Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Path Loss Prediction Models'

Large scale path loss modeling plays a fundamental role in designing both fixed and mobile radio systems. Predicting the radio coverage area of a system is not done in a standard manner. Wireless systems are expensive systems. Therefore, before setting up a system one has to choose a proper method depending on the channel environment, frequency band and the desired radio coverage range. Path loss prediction plays a crucial role in link budget analysis and in the cell coverage prediction of mobile radio systems. Especially in urban areas, increasing numbers of subscribers brings forth the need for more base stations and channels. To obtain high efficiency from the frequency reuse concept in modern cellular systems one has to eliminate the interference at the cell boundaries. Determining the cell size properly is done by using an accurate path loss prediction method. Starting from the radio propagation phenomena and basic path loss models this thesis aims at describing various accurate path loss prediction methods used both in rural and urban environments. The Walfisch-Bertoni and Hata models, which are both used for UHF propagation in urban areas, were chosen for a detailed comparison. The comparison shows that the Walfisch-Bertoni model, which involves more parameters, agrees with the Hata model for the overall path loss.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The telecommunications industry has experienced recent changes, due to increasing quest for access to digital services for data, video and multimedia, especially using the mobile phone networks. Recently in Brazil, mobile operators are upgrading their networks to third generations systems (3G) providing to users broadband services such as video conferencing, Internet, digital TV and more. These new networks that provides mobility and high data rates has allowed the development of new market concepts. Currently the market is focused on the expansion of WiMAX technology, which is gaining increasingly the market for mobile voice and data. In Brazil, the commercial interest for this technology appears to the first award of licenses in the 3.5 GHz band. In February 2003 ANATEL held the 003/2002/SPV-ANATEL bidding, where it offered blocks of frequencies in the range of 3.5 GHz. The enterprises who purchased blocks of frequency were: Embratel, Brazil Telecom (Vant), Grupo Sinos, Neovia and WKVE, each one with operations spread in some regions of Brazil. For this and other wireless communications systems are implemented effectively, many efforts have been invested in attempts to developing simulation methods for coverage prediction that is close to reality as much as possible so that they may become believers and indispensable tools to design wireless communications systems. In this work wasm developed a genetic algorithm (GA's) that is able to optimize the models for predicting propagation loss at applicable frequency range of 3.5 GHz, thus enabling an estimate of the signal closer to reality to avoid significant errors in planning and implementation a system of wireless communication
O setor de telecomunica??es vem passando por grandes transforma??es, devido ao aumento da busca por acesso a servi?os digitais de transmiss?o de dados, v?deo e multim?dia, especialmente, por meios das redes de telefonia m?vel. Recentemente, no Brasil, as operadoras de telefonia m?vel v?m atualizando suas redes para sistemas de terceira gera??o (3G) proporcionando aos usu?rios servi?os em banda larga como v?deo confer?ncia, Internet e TV digital, dentre outros. Essas novas redes que proporcionam mobilidade e elevadas taxas de transmiss?o t?m permitido o desenvolvimento de novos conceitos de mercado de servi?os. Atualmente o mercado est? voltado para a expans?o da tecnologia WiMAX, que v?m ganhando cada vez mais o mercado das comunica??es m?veis de voz e de dados. No Brasil o interesse comercial para esta tecnologia aparece com a primeira outorga de licen?as em 3,5 GHz. Em fevereiro de 2003, a ANATEL realizou a licita??o 003/2002/SPV-ANATEL, onde ofereceu blocos de frequ?ncia em 3,5 GHz. As operadoras que adquiriram os blocos de frequ?ncia foram: Embratel, Brasil Telecom (Vant), Grupo Sinos, Neovia e WKVE, cada uma com opera??es distribu?das em regi?es do Brasil. Para que esse e outros sistemas de comunica??es sem fio sejam implementados com efici?ncia, muitos esfor?os t?m sido investidos na tentativa de desenvolvimento de m?todos de simula??o, de predi??o e de cobertura que se aproximem da realidade o melhor poss?vel, de forma a que se possam tornar ferramentas fi?is e indispens?veis no planejamento dos sistemas de comunica??es sem fio. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um algoritmo gen?tico (AG s) capaz de otimizar os modelos de predi??o de perda de propaga??o aplic?veis na frequ?ncia de 3,5 GHz, possibilitando dessa forma uma estimativa do sinal mais pr?xima da realidade, evitando erros significativos no planejamento e implementa??o de um sistema de comunica??o sem fio

This work addresses the problem of digital terrain modelling for estimating radio path propagation within a mobile communication system. The ideal requirements are for a data structure which is storage efficient and computationally efficient for calculating profiles, whilst elevation errors should be constrained and radio path loss errors should be minimised. For a digital terrain model (DTM) to be considered viable as an alternative to the regular grid, it should: (i) produce a storage saving of at least 75% over the regular grid; (ii) be error constrained to a maximum absolute error of 10 metres; (iii) produce only a small overall average elevation error; (iv) preserve critical terrain characteristics such as ridges, peaks and slopes; (v) produce 95% of profiles to within a radio path loss error of ± 6 decibels; and (vi) be as computationally efficient as the regular grid. This research focuses on the implementation of a number of prototype DTMs, including a regular grid, sub-sampled grids, variable density grids, elevation difference grids, polynomial models of fixed and variable degree, surface patch quadtrees, and triangulated irregular networks (TINs). Each of these DTMs are examined in terms of the criteria outlined above. No DTM fulfils all of these requirements. The user should identify the relative importance of each requirement before selecting a specific model. For this study, computational efficiency is identified as the criterion which can be considered the least important. With this in mind, two original DTMs are developed. These are optimised with respect to storage and error constraints. The proposed Huffman-encoded DTM represents the deviations of a regular grid of heights from linearly predicted values as variable-length codes, whilst the Implicit TIN is a storage-efficient triangulated irregular network which reconstructs the original topology of the triangulation at the application stage. Both methods produce storage savings approaching 90% over the regular grid for the data sets tested and are suitable for parallel implementations.

The use of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radio technology in a multistatic radar system has recently gained interest to implement Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) capable of detecting and tracking targets in indoor environments. Due to the increasing attention towards multistatic UWB systems, it is important to perform the radio channel characterization. In this thesis we focus on the characterization of the path loss exponent (α). To perform the present work, the followed methodology was to collect experimental data from the UWB devices using a suitable target, this information was processed with a clutter removal algorithm using the Empty Room (ER) approach, then the contribution of the target was isolated to produce a graph of energy as a function of the product between the target-to-transmitter and the target-to-receiver distances in a bistatic configuration. Finally, using this plot it was properly obtained the value of the path loss exponent. As as additional experimental result, the main statistical parameters associated to the residual clutter were calculated, which are expected to allow having a better understanding and characterization of the radar system performance in the experimental environments.

One channel model that characterises multipath fading effect of a wireless channel is called Flat Rayleigh Fading channel model. Given the properties of Flat Rayleigh Fading channel, an equation to find the capacity of a Flat Rayleigh fading channel with hard decision decoding is derived. The difference of power requirement to achieve the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) capacity over a Flat Rayleigh Fading channel fading is found to increase exponentially with Es /N0 . Upper and lower bounds of error performance of linear block codes over a Flat Rayleigh Fading channel are also studied. With the condition that the excess delay of a channel is known earlier, it is shown that a correlator with shorter length, according to excess delay of the channel, can be constructed for use in wireless channel response measurements. Therefore, a rule of construction of a shorter length correlator is defined, involving concatenation of parts of a Constant Amplitude Zero Auto-Correlation (CAZAC) sequence. Simulation of [136,68,24] Double Circulant Code with Dorsch List Decoding is also done in order to evaluate error performance of the channel coding scheme over one of the IEEE Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WirelessMAN) channel models, the Stanford University Interim Channel Model No. 5 (SUI-5) channel. Performance of the channel cod- ing was severely degraded over the SUI-5 channel when it is compared to its performance over the AWGN channel. Indoor path losses within three multifloor office buildings were investigated at 433 MHz, 869 MHz and 1249 MHz. The work involved series of extensive received signal strength measurements within the buildings for all of the considered frequencies. Results have shown that indoor path loss is higher within a square footprint building than indoor path loss in a rectangular building. Parameters of Log-Distance Path Loss and Floor Attenuation Factor Path Loss models have been derived from the measurement data. In addition, a new indoor path loss prediction model was derived to cater for path loss pre- diction within multifloor buildings with indoor atriums. The model performs with better prediction accuracy when compared with Log-Distance Path Loss and Floor Attenuation Factor Path Loss models.

