Journal articles: 'Path to the nest of spiders'

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Downes, MF. "Nest of the Social Spider Phryganoporus-Candidus (Araneae, Desidae) - Structure, Annual Growth-Cycle and Host-Plant Relationships." Australian Journal of Zoology 42, no. 2 (1994): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9940237.

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Aspects of the biology of the social spider Phryganoponrs candidus (=Badumna candida) (L. Koch) in relation to its life history are described, based on data from a field and laboratory study conducted over several years at Townsville, Queensland. Host plant records and preferences are given, and an analysis made of the effects of nest height and ecotone proximity on nest occurrence. Founded between October and February as a chambered silk funnel by a solitary subadult female, the nest was enlarged by the female and her progeny into a complex retreat area and an outlying prey-trapping area. The architecture of the retreat was not an aggregation of repeated subunits. Closely adjacent nests sometimes united their prey-capture webbing to form compound nests. From a tagged sample of new-founded nests, 31% reached a stage at which thriving spiderlings were present. Numbers of spiders in nests ranged from 9 to 224 and correlated with nest size, which ranged from 70 to more than 20 000 cm(2). At the peak of nest growth in October, the stage at which subadult spiders began to disperse, about 90 spiders inhabited each nest; only 12% of new-founded nests reached this stage. Summer dispersal left nests empty; they degenerated under rain and became moribund by March. The main host plants were Zizyphus mauritiana (the chinee apple) and Dolichondrone heterophylla. Most nests occurred between 0.5 and 2.5 m from the ground but height did not influence nest success. Nests were prevalent at ecotones, although they did not thrive better there. Because so much of the social biology of spiders is integrated with the structure and function of their nests, these findings are relevant to an understanding of the evolution of sociality in spiders.

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Belosludtsev, Yevgeny Aleksandrovich. "PREDATORS AND PARASITES OF SPIDERS (ARANEI) OF THE SAMARA REGION." Samara Journal of Science 4, no. 2 (2015): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20152104.

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Spiders are the predators and often play an important role in the regulation of insect and other invertebrate animals. However, the importance of spiders as fighters arthropods is somewhat reduced due to the large number of existing natural enemies. The spiders lead the hunt for food animals of the classes Reptilia and Amphibia. The birds (Aves) feed their chicks with spiders. Mantispa styriaca L. (Neuroptera) uses in food of spiders. The ants of the genera Formica and Myrmica catch and carry spiders to the nest. Some species from the order Diptera and the subclass Acarina parasitize on the spiders' body. The wasps (Sphecidae) stock spiders in cells for rearing their larvas. The most dangerous and numerous enemies of spiders are road wasps of the family Pompilidae , the order Hymenoptera. Spiders can pose a threat to other spiders, which are used to eat not only other spiders species of, but the juveniles of their own species. Our work provides data on 39 species of spiders living in the Samara region, with more than 48 species of predators and parasites.

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Fateryga, Alexander V., Mykola M. Kovblyuk, and Roman S. Kvetkov. "The first data on the nesting biology of the invasive blue nest-renting wasp, Chalybion turanicum (Gussakovskij, 1935) (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Sceliphrinae) in the Crimea." Acta Biologica Sibirica 6 (November 26, 2020): 571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/abs.6.e57911.

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Abstract The nesting biology of Chalybion turanicum (Gussakovskij, 1935) has been studied, with a total of 31 nests being examined. All studied nests were located inside the old nest cells of Sceliphron destillatorium (Illiger, 1807). Each nest of Ch. turanicum consisted of a single cell. Females hunted for spiders, with 18 species in five families being identified among their prey. Two most abundant victim groups were Theridiidae (eight species, 54% of specimens) and Araneidae (seven species, 33% of specimens) spiders. A spider number stored in a cell varied from five to 31 (mean = 17.6 ± 5.4). In the Crimea, Ch. turanicum has one generation per year with reproductive success of 67%. Two species of the nest parasites were reared from cells of Ch. turanicum: Chrysis taczanovskii Radoszkowski, 1876 and Acroricnus seductor (Scopoli, 1786). Chalybion turanicum is the seventh invasive species of Sphecidae naturalized in Europe.

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Penfold, Scott, Buddhi Dayananda, and Jonathan K. Webb. "Chemical cues influence retreat-site selection by flat rock spiders." Behaviour 154, no. 2 (2017): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003415.

