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Journal articles on the topic 'Patent laws and legislation – European Union countries'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Dr., Kakumani Kataky. "A Comparative Study on Secondary Patenting on Pharmaceutical: Striking A Balance Between Competition Law and IPR." Annual International Journal on Analysis of Contemporary Legal Affairs 1 (February 10, 2021): 77–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4876244.

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<strong><em>The Supreme Court of India made a historical judgment in April 2013 which denies a secondary patent from the Swiss pharmaceutical company Novatis and hence allowing the manufacturing of generic medicine in India. This approach promotes competition and access to medicine in developing countries but at the same time, it may hamper the development of new inventions. The restriction of competition law by delayed entry into the market of generic companies and the reason behind it is the secondary patenting, a form of evergreening of patents. The focus will be more on the conflict betwee

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Κοζαμάνη (Alexandra Kozamani), Αλεξάνδρα. "Ευθανασία: Πρακτικές που εφαρμόζουν οι χώρες της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης". Bioethica 5, № 1 (2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bioeth.20837.

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Euthanasia is one of the issues that bioethics deals with, which is one of the outmost importance. Furthermore it is very up-to-date. In Greece and in most countries of the European Union euthanasia has not been subject to specialized legislation. It is only occasionally debated, resulting in tension and conflict. On one hand, people have the right to self determination, so the end of life should be among them. On the other hand, life is considered to be of the highest value and it is the duty of healthcare personnel to guard and preserve it by any means, using their expertise and knowledge.In

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3

Smith, Robert, and Mark Perry. "Is an “Open Innovation” Policy Viable in Southeast Asia? - A Legal Perspective." Athens Journal of Law 9, no. 2 (2023): 187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajl.9-2-2.

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In recent years, particularly in Europe, increasing attention is being paid to managing Intellectual Property (IP) competitive effects. Europe achieves greater innovation output with IP overall whilst also implementing the globally harmonised IP laws. The performance differences in innovation output are due to many variables. However, the EU has focussed on three policy goals: “open innovation”, “open science”, and “open to the world”, aiming to foster access to knowledge for advancement as well as overcoming innovation barriers while retaining alignment with harmonised international IP framew

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Kiseļova, Olga, Baiba Mauriņa, Venta Šidlovska, and Jānis Zvejnieks. "The Extent of Extemporaneous Preparation and Regulatory Framework of Extemporaneous Compounding in Latvia." Medicina 55, no. 9 (2019): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55090531.

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Background and objectives: Extemporaneous preparations are pharmaceutical preparations individually prepared for a specific patient or patient group, but also high-risk products accompanied by doubts regarding their safety and quality. Legislation regulating the compounding of extemporaneous preparations is not harmonized among European countries. This problem is partially resolved by Resolution CM/Res(2016)1 on quality and safety assurance requirements for medicinal products prepared in pharmacies for the special needs of patients. In order to understand the relevance of extemporaneous compou

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Wang, Ping. "On Ownership of Copyright of Generated Works under Generative Artificial Intelligence." Revista de Direito Internacional e Globalização Econômica 4, no. 4-Ext (2025): 190–202. https://doi.org/10.23925/2526-6284/2024.v4n4.71575.

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As artificial intelligence continues to revolutionize technological landscapes through breakthrough innovations, AI-generated content (e.g., text, images, music) has sparked disputes over intellectual property ownership. The traditional legal framework is centered on "human creation." Whether machines can become the subject of copyright has challenged traditional laws, such as Copyright Law, Patent Law, and ethical norms. This article examines the significant issues surrounding the ownership of works created by artificial intelligence: first, from the judgment of the United States, China, and

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Monedero, Pablo José Abascal. "Family Laws in the European Union." Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika 19 (September 16, 2019): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/stepp.2019.13.

