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Journal articles on the topic 'Patent laws and legistration'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 27 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Radack, David V. "Patent harmonization: Creating uniform patent laws." JOM 49, no. 5 (1997): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02914689.

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2

Bagla, P. "India Rewrites Patent Laws." Science 308, no. 5718 (2005): 33b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.308.5718.33b.

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3

Moser, Petra. "How Do Patent Laws Influence Innovation? Evidence from Nineteenth-Century World's Fairs." American Economic Review 95, no. 4 (2005): 1214–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828054825501.

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Studies of innovation have focused on the effects of patent laws on the number of innovations, but have ignored effects on the direction of technological change. This paper introduces a new dataset of close to fifteen thousand innovations at the Crystal Palace World's Fair in 1851 and at the Centennial Exhibition in 1876 to examine the effects of patent laws on the direction of innovation. The paper tests the following argument: if innovative activity is motivated by expected profits, and if the effectiveness of patent protection varies across industries, then innovation in countries without p

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4

Chapman, Stephen R., and Steven Bahls. "Patent Laws and Plant Science." Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education 21, no. 2 (1992): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jnrlse.1992.0149.

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5

Yong, Joanne. "Morality and biotechnology patent laws." International Journal of Private Law 3, no. 1/2 (2010): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpl.2010.029607.

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6

Roderick, Peter, and Allyson M. Pollock. "India's patent laws under pressure." Lancet 380, no. 9846 (2012): e2-e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61513-x.

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7

Dorozynski, A. "Europe needs gene patent laws." BMJ 312, no. 7035 (1996): 868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7035.868a.

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8

Basberg, Bjørn L. "Seeking International Coordination: The Norwegian Patent Law of 1885." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 60, no. 1 (2019): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2019-0007.

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Abstract During the 1870s and 80s many countries revised their national patent laws. This was also a period when international co-operation was intensified to reach an agreement on patent legislation. It culminated in the Paris Patent Convention of 1880, leading to an increased harmonization of the various national patent laws. In Norway the revision of the patent law was set in motion in the 1870s, culminating in a new law in 1885. The paper analyses this process, and in particular how it related to legislative work that went on abroad.

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9

Sampat, B. N., K. C. Shadlen, and T. M. Amin. "Challenges to India's Pharmaceutical Patent Laws." Science 337, no. 6093 (2012): 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1224892.

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10

Reichhardt, Tony. "House limits reforms to patent laws." Nature 387, no. 6628 (1997): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/387003b0.

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11

Yueh, Linda. "Patent laws and innovation in China." International Review of Law and Economics 29, no. 4 (2009): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2009.06.001.

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12

Andersson, David E., and Fredrik Tell. "From Fighting Monopolies to Promoting Industry: Patent Laws and Innovation in Sweden 1819–1914." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 60, no. 1 (2019): 123–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2019-0006.

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Abstract In this essay, we trace the evolution of four different patent laws in Sweden; from the first Swedish law of privilegia exclusiva in 1819 to the country becoming only the third country in the world to introduce novelty searches into the law of 1884. We discuss the ensuing contemporary public debates surrounding new proposals for legislation, as well as discernible effects of new patent laws. From being mainly a question about the “tyranny of monopolies” in the early laws to being one of “life and death for Swedish industry” in the subsequent laws, we show how changes in patent legisla

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13

Yusuf Abdullah, Mohammed. "Globalization of Patent Laws through Trade Agreements, and Pressures." International Journal of Advanced Research in Humanities and Law 1, no. 1 (2023): 55–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.63053/ijrel.5.

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Given that patent law emerged in domestic systems, there was an obvious diversity of patent regimes. With the advent of cross-border movement of resources, including inventions, there was a need for a harmonized patent regime. The issue went to another level with the entry into force of the WTO/TRIPS Agreement, which requires WTO members to enact new patent laws or amend existing ones to make them TRIPS compliant. The Ethiopian Patent Law, which was enacted in 1995, is strangely TRIPS compliant, tempting many to think that it had Ethiopia‟s forthcoming accession in mind. However, with Ethiopia

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14

Hakim, Guswan, Sabaruddin Sinapoy, M. Jabal Nur, et al. "CREATING DIGITAL DICTIONARIES OF LOCAL LANGUAGES AND UPGRADING SCHOOL TEACHERS PATENT KNOWLEDGEIN KONAWE AND EAST KOLAKA REGENCIES." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 12 (2023): 857–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/18052.

