lifecycle; and the detection of the so-called “power patents,” i.e., the most relevant patents, and the investigation of the importance, for a patent, to be cited by a power patent. Originality/value None of the approaches proposing the application of centrality measures to patent citation networks consider the main peculiarity of this scenario, i.e., that, if a patent pi cites a patent pj, then the value of pi decreases. So, differently from classical scientific paper citation scenario, in this one performing a citation has a cost for the citing entity. This fact is not considered by all the approaches conceived to investigate paper citations. Nevertheless, this feature represents the core of patent citation scenario. The approach has been explicitly conceived to capture this feature.

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8

Wada, Tetsuo. "When do the USPTO examiners cite as the EPO examiners? An analysis of examination spillovers through rejection citations at the international family-to-family level." Scientometrics 125, no. 2 (September 14, 2020): 1591–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03674-4.

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AbstractThis paper empirically examines coincidences between “rejection citations” (i.e., those cited as grounds for rejections) added by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and “X/Y patent citations,” which are also added as grounds for rejections at the European Patent Office (EPO) within the same patent family, based on more than forty thousand families of triadic application sample. We consider the release timing of European search reports and the timing of rejection actions by the USPTO for the same family of patent applications. We find that the frequency of rejection (X/Y-equivalent) citation coincidences between the USPTO and the EPO according to family-to-family citation criteria increases after the release of search reports by the EPO. It suggests that the US examiners capture spillovers of search efforts from the EPO, namely, the USPTO examiners rely on prior art information collected and disclosed by the EPO. The results also reveal that International Search Reports (ISRs) prepared for Patent Corporation Treaty (PCT) applications, as well as applicant-submitted citations, play important roles for the convergence of rejection citations between the two patent offices. We furthermore find that the US examiners are less likely to add the same patent citations as the EPO examiners when rejections are persistently repeated at the USPTO. The methodology in this paper introduces the novel use of patent examiner citations to compare examiners’ citing behavior across jurisdictions.

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9

Chakraborty, Manajit, Maksym Byshkin, and Fabio Crestani. "Patent citation network analysis: A perspective from descriptive statistics and ERGMs." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): e0241797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241797.

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Patent Citation Analysis has been gaining considerable traction over the past few decades. In this paper, we collect extensive information on patents and citations and provide a perspective of citation network analysis of patents from a statistical viewpoint. We identify and analyze the most cited patents, the most innovative and the highly cited companies along with the structural properties of the network by providing in-depth descriptive analysis. Furthermore, we employ Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs) to analyze the citation networks. ERGMs enables understanding the social perspectives of a patent citation network which has not been studied earlier. We demonstrate that social properties such as homophily (the inclination to cite patents from the same country or in the same language) and transitivity (the inclination to cite references’ references) together with the technicalities of the patents (e.g., language, categories), has a significant effect on citations. We also provide an in-depth analysis of citations for sectors in patents and how it is affected by the size of the same. Overall, our paper delves into European patents with the aim of providing new insights and serves as an account for fitting ERGMs on large networks and analyzing them. ERGMs help us model network mechanisms directly, instead of acting as a proxy for unspecified dependence and relationships among the observations.

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10

Xu, Qi, Xinjian Gu, and Yujing Feng. "Knowledge Adaptability Evaluation in View of Patent Citation in Technological Evolutionary Process: A Case Study of Fuel Cell." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 25, no. 08 (October 2015): 1335–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194015500278.

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This work uses patents as agent and proposes the concept of knowledge adaptation factor in view of the objective law of survival of the fittest in technological evolutionary process. Knowledge genetic decomposition of a patent citation network is executed based on the Mendel law. And the contributions of early patents on current patents along patent citations are quantified to evaluate knowledge adaptability. Then the feasibility and effectiveness of the knowledge adaptability evaluation method are verified with the case study of fuel cell. This study collects 3054 patents related to fuel cell which were granted between 1873 to 2002 from the database of United States Patent and Trademark Office, queries from the patent data set of National Bureau of Economic Research to get 14214 patent citations, and uses the network analysis software Pajek to build the patent citation network. The results of the knowledge adaptability evaluation of fuel cell reflect that the knowledge dissemination process is composed of knowledge inheritance, knowledge innovation and knowledge recombinant. The patents whose knowledge adaptation factors are relatively high are subordinate to the technological evolutionary process of fuel cell. It is consistent with the central idea of knowledge adaptation factor, which is technological-evolution-oriented.