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EU social policies should be complemented by contributing to a harmonious development of society, by reducing structural and regional imbalances, developing a balance between the a localized community and the national society, and improving the living standards of citizens and families of member states (Garrido 2002). Such important social policy principles as freedom and justice are addressed and represented in family laws in the EU regulations introduced during the period of 2000–2016. In this article, we studied the EU’s legal solutions in reference to national (Spain) laws on these matters

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Jessurun d’Oliveira, Hans Ulrich. "Iberian Nationality Legislation and Sephardic Jews." European Constitutional Law Review 11, no. 01 (2015): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019615000036.

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Proposal to grant Spanish nationality to Sephardic Jews – History of Sephardic Jews in Iberia – Sephardim and the Portuguese nationality code – The EU and the nationality laws of the member states – Impact of Union law on the acquisition of Iberian nationalities by Sephardic Jews – European Convention on Nationality – Sephardim from third countries –Micheletti – Nottebohm

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Naeem, Allah Rakha. "HOW THE EU CREATES LAWS." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF LAW, FINANCE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2, no. 6 (2022): 4–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6615907.

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The European Union (EU) is a political and economic organization established in 1992 by the Maastricht Treaty. It includes 27 member states that have come together to strengthen the development of common interests. The EU provides its member states with an institutional framework for making laws, identifying areas of policy, negotiating, and setting political priorities. EU member states have unanimously agreed not only to adopt legislation enacted by EU institutions but also to override national laws. The main decision-making organs of the EU are the Council of the European Union, the Europea

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Anderson, Leah Seppanen. "European Union Gender Regulations in the East: The Czech and Polish Accession Process." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 20, no. 1 (2006): 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325405284314.

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This article explains, first, why there was a uniform emergence of equal opportunities legislation across East Central European states in the late 1990s and early 2000s and, second, why the speed of adoption varied across countries. The author deviates from a traditional comparative focus on domestic factors and instead treats her two case studies—Poland and the Czech Republic—as part of an international system in which external actors can exert a simultaneous but differential effect on domestic policies. The author argues that the European Union (EU) accession process prompted equal opportuni

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Ekmekci, Perihan Elif. "Patients’ Rights in Cross-border Healthcare (Directive 2011/24/eu) and How It Applies to Turkey as a Negotiating Candidate Country." European Journal of Health Law 24, no. 4 (2017): 432–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12341423.

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Abstract Cross-border healthcare and patient mobility across European Union Member States has been on the agenda of eu Commission for the last decade. Directive 2011/24/eu on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare went into force in 2013. The Directive mainly addresses the responsibilities of Member States in cross-border healthcare, regulates reimbursement procedure, and coordinates European reference networks and health technology assessment in the eu. The Directive has direct and indirect implications on Turkish health system. In this article, first an overview of Di

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Adamiec, Danuta, Justyna Branna, Dobromir Dziewulak, et al. "Informacja na temat legislacji dotyczącej systemu cyberbezpieczeństwa w wybranych państwach Unii Europejskiej (Belgia, Czechy, Estonia, Francja, Holandia, Niemcy, Szwecja)." Zeszyty Prawnicze Biura Analiz Sejmowych 3, no. 71 (2021): 280–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.31268/zpbas.2021.61.

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The study presents information on the legislation on the cybersecurity system in selected European Union countries. The discussed laws in force in individual countries implement the NIS Directive concerning measures for a high common level of security of network and information systems across the Union. The NIS Directive specifies the institutions that should be established in all Member States; it regulates cooperation at the European level and imposes obligations in the field of network and information systems security, including the duty to adopt a national strategy on the security of netwo

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Busardò, Francesco Paolo, Matteo Gulino, Simona Napoletano, Simona Zaami, and Paola Frati. "The Evolution of Legislation in the Field of Medically Assisted Reproduction and Embryo Stem Cell Research in European Union Members." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/307160.

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Medically Assisted Reproduction (MAR), involving in vitro fertilisation (IVF), and research on embryos have created expectation to many people affected by infertility; at the same time it has generated a surplus of laws and ethical and social debates. Undoubtedly, MAR represents a rather new medical field and constant developments in medicine and new opportunities continue to defy the attempt to respond to those questions. In this paper, the authors reviewed the current legislation in the 28 EU member states trying to evaluate the different legislation paths adopted over the last 15 years and

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TSYMBALIUK, O. "The right to information and the right from information: institutional relationship in the legislation of individual countries of the European Union." INFORMATION AND LAW, no. 3(12) (December 23, 2014): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37750/2616-6798.2014.3(12).272570.