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Community Service Activities by a Team of Lecturers (Lecturers) of the Faculty of Law, Lecturers of Faculty of Cultureand Lecturers of Informatics Engineering Faculty of Engineering Haluoleo University at SDN 2 Puosu and SDN 1 SendangMulyasari in Konawe and East Kolaka Regencies, Southeast Sulawesi Province. This activity was carried out for 6 months starting from observation, coordination and consolidation with SDN 2 Puosu and SDN 1 SendangMulyasari followed by preparation of teaching materials, IPR / Patent laws, provision of Digital Dictionary Applications and Information Systems, implement

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15

Nwogu, Mary Imelda Obianuju. "The Jurisprudence of Patentable and Non-patentable Inventions: Nigerian in Perspective." American Journal of Law 5, no. 1 (2023): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajl.1369.

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Patent is an industrial property right granted by the government of a state to a patentee. It is an intangible, incorporeal and exclusive right granted under the Law to an invention. While an invention is something that has never been made or existed before. Patents are granted to inventions, but not every invention qualify for grant of patent, hence there are patentable and non-patentable inventions. An invention is patentable if it is new, results from an inventive activity and is capable of industrial application (s.1(1) of the Patent and Designs Act 2004). Several textbooks, case laws, sta

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16

Allauddin, Hina, and Zahid Anwar. "Critical Analysis of Patent Laws in Pakistan Since Independence." Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (2022): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.55737/qjss.194663773.

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Intellectual property is the creative expression based on which there is the public willingness to bestow the status of the property and a patent is a recognition of an invention, which satisfies the criteria of novelty, non-obviousness, and industrial application. This paper aims to discuss the evolution of Patent laws in Pakistan. It primarily looks into the transitional phases of the patent to remain in line with the international agreement i.e. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property laws. It then examines the extent to which safeguards have historically been used in patent laws for

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17

Panditrao, AditiMridul. "Xtandi versus Indian patent laws: A persepective." International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research 7, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-516x.198496.

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18

&NA;. "Patent laws stunt growth of developing countries." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1356 (2002): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200213560-00002.

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19

Mattes, Jeffrey A. "Patent Laws: Could Changes Enhance Drug Development?" Archives of General Psychiatry 54, no. 10 (1997): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830220100015.

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20

Lukacher, Martin. "Harmonizing Patent Laws of Independent Countries-The Way to an International Patent." Materials and Processing Report 7, no. 3-4 (1992): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08871949.1992.11752493.

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21

Chakrabarty, Ananda M. "Intellectual property rights and contentious legal and social issues in biotechnology." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 3 (November 2010): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2010-003012-ing.

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It is widely recognized that scientific and technological innovations are key to industrial and economic development of a country. Innovations, however, must be protected, usually through patent or copyright laws, before they can be marketed globally. Thus sensible patent laws, and their legal enforcement, are important for the advancement of economic and industrial development. Patent laws, as mentioned here, are complex and subjective, so that patent infringement cases are plentiful and often unpredictable. Given the rapid advancements of the science of genetics and biotechnology during the

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22

Ndlovu, Lonias. "Improving access to medicines in the SADC region through patent opposition: Law reform inspirations from an unlikely jurisdiction." South African Intellectual Property Law Journal 10, no. 1 (2022): 105–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/saipl/v10/a5.

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This article surveys the patent opposition legal landscape in the SADC region and justifies the importance of patent opposition for access to essential medicines by SADC citizens. The article uses Thailand as a comparative jurisdiction and, after taking a closer look at the patent opposition provisions of the laws of Botswana, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe, the article advances the view that the SADC patent law reform agenda can learn a lot from its Thai counterpart on pharmaceutical patent opposition. Most SADC members with patent opposition provisions in their laws provide for pre-grant rather

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23

Rahmatillah, Raihan, and Sanusi Sanusi. "PATENT PROTECTION FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDONESIA AND THE UNITED STATES." Student Journal of International Law 4, no. 1 (2024): 42–56. https://doi.org/10.24815/sjil.v4i1.31473.

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This study examines the patent protection of artificial intelligence (AI) under the laws of Indonesia and the United States, with a particular focus on the legal ambiguities surrounding the patentability of computer programs. The Indonesian Patent Act excludes mere computer programs from patent eligibility, but its explanatory notes suggest exceptions that create legal uncertainty. Similarly, the US Patent Act lacks explicit provisions addressing computer programs, leading to uncertainty regarding AI patent protection. Employing a normative legal research methodology and a comparative approach

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24

Dolbow, Laura. "Public Patent Powers." Michigan Law Review, no. 123.4 (2025): 599. https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.123.4.public.