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11

Block, Joern, Danny Miller, Peter Jaskiewicz, and Frank Spiegel. "Economic and Technological Importance of Innovations in Large Family and Founder Firms." Family Business Review 26, no. 2 (February 22, 2013): 180–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894486513477454.

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Prior research has analyzed R&D spending in family and founder firms. Yet little is known about the economic and technological importance of innovations in these types of firms. Using patent citation data, we show that founder-managed firms, which we argue favor an entrepreneurial orientation, receive more patent citations when compared with other firms, even controlling for R&D spending. By contrast, family-managed firms, many of which, we argue, pursue socioemotional wealth for the family, receive fewer patent citations compared with other firms, again, controlling for R&D spending. Patent citations have been shown in the literature to reflect the economic and technological importance of innovations.

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12

Falk, Nathan, and Kenneth Train. "Patent Valuation with Forecasts of Forward Citations." Journal of Business Valuation and Economic Loss Analysis 12, no. 1 (May 24, 2017): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbvela-2016-0002.

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AbstractPatents without established market values (e. g., no negotiated royalty rates) are often valued by comparing the number of citations the patent has received to the numbers received by other patents whose market values are established. For recently-issued patents, which have not had time to accumulate citations, this procedure can be noisy or even inapplicable. The current paper generalizes this valuation method to incorporate patent characteristics that relate to the number of citations the patent is expected to obtain in the future. We estimate statistical models in which the explanatory variables are observable characteristics of the patent at a given time, and the dependent variable is the number of citations that the patent receives after that date. Using several examples, we demonstrate a procedure for patent valuation that incorporates the statistical results, such that the valuation reflects the number of citations the patent has already received as well as the number it is expected, based on its characteristics, to receive in the future.

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13

Mariel, Petr, and Susan Orbe. "Nonparametric Approach to Patent Citations." Prague Economic Papers 18, no. 3 (January 1, 2009): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.353.

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14

Cotropia, Christopher A., Mark A. Lemley, and Bhaven Sampat. "Do applicant patent citations matter?" Research Policy 42, no. 4 (May 2013): 844–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.01.003.

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15

Marco, Alan C. "The dynamics of patent citations." Economics Letters 94, no. 2 (February 2007): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2006.08.014.

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16

Fallah, M. Hosein, Elliot Fishman, and Richard R. Reilly. "Forward patent citations as predictors for patent valuation." International Journal of Intellectual Property Management 4, no. 3 (2011): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijipm.2011.041081.

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17

Goh, Jaimin, Jaehong Lee, Wonchang Hur, and Yunchang Ju. "Do Analysts Fully Reflect Information in Patents about Future Earnings?" Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 20, 2019): 2869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102869.

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This study investigates the relationship between a firm’s intellectual property (measured by patents) and its future business performance and information environments by focusing on financial analysts’ forecasting behavior. The results show that patent citations have more influence on future profitability than patent counts and financial analysts pay more attention to firms with patent citations by showing higher followings for those firms. However, the findings also suggest that analyst forecasts do not fully reflect the implications of the effect of patent citations on future earnings and this under-valuation can mislead investors. Thus, we conclude that financial analysts ‘partially’ improve the information environment in terms of patent citations.

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18

Choo, Kineung. "Inventor Citations versus Examiner Citations - An Analysis of Determinants of Patent CitationsUsing Korean Patent Data -." Journal of Intellectual Property 6, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 209–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34122/jip.2011.12.6.4.209.

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19

Britto, Jorge Nogueira de Paiva, Leonardo Costa Ribeiro, and Eduardo da Motta e. Albuquerque. "International patent citations and its firm-led network." Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo) 51, no. 4 (October 2021): 699–732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-53575143jle.

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Abstract This paper presents a database with USPTO patents for selected years between 1991 and 2009, totaling 1,022,490 patents, 786,780 patents with international citations and 4,064,995 cross-border citations - links in our analysis. We evaluate a network from those international links, with nodes that are institutions - patent assignees. The literature review organizes arguments for patent citations as knowledge flows and acknowledges problems such as differences between applicants and examiners citations - an exercise to deal with this problem is presented. This network has firms as the dominant institution. An inter-temporal analysis shows the network growth over time and the preservation of its scale-free structure, evidence of its resilience. Over time, this network evolves, changing the leading sectors in a matrix of interaction between citing and cited patents - indications of changes caused by the emergence of new sectors.