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Many animals use chemical cues to detect conspecifics and predators. On sandstone outcrops, flat rock spidersMorebilus plagusiusandPolyrachisants use sun-exposed rocks as nest sites, and defend rocks from intruders. We investigated whether chemical cues influenced retreat-site selection by spiders. In the field, spiders showed significant avoidance of rocks used by ants. In laboratory trials, we gave spiders the choice between conspecific-scented and unscented refuges, and ant-scented and unscented refuges. In conspecific scent trials, spiders showed no avoidance of spider scented refuges during the night, but significantly more spiders chose unscented refuges as their diurnal retreat-site. In ant scent trials, spiders made more visits to unscented refuges than ant-scented refuges during the night, and significantly more spiders chose unscented refuges as their diurnal retreat site. Our results demonstrate that spiders can detect chemical cues from ants and conspecifics, and that such cues influence retreat-site selection.

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Jebb, Matthew, and Mark Elgar. "NEST PROVISIONING IN THE MUD-DAUBER WASP SCELIPHRON LAETUM (F. SMITH): BODY MASS AND TAXA SPECIFIC PREY SELECTION." Behaviour 136, no. 2 (1999): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853999501252.

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AbstractThe mud dauber wasp Sceliphron laetum (F. Smith) lays a single egg in a mud chamber that is provisioned almost exclusively with orb-weaving spiders. In Madang, Papua New Guinea, the wasps provision their chambers with between three and nine spiders that weigh between 0.01 and 0.28 g and are from at least twelve species. The number of spiders placed in each chamber is negatively correlated with the mean mass of each spider. A field experiment revealed that females cease provisioning after capturing a certain mass of spiders, rather than simply filling each chamber to its volumetric capacity. Furthermore, the wasps select different spider species according to the provisioning sequence. In general, wasps avoid provisioning the early larval instar with species of Gasteracantha, perhaps because the newly emerged wasp larvae cannot penetrate the hard integuments of these spiders.

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Machač, Ondřej, and Ivan Hadrián Tuf. "Ornithologists’ Help to Spiders: Factors Influencing Spiders Overwintering in Bird Nesting Boxes." Insects 12, no. 5 (2021): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050465.

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Spiders are common inhabitants of tree hollows, as well as bird nesting boxes, especially in autumn and winter. Some species of spiders use bird nesting boxes for overwintering. We investigated spider assemblages in nesting boxes and how temperature influences the abundance of overwintering spiders in nesting boxes in lowland forest in the Czech Republic. The study was conducted in the European winters of 2015–2017. In total, 3511 spider specimens belonging to 16 identified species were collected from nesting boxes over three years in late autumn and winter. Almost all species were arboreal specialists. The dominant species were Clubiona pallidula, Anyphaena accentuata, Platnickina tincta, and Steatoda bipunctata. Although the tree species had no effect on the abundance of overwintering spiders, the presence of nest material affected the abundance of spiders in the nesting boxes (preferred by C. pallidula and P. tincta). In general, spiders resettled nesting boxes during winter only sporadically, however A. accentuata reoccupied boxes continuously, and its activity was positively correlated with the outside temperature. Nesting boxes support insect-eaters all year around—birds during spring and summer and spiders during autumn and winter.

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Jackson, Robert R. "Communal jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from Kenya: interspecific nest complexes, cohabitation with web-building spiders, and intraspecific interactions." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 13, no. 1 (1986): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1986.10422643.

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Volkova, Tatiana, Robert W. Matthews, and M. Craig Barber. "Spider Prey of Two Mud Dauber Wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Nesting in Georgia's Okefenokee Swamp." Journal of Entomological Science 34, no. 3 (1999): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-34.3.322.

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Spiders captured by Trypoxylon politum (Say) and Sceliphron caementarium (Drury) in Georgia's Okefenokee Swamp over two nesting seasons represented 5 families and 22 genera (n = 5191). A strong bias for female spiders exists in both species (89.5% of all prey), with immature females comprising nearly half of these (42.6%). Comparison of contemporaneously taken prey at the same site by T. politum using typical mud organ pipe nests or trap nests revealed that the same araneid species of Neoscona and Eustala predominated. However, spiders provisioned in trap nests were more diverse taxonomically, including the first records of Mimetidae and Salticidae as prey for this wasp, as well as a variety of other araneid genera. Seasonal changes in prey composition revealed no particular patterns or correlations with nest type. Sceliphron caementarium displayed a strong preference for araneid spiders, with N. arabesca comprising 53.8% of the total; Thomisidae comprised 10.5%, nearly all Misumenops oblongus.

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Pagourtzis, A., K. Potika, and S. Zachos. "Path multicoloring with fewer colors in spiders and caterpillars." Computing 80, no. 3 (2007): 255–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00607-007-0234-2.

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Shengzhang, Ren, and Wu Tingzeng. "Hosoya Index ofL-Type Polyphenyl Spiders." Journal of Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2053293.