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The paper offered to the individual institutional position and relationship of the right to information and the right to information on the example displayed in the legislation of some countries of the European Union and the determination of their appropriateness in the codification of the laws of Ukraine on information.

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Zanatta Tocchetto, Gabriel. "The Moral Clause in Patent Law and Threats Posed by Human Germl ine Genome Editing." Mexican Law Review 14, no. 1 (2021): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iij.24485306e.2021.1.16095.

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This article examines whether the lack of closure of moral clauses in patent laws, particularly in dealing with the issue of human germline genome editing, causes such clauses to fail to function as a moratorium in countries like Mexico. The hypothesis posed here is that a general, open, moral clause in intellectual property legislation, specifically in patent law, is ineffective when confronted with a foreseeable but strong innovation that alters an area of applied biology such as human germline genome editing. Using the deductive method, this research aims to determine whether countries like

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Marchuk, M., and L. Gudz. "Local elections in the European Union and Ukraine: comparative characteristics." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 70 (June 18, 2022): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.70.16.

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The article provides a comparative analysis of the electoral legislation of the EU countries and Ukraine at the local level and on the basis of this analysis, the proposals to improve the electoral legislation of Ukraine take into account the experience of the European Union. The main forms of direct democracy in most EU member countries and Ukraine are fixed at the constitutional level, and the procedure of preparing and holding elections is regulated by special election laws. Domestic electoral legislation is overloaded with detailed norms of procedural aspects, unlike the legislation

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Diez, Maria del Carmen Fernandez, and Maria de los Reyes Corripio Gil-Delgado. "Is Intellectual property Right Legislation Constraining the Agrifood Biotechnology Sector in the European Union?" Science & Technology Studies 16, no. 2 (2003): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55155.

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In this paper, we discuss the implications of the recent Intellectual Property Right (IPR) enforcement in the European Union (EU) as a potential factor affecting agrifood biotechnology industry stagnation. After presenting a theoretical framework justifying patents, we describe some controversial questions in the European patent protection related to: a) the distinction between discovery and invention and; b) the morality and ordre public exception to the patentability. Although we provide some evidence about the reduction in importance of agrifood activities compared to that of pharmaceutical

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Varul, Paul. "The Creation of New Estonian Private Law." European Review of Private Law 16, Issue 1 (2008): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2008005.

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Abstract: The article gives an overview of how new legislation was drafted and adopted in Estonia after the country regained its independence. Estonia was one of the republics of the Soviet Union and became independent again in 1991. The new situation suddenly necessitated new legislation, which had to suit a democratic state with a market economy, and also be in line with the standards of developed European countries. It took ten years (1991–2001) to create the new legislation, the cornerstones of which are the Civil Code and the Commercial Code. The Civil Code was adopted in five parts: the

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18

Hartley, Trevor C. "The European Union and the Systematic Dismantling of the Common Law of Conflict of Laws." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 54, no. 4 (2005): 813–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei038.

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English conflict of laws is the creation of the common law. Prior to Britain's entry into the European Union, legislation played only a limited role. The few legislative measures concerning choice of law were narrowly targeted to remedy specific problems—for example the formal validity of wills, or torts. The rules for service outside the jurisdiction were a more important exception, but their practical operation largely depended on judge-made concepts and remedies, such as forum non conveniens and antisuit injunctions. The common law also provided a complete system for the recognition of fore

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Zajc, Katarina, and Breda Mulec. "New Challenges in the Filed of Ambient Air Protection with the Emphasis on Economic (in)efficiencies of Chimney Sweeping Services." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 11, no. 3 (2013): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/11.2.311-324(2013).