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20

Bousfield, David, Johanna McEntyre, Sameer Velankar, George Papadatos, Alex Bateman, Guy Cochrane, Jee-Hyub Kim, et al. "Patterns of database citation in articles and patents indicate long-term scientific and industry value of biological data resources." F1000Research 5 (February 11, 2016): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7911.1.

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Data from open access biomolecular data resources, such as the European Nucleotide Archive and the Protein Data Bank are extensively reused within life science research for comparative studies, method development and to derive new scientific insights. Indicators that estimate the extent and utility of such secondary use of research data need to reflect this complex and highly variable data usage. By linking open access scientific literature, via Europe PubMedCentral, to the metadata in biological data resources we separate data citations associated with a deposition statement from citations that capture the subsequent, long-term, reuse of data in academia and industry. We extend this analysis to begin to investigate citations of biomolecular resources in patent documents. We find citations in more than 8,000 patents from 2014, demonstrating substantial use and an important role for data resources in defining biological concepts in granted patents to both academic and industrial innovators. Combined together our results indicate that the citation patterns in biomedical literature and patents vary, not only due to citation practice but also according to the data resource cited. The results guard against the use of simple metrics such as citation counts and show that indicators of data use must not only take into account citations within the biomedical literature but also include reuse of data in industry and other parts of society by including patents and other scientific and technical documents such as guidelines, reports and grant applications.

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21

Gugler, Philippe, and Laura Vanoli. "Technology-sourcing investment abroad as an enhancer of Chinese MNEs’ innovative capabilities." International Journal of Emerging Markets 10, no. 2 (April 20, 2015): 243–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-12-2014-0217.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on Chinese firms’ innovation processes that are induced by foreign direct investment abroad. The study uses a patent and citation analysis to examine the extent to which investments abroad contribute to enhancing these firms’ innovative capabilities. More specifically, this study focusses on the role of foreign location competitiveness as an asset to provide technological capabilities to Chinese affiliates. Design/methodology/approach – Patents are good indicators of firms’ innovative capabilities. Moreover, patents allow to track the inter-firm knowledge transfer through the citations of patents on which they are based. The authors use an OECD patent database called “OECD REGPAT July 2013” that compiles patents registered with the European Patent Office (EPO) over the period from 1986 to 2013. The authors focus the analysis on patents registered by Chinese multinational enterprises’ (MNEs) based in Europe because the authors assume inter alia that innovations patented by Chinese affiliates in Europe are registered with the EPO. The sample comprises 3,010 patents involving 5,749 citations that the authors have individually examined. Findings – The findings suggest that Chinese MNEs ability to generate innovation based on their own knowledge is low, with a self-citation rate of approximately 4 percent. Patents by Chinese MNEs are largely based on foreign patents, especially from developed economies (at least 90 percent). The citation analysis also suggests that 39.2 percent of citations represent domestic firms in the local recipient country. This subgroup of citations is categorized as follows: 1.04 percent are M&A linkages, 13.8 percent are cluster linkages, and 24.36 percent are localization linkages. The remaining 60.8 percent of the total sample demonstrates that firms do not necessarily need to be collocated in foreign locations with domestic firms to exchange assets. Research limitations/implications – Patent and citation analysis considers only a part of the inter-firm knowledge diffusion. Some innovations are not patented and tacit knowledge diffusion is not observable. Moreover, the analysis focusses only on Chinese outward foreign direct investment to Europe, but a large part of knowledge is accumulated in China thanks to inward foreign direct investment. Originality/value – Many scholars have scrutinized emerging markets multinational enterprises’ strategic asset-seeking investments abroad that are designed to upgrade the companies’ technological capabilities (Cui and Jiang, 2009; Zhang and Filippov, 2009; Huang and Wang, 2013; Amighini et al., 2014; De Beule et al., 2014; Nicolas, 2014). However, few studies analyze the results of these strategies in terms of innovation output.

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22

Tavakolizadeh-Ravari, Mohammad, Faramarz Soheili, Fatemeh Makkizadeh, and Fatemeh Akrami. "A study on first citations of patents through a combination of Bradford’s distribution, Cox regression and life tables method." Journal of Information Science 46, no. 4 (May 8, 2019): 496–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551519845848.