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The polyphenyl system is composed ofnhexagons obtained from two adjacent hexagons that are sticked by a path with two vertices. The Hosoya index of a graphGis defined as the total number of the independent edge sets ofG. In this paper, we give a computing formula of Hosoya index of a type of polyphenyl system. Furthermore, we characterize the extremal Hosoya index of the type of polyphenyl system.

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Bonato, Anthony, and Thomas Lidbetter. "Bounds on the burning numbers of spiders and path-forests." Theoretical Computer Science 794 (November 2019): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2018.05.035.

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12

Buehlmann, Cornelia, Bill S. Hansson, and Markus Knaden. "Path Integration Controls Nest-Plume Following in Desert Ants." Current Biology 22, no. 7 (2012): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.029.

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Traxler, Tanja. "THE IMPACT OF PREDATION BY THE MYRMECOPHAGOUS SPIDER ZODARION ELEGANS (ARANEAE: ZODARIIDAE) ON THE ACTIVITY PATTERN OF THE MEDITERRANEAN HARVESTER ANT MESSOR WASMANNI (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)." Ecologica Montenegrina 7 (September 8, 2016): 328–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2016.7.10.

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This study was designed to determine the effect of predation by the zodariid, obligate myrmecophagous spider Zodarion elegans (Simon, 1873) on the activity pattern and behavior of the Mediterranean harvester ant Messor wasmanni Krausse, 1910. Previous field studies suggested that the activity patterns of M. wasmanni colonies are modified not only by microclimatic conditions, but also by biological factors such as the presence of predators. The present study clearly demonstrates that M. wasmanni colonies respond in two different ways to spider predation. The ants 1) attack the invader, and 2) temporarily stop all foraging activities and close nest entrances with pebbles and other materials. This causes obligate myrmecophagous spiders such as Z. elegans to leave such inactive colonies and move to active ones nearby. Moreover, the laboratory experiments show that the capture of a single ant is in every case sufficient to trigger cessation of foraging activities and nest closure. After the spider attacks, entrances remained closed for up to six days. Perturbation experiments show that events that directly affect workers engaged in one task outside the nest also alter the activity intensity of task performance inside the nest. All exterior workers remain inside the nest when entrances are closed. Inside the nest, only a small proportion of marked foragers switch to food processing, while the majority was inactive or performed grooming during the inactive phase outside the nest.

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BINOY, C., K. ANJU, and P. THEJASS. "Description of a new species of spider wasp Genus Machaerothrix Haupt(Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) from India with reports on its host ssociation and nesting behaviour." Zootaxa 4766, no. 1 (2020): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4766.1.11.

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The little-known spider wasp genus Machaerothrix Haupt, 1938 is recorded for the first time from India with the description and illustrations of both sexes of a seventh species from the World. The biology, habitat, prey preference and transport, nest structure and nesting behaviour of the new species is studied and the association of the wasps with salticid spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) is here validated.

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Najm, Gabriella M., Angelika Pe, Jonathan N. Pruitt, and Noa Pinter-Wollman. "Physical and social cues shape nest-site preference and prey capture behavior in social spiders." Behavioral Ecology 31, no. 3 (2020): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa003.

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Abstract Animals often face conflicting demands when making movement decisions. To examine the decision process of social animals, we evaluated nest-site preferences of the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola. Colonies engage in collective web building, constructing 3D nests and 2D capture webs on trees and fences. We examined how individuals and groups decide where to construct a nest based on habitat structure and conspecific presence. Individuals had a strong preference for 3D substrates and conspecific presence. Groups were then provided with conflicting options of 3D substrates versus 2D substrates with a conspecific. Groups preferred the 3D structures without presettled conspecifics over a 2D substrate with conspecifics. When a group fragmented and individuals settled on both substrates, the minority group eventually joined the majority. Before rejoining, the collective prey capture behavior of divided groups improved with the size of the majority fragment. The costs of slow responses to prey for split groups and weak conspecific attraction may explain why dispersal is rare in these spiders.

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Hoefler, Chad D., and Elizabeth M. Jakob. "Jumping spiders in space: movement patterns, nest site fidelity and the use of beacons." Animal Behaviour 71, no. 1 (2006): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.03.033.

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Seibt, U., and W. Wickler. "The protective function of the compact silk nest of social Stegodyphus spiders (Araneae, Eresidae)." Oecologia 82, no. 3 (1990): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00317477.

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Corey, Tyler B., Earl Agpawa, and Eileen A. Hebets. "Spiders (Araneae) Collected as Prey by the Mud-Dauber Wasps Sceliphron caementarium and Chalybion californicum (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) in Southeastern Nebraska." Journal of Entomological Science 56, no. 2 (2021): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-56.2.123.