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Congress has created multiple structures for agencies to control how patents are used, but that institutional design choice has received little academic attention. This Article provides the first comprehensive survey of existing laws that expressly authorize agencies to control patents. I locate 113 express conditions across 68 laws that expressly authorize executive actors to make some form of decision about patents. These powers, which I refer to as “public patent powers,” allow the government to use patented inventions, to obtain patents, to authorize third parties to use patented invention

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25

Thawani, V., K. Gharpure, and M. Thawani. "Patent laws must be in the national interest." Indian Journal of Pharmacology 38, no. 1 (2006): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.19862.

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26

Padma, T. V. "Plagiarized report on patent laws shames Indian scientists." Nature Medicine 13, no. 4 (2007): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0407-392a.

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27

Kmietowicz, Z. "Patent laws are keeping poor countries in poverty." BMJ 325, no. 7364 (2002): 562a—562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7364.562/a.

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28

Frankish, Helen. "Patent laws high on the agenda at WTO." Lancet 358, no. 9294 (2001): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06776-9.

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29

Klee, M. M. "Where did the U.S. patent laws come from?" IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine 17, no. 1 (1998): 135, 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/51.646231.

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30

Couzin, J. "PATENT LAWS: Report Urges Leeway for Developing World." Science 297, no. 5588 (2002): 1791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.297.5588.1791.

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31

Олена Тверезенко. "ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЧНЕ «РІЗНОМАНІТТЯ» У ЗАКОНОДАВСТВІ УКРАЇНИ ЩОДО ВІДЧУЖЕННЯ МАЙНОВИХ ПРАВ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЇ ВЛАСНОСТІ". International Academy Journal Web of Scholar, № 5(47) (31 травня 2020): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_wos/31052020/7091.

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The article analyses the provisions of the legislation of Ukraine covering the assignment of economic intellectual property rights. It concluded that legal acts provide various terms and synonyms. The article provides the overview of the relevant clauses of the elaborated draft laws in intellectual property field. It is noted that in these draft laws changes in terminology are not given due attention. The article proposes the changes to the Civil Code of Ukraine, Laws of Ukraine "On Protection of Plant Variety Rights", "On Protection of Rights to the Composition of Semiconductor Products" and

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32

Teska, Kirk. "Patent Trolls." Mechanical Engineering 133, no. 08 (2011): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2011-aug-2.

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This article elaborates the practice of patent trolls. The maligned patent trolls have never been clearly defined and thus can be difficult to handle. The earliest trolls were first called “submariners.” The typical profile was someone who had numerous patent filings for futuristic ideas (futuristic at the time, anyway), who did not actually manufacture or sell anything, and who purposefully delayed letting the patents issue (often for twenty years or more) until the marketplace had fully embraced the technology mentioned in the patent filings. Then these submariners surfaced, allowed their pa

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33

Flynn, Sean, Aidan Hollis, and Mike Palmedo. "An Economic Justification for Open Access to Essential Medicine Patents in Developing Countries." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 37, no. 2 (2009): 184–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00365.x.

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Not all intellectual property rights grant the right to exclude that is indicative of “property rules,” as that term was used by Guido Calabresi and A. Douglas Melamed in their seminal article. Some intellectual property rights are “liability rules,” in which the right holder has an entitlement to compensation for use of the protected invention, not a right to preclude the use. Although patent laws normally grant a right to exclude others from use of the protected invention as a default, most countries’ laws allow the government to convert the patent property rule into a liability rule through

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34

Garrigues, Amy. "The Eleventh Circuit Holds that Agreements in which Pharmaceutical Companies Pay Generic Companies Not to Compete May be Valid." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, no. 1 (2004): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107311050000749x.

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On September 15, 2003, the US. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that agreements between pharmaceutical and generic companies not to compete are not per se unlawful if these agreements do not expand the existing exclusionary right of a patent. The Valley DrugCo.v.Geneva Pharmaceuticals decision emphasizes that the nature of a patent gives the patent holder exclusive rights, and if an agreement merely confirms that exclusivity, then it is not per se unlawful. With this holding, the appeals court reversed the decision of the trial court, which held that agreements under which compet

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35

Thomas, Robert E. "Vanquishing Copyright Pirates and Patent Trolls: The Divergent Evolution of Copyright and Patent Laws." American Business Law Journal 43, no. 4 (2006): 689–739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1714.2006.00029.x.