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This paper analyzes new challenges in the field of ambient air protection, such as the use of new energy-generating products, and assesses the air quality protection responsibilities of local communities in European Union (EU) Member States. Domestic heating systems are a major source of air pollution. Thus, chimney-sweeping services are very important and must be regulated to provide fire safety and guarantee better ambient air quality. This paper analyzes Slovenian legislation regulating chimney-sweeping services and compares the Slovenian laws with comparable laws of other European countrie

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Yakymenko, Bohdan. "Formation of the institute of personal data protection and experience of its implementation in the countries of the EU." Naukovij vìsnik Nacìonalʹnoï akademìï vnutrìšnìh sprav 28, no. 4 (2023): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.56215/naia-herald/4.2023.68.

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The development of digital technologies in the modern world led to an increase in interference in the private life of a person and the number of human rights violations related to private life. Ukrainian legislation on personal data protection does not meet the latest trends and standards of the European Union (EU) in this area and needs to be updated. The article is intended to analyse the development of the institute of personal data protection in the world to identify ways to adapt the national legislation of Ukraine to the current personal data protection standards of the EU. To carry out

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Bulvinska, Oksana. "UNIVERSITY AUTONOMY IN THE REGULATORY AND LEGAL ACTS OF EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Continuing Professional Education: Theory and Practice 82, no. 1 (2025): 86–95. https://doi.org/10.28925/1609-8595.2025.1.8.

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The article is dedicated to analyzing regulatory and legal acts in Eastern European countries concerning university autonomy and academic freedom, which are often intertwined in legal documents. The study examines documents from Eastern European countries – Poland, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic – which are geographically, historically, and culturally close to Ukraine and share a common totalitarian past. The analysis focuses on Constitutions as well as national Higher Education Laws. It is emphasized that enshrining university autonomy in the fundamental laws of a country

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Brahmi, Pratibha, and Vijaya Chaudhary. "Protection of plant varieties: systems across countries." Plant Genetic Resources 9, no. 3 (2011): 392–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262111000037.

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This study discusses some of the important aspects of laws/regulations formulated for the protection of plant varieties in Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) member states, European Community countries and India. The study also provides an insight into some of the unique features of Indian sui generis system for the protection of plant varieties. During this study, the registration of crop notified in India and in some selected UPOV member countries has been examined. Since India is not an UPOV member state, the system of plant variety protection (PVP) is independent of

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Divyansh Jai Purohit. "A Comparative Analysis of the Legal Aspects of Data Privacy in Developed Versus." Innovative Research Thoughts 11, no. 2 (2025): 56–62. https://doi.org/10.36676/irt.v11.i2.1624.

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In an era where data is the new currency, the legal frameworks surrounding data privacy have gained unparalleled significance. This research paper undertakes a comparative analysis of data privacy laws in developed and developing countries, highlighting key differences in legislation, enforcement mechanisms, and public awareness. Using case studies from the European Union, the United States, India, Brazil, and Nigeria, the paper explores how socioeconomic and political factors influence the evolution of privacy laws. The paper concludes that while developed nations have well-established legal

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Voievodina, Hаnna. "Definition of the concept of «virtual assets»: a comparative analysis of legislation and judicial practise of the European Union Countries." Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine, no. 1(46) (July 29, 2024): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2024-1(46)-7.

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The article analyzes the essence and legal nature of the concept of «virtual assets» as reflected in the legislation and case law of the EU countries. The value of the article lies in the study and legal analysis of the EU laws and case law regulating and defining the concept of «virtual assets». This article examines the main legislative acts regulating virtual assets, as well as important court decisions that affect the definition of this concept. Special attention is paid to the comparative analysis of laws and court practice in such EU countries as Poland, Italy, Estonia, Lithuania, German

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Sokolowski, Maciej M. "Laws and Policies on Electric Scooters in the European Union: A Ride to the Micromobility Directive?" European Energy and Environmental Law Review 29, Issue 4 (2020): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2020036.