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Abstract Predator diets represent a potential interaction between local prey availability, prey antipredator defenses, and predator foraging behavior. Female spider-specialist mud-dauber wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) collect spiders and provision them intact, but paralyzed, to their developing larvae, providing a unique means of quantifying the diversity and abundance of prey that they capture. Mud-dauber wasps are hypothesized to be a major source of selection on antipredator defenses in web-building spiders, and the spiny and thickened abdomens of female spiny orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) are hypothesized to function as antiwasp defenses. We inventoried spider prey from nests of the mud-dauber wasps Sceliphron caementarium (Drury) and Chalybion californicum (Saussure), and surveyed for spider fauna in areas surrounding nest collection sites, to specifically investigate if the spiny orb-weaver Micrathena gracilis (Walckenaer) was collected as prey by these wasps. We collected nests from six sites in southeastern Nebraska from two regions that we classify based on habitat—a forest corridor and agricultural land. We collected 761 intact spider prey from 87 nests and identified them to the family level. None of these spiders were M. gracilis. Micrathena gracilis were rare in faunal surveys on agricultural land and, surprisingly, absent in forest corridor surveys. Mud-dauber wasps were more common; we collected more spiders on agricultural land than in the forest corridor. We propose that in agricultural landscapes, the lack of certain spiders in mud-dauber wasp nests is driven by habitat use differences between predators and prey rather than physical antipredator defenses.

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Schwarz, Sebastian, Antoine Wystrach, and Ken Cheng. "A new navigational mechanism mediated by ant ocelli." Biology Letters 7, no. 6 (2011): 856–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0489.

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Many animals rely on path integration for navigation and desert ants are the champions. On leaving the nest, ants continuously integrate their distance and direction of travel so that they always know their current distance and direction from the nest and can take a direct path to home. Distance information originates from a step-counter and directional information is based on a celestial compass. So far, it has been assumed that the directional information obtained from ocelli contribute to a single global path integrator, together with directional information from the dorsal rim area (DRA) of the compound eyes and distance information from the step-counter. Here, we show that ocelli mediate a distinct compass from that mediated by the compound eyes. After travelling a two-leg outbound route, untreated foragers headed towards the nest direction, showing that both legs of the route had been integrated. In contrast, foragers with covered compound eyes but uncovered ocelli steered in the direction opposite to the last leg of the outbound route. Our findings suggest that, unlike the DRA, ocelli cannot by themselves mediate path integration. Instead, ocelli mediate a distinct directional system, which buffers the most recent leg of a journey.

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Downes, MF. "The Life-History of Badumna-Candida (Araneae, Amaurobioidea)." Australian Journal of Zoology 41, no. 5 (1993): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9930441.

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A two-year study of the social spider Badumna candida at Townsville, Queensland, provided information on colony size and changes over time, maturation synchrony, temperature effects on development, sex ratio, dispersal, colony foundation, fecundity and oviposition. Key findings were that B. candida outbred, had an iteroparous egg-production cycle between March and October, had an even primary sex ratio and achieved maturation synchrony by retarding the development of males, which matured faster than females at constant temperature. There was no overlap of generations, the cohort of young from a nest founded by a solitary female in summer dispersing the following summer as subadults (females) or subadults and adults (males). These findings confirm the status of B. candida as a periodic-social spider (an annual outbreeder), in contrast to the few known permanent-social spider species whose generations overlap. Cannibalism, normally rare in social spiders, rose to 48% when spiders were reared at a high temperature. This may be evidence that volatile recognition pheromones suppress predatory instincts in social spiders.

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Thys, Bert, Yorick Lambreghts, Rianne Pinxten, and Marcel Eens. "Nest defence behavioural reaction norms: testing life-history and parental investment theory predictions." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 4 (2019): 182180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.182180.

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Predation is the primary source of reproductive failure in many avian taxa and nest defence behaviour against predators is hence an important aspect of parental investment. Nest defence is a complex trait that might consistently differ among individuals (personality), while simultaneously vary within individuals (plasticity) according to the reproductive value of the offspring. Both complementary aspects of individual variation can influence fitness, but the causality of links with reproductive success remains poorly understood. We repeatedly tested free-living female great tits ( Parus major ) for nest defence (hissing) behaviour across the nesting cycle, by presenting them with a model predator. Hissing behaviour was highly repeatable but, despite population-level plasticity, we found no support for individual differences in plasticity. Path analysis revealed that repeatable differences in hissing behaviour had no direct effect on nest success or fledgling number. However, our best supported path-model showed that more fiercely hissing females laid smaller clutches, with clutch size in turn positively influencing fledgling number, suggesting that females are most likely facing a trade-off between investment in nest defence and reproduction. Strong stabilizing selection for optimal plasticity, in combination with life-history trade-offs, might explain the high repeatability of nest defence and its link with reproductive success.