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The current research employs two survival analysis methods: Cox regression and life tables. The first determines the effect of inventor, assignee and country for receiving the first citation by patents. Life tables concern the time-lag between the dates of granting and receiving the first citation by patents. Bradford’s method is also established as a technique for categorization of patents, inventors, assignees and countries as a prerequisite for survival analysis. The research materials consist of 2837 patents in the area of ‘purification, separation, or recovery of hydrocarbon components’ which were classified under the classes 585/800 and 585/868 by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). The findings showed that Bradford’s method complies with the distribution of citations of patents, first inventors and assignees. It means that Bradford’s distribution is well suited for determination of key patents, inventors and assignees in an area too. Cox regression revealed that only the inventors’ variable decides for receiving the first citation in terms of frequency, degrees of their inventions and citations. Life table data revealed that one half of the first citations were received in the first 10 years. As a conclusion, survival analysis methods provide the possibility for deciding technology lifetime and for predicting the determinants for the flow of knowledge through citation analysis.

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23

Yoo, Jae-Bok, and Young-Mee Chung. "Analysis of Factors Influencing Patent Citations." Journal of the Korean Society for information Management 27, no. 1 (March 30, 2010): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3743/kosim.2010.27.1.103.

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24

Lim, Jiyoun. "Analysis of the Relationship between Patent Litigation and Citation: Subdivision of Citations." Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences 8, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 2515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12785/amis/080549.

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25

Criscuolo, Paola, and Bart Verspagen. "Does it matter where patent citations come from? Inventor vs. examiner citations in European patents." Research Policy 37, no. 10 (December 2008): 1892–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.07.011.

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26

Hwang, Jung-Tae, Byung-Keun Kim, and Eui-Seob Jeong. "Patent Value and Survival of Patents." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no. 2 (April 26, 2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7020119.

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This study investigated the effect of patent value on the renewal (survival) of patents. The private value of patents can be one of the main pillars sustaining a firm’s value, and the estimation of the value may contribute to the strategic management of firms. The current study aimed to confirm the recent research findings with survival analysis, focusing on the more homogeneous patent data samples. In this study, a dataset is constructed from a cohort of 6646 patents from the 1996 and 1997 application years, using patent data from the European Patent Office (EPO). We found that the family size and non-patent backward citations exhibited profound impacts on patent survival. This result is in line with numerous studies, indicating the positive impact of science linkages in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical fields. It was also found that the effect of the ex-post indicator is not as strong as the ex-ante indicators, like traditional family size and backward citations. In short, the family size matters most for the survival of patents, according to the current research.

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27

Bakker, Jurriën. "The log-linear relation between patent citations and patent value." Scientometrics 110, no. 2 (December 28, 2016): 879–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-2208-7.

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28

Chen, Lixin. "Do patent citations indicate knowledge linkage? The evidence from text similarities between patents and their citations." Journal of Informetrics 11, no. 1 (February 2017): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2016.04.018.

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Lian, Qin, and Qiming Wang. "How Does the Primary Market Value Innovations of Newly Public Firms?" Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 34, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x16665964.

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We investigate whether and how the primary market values the innovations of newly public firms at their initial public offerings (IPOs) by examining the link between the size (the number of patents) and the quality (citation count) of their patent portfolios and IPO valuations. We find that the number of patents, the citation count, and innovation efficiency (IE; patents or citations scaled by research and development expenditure) are positively associated with offer price multiples but the effect of the number of patents subsumes that of the citation count/IE. There is no significant effect of patent portfolios on price revisions or first-day returns, suggesting that underwriters/firms price information on innovation quantity and quality in the offer prices and the market makes no further price adjustment on innovation information. The positive effect of innovation quantity on IPO valuation subsumes that of innovation quality. We also demonstrate that the link between patent portfolios and IPO valuations is stronger in the later sample period. Using Tobin’s Q as another IPO valuation measure produces similar results. We obtain no evidence that an IPO’s patent portfolio is overvalued in the primary market, as the number of patents and the citation count are not significantly associated with long-run stock and operating performances.

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Bryan, Kevin A., Yasin Ozcan, and Bhaven Sampat. "In-text patent citations: A user's guide." Research Policy 49, no. 4 (May 2020): 103946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.103946.