One-dimensional models predict the performance of centrifugal compressor in short time, being a helpful design tool in the early design stages. They assume uniform flow through the compressor. Conservation of mass, momentum and energy and some empirical loss correlations are applied to estimate the real outputs. In this thesis, this one-dimensional approach is applied to model a turbocharger compressor. Two different models are implemented. They consist of an impeller, a vaneless diffuser and a volute. The modelstage outputs, pressure ratio and efficiency, are compared with experimental data. Then, both models are further investigated by comparing their losses prediction with validated Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) data. The implemented models are taken from literature. They use the same vaneless diffuser and volute approach, but different impeller loss sets. The next impeller losses are studied: incidence, skin friction, choking, jet-wake mixing, blade loading, hub to shroud, tip clearance, shock and distortion losses. The vaneless diffuser outlet is calculated using a one-dimensional numerical solution to the underlying differential equations. For the volute, a set of empirical losses is used. The losses from the CFD are also measured by entropy rise calculations. Due to the complexity of this model, not all the losses can be independently extracted. Incidence, choking, skin friction, blade loading and jet-wake mixing losses are measured along the impeller. Besides, vaneless diffuser and volute losses are also obtained. Results show relative total pressure ratio errors less than 5% in 49 points in a total of 77 predicted operation conditions. 69 points are estimated with a relative error less than 10%. CFD still gives better predictions, especially at low tip speeds. However, at high tip speeds one-dimensional gives similar accuracy. The one-dimensional and CFD losses comparison shows largest differences in the vaneless diffuser and volute models. Some strengths and weaknesses of the impeller losses are revealed, being possible future improvements.
Endimensionella modeller för prestandaprediktering av radialkompressor har i regel en kort ledtid. Detta gör dessa verktyg mycket användbara under designfasen. I modellerna antas att flödet genom kompressorn är uniformt. Vidare används bevarande av massa, rörelsemängd och energi samt empiriska förlusttermer för uppskattning av kompressorns prestanda. I denna avhandling tillämpas en endimensionell metodik för turboladdarkompressorn. Två olika modeller är implementerade. Dessa består av: en rotor, en diffusor utan ledskenor, och en volut. Modellernas uppskattning av kompressorns tryckförhållande samt verkningsgrad jämförs med experimentella mätningar. Därefter jämförs modellernas förlustuppskattningar med validerat Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) data. Modellerna har implementerats med hjälp av dokumentation från valda källor i litteraturen. Båda modellerna använder samma diffusor- och volutmodell, men har olika förlusttermer för rotorn. Följande rotorförluster undersöks: incidens, väggfriktion, strypning, jet-wake blandning, rotorbladens laddning, nav till hölje laddning, spelrum bladspets till hölje, och ojämnheter i inloppsflödet. Diffusorutloppet beräknas med hjälp av en numerisk lösning av de fundamentala differentialekvationerna. En samling empiriska förlusttermer används för voluten. Förlusterna från numeriska strömningsmekanikberäkningar (CFD) beräknas i form av entropiökningar. På grund av CFD modellens komplexitet kan inte alla förlusttermer extraheras oberoende av varandra. Incidens, strypning, väggfriktion, rotorbladens laddning och jet-wakeblandning mäts längs rotorn. Även diffusorförluster och volutförluster erhålls från CFD:n. Resultatet visar att relativa felet i tryckförhållandet är mindre än fem procent i 49 av 77 undersökta driftpunkter i kompressorn. I 69 punkter uppskattas det relativa fel till mindre än tio procent. CFD:nger bättre resultat, särskilt vid låga varvtal på rotorn. Vid höga varvtal är noggrannheten mellan CFD och endimensionella modeller likvärdigt. Uppskattningarna från CFD och endimensionella modellerskiljer sig mest i diffusorn och voluten. Avslutningsvis diskuteras styrkor, svagheter och möjliga framtida förbättringar i rotorförlustmodelleringen.

The correlation of cascade experimental data is one method for obtaining compressor stage characteristics. These correlations specify pressure loss and flow turning caused by the blades. Current open literature correlations used in streamline curvature codes are inadequate for general application to high-speed transonic axial-flow compressors. The objective of this research was to investigate and evaluate the available correlations and ultimately discover sets of correlations which best fit the empirical data to be used in streamline curvature codes. Correlations were evaluated against experimental data from NASA Rotor 1-B and NASA Stage 35. It was found that no universal set of correlations was valid for minimum-loss point predictions. The Bloch shock loss model showed promising results in the stall regime for supersonic relative inlet Mach numbers. The Hearsey and Creveling off-minimum-loss deviation angle prediction performed consistently better than all other correlations tested.
Master of Science

LoRaWAN is a wireless network technology based on the LoRa modulation technology. When planning such a network, it is important to estimate the network’s coverage, which can be done by calculating path loss. To do this, one can utilize empirical models of radio wave propagation. Previous research has investigated the accuracy of such empirical models for LoRa inside cities. However, as the accuracy of these models is heavily dependent on the exact characteristics of the environment, it is of interest to validate these results. In addition, the effect of base station elevation on the models’ accuracy has yet to be researched. Following the problems stated above, the purpose of this study is to investigate the accuracy of empirical models of radio wave propagation for LoRa in an urban environment. More specifically, we investigate the accuracy of the models and the effect of base station elevation on the models’ accuracy. The latter is the main contribution of this study. To perform these investigations, a quantitative experiment was conducted in the city of Jönköping, Sweden. In the experiment a base station was positioned at elevations of 30, 23, and 15m. The path loss was measured from 20 locations around the base station for each level of elevation. The measured path loss was then compared to predictions from three popular empirical models: the Okumura-Hata model, the COST 231-Walfisch-Ikegami model, and the 3GPP UMa NLOS model. Our analysis showed a clear underestimation of the path loss for all models. We conclude that for an environment and setup similar to ours, models underestimate the path loss by approximately 20dB. They can be improved by adding a constant correction value, resulting in a mean absolute error of at least 3,7-5,6dB. We also conclude that the effect of base station elevation varies greatly between different models. The 3GPP model underestimated the path loss equally for all elevations and could therefore easily be improved by a constant correction value. This resulted in a mean absolute error of approximately 4dB for all elevations.

This thesis presents a model to predict signal strength for frequencies between 902 MHz and 28 GHz. The model approximates diffraction using the knife-edge concept and equations proposed by Lee (1985). LOS pathways are calculated using the Bresenham algorithm and the corresponding elevations are obtained from a 30m DEM base map. The base map was generated by the procedure outlined in Rose (2001) and includes building elevations. The effect of Fresnel zones on prediction accuracy is considered. The effect of interpolating elevations along the Bresenham line is also considered. An Inverse Distance Weighting algorithm was used to interpolate the elevations. The accuracy of the model was evaluated using received signal strength data compiled from studies conducted at 902 MHz, 24.12 GHz and 27.525 GHz. In addition to the compiled data, data was also collected for this study at 2.4 GHz. 257 receiver locations were evaluated; 70 samples were Line-of-Sight. The study area incorporates the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University campus. Incorporating Fresnel zones, Interpolating elevations and calculating double blockages do not have an effect on the program's overall ability to predict signal strength. However, for obstructed pathways, it is not adequate to simply use path loss as an estimate of signal strength. Accurate estimates of diffraction gain are crucial for obstructed pathways. In addition, examination of the standard deviation for the data sets indicates that the model is independent of frequency. The average error across the frequencies is positively correlated with frequency, indicating that the model predicts signal strength better for higher frequencies. The smaller wavelengths associated with the higher frequencies require a more directional antenna and are therefore less sensitive to multipath interference. In addition, the smaller wavelengths are less able to diffract around buildings and terrain features.
Master of Science

COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Os efeitos da difração na propagação de ondas de rádio sobre terreno irregular em VHF e outras bandas a ser usado por futuras aplicações da TV digital são normalmente estimados usando um dos muitos modelos clássicos. Nesta dissertação é feita uma comparação dos erros cometidos na previsão do sinal recebido por três modelos de propagação computacionalmente intensivos. Os resultados da presente comparação indicarão se os esforços computacionais envolvidos na aplicação destes métodos são capazes de diminuir o valor médio e desvio padrão das diferenças entre as medidas e predições determinadas pelos métodos clássicos.
Diffraction effects on the propagation of radio wave over irregular terrain in the VHF and other bands to be used by future digital TV applications are normally estimated using one of many classical models. In this dissertation is made a comparison of the errors committed prediction of signal received by three propagation models computationally-intensive. The results of the present comparison will indicate whether the computational efforts involved on the application of these methods are capable of decreasing the mean value and the standard deviation of the difference between measurements and predictions determined by the classical methods.