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Jackson, RR. "The Display Behavior of Bavia-Aericeps (Araneae, Salticidae), a Jumping Spider From Queensland." Australian Journal of Zoology 34, no. 3 (1986): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9860381.

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Bavia aericeps Simon is a large plurident jumping spider that frequents palms and other trees in tropical Queensland, building unusually strong and spacious nests on the undersides of leaves. The display repertoire of this species is large and complex, numerous distinct visual, vibratory, and tactile signals being used. Courtship is versatile, each male using one of three different mating tactics depending on the female's maturity and location. Type 1 courtship, involving specialized movements and postures of the legs, palps, and body, occurs if the female is an adult away from the nest; apparently this type of courtship is vision- dependent. If the male encounters an adult female inside her nest, he uses Type 2 courtship, which consists of movements that cause the silk to vibrate. If the female is a subadult inside her nest, the male initially uses Type 2 courtship, then builds a second chamber on the female's nest and cohabits until she moults and matures. Other displays occur during male-male and female-female interactions. Male-male interactions are particularly ferocious, the spiders often being upended and stunned. However, cannibalism seems to be of minor importance in this species.

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Vollrath, Fritz, and Thiemo Krink. "Spider webs inspiring soft robotics." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 172 (2020): 20200569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0569.

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In soft robotics, bio-inspiration ranges from hard- to software. Orb web spiders provide excellent examples for both. Adapted sensors on their legs may use morphological computing to fine-tune feedback loops that supervise the handling and accurate placement of silk threads. The spider's webs embody the decision rules of a complex behaviour that relies on navigation and piloting laid down in silk by behaviour charting inherited rules. Analytical studies of real spiders allow the modelling of path-finding construction rules optimized in evolutionary algorithms. We propose that deconstructing spiders and unravelling webs may lead to adaptable robots able to invent and construct complex novel structures using relatively simple rules of thumb.

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Buehlmann, Cornelia, Bill S. Hansson, and Markus Knaden. "Flexible weighing of olfactory and vector information in the desert ant Cataglyphis fortis." Biology Letters 9, no. 3 (2013): 20130070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0070.

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Desert ants, Cataglyphis fortis , are equipped with remarkable skills that enable them to navigate efficiently. When travelling between the nest and a previously visited feeding site, they perform path integration (PI), but pinpoint the nest or feeder by following odour plumes. Homing ants respond to nest plumes only when the path integrator indicates that they are near home. This is crucial, as homing ants often pass through plumes emanating from foreign nests and do not discriminate between the plume of their own and that of a foreign nest, but should absolutely avoid entering a wrong nest. Their behaviour towards food odours differs greatly. Here, we show that in ants on the way to food, olfactory information outweighs PI information. Although PI guides ants back to a learned feeder, the ants respond to food odours independently of whether or not they are close to the learned feeding site. This ability is beneficial, as new food sources—unlike foreign nests—never pose a threat but enable ants to shorten distances travelled while foraging. While it has been shown that navigating C. fortis ants rely strongly on PI, we report here that the ants retained the necessary flexibility in the use of PI.

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Huber, Roman, and Markus Knaden. "Desert ants possess distinct memories for food and nest odors." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 41 (2018): 10470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809433115.

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The desert ant Cataglyphis fortis inhabits the North African saltpans where it individually forages for dead arthropods. Homing ants rely mainly on path integration, i.e., the processing of directional information from a skylight compass and distance information from an odometer. Due to the far-reaching foraging runs, path integration is error-prone and guides the ants only to the vicinity of the nest, where the ants then use learned visual and olfactory cues to locate the inconspicuous nest entrance. The learning of odors associated with the nest entrance is well established. We furthermore know that foraging Cataglyphis use the food-derived necromone linoleic acid to pinpoint dead insects. Here we show that Cataglyphis in addition can learn the association of a given odor with food. After experiencing food crumbs that were spiked with an innately neutral odor, ants were strongly attracted by the same odor during their next foraging journey. We therefore explored the characteristics of the ants’ food-odor memory and identified pronounced differences from their memory for nest-associated odors. Nest odors are learned only after repeated learning trials and become ignored as soon as the ants do not experience them at the nest anymore. In contrast, ants learn food odors after a single experience, remember at least 14 consecutively learned food odors, and do so for the rest of their lives. As an ant experiences many food items during its lifetime, but only a single nest, differentially organized memories for both contexts might be adaptive.

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Pike, David A., Jonathan K. Webb, and Richard Shine. "Hot mothers, cool eggs: nest-site selection by egg-guarding spiders accommodates conflicting thermal optima." Functional Ecology 26, no. 2 (2011): 469–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01946.x.