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The conducted research shows that the EU-27 and the UK have a varied approach to electric scooters when it comes to law: some see them as means of micro-transportation or personal transport, others define them exclusively in their legislation (in a direct manner). In some countries electric scooters are not defined in legislation but other rules apply (e.g. rules on bicycles). Electric scooters’ users are qualified either as pedestrians using scooters, drivers, or cyclists. The limit of 20 – 25 km/h of speed is a general benchmark. The rules on the access to pavement, pedestrian zones, and ped

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Kau, Renata, and Jonida Gjika. "Harmonizing Legal Frameworks: A Comparative Legal Overview of Employee Transfers in Albania and Selected EU Countries." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 20, no. 23 (2024): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n23p20.

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Employee transfer is an important phenomenon that impacts both the public and private sectors worldwide. It is one of the most important managerial and productive instruments that a company can use. Although it is commonly practiced, the institution of internal employee transfers is not regulated in the Labor Code of Albania. Albanian legislation only recognizes the internal transfer of one category of employees, the civil servants. In this regard, there arises an urgent need for the immediate regulation of this institution for the other categories of employees as well. In the context of Alban

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ŢICAL, George-Marius, and Ana CHIRUŢA. "Criminalization of the crime of leaving the road accident site in the criminal laws of some states in the European Union area." Anale științifice ale Academiei "Ștefan cel Mare" a MAI. Științe juridice 10 (October 10, 2019): 176–87. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3871512.

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In this article, using the comparative method of studying the law, the place and the incriminating sphere of the crime of leaving the road accident place in the criminal laws of the EU countries have been identified. The investigation of the European experience in the field will create scientific premises for designing a model for improving the criminality stipulated in art. 265 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova. At the same time, the impact of the ECHR on the European legislation regarding the offense of leaving the road accident site was established.

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Zimmer, Reingard. "Living wages in international and European law." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 25, no. 3 (2019): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258919873831.

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A number of countries worldwide provide for a statutory minimum wage. Generally speaking, however, it is not a living wage, although the right to a living wage is guaranteed in a variety of agreements under both international and European law. The Council of Europe’s European Social Charter (ESC), for example, codifies a living wage and, according to the case-law of its supervisory body, the level of 60 per cent of the net average wage is to be taken as the basis for appropriate remuneration. This article argues that the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union also incorporates the

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Čović, Ana. "The influence of judicial practice on the legislation in the sphere of LGBT community rights." Socioloski pregled 55, no. 3 (2021): 690–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socpreg55-32553.

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In the light of the announced adoption of the Law on Same-Sex Unions, the question arises whether the draft law is in accordance with the Constitution, especially after the announcements that the law will not be signed. Although the Constitution specifies that marriage is a union of a man and a woman, experts point out that in this case it is not a law on marriage and family, nor does it provide for the possibility of adoption of children by same-sex couples, but that it regulates property, health, pension and other legal relationships of same-sex partners living in the union. At the same time

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Nabila Fitri Amelia, Diva Maura Marcella, Hening Jiwa Semesta, Sabrina Budiarti, and Saskiana Fitra Usman. "Implementasi Artificial Intelligence (AI) Dalam Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Di Indonesia." Eksekusi : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Administrasi Negara 2, no. 1 (2023): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/eksekusi.v2i1.789.

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Utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the formation of laws and regulations and its implications for ethics and security. This article highlights the limitations of AI in interpreting data and forming algorithms, which can lead to bias and discrimination. This article also discusses the role of legal experts in ensuring the ethical and safe use of AI within statutory regulations. The article provides examples of countries that have implemented AI in their legislation, such as Canada and the European Union. The article concludes that although AI has the potential to improve the efficie

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Kępiński, Jakub. "Polish industrial property law." Pravovedenie 65, no. 3 (2021): 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2021.303.

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In recent years, entrepreneurs have become increasingly aware of the legal means to protect intangible goods, but to ensure proper protection it is necessary to possess certain knowledge of the ways how to do it efficiently. The article is intended to explain the basic issues of Polish industrial property law. The systematics of Polish law including the issues concerning inventions, utility models, industrial designs, trademarks and geographical indication have been presented. However, currently it is not enough to be familiar with the national laws of each member states of the EU. It is also

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Zavalna, Zhanna, and Mykola Starynskyi. "CONTRACTUAL DELEGATION OF SOVEREIGNTY IN SUPRANATIONAL ENTITIES." Global Prosperity 2, no. 1 (2021): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46489/gpj.2021-1-2-5.