This work concerns the validation of two 1D Turbine Design Tools, AXIAL by Concepts NREC and TML by GKN Aerospace, and is purely computational. By using the KTH Test Turbine as a reference frame, these two software programs were set up to simulate its performance, and the results consequently validated against existing experimental data from the turbine. The main objective of this work is to investigate the performance prediction abilities of the 1D Design Tools for a variety of turbine parameters such as efficiency, mass flow, power output and degree of reaction, and study the accuracy of these predictions under given boundary conditions, namely turbine stage inlet pressure, temperature and pressure ratio. The main focus of the simulation was to evaluate the impact of the choice of loss model in the 1D Software Tools for estimation of losses. Thus, in order to gain a better understanding of differences and similarities among the scope of available loss models, as well as deviation models, a literature study was performed. Additionally, in order to extend the knowledge of the detailed performance prediction characteristics of these software tools in regard to the loss model implemented, the individual loss coefficients (profile, secondary, trailing edge, tip clearance and incidence) were studied and analysed. The impact of chosen pressure ratio on the 1D simulation accuracy was also investigated. The software tool used and the loss model selected were both found to be of great significance to the accuracy of the simulated performance. The pressure ratio (PR) used for simulation also proved to be of great significance, with simulations performed at an elevated PR providing considerably more accurate results than at the design PR, suggesting that the majority of loss models are more accurate when estimating with higher PR. The KTH Test Turbine stage validated in this work featured a number of special geometrical features of inconvenient nature for 1D simulations. In order to account for this, a number of correction coefficients were developed and implemented and their individual effect on the simulated performance studied. Another special feature of the turbine stage studied was the lean angle of the stator, which impact on the 1D simulations was also investigated. Additionally, a number of different user selectable parameters in AXIAL and their impact on the simulations were investigated. The geometry correction coefficients and stator lean angle were found to be of negligible impact to the overall estimated performance, while the user selectable parameters in AXIAL proved to be of relatively big influence on the simulated results. Lastly, using the TML software tool, the concept of stator-rotor disc cavity flow known as 'purge flow' was simulated and validated against reference data. Purge flow serves to inhibit the inflow of hot air from the main annulus to the inner hub and simultaneously cool the rotor blades. The TML software was found to overestimate the losses associated with the use of purge flow, although providing relatively coherent trends for parameters such as efficiency, mass flow and power, suggesting that a correction coefficient applied to the overall losses from purge flow could potentially provide better overall accuracy in the simulations.
Swedish TURBOPOWER Research Program

A modelagem computacional tem se tornado uma poderosa ferramenta utilizada mundialmente em pesquisas sobre sistemas de comunicação móvel. Em tais sistemas, a modelagem do canal é fator indispensável, pois as características de mobilidade e propagação presentes nesse tipo de sistema são responsáveis por distorções ocorridas sobre o sinal transmitido. O presente trabalho reúne os principais modelos matemáticos e computacionais de canal de comunicação móvel. Realiza-se uma abordagem histórica sobre o assunto, apresentado a natureza do problema do desvanecimento e a forma como foi modelado inicialmente. Por outro lado, apresentam-se modelos recentes, considerados eficazes do ponto de vista matemático e eficientes do ponto de vista computacional. O trabalho traz como contribuição a proposta de um novo modelo de canal com desvanecimento. Os modelos apresentados foram analisados do ponto de vista matemático por meio de suas propriedades estatísticas. Do ponto de vista numérico e computacional a análise se deu por meio de simulações. A principal conclusão obtida mostra que dois modelos com filtragem no domínio da freqüência, sendo um deles o novo modelo proposto, são os mais indicados para simular formas de onda que representem um canal com desvanecimento Rayleigh. Este trabalho tem a pretensão de ser útil para pesquisadores atuantes na área de modelagem e simulação de sistemas atuais de comunicação móvel.
Computational modelling is a powerful and widely used tool for research in mobile communication systems. In such systems, the communication channel modelling is an indispensable factor, because its mobility and propagation characteristics can cause distortion over the transmitted waveform. This work contains the main mathematical and computing communication channel models. A historical cover is provided, which presents the nature of the problem and the initial modelling of the fading phenomenon. On the other hand, recent models are presented, which are mathematically effective and computationally efficient. One contribution of this work is the proposal of a new fading channel computational model, which was suitably tested and validated. The presented models were mathematically analyzed through its statistical properties. From numerical and computational point of view, the models were analyzed through several simulations. The main conclusion, from analytical and simulated results, shows that two models using frequency filtering are the best choice for the generation of multiple uncorrelated Rayleigh fading waveforms, where one of them is the new proposed model. This work can help mobile communications researchers to suitably model the communication channel in a computer simulation.

L’évolution constante des technologies sans fil telles que le Wi-Fi, les normes de réseaux mobiles ou d’objets connectés, a donné naissance à de nouvelles applications et usages. Les possibilités offertes par cette multitude d’alternatives sont exploitées par les réseaux sans fil hétérogènes qui, en combinant au sein d’un réseau unique plusieurs technologies, permettent aux utilisateurs d’accéder à des services complémentaires de façon transparente. Cependant, pour bénéficier pleinement de ces avantages, plusieurs défis techniques sont à relever. L’un d’eux est relatif au déploiement de ces réseaux multi- technologies. En pratique, cette tâche s’appuie sur des règles et outils d’ingénierie afin de réaliser une planification optimale. Dans ce contexte, un objectif de la thèse a été d’établir des modèles sur lesquels peuvent se baser les outils d’ingénierie radio afin d’optimiser le déploiement de réseau locaux sans fil multi- technologies.Il s’agit principalement de calibrer des modèles de propagation pour l’estimation de couverture radio en environnement indoor résidentiel entre 800 MHz et 60 GHz; d’établir un modèle de débit pour l’estimation de capacité Wi-Fi en fonction du trafic montant et descendant; et de concevoir un modèle de résolution multi-objectif pour optimiser le positionnement de points d’accès opérant à 5 et 60 GHz. En complément, cette thèse a également proposé des recommandations pratiques visant à placer au mieux les points d’accès en phase de déploiement. Cela s’est fait par le biais d’études de sensibilité de couverture à divers facteurs, tels que l’environnement immédiat de l’émetteur ou encore la présence de personnes faisant obstruction
The constant evolution of wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi, mobile networks standards or IoT, has given rise to new applications and usages. The possibilities offered by this multitude of alternatives are exploited by heterogeneous wireless networks which, by combining within a single network several technologies, provide the users with a seamless access to complementary services. However, to take full advantage of these benefits, there are several technical issues to address. One of them is related to the deployment of these multi-technology networks. In practice, this task relies, most of the time, on radio network design software to achieve optimal planning. In such context, the main objective of this thesis is to establish models which can be used by radio network planning tools in order to the deployment of multi-technology wireless local area networks. This task has involved calibrating propagation models for radio coverage estimation, in residential indoor environments from 800 MHz to 60 GHz; developing a throughput model for Wi-Fi capacity estimation based on uplink and downlink traffic; and establishing a multi- objective resolution model to optimize the positioning of access points operating at 5 and 60 GHz. Moreover, this thesis also proposes practical recommendations for a better positioning of access points during deployment phases. This task has been achieved through coverage sensitivity studies to various factors, such as the transmitter surroundings or the presence of obstructing people

This paper deals with the propagation of waves. Here is the wavelength distribution according to the wavelength. It focuses on the UHF and SHF band in which IEEE802.11n operates. Contains model breakdown by cell type. Describes which propagation methods are dominant in the cell type. Several propagation patterns are presented, which are then modeled in Matlab environment.The models are then compared to experimental measurements.

The radio wave propagation prediction is one of the key elements for designing an efficient radio network system. WRAP International has developed a software for spectrum management and radio network planning.This software includes some wave propagation models which are used to predict path loss. Current propagation models in WRAP perform the calculation in a vertical 2D plane, the plane between the transmitter and the receiver. The goal of this thesis is to investigate and implement a 3D wave propagation model, in a way that reflections and diffractions from the sides are taken into account.The implemented 3D wave propagation model should be both fast and accurate. A full 3D model which uses high resolution geographical data may be accurate, but it is inefficient in terms of memory usage and computational time. Based on the fact that in urban areas the strongest path between the receiver and the transmitter exists with no joint between vertical and horizontal diffractions [10], the radio wave propagation can be divided into two parts, the vertical and horizontal part. Calculations along the horizontal and vertical parts are performed independently, and after that, the results are combined. This approach leads to less computational complexity, faster calculation time, less memory usage, and still maintaining a good accuracy.The proposed model is implemented in C++ and speeded up using parallel programming techniques. Using the provided Stockholm high resolution geographical data, simulations are performed and results are compared with real measurements and other wave propagation models. In addition to the path loss calculation, the proposed model can also be used to estimate the channel power delay profile and the delay spread.

At present, the current 4G systems provide a universal platform for broadband mobile services; however, mobile traffic is still growing at an unprecedented rate and the need for more sophisticated broadband services is pushing the limits on current standards to provide even tighter integration between wireless technologies and higher speeds. This has led to the need for a new generation of mobile communications: the so-called 5G. Although 5G systems are not expected to penetrate the market until 2020, the evolution towards 5G is widely accepted to be the logical convergence of internet services with existing mobile networking standards leading to the commonly used term “mobile internet” over heterogeneous networks, with several Gbits/s data rate and very high connectivity speeds. Therefore, to support highly increasing traffic capacity and high data rates, the next generation mobile network (5G) should extend the range of frequency spectrum for mobile communication that is yet to be identified by the ITU-R. The mm-wave spectrum is the key enabling feature of the next-generation cellular system, for which the propagation channel models need to be predicted to enhance the design guidance and the practicality of the whole design transceiver system. The present work addresses the main concepts of the propagation channel behaviour using ray tracing software package for simulation and then results were tested and compared against practical analysis in a real-time environment. The characteristics of Indoor-Indoor (LOS and NLOS), and indoor-outdoor (NLOS) propagations channels are intensively investigated at four different frequencies; 5.8 GHz, 26GHz, 28GHz and 60GHz for vertical polarized directional, omnidirectional and isotropic antennas patterns. The computed data achieved from the 3-D Shooting and Bouncing Ray (SBR) Wireless Insite based on the effect of frequency dependent electrical properties of building materials. Ray tracing technique has been utilized to predict multipath propagation characteristics in mm-wave bands at different propagation environments. Finally, the received signal power and delay spread were computed for outdoor-outdoor complex propagation channel model at 26 GHz, 28 GHz and 60GHz frequencies and results were compared to the theoretical models.