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31

Jaffe, Adam B., and Manuel Trajtenberg. "International Knowledge Flows: Evidence From Patent Citations." Economics of Innovation and New Technology 8, no. 1-2 (January 1999): 105–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438599900000006.

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32

Senarathne, Chamil W., and Jianguo Wei. "The impact of patent citation information flow regarding economic innovation on common stock returns: Volume vs. patent citations." International Journal of Innovation Studies 2, no. 4 (December 2018): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijis.2019.02.001.

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33

Boasson, Vigdis, and Emil Boasson. "Firm value, spatial knowledge flow, and innovation: evidence from patent citations." China Finance Review International 5, no. 2 (May 18, 2015): 132–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cfri-08-2014-0056.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of geographic location of research-intensive firms in the ability to generate new research and products, which consequently affects firm value. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conduct the empirical study following a three-step process. First, if pharmaceutical firms are more likely to cite the patents of other firms and other innovators that are nearby, as opposed to firms and other innovators that are far away, then location (i.e. close proximity) is likely important when it comes to the ability to learn and to use the knowledge being generated by other innovators. The authors employ a “geographic information systems” (GIS) and geo-code each pair of citing and cited patents. In addition, the authors utilize spatial statistics such as Moran’s I to analyze the spatial clustering pattern of patent citations and knowledge flows. Next, the authors measure the pharmaceutical companies’ ability to generate useful patents as a function of the amount of innovation and industrial activity that is occurring close to them. Finally, the authors test whether a firm’s location relates to its firm value. Specifically, the authors model firm value as a function of its patents quality, but the authors also allow the firm’s patents quality to be a function of its location and locational attributes. In this way, the authors establish a link between location and firm value. Using a simultaneous system of equations, the authors find that location explains patent quality, which, in turn, explains firm value. In other words, there is a positive relationship between firm value, innovation and location. Findings – In empirical tests using pharmaceutical firms and their patents, the authors first find that firms more often cite patents of other firms that are geographically closer to them than those firms that are farther away. The authors then find that a patent’s quality is a function of the firm’s near proximity to other knowledge-intensive institutions and activities. Finally, the authors find that because patent quality is a function of a firm’s geographic location, location consequently affects firm value. Research limitations/implications – For knowledge-intensive firms, geographic location matters. More specifically, the authors contend that research-intensive firms are better able to use and to expand on existing knowledge when they are closer to other research-intensive enterprises. The implication is that firm value maximization involves a location factor. Practical implications – The practical implication for investors is that investors should invest in those firms that are situated in a location that is rich in geographic innovation resources because those firms are more likely to generate more and higher quality patents or innovations. Originality/value – The study is the first to establish the linkage among spatial knowledge diffusion, geographic drivers of innovation, and market valuation of the firm. The study is unique in that the authors not only present evidence on spatial knowledge flows by geo-coding the exact longitude and latitude location coordinates of citing and cited patens, but more importantly, the authors also identify geographic drivers of innovation, and examine their impacts on citation-weighted patent counts and knowledge stock. Finally, using a series of simultaneous equations, the authors show how geographic innovation resources positively affect citation-weighted patent stock and knowledge stock and consequently affect market value of the firm. Thus, the novel approach contributes not only to the literature that measures geographic localization of knowledge flow using patent citations, but also to the literature that examines the impact of geographic sources of innovations on patent outputs and patent quality and, thus on firm value for research-intensive firms.

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Maurseth, Per Botolf. "Lovely but dangerous: The impact of patent citations on patent renewal." Economics of Innovation and New Technology 14, no. 5 (July 2005): 351–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1043859042000307338.

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Alcácer, Juan, and Michelle Gittelman. "Patent Citations as a Measure of Knowledge Flows: The Influence of Examiner Citations." Review of Economics and Statistics 88, no. 4 (November 2006): 774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest.88.4.774.

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Kuan, Chung-Huei, Dar-Zen Chen, and Mu-Hsuan Huang. "The overlooked citations: Investigating the impact of ignoring citations to published patent applications." Journal of Informetrics 14, no. 1 (February 2020): 100997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2019.100997.

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Galasso, Alberto, and Mark Schankerman. "Patents and Cumulative Innovation: Causal Evidence from the Courts *." Quarterly Journal of Economics 130, no. 1 (November 21, 2014): 317–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju029.