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The article analyses the agreement basis for state sovereignty as established and implemented in the European Union. The research aims to study the agreement-based regulation used by the EU Member States to create a stable position of Ukraine on its way to becoming a member of the European Union. The research allowed finding out that the member states do not transfer their powers in their economic and social fields but only delegate them. The analysis of the treaties concerning the establishment and functioning of the European Union proves the existence of specific organisational and legal int

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Hajosi, Dominik, and Herwig Grimm. "Mission impossible accomplished? A European cross-national comparative study on the integration of the harm-benefit analysis into law and policy documents." PLOS ONE 19, no. 2 (2024): e0297375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297375.

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The harm-benefit analysis (HBA) is a cornerstone of the European Directive 2010/63/EU (the Directive). The Directive regulates the care and handling of animals used for scientific purposes in the European Union (EU). Since its implementation, there has been ongoing debate around the practical applicability of the HBA for research project review processes. The objectives of this study are to analyze the operationalization of HBA in EU member states and investigate the consistency of HBA’s implementation in terms of national legislation and available policy documents. To meet these objectives, w

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Sani, Serena. "The European legislation on the education of migrant workersâ€™ children. A pedagogical reading." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (2017): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v3i1.1732.

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Since the last decades of the twentieth century the gradual stabilization of the immigration phenomenon has created also a significant increase in family reunification and, as a result, a great number of foreign students in European schools. In this context, the European institutions have seen fit to adapt to the situation by setting up a legislative system aimed not only to guarantee the right to education for immigrant children and to receive an equal treatment with the respect to native children, but also to lead the EU member States to promote integration school policies. The aim of this p

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Kovbas, Igor, and Pavlo Krainii. "Administrative Procedure under the Legislation of Ukraine and Certain Foreign Countries (Comparative Legal Study)." Problems of legality, no. 163 (December 28, 2023): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.163.292358.

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The relevance of the research topic is due to the need to analyse the experience of regulatory definition of administrative procedures in foreign countries. It characterizes models of systematizing procedural legislation in certain developed countries worldwide and in Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on Ukraine adopting a model of systematizing administrative procedural legislation that involves the adoption of a general act on administrative procedure with the preservation of the priority of special legislation. This approach aligns with the recommendations of the institutions of the Council of Eu

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Kovbas, Igor V., and Pavlo I. Krainii. "Administrative Procedure under the Legislation of Ukraine and Certain Foreign Countries (Comparative Legal Study)." Problems of legality 163 (2023) (December 28, 2023): 93–110. https://doi.org/10.21564/2414-990X.163.292358.

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The relevance of the research topic is due to the need to analyse the experience of regulatory definition of administrative procedures in foreign countries. It characterizes models of systematizing procedural legislation in certain developed countries worldwide and in Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on Ukraine adopting a model of systematizing administrative procedural legislation that involves the adoption of a general act on administrative procedure with the preservation of the priority of special legislation. This approach aligns with the recommendations of the institutions of the Council of Eu

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Tkeshelashvili, Ketevan, Pawan Kumar Dutt, and Miranda Gurgenidze. "Commercialisation of Intellectual Property: A Comparative Analysis of Georgia and Estonia." TalTech Journal of European Studies 14, no. 1 (2024): 22–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2024-0002.

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Abstract Commercialisation of intellectual property (IP) constitutes a vital part of a state’s economy and signifi cantly contributes to the development and success of any innovative project. At the same time, commercialisation of IP is directly linked to the adopted legislation on patent rights as it regulates the protection and exploitation of IP. This article seeks to compare the IP commercialisation frameworks in Georgia and Estonia and identify the challenges encountered in patent protection mechanisms in Georgia. Estonia and Georgia are both located in the Eastern European region and sha

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Yang, Xupeng. "Regulating Reverse Payment Agreements in Pharmaceutical Market: A Comprehensive Framework for Antitrust Review." SHS Web of Conferences 178 (2023): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202317803010.