The dissertation concerns about the path loss calculation of Radio Frequency (RF) propagation models for 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) Network to prefer the best Radio Frequency propagation model. The radio propagation models are very significant while planning of any wireless communication system. A comparative analysis between radio propagation models e.g. SUI model, Okumura model, Cost 231 Hata Model, Cost 231-Walfisch Ikegami and Ericsson 9999 model that would be used for outdoor propagation in LTE. The comparison and performance analysis has been made by using different geological environments e.g. urban, sub-urban and rural areas. The simulation scenario is made to calculate the lowest path loss in above defined environments by using selected frequency and height of base station antennas while keeping a constant distance between the transmitter and receiver antennas.
Asad Saeed C/O Muhammad Awais Hovslagargatan 47 LGH 1004 19431 Stockholm Sweden Mob: 0046723333734

Cette thèse a pour but de proposer toutes les avancées possibles dans l’utilisation du modèle de propagation Multi-Resolution Frequency-Domain ParFlow (MR-FDPF). Etant un modèle de propagation radio déterministe, le modèle MR-FDPF possède un haut niveau de précision, mais souffre des limitations communes à tous les modèles déterministes. Par exemple, un canal radio réel n’est pas déterministe, mais un processus aléatoire à cause par exemple des personnes ou objets mobiles, et ne peut donc être décrit fidèlement par un modèle purement déterministe. Dans cette thèse, un modèle semi-déterministe est proposé, basé sur le modèle MR-FDPF, qui introduit une part stochastique pour tenir compte des aspects aléatoires du canal radio réaliste. La partie déterministe du modèle est composée du path loss (atténuation d’espace), et la partie stochastique venant du shadow fading (masquage) et du small scale fading (évanouissement). De même, de nombreux simulateurs de propagation radio ne proposent que la prédiction de la puissance moyenne. Mais pour une simulation précise de la propagation radio il convient de prédire également des informations de fading permettant dès lors une prédiction précise du taux d’erreur binaire (BER) potentiel. Dans cette thèse, l’information de fading est déduite des simulations MR-FDPF et par la suite des valeurs réalistes de BER sont données. Enfin, ces données réalistes de BER permettent d’évaluer l’impact de schémas de modulation adaptatifs. Des résultats sont présentés dans trois configurations : systèmes SISO (mono-antenne à l’émission et à la réception), systèmes à diversité de type MRC, et systèmes large bande de type OFDM
This thesis aims at proposing all the possible enhancements for the Multi-Resolution Frequency-Domain ParFlow (MR-FDPF) model. As a deterministic radio propagation model, the MR-FDPF model possesses the property of a high level of accuracy, but it also suffers from some common limitations of deterministic models. For instance, realistic radio channels are not deterministic but a kind of random processes due to, e.g. moving people or moving objects, thus they can not be completely described by a purely deterministic model. In this thesis, a semi-deterministic model is proposed based on the deterministic MR-FDPF model which introduces a stochastic part to take into account the randomness of realistic radio channels. The deterministic part of the semi-deterministic model is the mean path loss, and the stochastic part comes from the shadow fading and the small scale fading. Besides, many radio propagation simulators provide only the mean power predictions. However, only mean power is not enough to fully describe the behavior of radio channels. It has been shown that fading has also an important impact on the radio system performance. Thus, a fine radio propagation simulator should also be able to provide the fading information, and then an accurate Bit Error Rate (BER) prediction can be achieved. In this thesis, the fading information is extracted based on the MR-FDPF model and then a realistic BER is predicted. Finally, the realistic prediction of the BER allows the implementation of the adaptive modulation scheme. This has been done in the thesis for three systems, the Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) systems, the Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) diversity systems and the wideband Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems

A method for estimating long-term average annual soil loss under different land management scenarios from the Marquis and Soufriere watersheds on St. Lucia is presented. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was used, and a GIS was employed to generate the required input parameters. Model execution and results were also generated within the GIS. Modelling soil loss for the different land management scenarios was based upon a land capability classification and associated conservation treatments. Soil losses under current agricultural land-use patterns were analyzed and compared to potential soil losses under conservation treatments following the criteria specified in the land capability classification. The model predicted substantial declines in soil loss where conservation treatments were assigned, as compared to soil loss under current land-use patterns. It was found that predicted soil losses from the Soufriere watershed were four times that predicted for the Marquis watershed for all the land management scenarios modelled. Of the input parameters in the model, slope steepness was most highly correlated to predicted soil loss. It is anticipated that the findings of this study will be used in the development of a decision support system for agricultural and forestry land planning on St. Lucia.

To support the continuously increasing number of mobile telephone users around the world, mobile communication systems have become more advanced and sophisticated in their designs. As a result of the great success with the second generation mobile radio networks, deployment of the third and development of fourth generations, the demand for higher data rates to support available services, such as internet connection, video telephony and personal navigation systems, is ever growing. To be able to meet the requirements regarding bandwidth and number of users, enhancements of existing systems and introductions of conceptually new technologies and techniques have been researched and developed. Although new proposed technologies in theory provide increased network capacity, the backbone of a successful roll-out of a mobile telephone system is inevitably the planning of the network’s cellular structure. Hence, the fundamental aspect to a reliable cellular planning is the knowledge about the physical radio channel for wide sets of different propagation scenarios. Therefore, to study radio wave propagation in typical Australian environments, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the Australian Telecommunications Cooperative Research Centre (ATcrc) in collaboration developed a cellular code division multiple access (CDMA) pilot scanner. The pilot scanner measurement equipment enables for radio wave propagation measurements in available commercial CDMA mobile radio networks, which in Australia are usually deployed for extensive rural areas. Over time, the collected measurement data has been used to characterise many different types of mobile radio environments and some of the results are presented in this thesis. The thesis is divided into an introduction section and four parts based on peer-reviewed international research publications. The introduction section presents the reader with some relevant background on channel and propagation modelling. Also, the CDMA scanner measurement system that was developed in parallel with the research results founding this thesis is presented. The first part presents work on the evaluation and development of the different revisions of the Recommendation ITU-R P.1546 point-to-area radio wave propagation prediction model. In particular, the modified application of the terrain clearance angle (TCA) and the calculation method of the effective antenna height are scrutinized. In the second part, the correlation between the smallscale fading characteristics, described by the Ricean K-factor, and the vegetation density in the vicinity of the mobile receiving antenna is investigated. The third part presents an artificial neural network (ANN) based technique incorporated to predict path loss in rural macrocell environments. Obtained results, such as prediction accuracy and training time, are presented for different sized ANNs and different training approaches. Finally, the fourth part proposes an extension of the path loss ANN enabling the model to also predict small-scale fading characteristics.

This thesis aims at proposing all the possible enhancements for the Multi-Resolution Frequency-Domain ParFlow (MR-FDPF) model. As a deterministic radio propagation model, the MR-FDPF model possesses the property of a high level of accuracy, but it also suffers from some common limitations of deterministic models. For instance, realistic radio channels are not deterministic but a kind of random processes due to, e.g. moving people or moving objects, thus they can not be completely described by a purely deterministic model. In this thesis, a semi-deterministic model is proposed based on the deterministic MR-FDPF model which introduces a stochastic part to take into account the randomness of realistic radio channels. The deterministic part of the semi-deterministic model is the mean path loss, and the stochastic part comes from the shadow fading and the small scale fading. Besides, many radio propagation simulators provide only the mean power predictions. However, only mean power is not enough to fully describe the behavior of radio channels. It has been shown that fading has also an important impact on the radio system performance. Thus, a fine radio propagation simulator should also be able to provide the fading information, and then an accurate Bit Error Rate (BER) prediction can be achieved. In this thesis, the fading information is extracted based on the MR-FDPF model and then a realistic BER is predicted. Finally, the realistic prediction of the BER allows the implementation of the adaptive modulation scheme. This has been done in the thesis for three systems, the Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) systems, the Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) diversity systems and the wideband Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems.