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Enders, Margit M., and Paul I. Ward. "Conflict and Cooperation in the Group Feeding of the Social Spider Stegodyphus Mimosarum." Behaviour 94, no. 1-2 (1985): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853985x00325.

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Abstract1. Stegodyphus mimosarum, a social spider, lives in colonies which may contain hundreds of individuals. Feeding behaviour was examined with respect to feeding group size and prey size. 2. Prey were less likely to escape and were subdued more quickly when attacked by more than one spider. 3. During capture small prey were frequently bitten directly on the body whereas large prey were almost always bitten on an appendage. 4. Pulling struggles for subdued prey occurred. They lasted longest over medium sized prey. Small prey were easier to transport to the nest than medium prey and large prey were pulled by more spiders from a single retreat. 5. Spiders which had participated in a capture initially bit preferentially on the prey's head or thorax but others which joined later to feed bit at random. 6. Feeding became less efficient as group size increased and an experiment suggests that individuals injected less poison and digestive enzymes when feeding in groups.

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Dumke, Marlis. "Extended maternal care and offspring interactions in the subsocial Australian crab spider, Xysticus bimaculatus." Australian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 5 (2016): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo16070.

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Extended maternal care is considered a prerequisite for the evolution of permanent family grouping and eusociality in invertebrates. In spiders, the essential evolutionary transitions to permanent sociality along this ‘subsocial route’ include the extension of care beyond hatching, the persistence of offspring groups to maturation and the elimination of premating dispersal. Subsocial Australian crab spiders (Thomisidae) present a suitable system to identify the selective agents prolonging group cohesion. Particularly, the recent discovery of independently evolved subsociality in the thomisid Xysticus bimaculatus provides new potential for comparative studies to expand the limited understanding of group cohesion beyond the offspring’s potential independence and despite socially exploitative behaviour. Providing fundamental knowledge, the present study investigated maternal care and offspring interactions in X. bimaculatus for the first time. Nest dissections revealed that mothers produce exceptionally small clutches, potentially reflecting a limit in the number of juveniles they can successfully care for. A laboratory experiment demonstrated crucial benefits for offspring in receiving maternal care beyond nutritional independence, mediated by extensive maternal food provisioning. However, prey-sharing also occurred between juveniles irrespective of maternal presence, which marks this species’ predisposition for exploitative feeding behaviour. I therefore suggest X. bimaculatus as a suitable model for investigating the regulation of communal feeding in group-living spiders.

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Bukowski, Todd C., and Leticia Avilés. "Asynchronous maturation of the sexes may limit close inbreeding in a subsocial spider." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 2 (2002): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-220.

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We studied the temporal patterns of maturation and sexual receptivity of a subsocial spider, Anelosimus cf. jucundus, in southern Arizona. In subsocial spiders, sibling males and females share a common nest for a large portion of their life cycle, often only dispersing short distances close to the mating season. We found that, on average, male A. cf. jucundus matured 9 days earlier than females and that females did not become sexually receptive until 10 days following their final molt to maturity. The periods of sexual receptivity of sibling males and females, therefore, would be separated in time by a significant fraction of an adult male's life cycle. We also found significant asynchrony in maturation dates across nests and nest clusters at the two collection localities. We suggest that these temporal patterns may limit the opportunities for sibling males and females to mate with each other, thus explaining the apparent absence of mechanisms to discriminate against kin as mates in this species.

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Tan, Ta Sheng, and Wen Chean Teh. "Graph burning: Tight bounds on the burning numbers of path forests and spiders." Applied Mathematics and Computation 385 (November 2020): 125447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2020.125447.

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Bodnar, Marek, Natalia Okińczyc, and M. Vela-Pérez. "Mathematical model for path selection by ants between nest and food source." Mathematical Biosciences 285 (March 2017): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2016.12.002.

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McCoy, Dakota E., Victoria E. McCoy, Nikolaj K. Mandsberg, et al. "Structurally assisted super black in colourful peacock spiders." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1902 (2019): 20190589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0589.