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Reverse payment settlement agreement is a type of arrangement between original and generic drug manufacturers that could potentially violate Antitrust Laws by limiting competition, typically appear in the pharmaceutical market. This paper addresses the impact of these agreements on public interests, and the challenges in conducting antitrust review on these agreements. This paper then proposes a comprehensive framework for regulating reverse payment agreements in the context of China’s extensive and complex pharmaceutical market by drawing on the experiences of the United States and the Europe

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Alexandrov, Georgi. "Transformation of Digital Legal Deposit in Terms of Legislation and Public Access." Knygotyra 70 (July 5, 2018): 136–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2018.70.11812.

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[full article, abstract in English; abstract in Lithuanian] The age of digitization is marked by a huge quantity and variety of electronic content distributed on the Internet. Building national collections of deposited electronic publications is a challenge related to the preservation of the global cultural heritage. The purpose of the article is to examine the ongoing transformation of the digital legal deposit with a focus on the legislative and public access regulation. The geographical scope of the research covers the countries from the European Union in the time span of the last two

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Matveevskaya, Anna S., Sergei N. Pogodin, and Juntao Wang. "Problem of human rights violations during the migrant crisis in Europe." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies 37, no. 3 (2021): 508–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2021.311.

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The aim of this study was to identify how Europe’s migrant crisis affected human rights in the European Union. It focuses on the observance of fundamental human rights in the context of migration. Violations directly related to migrants and refugees are considered. Human rights law is the most universal and general branch of law on which all other laws rely. The issue of observance of these rights becomes even more critical in regard to forced migration. While these rights are guaranteed to ‘all members of the human family’, there are conditions under which universally recognized human rights

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Tkachuk, I. O. "TYPES OF DIRECTORS’ FIDUCIARY DUTIES IN COMMON LAW COUNTRIES." Constitutional State, no. 53 (April 15, 2024): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2411-2054.2024.53.300727.

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The article seeks to explore the types of fiduciary duties assigned to a director of a legal entity in Common Law countries. It focuses on the essence, characteristics, and legal nature of the fiduciary duties and presents existing pieces of scientific research in this field, identifies specific features and provides the list of types of fiduciary duties in the Common Law countries. Ukraine’s integration in the European Union proves the need for significant amendments to Ukrainian laws in order to bring them into harmony with the EU laws. This creates preconditions for full-featured integratio

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Varsha, Gehlot. "COMPARISON OF DATA PROTECTION LAWS IN INDIA WITH RESPECT TO GDPR." Indian Journal of Law and Society I, no. 8 (2024): 160–77. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10644661.

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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> <em>This academic legal analysis compares the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union with India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) to determine whether the two pieces of legislation are compatible with one another. As we live in an increasingly digital world where information is freely shared across borders, data protection has become a pressing legal and societal concern. In 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) became law, setting a global standard for stricter data protection procedures with an emphasis on protecti

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Xhuvani, Erjola. "Case Study On Integration Process Of Albania Towards Eu: Harmonisation Of Domestic Legislation With That Of EU." Access to Justice in Eastern Europe 6, no. 4 (2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-6.4-n000404.

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Background: The road of Albania’s European Union integration process has been long and defiant. It started in 1993 with the approval of the Trade Agreement. The most important milestone was the signature of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) in June of 2006. Part of its implementation included the harmonisation of domestic legislation with that of the EU, established by Article 70 of this agreement. This is an important process for the final step of EU membership. Its importance relates to the fact that if the domestic legislation is not in compliance with the European legislati

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José, Rascão. "Legal Systems of the European Union (EU) Countries What about the challenges of Artificial Intelligence? (from Theory to Practice)." ISRG Journal of Arts Humanities & Social Sciences (ISRGJAHSS) II, no. I (2024): 321–91. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10675271.