[ES] La población mundial en países desarrollados está envejeciendo y con ello existe un aumento de enfermedades en gran medida causadas por la edad. Las nuevas tecnologías médicas pueden ayudar a detectar, diagnosticar y tratar estas enfermedades y con ello ahorrar dinero, tiempo y recursos de los sistemas sanitarios. Las tecnologías inalámbricas implantables han abierto un nuevo panorama para la próxima generación de tecnologías médicas. Frecuencias como la Ultra Wide-Band (UWB) de 3.1 a 10.6 GHz están siendo consideradas para la nueva generación de dispositivos inalámbricos para dentro del cuerpo humano. Las características como el reducido tamaño de las antenas, la baja potencia de transmisión y la alta velocidad de datos son las más buscadas en este tipo de dispositivos. El problema surge porque el cuerpo humano depende de la frecuencia de modo que a mayores frecuencias, mayores son las pérdidas por propagación. Conociendo el canal de transmisión se puede solventar el problema de las altas pérdidas. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo caracterizar el canal de radio frecuencia (RF) para la nueva generación de dispositivos médicos implantables. Para caracterizar el canal se han empleado tres diferentes metodologías: simulaciones numéricas, medidas en phantom y experimentos en animales vivos. Las medidas en phantom fueron realizadas en un nuevo sistema de medidas expresamente disen¿ados para medidas de dentro a fuera del cuerpo humano en la banda de frecuencias UWB. Además, se utilizó un novedoso recipiente con dos capas de phantom imitando la zona gastrointestinal del cuerpo. Estos phantoms fueron creados para este tipo de medidas y son extremadamente precisos a las frecuencias UWB. Para los experimentos en animales se utilizaron cerdos y se intentó reproducir en ellos las medidas previamente realizadas en phantom. Las simulaciones software se realizaron con la intención de replicar ambas metodologías. Una vez realizados los experimentos se realizó un extensivo estudio del canal en dominio frecuencial y temporal. Mas en detalle, se compararon las antenas usadas en la recepción y transmisión, el efecto de la grasa en el canal, la formas del recipiente contenedor de phantom y las componentesmulticamino. Como resultado se ha propuesto un modelo de propagación del canal para la banda baja de las frecuencias UWB (3.1 -5.1 GHz) para la zona gastrointestinal del cuerpo humano. Este modelo de propagación ha sido validado utilizando las tres metodologías previamente descritas y comparada con otros estudios existentes en literatura. Finalmente, se midió el canal de propagación para una determinada aplicación a bajas frecuencias con señales UWB. También se realizaron medidas del canal de propagación en la zona cardíaca del cuerpo humano desde un punto de vista de seguridad de datos. Los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis confirman los beneficios que tendría la utilización de frecuencias UWB para las futuras generaciones de dispositivos médicos implantables.
[CA] La població mundial a països desenvolupats està envellint-se i enfrontant-se a un augment d'infermetats principalment causades per la edat. Les noves tecnologies mèdiques poden ajudar a detectar, diagnosticar i tractar aquestes malalties, estalviant diners, temps i recursos sanitaris. Els dispositius implantables sense fils han generat un nou panorama per a les noves generacions de dispositius mèdics. Les freqüències com la banda de UWB estan sent considerades per a les futures tecnologies implantables. La reduïda grandària de les antenes, la baixa potència de transmissió i les altes velocitats de dades son característiques buscades per als dispositius implantables. Per contra, els éssers humans depenen de la freqüència en el sentit que a majors freqüències, majors les pèrdues per propagació quan el senyal travessa el cos humà d'interior a exterior. Per solventar aquestes pèrdues el canal de propagació s'ha d'entendre i conèixer de la millor manera possible. Aquesta tesi doctoral te com a objectiu caracteritzar el canal de radio freqüència (RF) per a la nova generació de dispositius mèdics implantables. S'han emprat tres metodologies diferents per a realitzar aquesta caracterització: simulacions software, mesures amb fantomes i experiments amb animals vius. Els experiments amb fantomes es van realitzar a un sistema de mesures dissenyat expressament per a les transmissions de dins a fora del cos humà a les freqüències UWB. També es van utilitzar un contenidor per als fantomes de dues capes, imitant l'area gastrointestinal dels humans. Per als experiments a animals es van emprar porcs, replicant els experiments al laboratori en fantomes de la forma més semblant possible. Les simulacions software foren dissenyades per a imitar les experiments amb fantomes i animals. Després dels experiments el canal de propagació es va investigar exhaustivament des del domini freqüèncial i temporal. S'ha observat com les antenes en transmissió i recepció afecten al senyal, la influència de la grassa, la forma del contenidor de fantoma i les possibles contribucions multicamí. Finalment es proposa un nou model de propagació per a les baixes freqüències UWB (3.1 a 5.1 GHz) per a la zona GI del cos humà. El model es va validar utilitzant les tres metodologies abans esmentades i també foren comparades amb model ja existents a la literature. Finalment des d'un punt de vista aplicat, el canal es va avaluar per al senyal UWB a baixes freqüències (60 MHz). A més a més, per a la nova generació de marcapassos sense fil es va investigar el canal des d'un punt de vista de seguretat de dades. Els resultats obtinguts a aquesta tesi confirmen els avantatges d'emprar la banda de freqüències UWB per a la nova generació de dispositius médics implantables.
[EN] The current global population in developed countries is becoming older and facing an increase in diseases mainly caused by age. New medical technologies can help to detect, diagnose and treat illness, saving money, time, and resources of physicians. Wireless in-body devices opened a new scenario for the next generation of medical devices. Frequencies like the Ultra Wide-band (UWB) frequency band (3.1 - 10.6 GHz) are being considered for the next generation of in-body wireless devices. The small size of the antennas, the low power transmission, and the higher data rate are desirable characteristics for in-body devices. However, the human body is frequency ependent, which means higher losses of the radio frequency (RF) signal from in- to out-side the body as the frequency increases. To overcome this, the propagation channel has to be understood and known as much possible to process the signal accordingly. This dissertation aims to characterize the (RF) channel for the future of in-body medical devices. Three different methodologies have been used to characterize the channel: numerical simulations, phantom measurements, and living animals experiments. The phantom measurements were performed in a novel testbed designed for the purpose of in-body measurements at the UWB frequency band. Moreover, multi-layer high accurate phantoms mimicking the gastrointesintal (GI) area were employed. The animal experiments were conducted in living pigs, replicating in the fairest way as possible the phantom measurement campaigns. Lastly, the software simulations were designed to replicate the experimental measurements. An in-depth and detail analysis of the channel was performed in both, frequency and time domain. Concretely, the performance of the receiving and transmitting antennas, the effect of the fat, the shape of the phantom container, and the multipath components were evaluated. Finally, a novel path loss model was obtained for the low UWB frequency band (3.1 - 5.1 GHz) at GI scenarios. The model was validated using the three methodologies and compared with previous models in literature. Finally, from a practical case point of view, the channel was also evaluated for UWB signals at lower frequencies (60 MHz) for the GI area. In addition, for the next generation of leadless pacemakers the security link between the heart and an external device was also evaluated. The results obtained in this dissertation reaffirm the benefits of using the UWB frequency band for the next generation of wireless in-body medical devices.
Pérez Simbor, S. (2019). In-body to On-body Experimental UWB Channel Characterization for the Human Gastrointestinal Area [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/133034
TESIS

The diploma thesis describes mobile communication systems GSM and UMTS including the operating principle of these systems. It also deals with the GPS issues and the determination of the location by this system. The signal path losses issues between the transmitter and receiver are also described. The focus is also put on Telit UC864-G model and the measurement system, operated by the created programme with the graphic user interface, which measures parameters of the cellular network according to entered input parameters and saves the measured values into the file. The part of the diploma thesis describes another created programme with the graphic user interface displaying the measured network parameters in map data with the possibility to compare the distribution of the measured signal value in both outdoor and indoor environment and the theoretical value set by the propagation models.

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Capes
The water erosion degraded the soil and contaminates the environment, influenced, among other factors, the slope length. This work aimed to quantify the losses of soil (PS) and water (PA) in different slope lengths in Cambissolo Húmico soil, in a field experiment in natural rainfall condition in Lages, SC and estimate losses soil to the conditions of the experiment by USLE and RUSLE model. The treatments with two replications, were constituted in slope length of 11 m, 22 m, 33 m and 44 m, at an average gradient of 8%, in soil cultivated with corn prior to the survey. At the end of the evaluation period, the shoot residue was removed from the surface, leaving the crop roots in bare soil and discovered. We evaluated the erosion between 04/07/2014 and 06/18/2015 in individual events of 41 erosive rainfall. The PS were adjusted to the slope of 0.09 m m-1 (standard for the Universal Soil Loss Equation - USLE), through the factor S. Erosive rainfall totaled 1,349 mm, with Ei30 of 6,066 MJ mm ha-1-h-1. Soil losses increased with increasing slope length and were greater in the summer and spring than in autumn and winter; water losses showed the same trend, with lower among slope lengths and these seasons. Soil and water losses by erosion related to linear and positively with the erosivity and the rain height, respectively. Soil losses were satisfactorily estimated by USLE and RUSLE, with lower than those observed in the field values, keeping a linear and positive relationship between the variables. The RUSLE estimated soil losses better than the USLE, compared to those observed in the field, especially in longer lengths slopes. Soil losses estimated by RUSLE related to linear and positively with these estimated losses USLE
A erosão hídrica degrada o solo e contamina o ambiente, influenciada, dentre outros fatores, pelo comprimento de declive. Com este trabalho objetivou-se quantificar as perdas de solo (PS) e de água (PA) em diferentes comprimentos de declive num CAMBISSOLO HÚMICO ALUMÍNICO léptico, em experimento de campo, em condição de chuva natural, em Lages, SC e estimar as perdas de solo para as condições do experimento pelo modelo USLE e RUSLE. Os tratamentos, com duas repetições, constituíram-se nos comprimentos de declive de 11 m, 22 m, 33 m e 44 m, em uma declividade média de 8%, em solo cultivado com milho anteriormente à pesquisa. Ao final do ciclo do milho, o resíduo da parte aérea foi removido da superfície, permanecendo as raízes da cultura em solo sem cultivo e descoberto. Avaliou-se a erosão entre 04/07/2014 e 18/06/2015, em eventos individuais de 41 chuvas erosivas. As PS foram ajustadas para a declividade de 0,09 m m-1 (padrão para a Equação Universal de Perda de Solo - USLE), por meio do fator S. As chuvas erosivas totalizaram 1.349 mm, com EI30 de 6.066 MJ mm ha-1 h-1. As perdas de solo aumentaram com o aumento do comprimento de declive e foram maiores no verão e na primavera do que o no outono e inverno; as perdas de água apresentaram a mesma tendência, com menores variações entre os comprimentos de declive e as referidas estações do ano. As perdas de solo e água por erosão hídrica relacionaram-se linear e positivamente com a erosividade e com a altura de chuva, respectivamente. As perdas de solo foram satisfatoriamente estimadas pela USLE e RUSLE, com valores menores do que os observados em campo, mantendo uma linear e positiva relação entre as variáveis. A RUSLE estimou melhor as perdas de solo do que a USLE, em comparação aos valores observados em campo, especialmente em comprimentos de declives mais longos. As perdas de solo estimadas pela RUSLE relacionaram-se linear e positivamente com as referidas perdas estimadas pela USLE