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36

Patil, Divyang Hemant. "Patent Law and Artificial Intelligence: Implications for Inventorship and Ownership." International Journal of Advance and Applied Research 6, no. 25(A) (2025): 15–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15296003.

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<strong>Abstract:</strong> The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the innovation process has raised significant legal and ethical questions concerning patent law, particularly regarding inventorship and ownership. Traditionally, patent systems have required that inventors be natural persons, a principle reaffirmed by courts and patent offices across major jurisdictions, including the United States, Europe, the United Kingdom, Australia, and India. Legal rulings, such as Thaler v. Vidal and Thaler v. Comptroller-General of Patents, have confirmed that AI cannot be listed as an inv

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37

Bilir, L. Kamran. "Patent Laws, Product Life-Cycle Lengths, and Multinational Activity." American Economic Review 104, no. 7 (2014): 1979–2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.7.1979.

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Do intellectual property rights influence multinationals' manufacturing location decisions? My theoretical model indicates that countries with strong patent laws attract multinational activity, but only in sectors with relatively long product life cycles. By contrast, firms with short life-cycle technologies are insensitive, because offshore imitation is less likely to succeed before obsolescence. I document strong empirical regularities consistent with the model using a panel dataset on the global operations of US-based multinational firms and a new measure of product obsolescence. Moreover,

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38

Ogundari, Enobong. "The Patent Thicket Threat to Innovation: The Role of Skilled Patent Examination in Patent Grants." African Journal of Science Policy and Innovation Management 5, no. 1 (2025): 55–63. https://doi.org/10.69798/73431759.

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The study analyzes intellectual property laws and their impact on innovation, focusing on the consequences of excessive patenting or "patent thickets," where multiple overlapping patents complicate research and innovation. It reviews the criteria for patent grants, and assesses how skilled patent examinations may contribute to a balanced patent system that fosters competition and technological advancement. This was with a view to providing critical policy intelligence for the prevention of unnecessary patent proliferation, thus ensuring that only genuine innovations receive protection. The stu

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39

Cai, Xiaoqing, Nabeel M. Althabhawi, and Zinatul Ashiqin Zainol. "Review on the Implementation and Impact of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership on China's Pharmaceutical Economy." Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología - Serie de Conferencias 4 (January 1, 2025): 1339. https://doi.org/10.56294/sctconf20251339.

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Background: The ‘Intellectual Property Rights’ chapter of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) sets high international standards for intellectual property rights (IPR) protection, particularly with regard to pharmaceutical patents. Even though some of the provisions are currently suspended, the stringent nature of these provisions poses undeniable challenges to member states, and likewise they have become an obstacle to China's IPR negotiations when joining the CPTPP. Objective: Analyze the CPTPP drug patent rules and their application in China's in

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40

Billingsley, M. "Novartis challenges India's drug patent laws in Supreme Court." BMJ 344, feb21 1 (2012): e1279-e1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e1279.

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41

Wu, Shenghua. "The Eligibility Analysis of Patent Rights as the Subject of Financing Leases." Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences 6, no. 1 (2024): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/tjjav279.

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With the development of patents, China has become a world leader in patent applications. However, the industrialization rate of patents is low, and there is an urgent need for viable patent financing options. Patent rights financing leasing, as a financing method that has evolved in the market, lacks clear legal provisions. Given the unique characteristics of intellectual property, it is worth exploring the eligibility of patents as the subject of financing leases from both a legal and practical perspective. Furthermore, relevant laws and regulations need further refinement to reduce complianc

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42

Macedo, C. R. "A comprehensive and extensive collection of legal principles on patent opinions under US patent laws." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 6, no. 7 (2011): 504–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpr046.

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43

Latif, Adnan Baqi, and Hemn Hussein Wali. "Restriction of patent licenses to competition in the relevant market." Journal of Legal and Political Studies 10, no. 2 (2022): 160–96. https://doi.org/10.17656/jlps.10223.

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Patent rights licensing is a lawful disposition permitted by law. However, these licenses may restrict competition, especially when they amount to a restrictive agreement from the perspective of competition laws either due to their exclusivity or additional restrictions though not exclusive. Comparative laws have noticed this problematic matter and addressed it either under competition acts and regulations in this regard, or through non-binding guidelines, while the Iraqi and Kurdistani laws do not provide specific legislative solutions in this matter, making these licenses either subject to t

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44

Barizah, Nurul. "INTERNATIONAL PATENT LAW AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN INDONESIA: CAN IT FACILITATE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER?" Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 6, no. 1 (2021): 156–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss1pp156-175.