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<em>We do not intend to deal exhaustively with this subject, because it is broad and complex for the space of a text. Our intentions, which are much more modest, refer to documentary research for the understanding and development of the study on the impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Legal System of EU countries. It contemplates the theoretical and conceptual discussion of information, object of study of Information Science, in its different approaches, especially cognitive, economic, management and political.</em> <em>Artificial Intelligence poses challenges to several sciences, includi

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Mosakova, E. A., and K. Kizilova. "Labor market in the UK in digital era: The gender dimension." RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, no. 3 (2021): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-3-512-519.

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The article considers gender discrimination in the field of labor relations in the United Kingdom (UK) in the pre-covid period. In the past decades, the Western European countries have made the most significant progress in achieving gender equality in various fields, including labor relations, and became the world leader in this area. However, despite all the efforts of the international community, no country has achieved a full gender equality, and Great Britain is no exception. The authors argue that the British anti-discrimination legislation (before leaving the European Union) was based on

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Montilon, Vito, Oriana Potere, Leonardo Susca, and Giovanna Bottalico. "Phytosanitary Rules for the Movement of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Propagation Material into the European Union (EU)." Plants 12, no. 4 (2023): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040699.

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Phytosanitary legislation involves government laws that are essential to minimize the risk of the introduction and diffusion of pests, especially invasive non-native species, as a consequence of the international exchange of plant material, thus allowing us to safeguard agricultural production and biodiversity of a territory. These measures ensure compliance with adequate requirements relating to the absence of pests, especially of harmful quarantine organisms through inspections and diagnosis tests of the consignments to ascertain the presence of the pests concerned. They also regulate the er

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Ördögh, Tibor. "Smart Resilience and EU Enlargement Policy." Pro Publico Bono – Magyar Közigazgatás 12, no. 2 (2024): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32575/ppb.2024.2.1.

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The European Union’s enlargement policy is an ever-changing policy area. Today, its flexibility is illustrated by an ever more diverse set of entry rules. In the half-century since the first round of enlargement, the transposition of thousands of pages of legislation has been accompanied by the harmonisation of laws and the incorporation of other values, along with indicators of economic maturity. In the wake of the first two enlargements, the credibility of the European Union was under threat in the eyes of the political elite and society in the applicant countries, and reforms were introduce

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Arowolo, Grace Ayodele. "Safeguarding the rights to privacy and digital protection of children in Africa: Nigeria and South Africa in focus." African Journal on Privacy & Data Protection 2, no. 1 (2025): 126–52. https://doi.org/10.29053/ajpdp.v2i1.0007.

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In its General Comment 25 (2021), the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child encourages state parties to ensure the protection and upholding of children’s rights on the internet. To achieve this, a strong legislative framework is required. Therefore, this article aims to examine the degree to which children’s rights to privacy and data protection are incorporated and enshrined into the Nigerian and South African regulatory frameworks. These countries are state parties to various regional and international laws that safeguard the rights of children. The article also aims to explore

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Qian, Yucheng. "Research on the Legislation of Pollutants in Cross-border Electronic Transport: From a Comparative Research Perspective." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 1 (July 6, 2022): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v1i.666.

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With the progress of technology, the updating speed of electronic equipment is faster and faster. The generation rate of e-waste in various countries is also speedy. In addition, a large number of e-waste from developed countries are also exported to some underdeveloped regions, which makes their domestic e-waste output more. Electronic waste contains a variety of toxic additives or harmful substances, most of which will be discharged into the environment and affect human health. This paper is mainly based on the analysis of developing countries, especially China. Firstly, it analyzes the reas

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Al-Shammari, Karrar Imad Abdulsahib. "A Review of the Halal Poultry Slaughtering from Welfare and Legal Perspectives: Analysis of Research Results." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 3 (2021): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.11-27.

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The subject of halal slaughtering is one of the most widely discussed issues of animal cruelty and animal welfare in the public sphere. The discrepancy in understanding the contemporary and religious laws pertaining to animal slaughtering does not fully publicize to Islamic and Muslim majority countries especially with respect to interpreting the use of stunning in animals. The electrical stunning is the cheapest, easiest, safest, and most suitable method for slaughtering that is widespread and developed. However, stunning on head of poultry before being slaughtered is a controversial aspect a

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