Mestrado em Ciências Actuariais
No sector segurador as provisões para sinistros têm extrema importância. Assegurar que estas reflectem as responsabilidades da companhia é tarefa árdua, sobretudo pela escassez e qualidade dos dados disponíveis. O presente trabalho tem como objectivo principal abordar metodologias utilizadas para obter a melhor estimativa das reservas e respectiva variabilidade com um elevado grau de confiança. Será dada especial atenção a conjuntos de dados que apresentem bastantes sinistros por encerrar à data da análise, assim como, quando estamos perante a quebra de estrutura dos dados. Para tal, são utilizados modelos estocásticos, nomeadamente o Modelo de Mack, os modelos lineares generalizados e os modelos bayesianos, conjuntamente com as técnicas de reamostragem de bootstrap e Markov chain Monte Carlo, esta sob a forma do algoritmo de Gibbs. A utilização do parâmetro de escala variável, o cálculo do erro de previsão quando é modelada a cauda e a escolha das priors, como forma de incorporação da opinião do actuário, são também alvo do trabalho desenvolvido.
In the insurance business, loss reserving is of the most importance. To guarantee that the estimation of adequate reserves is done in a way that reflects the insurer's liabilities is a hard goal to achieve, mainly because of scarce available data and also data quality. The present study has as main goal to present methods to obtain the best estimate for loss reserving as well as estimating it's variability with high certainty level. Special attention will be given to long-tail line of business and data breaking structure. To accomplish this it will be used stochastic models, namely Mack's model, models in a generalized linear model context as well as models in a Bayesian framework, together with bootstrap simulation method and Markov chain Monte Carlo, under the Gibbs sampler. The use of the dispersion parameter, the prediction error when a tail factor is used and the choice of the priors distribution, as a way of incorporating the expert opinion, will be another aim of this study.

The diploma thesis deals with evaluation of the financial situation of the company Geoindustrie s.r.o. during the years 2006 – 2009. Using selected methods of financial analysis evaluates financial health of the company. On the basis of these methods formulates possible proposals to improvement of its financial situation.

The diploma thesis is focused on evaluating the performance of the company KOHUT Třinec s.r.o. in period from 1. 4. 2007 to 31. 3. 2011. Evaluation is made by using selected indicators of financial analysis, namely pyramidal decompositions and systems of purposefully selected indicators. The theoretical part contains the definition of basic concepts for understanding the issues examined. Based on financial analysis in the practical section are made possible suggestions to improve the current situation of the company and suggestions to remove the identified problems.

Yes
A modified indoor path loss prediction model is presented, namely Effective Wall Loss Model (EWLM). The modified model is compared to other indoor path loss prediction models using simulation data and real-time measurements. Different operating frequencies and antenna polarizations are considered to verify the observations. In the simulation part, EWLM shows the best performance among other models as it outperforms two times the dual slope model which is the second-best performance. Similar observations were recorded from the experimental results. Linear attenuation and one slope models have similar behaviour, the two models parameters show dependency on operating frequency and antenna polarization.
The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 3 Oct 2018.

No
Narrowband path loss measurements are reported for the vehicle-to-vehicle channel between a transmitting antenna 50 cm above the ground and a car-roof-mounted receiver array. Calibration procedures and measurement results are reported for typical urban, suburban and rural-motorway environments and compared with existing mobile channel models to give insight into the large-scale fading behavior in the vehicle-to-vehicle channel.

Animals detect, recognize and localize relevant objects in noisy, multi-source environments. Female crickets locate potential mates in choruses of simultaneously calling males using acoustic signals, a behaviour termed phonotaxis. The mechanisms underlying cricket phonotaxis are now understood across multiple levels: biophysical, neurobiological and behavioural. Phonotaxis has, however, rarely been tested in the complex real-world acoustic environments and no attempts have been made to predict acoustic orientation behaviour in these conditions despite our extensive understanding of its underlying mechanisms. In this thesis, I first characterized the acoustic environments faced by female crickets of the species Plebeiogryllus guttiventris in the field. Phonotaxis behaviour of females was then characterized under laboratory conditions using two sound sources. The data obtained were used to develop a simulation that predicted this behaviour. The predictions of the simulation were then tested against the phonotaxis behaviour of females in realistic, multi-source conditions in the field. My field studies of male behaviour showed that males of this species produced complex and variable songs in choruses where multiple males called simultaneously. The acoustic ranges of males in these choruses overlapped extensively and females performing phonotaxis in such choruses would hear multiple males simultaneously. The acoustic interactions of simultaneously calling males were also characterized for their timing relationships with each other and the changes they made to the temporal patterns of their songs. Males did not either synchronise or alternate their chirps, however they made changes to the temporal patterns of song in a way that is likely to make them more attractive to females. I then characterized the closed-loop walking phonotaxis behaviour of P. guttiventris females in the presence of two active sound sources playing conspecific song. Both the baseline and relative SPLs of the two speakers were systematically varied and female phonotactic paths were obtained. Females were found to preferentially approach louder songs. Several aspects of this behaviour were characterized, in particular orientation ability and motor behaviour under varied conditions of stimulus intensity. A stochastic simulation of closed-loop walking phonotaxis behaviour was developed using both current understanding of field cricket physiology and my data on closed-loop walking phonotaxis. The simulation was demonstrated to both qualitatively and quantitatively recapture female behaviour. It was also able to qualitatively recapture female behaviour in two previously published classical experiments in which the hearing of female crickets was disrupted. Female phonotaxis was then tested under real-world multi-source conditions. The behaviour of real females was compared to the predictions of the simulation. The simulation was found to recapture both female preference and phonotactic path forms at the population level. To my knowledge, this is the first study to both examine and successfully predict phonotaxis behaviour in complex real-world acoustic conditions.