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Male peacock spiders ( Maratus , Salticidae) compete to attract female mates using elaborate, sexually selected displays. They evolved both brilliant colour and velvety black. Here, we use scanning electron microscopy, hyperspectral imaging and finite-difference time-domain optical modelling to investigate the deep black surfaces of peacock spiders. We found that super black regions reflect less than 0.5% of light (for a 30° collection angle) in Maratus speciosus (0.44%) and Maratus karrie (0.35%) owing to microscale structures. Both species evolved unusually high, tightly packed cuticular bumps (microlens arrays), and M. karrie has an additional dense covering of black brush-like scales atop the cuticle. Our optical models show that the radius and height of spider microlenses achieve a balance between (i) decreased surface reflectance and (ii) enhanced melanin absorption (through multiple scattering, diffraction out of the acceptance cone of female eyes and increased path length of light through absorbing melanin pigments). The birds of paradise (Paradiseidae), ecological analogues of peacock spiders, also evolved super black near bright colour patches. Super black locally eliminates white specular highlights, reference points used to calibrate colour perception, making nearby colours appear brighter, even luminous, to vertebrates. We propose that this pre-existing, qualitative sensory experience—‘sensory bias’—is also found in spiders, leading to the convergent evolution of super black for mating displays in jumping spiders.

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Carrel, James E. "Growth and Nest Hole Size Preferences in Immature Southern House Spiders (Araneae: Filistatidae): Are They Constrained Consumers?" Florida Entomologist 98, no. 1 (2015): 370–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/024.098.0162.

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Wang, Guojun, Mi Hu, Shui-yuan Xiao, and Liang Zhou. "Loneliness and depression among rural empty-nest elderly adults in Liuyang, China: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 7, no. 10 (2017): e016091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016091.

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ObjectiveTo compare loneliness, depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes between empty-nest and not-empty-nest older adults in rural areas of Liuyang city, Hunan, China.MethodsA cross-sectional multi-stage random cluster survey was conducted from November 2011 to April 2012 in Liuyang, China. A total of 839 rural older residents aged 60 or above completed the survey (response rate 97.6%). In line with the definition of empty nest, 25 participants who had no children were excluded from the study, while the remaining 814 elderly adults with at least one child were included for analysis. Loneliness and depressive symptoms in rural elderly parents were assessed using the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-6) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Major depressive episodes were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I).ResultsSignificant differences were found between empty-nest and not-empty-nest older adults regarding loneliness (16.19±3.90 vs. 12.87±3.02, Cohen’s d=0.97), depressive symptoms (8.50±6.26 vs. 6.92±5.19, Cohen’s d=0.28) and the prevalence of major depressive episodes (10.1% vs. 4.6%) (all p<0.05). After controlling for demographic characteristics and physical disease, the differences in loneliness, depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes remained significant. Path analysis showed that loneliness mediated the relationship between empty-nest syndrome and depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes.ConclusionLoneliness and depression are more severe among empty-nest than not-empty-nest rural elderly adults. Loneliness was a mediating variable between empty-nest syndrome and depression.

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Fritzén, Niclas R., and Ilari E. Sääksjärvi. "Spider silk felting—functional morphology of the ovipositor tip of Clistopyga sp. (Ichneumonidae) reveals a novel use of the hymenopteran ovipositor." Biology Letters 12, no. 8 (2016): 20160350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0350.

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Apical serrations of the hymenopteran ovipositor have been widely postulated to originally constitute adaptations for cutting through hard substrates. Simplifications of the ovipositor tip have occurred in several ichneumonid wasp genera associated with spiders. Despite such reduction in Clistopyga (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae), the ovipositor still possesses some apical serrations. Through the first detailed study, we believe, on the behaviour of an ovipositing Clistopyga species, we show that it can alter its ovipositor for different purposes and that the primary function of the apical serrations is clinging to its spider host as the spider attempts to escape. Intriguingly, we also discover a hitherto undocumented adaptation for the hymenopteran ovipositor. The female wasp seals openings in the silken spider nest by using its ovipositor on the silk in a highly sophisticated way that is comparable to how humans entangle wool by needle felting. By studying the ovipositor morphology through a scanning electron microscope, we elucidate how this works, and we hypothesize that by closing the nest the female wasp protects its developing kin.

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Soley, Fernando G. "Fine-scale analysis of an assassin bug's behaviour: predatory strategies to bypass the sensory systems of prey." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 10 (2016): 160573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160573.

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Some predators sidestep environments that render them conspicuous to the sensory systems of prey. However, these challenging environments are unavoidable for certain predators. Stenolemus giraffa is an assassin bug that feeds on web-building spiders; the web is the environment in which this predator finds its prey, but it also forms part of its preys' sophisticated sensory apparatus, blurring the distinction between environment and sensory systems. Stenolemus giraffa needs to break threads in the web that obstruct its path to the spiders, and such vibrations can alert the spiders. Using laser vibrometry, this study demonstrates how S. giraffa avoids alerting the spiders during its approach. When breaking threads, S. giraffa attenuates the vibrations produced by holding on to the loose ends of the broken thread and causing them to sag prior to release. In addition, S. giraffa releases the loose ends of a broken thread one at a time (after several seconds or minutes) and in this way spaces out the production of vibrations in time. Furthermore, S. giraffa was found to maximally reduce the amplitude of vibrations when breaking threads that are prone to produce louder vibrations. Finally, S. giraffa preferred to break threads in the presence of wind, suggesting that this araneophagic insect exploits environmental noise that temporarily impairs the spiders' ability to detect vibrations. The predatory behaviour of S. giraffa seems to be adaptated in intricate manner for bypassing the sophisticated sensory systems of web-building spiders. These findings illustrate how the physical characteristics of the environment, along with the sensory systems of prey can shape the predatory strategies of animals.