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Background and Purpose: Indonesia has patent law for more than three decades and has made adjustments with the Trade related of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement by revising such patent law several times with the aim of encouraging innovation and technology transfer as promised by the Agreement, but technological capacity and technology transfer are still low. The purpose of this study is to analyse whether the implementation of international patent law in Indonesia facilitates innovation and technology transfer to increase technological capacity.  Methodology: This st

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45

Zaheer Abbas, M. "Patent Invalidation Procedures in the WTO Member BRICS Countries: India Provides a Model Legislation." BRICS Law Journal 11, no. 2 (2024): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2024-11-2-73-90.

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Eighty percent of the world’s population lives in emerging markets, and a significant portion of this population is not receiving healthcare or at least is not receiving the healthcare they need. This is an issue experienced in all of the BRICS countries as well. The BRICS countries particularly need drugs for the treatment and management of infectious and communicable diseases. The affordability of healthcare is one of the key priorities of the BRICS countries. These goals may not necessarily be in line with the patent laws of the BRICS countries which are also members of the World Trade Orga

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46

Andrzejewski, Adam. "Traditional Knowledge and Patent Protection: Conflicting Views On International Patent Standards." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 13, no. 4 (2017): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2010/v13i4a2701.

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As diseases continue to spread around the globe, pharmaceutical and biotech companies continue to search for new and better drugs to treat them. Most of these companies have realised that useful compounds for these purposes may be found in the natural resources that indigenous and local communities use. And yet, even though the importance of these biological resources to global health and economic livelihood is well recognised, the legal ownership and control of this traditional knowledge is still very controversial. This article undertakes a comparative analysis of American and European, as w

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47

Oser, Andreas. "The COVID-19 Pandemic: Stress Test for Intellectual Property and Pharmaceutical Laws." GRUR International 70, no. 9 (2021): 846–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/grurint/ikab091.

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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic poses a challenge to certain standards in patent law as well as in pharmaceutical law. This paper discusses questions as to whether and under what conditions government-ordered or privately claimed compulsory licensing can contribute to controlling the pandemic. The existing obstacles and conflicts under the current legal framework, such as a lack of international harmonization and a lack of coherence between patent law (compulsory licensing) and pharmaceutical law (data protection), are outlined and discussed. A possible solution could lie in a modernization of

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48

Gao, Huasheng, Po-Hsuan Hsu, Kai Li, and Jin Zhang. "The Real Effect of Smoking Bans: Evidence from Corporate Innovation." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 55, no. 2 (2018): 387–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109018001564.

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We identify a positive causal effect of healthy working environments on corporate innovation, using the staggered passage of U.S. state-level laws that ban smoking in workplaces. We find a significant increase in patents and patent citations for firms headquartered in states that have adopted such laws relative to firms headquartered in states without such laws. The increase is more pronounced for firms in states with stronger enforcement of such laws and in states with weaker preexisting tobacco controls. We present suggestive evidence that smoke-free laws affect innovation by improving inven

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49

Groeneveld, A. J. van. "The Impact of Patent Abuse on Technological Innovation in the EU: Challenges for Innovative SMEs and Legislative Regulatory Pathways." Law and Economy 3, no. 12 (2024): 11–14. https://doi.org/10.56397/le.2024.12.02.

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Patent abuse poses significant challenges to the European Union’s innovation ecosystem, undermining the balance between intellectual property protection and technological progress. While patents are designed to incentivize innovation, their misuse—manifesting as practices like patent trolling, evergreening, and the creation of patent thickets—stifles competition, inflates costs, and restricts access to essential technologies. These issues disproportionately impact Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), which are critical drivers of EU innovation but lack the resources to navigate complex p

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50

Donges, Alexander, and Felix Selgert. "Do Legal Differences Matter? A Comparison of German Patent Law Regimes before 1877." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 60, no. 1 (2019): 57–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2019-0004.

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Abstract In this article, we give an overview of the differences in German patent legislations between 1815 and 1876. German patent laws differed in particular with regard to the application and approval system, the treatment of foreign applicants, and patent fees. Differences in the former two categories provide an explanation why the number of patents was considerably lower in Prussia than in other states. While the number of Prussian patents per capita almost stagnated between 1840 and 1872, it increased in Baden, Bavaria and Saxony. Formal differences in patent law do not fully explain thi

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