[ES] La quinta generación de comunicaciones móviles, 5G, promete ser una revolución tecnológica que vaya más allá de multiplicar la velocidad de transmisión de datos de sus predecesoras. Pretende soportar una gran cantidad de dispositivos y alcanzar latencias muy cercanas a 1 milisegundo. Para satisfacer estos ambiciosos requisitos, se han investigado nuevas tecnologías habilitadoras. Una de ellas es el uso de las bandas de ondas milimétricas (mmW) en las cuales hay una gran cantidad de espectro disponible. Para predecir las características del canal radio y evaluar las prestaciones de la 5G de forma fiable en las bandas mmW se requieren modelos de canal complejos. Concretamente, los modelos de propagación más precisos son los basados en trazado de rayos, pero su alto costo computacional los hacen inviables para la caracterización del canal radio en escenarios complejos. Por otro lado, en los últimos años, la tecnología de videojuegos ha desarrollado potentes herramientas para modelar la propagación de la luz en escenarios superrealistas. Dada la cercanía espectral entre el espectro visible y las ondas mmW, la presente Tesis ha estudiado la aplicación de las herramientas de modelado de propagación de la luz de los motores de juego para el modelado del canal radio en mmW. Esta Tesis propone un modelo de estimación de las pérdidas de propagación en mmW llamado "Modelo de Intensidad de Luz'' (LIM). Usando este modelo, basado en los procesos de iluminación realizados por los motores de juego, los transmisores de señal se sustituyen por focos de luz y la intensidad lumínica recibida en un punto se traduce a potencia de señal en milimétricas a través de una función polinómica sencilla. Una de las ventajas de usar los motores de juego es su gran capacidad y la facilidad que tiene el usuario para crear escenarios superrealistas que representen fielmente la geometría de escenarios donde se quiera evaluar el canal radio. De esta forma se pueden obtener estimaciones precisas de las pérdidas de propagación. La estimación de las pérdidas de propagación con LIM ha sido comparada con campañas de medida en las bandas de 28 GHz y 73 GHz y con otros modelos de propagación. Como resultado, el error de estimación de LIM es menor que los modelos estocásticos actuales y es comparable con el modelo de trazado de rayos. Y, además, el coste computacional de LIM comparado con el trazado de rayos es 130 veces menor, lo que posibilita el uso de LIM en escenarios altamente complejos para la estimación del canal radio en tiempo real. Los motores de juego permiten caracterizar de forma diferente la interacción de los materiales con la luz configurando el mapa de normales de sus superficies y sus funciones de dispersión y reflexión. En esta Tesis se ha determinado la caracterización de varios materiales que mejor se ajusta a medidas de laboratorio realizadas en un escenario controlado en la banda de 28 GHz. El modelo de LIM empleando materiales con esta caracterización óptima reduce más de un 50\% su error de estimación con respecto a la aplicación de LIM con los materiales por defecto, mientras que su coste computacional sigue siendo 26 veces menor que el modelo de trazado de rayos. Finalmente, se ha desarrollado sobre un motor de juego una primera versión de plataforma para la emulación de los sistemas 5G que es el punto de partida para un emulador completo de 5G. Esta plataforma no sólo contiene el modelo de LIM sino que incluye varios casos de uso de la 5G en entornos superrealistas. La plataforma, que se basa en el concepto de "Serious Game Engineering", rompe las limitaciones de los simuladores de redes móviles en cuanto a las capacidades de visualización e interacción del usuario con los componentes de la red en tiempo real.
[CAT] La cinquena generació de comunicacions mòbils, 5G, promet ser una revolució tecnològica que vaja més enllà de multiplicar la velocitat de transmissió de dades de les seues predecessores. Pretén suportar una gran quantitat de dispositius i aconseguir latències molt pròximes a 1 mil·lisegon. Per a satisfer aquests ambiciosos requisits, s'han investigat noves tecnologies habilitadores. Una d'elles és l'ús de les bandes d'ones mil·limètriques (mmW) en les quals hi ha una gran quantitat d'espectre disponible. Per a predir les característiques del canal ràdio i avaluar les prestacions de la 5G de forma fiable en les bandes mmW es requereixen models de canal complexos. Concretament, els models de propagació més precisos són els basats en traçat de rajos, però el seu alt cost computacional els fan inviables per a la caracterització del canal ràdio en escenaris complexos. D'altra banda, en els últims anys, la tecnologia de videojocs ha desenvolupat potents eines per a modelar la propagació de la llum en escenaris superrealistes. Donada la proximitat espectral entre l'espectre visible i les ones mmW, la present Tesi ha estudiat l'aplicació de les eines de modelatge de propagació de la llum dels motors de joc per al modelatge del canal radie en mmW. Aquesta Tesi proposa un model d'estimació de les pèrdues de propagació en mmW anomenat "Model d'Intensitat de Llum'' (LIM). Usant aquest model, basat en els processos d'il·luminació realitzats pels motors de joc, els transmissors de senyal se substitueixen per focus de llum i la intensitat lumínica rebuda en un punt es tradueix a potència de senyal en mil·limètriques a través d'una funció polinòmica senzilla. Una dels avantatges d'usar els motors de joc és la seua gran capacitat i la facilitat que té l'usuari per a crear escenaris superrealistes que representen fidelment la geometria d'escenaris on es vulga avaluar el canal ràdio. D'aquesta forma es poden obtindre estimacions precises de les pèrdues de propagació. L'estimació de les pèrdues de propagació amb LIM ha sigut comparada amb campanyes de mesura en les bandes de 28~GHz i 73~GHz i amb altres models de propagació. Com a resultat, l'error d'estimació de LIM és menor que els models estocàstics actuals i és comparable amb el model de traçat de rajos. I, a més, el cost computacional de LIM comparat amb el traçat de rajos és 130 vegades menor, la qual cosa possibilita l'ús de LIM en escenaris altament complexos per a l'estimació del canal ràdio en temps real. Els motors de joc permeten caracteritzar de forma diferent la interacció dels materials amb la llum configurant el mapa de normals de les seues superfícies i les seues funcions de dispersió i reflexió. En aquesta Tesi s'ha determinat la caracterització de diversos materials que s'ajusta millor a mesures de laboratori realitzades en un escenari controlat en la banda de 28 GHz. El model de LIM emprant materials amb aquesta caracterització òptima redueix més d'un 50 % el seu error d'estimació respecte a l'aplicació de LIM amb els materials per defecte, mentre que el seu cost computacional continua sent 26 vegades menor que el model de traçat de rajos. Finalment, s'ha desenvolupat sobre un motor de joc una primera versió de plataforma per a l'emulació dels sistemes 5G que és el punt de partida per a un emulador complet de 5G. Aquesta plataforma no solament conté el model de LIM sinó que inclou diversos casos d'ús de la 5G en entorns superrealistes. La plataforma, que es basa en el concepte de "Serious Game Engineering", trenca les limitacions dels simuladors de xarxes mòbils quant a les capacitats de visualització i interacció de l'usuari amb els components de la xarxa en temps real.
[EN] The fifth generation of mobile communications, 5G, promises to be a technological revolution that goes beyond multiplying the data transmission speed of its predecessors. It aims to support a large number of devices and reach latencies very close to 1 millisecond. To meet these ambitious requirements, new enabling technologies have been researched. One of these is the use of millimetre-wave bands (mmW) in which a large amount of spectrum is available. Complex channel models are required to predict radio channel characteristics and reliably evaluate 5G performance in the mmW bands. Specifically, the most accurate propagation models are those based on ray tracing, but their high computational cost makes them unfeasible for radio channel characterization in complex scenarios. On the other hand, in recent years, video game technology has developed powerful tools to model the propagation of light in super realistic scenarios. Given the spectral closeness between the visible spectrum and the mmW waves, the present Thesis has studied the application of light propagation modeling tools from game engines for radio channel modeling in mmW. This Thesis proposes a model for estimating propagation losses in mmW called "Light Intensity Model'' (LIM). Using this model, based on the lighting processes performed by the game engines, the signal transmitters are replaced by light sources and the light intensity received at a point is translated into signal strength in mmW through a simple polynomial function. One of the advantages of using the game engines is their great capacity and the ease with which the user can create super realistic scenarios that faithfully represent the geometry of scenarios where the radio channel is to be evaluated. In this way, accurate estimates of propagation losses can be obtained. The estimation of propagation losses with LIM has been compared with measurement campaigns in the 28 GHz and 73 GHz bands and with other propagation models. As a result, the LIM estimation error is smaller than the current stochastic models and is comparable with the ray tracing model. In addition, the computational cost of LIM compared to ray tracing is 130 times lower, allowing the use of LIM in highly complex scenarios for real-time radio channel estimation. The game engines allow to characterize in a different way the interaction of the materials with the light configuring the normal map of their surfaces and their scattering and reflection functions. In this Thesis it has been determined the characterization of several materials that best fits to laboratory measurements made in a controlled scenario in the 28 GHz band. The LIM model using materials with this optimal characterization reduces by more than 50% its estimation error with respect to the application of LIM with default materials, while its computational cost remains 26 times lower than the ray tracing model. Finally, a first version of a platform for the emulation of 5G systems has been developed on a game engine, which is the starting point for a complete 5G emulator. This platform not only contains the LIM model but also includes several 5G use cases in super realistic environments. The platform, which is based on the concept of "`Serious Game Engineering", breaks the limitations of mobile network simulators in terms of visualization capabilities and user interaction with network components in real time.
Inca Sánchez, SA. (2019). Serious Game Engineering and Lighting Models for the Realistic Emulation of 5G Systems [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/132695
TESIS