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Abstract Cumulative innovation is central to economic growth. Do patent rights facilitate or impede follow-on innovation? We study the causal effect of removing patent rights by court invalidation on subsequent research related to the focal patent, as measured by later citations. We exploit random allocation of judges at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit to control for endogeneity of patent invalidation. Patent invalidation leads to a 50% increase in citations to the focal patent, on average, but the impact is heterogeneous and depends on characteristics of the bargaining environment. Patent rights block downstream innovation in computers, electronics, and medical instruments, but not in drugs, chemicals, or mechanical technologies. Moreover, the effect is entirely driven by invalidation of patents owned by large patentees that triggers more follow-on innovation by small firms.

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Walter, Donald. "Patent-to-patent versus patent family-to-patent family citations and the impact of an invention." Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst 3, no. 3 (May 2014): 219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/ppa.14.20.

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Lim, Dong-Geon, and Jin Hwa Jung. "Technological Changes in Agriculture and Information Technology: Centrality and Citation Analyses of South Korean Agricultural Patent Data." Science, Technology and Society 24, no. 2 (July 2019): 316–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971721819841992.

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This study analyses recent changes in the agricultural technology trends at the current pace of its convergence with information technology (IT) using South Korean agricultural patent data from 2000 to 2015. This article focuses on the structural changes in agricultural technology in terms of patent applications by specific technology sector between the two periods: Period 1 (2000–2007) and Period 2 (2008–2015). Accordingly, we performed centrality analysis to measure the importance of each agricultural technology based on International Patent Classification (IPC) sub-classes. We also conducted citation analysis to identify whether the proportion of backward and forward citations of agricultural patents had significantly changed between the two periods. The results of the centrality analysis suggest that, whereas food technology was the most important technology sector in agriculture during both the periods, agricultural production technology experienced a considerable increase in its share in agriculture in Period 2. The results of the citation analysis confirm a substantial degree of interconnectivity between agricultural technology and non-agricultural technologies.

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Stahl, Jessica C. "Mergers and Sequential Innovation : Evidence from Patent Citations." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2010, no. 12 (January 2010): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2010.12.

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Kejžar, Nataša, Simona Korenjak-Černe, and Vladimir Batagelj. "Clustering of Distributions: A Case of Patent Citations." Journal of Classification 28, no. 2 (June 18, 2011): 156–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00357-011-9084-x.

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Schettino, Francesco. "US PATENT CITATIONS DATA AND INDUSTRIAL KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS." Economics of Innovation and New Technology 16, no. 8 (November 2007): 595–633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438590600925201.

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Maurseth, Per Botolf, and Bart Verspagen. "Knowledge Spillovers in Europe: A Patent Citations Analysis." Scandinavian Journal of Economics 104, no. 4 (December 2002): 531–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9442.00300.

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Bakker, Jurrien, and Bart Van Looy. "Patent citations as an indication of the external uses of a patent." Academy of Management Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (August 2017): 17517. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2017.17517abstract.

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Kogan, Leonid, Dimitris Papanikolaou, Amit Seru, and Noah Stoffman. "Technological Innovation, Resource Allocation, and Growth*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 132, no. 2 (March 21, 2017): 665–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw040.

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Abstract We propose a new measure of the economic importance of each innovation. Our measure uses newly collected data on patents issued to U.S. firms in the 1926 to 2010 period, combined with the stock market response to news about patents. Our patent-level estimates of private economic value are positively related to the scientific value of these patents, as measured by the number of citations the patent receives in the future. Our new measure is associated with substantial growth, reallocation, and creative destruction, consistent with the predictions of Schumpeterian growth models. Aggregating our measure suggests that technological innovation accounts for significant medium-run fluctuations in aggregate economic growth and TFP. Our measure contains additional information relative to citation-weighted patent counts; the relation between our measure and firm growth is considerably stronger. Importantly, the degree of creative destruction that is associated with our measure is higher than previous estimates, confirming that it is a useful proxy for the private valuation of patents.

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Giglio, Carlo, Roberto Sbragia, Roberto Musmanno, and Roberto Palmieri. "Cross-country learning from patents: an analysis of citations flows in innovation trajectories." Scientometrics 126, no. 9 (July 10, 2021): 7917–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-04094-8.

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AbstractThis study proposes a methodological approach to investigate cross-country creativity/knowledge flows by analyzing patent citation networks, taking the aircraft, aviation and cosmonautics (AAC) industry as a case study. It aims at shedding some light on the following research questions: (a) how cross-country creative/learning flows can be investigated; (b) have countries of current patent owners benefited from patent acquisitions. In fact, despite the well-established economic interest for (analyzing and forecasting) innovation trajectories, this research area is still unexplored, thus, motivating the need for such study. Over 43,000,000 patents have been analyzed whereby: (a) owners have performed cross-country patent acquisitions; (b) acquired patents (granted within 2005–2009) are cited by subsequent patents (2010–2015). Methodology and results are scalable to other industries and can be exploited by managers and policy makers to: (a) help firms forecasting innovation trajectories; (b) support governments in designing/implementing measures nurturing patented innovations in industries deemed relevant to national interest.

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Niklewicz-Pijaczyńska, Małgorzata. "Diffusion of knowledge in the biotechnology sector." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400125.

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The aim of the paper is to analyze the use of existing legally protected solutions an. publications made available through patent systems for the development of further biotechnological inventions. For its implementation, was conducted research based on the so-called patent citations of two kinds - to literature and previously published, other patents. For the needs of the paper, technical documentation of 88 patents in the resources of the Polish Patent Office and Espacenet was analyzed. The study includes 40 Polish biotechnology companies with significant innovation activity. The results of the conducted research allow to formulate two conclusions. First, the knowledge obtained from patent resources plays an important role in the innovation process of inventions in the biotechnology sector. Secondly, this knowledge is characterized by a high degree of internationalization, first of all are cited foreign inventions and source literature, domestic citations appear relatively rarely. Among observed references, citing American achievements plays a dominant role – this applies to both literature and inventions, which suggests that the US patent system is the main source of patent knowledge for Polish biotechnology companies.

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Yoon, Jae Woong, Chang Seop Lee, and Suk Jun Lee. "Analysis of Factors Influencing Patent Citations: Focused on Korea Medical Device Patents." Journal of the Korean Society for information Management 33, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3743/kosim.2016.33.2.103.

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Schneider, Cédric. "How important are noncorporate patents? A comparative analysis using patent citations data." Applied Economics Letters 18, no. 9 (June 2011): 865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2010.507168.

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van Raan, Anthony F. J. "Patent Citations Analysis and Its Value in Research Evaluation: A Review and a New Approach to Map Technology-relevant Research." Journal of Data and Information Science 2, no. 1 (February 18, 2017): 13–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jdis-2017-0002.

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Abstract Purpose First, to review the state-of-the-art in patent citation analysis, particularly characteristics of patent citations to scientific literature (scientific non-patent references, SNPRs). Second, to present a novel mapping approach to identify technology-relevant research based on the papers cited by and referring to the SNPRs. Design/methodology/approach In the review part we discuss the context of SNPRs such as the time lags between scientific achievements and inventions. Also patent-to-patent citation is addressed particularly because this type of patent citation analysis is a major element in the assessment of the economic value of patents. We also review the research on the role of universities and researchers in technological development, with important issues such as universities as sources of technological knowledge and inventor-author relations. We conclude the review part of this paper with an overview of recent research on mapping and network analysis of the science and technology interface and of technological progress in interaction with science. In the second part we apply new techniques for the direct visualization of the cited and citing relations of SNPRs, the mapping of the landscape around SNPRs by bibliographic coupling and co-citation analysis, and the mapping of the conceptual environment of SNPRs by keyword co-occurrence analysis. Findings We discuss several properties of SNPRs. Only a small minority of publications covered by the Web of Science or Scopus are cited by patents, about 3%–4%. However, for publications based on university-industry collaboration the number of SNPRs is considerably higher, around 15%. The proposed mapping methodology based on a “second order SNPR approach” enables a better assessment of the technological relevance of research. Research limitations The main limitation is that a more advanced merging of patent and publication data, in particular unification of author and inventor names, in still a necessity. Practical implications The proposed mapping methodology enables the creation of a database of technology-relevant papers (TRPs). In a bibliometric assessment the publications of research groups, research programs or institutes can be matched with the TRPs and thus the extent to which the work of groups, programs or institutes are relevant for technological development can be measured. Originality/value The review part examines a wide range of findings in the research of patent citation analysis. The mapping approach to identify a broad range of technology-relevant papers is novel and offers new opportunities in research evaluation practices.

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