Kriging is proposed as a tool for Wi-Fi signal strength estimation for complex indoor environments. This proposal is based on two studies suggesting that kriging might be suitable for this application. Both of these studies have shortcomings in supporting this proposal, but their results encourage a more in depth investigation into this. Even though kriging is a geostatistical method developed for geographical interpolation, it has been used successfully in a wide range of other applications as well. This further suggests that kriging might be a versatile method to overcome some of the difficul- ties of existing signal strength estimation methods. Two main types of signal strength estimation are deterministic methods and empirical methods. Deterministic methods are generally very complex and requires input parameters that are difficult to obtain. Empirical methods are known to have low accuracy which makes them unreliable for practical use. Three main investigations are presented in order to evaluate the use of kriging for this application. A sampling plan is proposed as part of a generic application protocol for the practical use of kriging for Wi-Fi signal strength. It is concluded that kriging can be conffidently used as an estimation technique for Wi-Fi signal strength in complex indoor environments. Kriging is recommended for practical applications, especially where in- sufficient information is available about a building or where time consuming site surveys are not feasible.
MIng (Computer and Electronic Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Στις σύγχρονες τηλεπικοινωνίες, χρησιμοποιείται μια μεγάλη γκάμα από RF μοντέλα, για τον υπολογισμό την μέσης τιμής ισχύος του σήματος εκπομπής για δεδομένη απόσταση από τον πομπό και για δεδομένη συχνότητα. Στις διεργασίες αυτές , επιδρούν στο δικό τους βαθμό διάφορες παράμετροι τοπολογικού (πληθυσμός , τύπος εμποδίων, πυκνότητα εμποδίων) και γεωγραφικού (μορφολογία εδάφους, υγρασία, διαμόρφωση χώρου) χαρακτήρα, αλλά και χαρακτηριστικά των πομποδεκτών ( συνήθως το ύψος και το κέρδος των κεραιών). Στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις οι απώλειες όδευσης (Path Loss όπως είναι γνωστές στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία) , εκφράζονται σε dB , σα συνάρτηση της συχνότητας λειτουργίας του υπό μελέτη συστήματος και της απόστασης ανάμεσα στον πομπό και το δέκτη ( πάντα για δεδομένα χαρακτηριστικά κεραιών και τύπο περιβάλλοντος). Έτσι μια ντετερμινιστική γνώση του μέσου path loss, που σε συνδυασμό με άλλες πιθανές απώλειες μας δίνει το σύνολο των απωλειών είναι εφικτή. O περιορισμός όσον αφορά στη συχνότητα και στις αποστάσεις , έχουν οδηγήσει τη σύγχρονη έρευνα στην επέκταση των υπαρχόντων μοντέλων , τόσο εξωτερικού όσο και εσωτερικού χώρου. Μια βασική παράμετρος της έρευνας στηρίζεται στην παραδοχή πως ο νόμος του αντιστρόφου τετραγώνου , ο οποίος περιγράφεται από την εξίσωση του Friis δε βρίσκει εφαρμογή, παρά μόνο σε περιβάλλοντα όπου επιτυγχάνεται LOS( Line of Sight) όδευση. Η τροποποίηση της παραπάνω εξίσωσης με δυναμικό ως προς το εκάστοτε περιβάλλον τρόπο , επιτρέπει πλέον τον υπολογισμό της μέσης ισχύος του σήματος σε σχετικά ρεαλιστικό βαθμό. Για παράδειγμα έχει προταθεί τροποποίηση με την τρίτη δύναμη της απόστασης για ένα σύνολο εφαρμογών , που αφορούν συστήματα ασυρμάτων τηλεπικοινωνιών εξωτερικού περιβάλλοντος.Ένα εσωτερικό περιβάλλον απαιτεί μια πολύ πιο ντετερμινιστική φόρμουλα υπολογισμού των απωλειών ώστε να μπορέσει ο μελετητής να υπολογίσει με αξιοπιστία την ισχύ του σήματος σε μια δεδομένη θέση. Η ακρίβεια λοιπόν των μοντέλων εξαρτάται άμεσα από την ικανότητά τους να απεικονίσουν και να αποδώσουν με τη σειρά τους , μέσω των υπολογισμών, όλα αυτά τα σύνθετα φαινόμενα με τον καλύτερο δυνατό τρόπο. Η πλειοψηφία των RF μοντέλων που αναπτύσσονται στα πλαίσια ακόλουθων παραγράφων, έχει αναπτυχθεί και αξιολογηθεί για συστήματα κυτταρικής κινητής τηλεφωνίας (GSM, PCS-1800, GPRS, UMTS). Προκειμένου να ξεπεραστούν διάφοροι περιορισμοί των αρχικών μοντέλων ως προς την συχνότητα λειτουργίας του συστήματος και την απόσταση πομπού-δέκτη (ουσιαστικά την εμβέλεια του μοντέλου), ορισμένες προεκτάσεις έχουν παρουσιαστεί σε διάφορες ερευνητικές εργασίες και χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως . Ορισμένα νέα μοντέλα έχουν επίσης προστεθεί στα ήδη υπάρχοντα για τις συχνότητες συστημάτων κινητής τηλεφωνίας . Για άλλες περιοχές συχνοτήτων με έντονο ενδιαφέρον, πχ στα 5,2 GHz, διάφορες προτάσεις έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί, συχνά υποστηριζόμενες από μετρήσεις. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την συχνότητα των 2,4 GHz, δεν μπορούμε παρά να συμπεράνουμε ότι η όσο το δυνατόν πιο ακριβής και επιστημονικά αξιόπιστη μοντελοποίηση του ασύρματου διαύλου, ιδιαίτερα – άλλα όχι αποκλειστικά – για τοπολογίες εσωτερικών χώρων, είναι πολύ σημαντική για τον σχεδιασμό και την εύρυθμη λειτουργία των Wi-Fi συστημάτων και των WLAN δικτύων. Παρόλα αυτά, αν και στην υπάρχουσα βιβλιογραφία και στην διεθνή επιστημονική και ερευνητική κοινότητα υπάρχουν αρκετά σημαντικές εργασίες για την μοντελοποίηση του ασύρματου διαύλου στα 2,4 GHz , εντούτοις απουσίαζε, για πολύ καιρό, μία ολοκληρωμένη συγκριτική αντιπαραβολή και αξιολόγηση των βασικών θεωρητικών μοντέλων για τον υπολογισμό της μέσης απώλειας οδεύσεως στη συγκεκριμένη συχνότητα. Στα πλαίσια της εργασίας αυτής , θα προσπαθήσουμε να αξιοποιήσουμε το σύνολο των μετρήσεων και των δεδομένων που συλλέξαμε , σε ρεαλιστικές συνθήκες και για πραγματικά συστήματα μετάδοσης , τόσο να αξιολογήσουμε τα ήδη υπάρχοντα RF μοντέλα , όσο και να προβούμε στις απαραίτητες προτάσεις και τροποποιήσεις όπου αυτό κριθεί σκόπιμο. Επίσης για τη σκίαση επιχειρούμε εδώ μια προσέγγιση υπολογισμού μέσω της χρήσης των RF μοντέλων και την ενσωμάτωση όλων των χαρακτηριστικών διάδοσης , που αφορούν και στα δύο στοιχεία των μεγάλης κλίμακας διαλείψεων. Οι μετρήσεις μέσης λαμβανόμενης ισχύος πραγματοποιήθηκαν σε πέντε διαφορετικές τοπολογίες. Σε κάθε μία από αυτές τις τοπολογίες ελήφθησαν μετρήσεις της μέσης λαμβανόμενης ισχύος σε διάφορες δειγματοληπτικές αποστάσεις πομπού-δέκτη ούτως ώστε να είναι εφικτή, με έναν υψηλό βαθμό αξιοπιστίας, η αξιολόγηση των βασικών μοντέλων απωλειών οδεύσεως. Ταυτόχρονα, μέσα από αυτή την διαδικασία, αξιολογήθηκε η αξιοπιστία των μοντέλων αναφορικά με τις ιδιαιτερότητες της κάθε τοπολογίας, που αποτυπώνονται ποιοτικά και ποσοτικά στους μηχανισμούς διάδοσης του ραδιοσήματος σε κάθε περίπτωση.
In modern wireless communications, a wide range of RF models are used to provide the median (average) value of the signal strength at a given distance from the transmitter and for a given frequency spectrum. In this procedure, certain geographical (ground, humidity, terrain irregularities), topological (heavy or scattered population, type of obstacles, density of the buildings) characteristics of the area, as well as certain specifications of the transmitter and receiver antennas (most notably antenna height and antenna gain) have to be taken into consideration. In most cases, the mean value of the path loss is expressed in dB in dependence with the frequency of the operating system and the distance between the transmitter and the receiver (for given antenna characteristics and a certain type of environment where the system operates). Thus, a deterministic knowledge of the average path loss (which along with the average rain loss and diffraction loss provides the overall propagation loss in dB) is available. However, distance and frequency limitations have led research to a further study and expanding of the existing empirical and semi-empirical models , for both outdoor and indoor scenarios. A fundamental parameter-based study of the path loss models is based on the concept that the second power law that is predicted by the Friis equation does not apply in real-life scenarios except for standard LOS paths. The modified power law research allows engineers and scholars to calculate the mean received power of a signal transmitted over a wireless link in a more realistic approach. It has been suggested that the third-power law is more suitable for a plethora of applications based on wireless communications for an outdoor environment.The indoor propagation channel, in particular, demands a lot more than a deterministic formula of calculating the average signal strength as a function of distance and frequency. The increased impact of multipath and other propagation phenomena such as reflection and scattering, as well as the existence of many objects whose proportions are comparatively close to the wavelength of the operating wireless systems, render the propagation of a signal and its arrival at a receiver (mobile or fixed) a rather complex procedure. The precision of the path loss models depends heavily on their ability to demonstrate and reflect, in the calculations, these complex phenomena to the best possible way .The majority of these models have been developed and validated for mobile telephony systems in both outdoor and indoor schemes (GSM, PCS-1800, GPRS, UMTS). Certain extensions of many of these models were conducted in order to expand the frequency and distance limitation of the original formulas. New empirical models have also been suggested for these certain frequencies .Taking into account the very sensitive and subject to many different factors nature of the indoor propagation channel, it is easily concluded that both researchers in academia and engineers in industry need to have reliable models that will predict precisely the average path loss over the indoor 2.4 GHz channel which is of utter importance as the de facto frequency of Wi-Fi and WLAN systems. A gap in aforementioned research, however, is that it either concentrates on multipath parameters or does not feature a full comparative validation of most well-known indoor path loss models.The purpose of this work is to present, all the data collected through experiments in realistic conditions and real telecom systems, in order to validate and modify (where necessary) the existing RF models. Furthermore an empirical formula to measure attenuation due to shadowing is derived through these RF models.Measurements took part in five different topologies. In each of them the mean received power was recorded, for various distances between the transmitter and the receiver, in order for our endeavor to validate the RF models in question to be reliable. Through this procedure, RF models where examined towards each topology’s distinctive characteristics that reflect in quality and quantity all the attenuation mechanisms that affect the propagated signal.