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Wahyudi, Dodo, Suwarto Suwarto, and Heru Irianto. "A STUDY ON AFFECTING FACTORS OF WHITE-NEST SWIFTLET (COLLOCALIA FUCIPHAGA) FARMING PERFORMANCE IN HAURGEULIS DISTRICT, INDRAMAYU REGENCY." Agriekonomika 8, no. 2 (2019): 128–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/agriekonomika.v8i2.6013.

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Indonesia is a major supplier of Edible-nest swiftlet to China, reaching 102 million USD in 2017. Products of Edible-nest swiftlet, containing very high glycoproteins, are exported to China by Indonesia which come from Java, included Haurgeulis District, Indramayu Regency. White-nest businesses in that area have been developed since 1950s although the productivity subsequently decline in the rate of deforestation of the concession area nowadays. These problems are henceforth set as the focus of the study, based on the inference Malcom Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence (MBCfPE). The purpose of this study is to recognize the association white-nest business performance. Some internal factors, observed as the endogenous-predictor factors of business performance, include achievement-motivation factor, strategic planning, technical aspects and technologies, guanxi (personal relationship), and leadership. Surveillance activities is undertaken by using simple random sampling with questionnaire method for collecting the data, followed by using path analysis method for testing the hypothesis of the association. The test results show that all of internal factor have significant effect on the performance of the white-nest business by the leadership intervening. The leadership factor is the largest influence for managing white-nest swiftlet (Collocalia fuciphaga) farming performance which has the straight influence to business performance. The association of each internal factors and the white-nest business performance described by a structural model.

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Huo, Lina. "Intelligent Recognition Method of Vehicle Path with Time Window Based on Genetic Algorithm." Security and Communication Networks 2021 (August 19, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3614291.

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Based on particle filter and improved cuckoo genetic algorithm, an algorithm for intelligent vehicle path recognition with a time window is designed. Particle filter (PF) is an influential visual tracking tool; it relies on the Monte Carlo Chain framework and Bayesian probability, which are essential for intelligent monitoring systems. The algorithm first uses particle filters for visual tracking and then obtains the current operating environment of the vehicle, then performs cluster analysis on customer locations, and finally performs path recognition in each area. The algorithm not only introduces particle filters, which are advanced visual tracking, but also improves the cuckoo search algorithm; when the bird’s egg is found by the bird’s nest owner, it needs to randomly change the position of the entire bird’s nest, which speeds up the search speed of the optimal delivery route. Analyze and compare the hybrid intelligent algorithm and the cuckoo search algorithm. Finally, the international standard test set Benchmark Problems is used for testing. The experimental outcomes indicated that the new hybrid intelligent approach is an effective algorithm for handling vehicle routing tasks with time windows.

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Keiser, Carl N., and Jonathan N. Pruitt. "Personality composition is more important than group size in determining collective foraging behaviour in the wild." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1796 (2014): 20141424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1424.

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Describing the factors that shape collective behaviour is central to our understanding of animal societies. Countless studies have demonstrated an effect of group size in the emergence of collective behaviours, but comparatively few have accounted for the composition/diversity of behavioural phenotypes, which is often conflated with group size. Here, we simultaneously examine the effect of personality composition and group size on nest architecture and collective foraging aggressiveness in the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola . We created colonies of two different sizes (10 or 30 individuals) and four compositions of boldness (all bold, all shy, mixed bold and shy, or average individuals) in the field and then measured their collective behaviour. Larger colonies produced bigger capture webs, while colonies containing a higher proportion of bold individuals responded to and attacked prey more rapidly. The number of attackers during collective foraging was determined jointly by composition and size, although composition had an effect size more than twice that of colony size: our results suggest that colonies of just 10 bold spiders would attack prey with as many attackers as colonies of 110 ‘average’ spiders. Thus, personality composition is a more potent (albeit more cryptic) determinant of collective foraging in these societies.

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Pomeranz, I., S. M. Reddy, and P. Uppaluri. "NEST: a nonenumerative test generation method for path delay faults in combinational circuits." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 14, no. 12 (1995): 1505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/43.476581.

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Griffiths, Timothy M. "Queer.Black Politics, Queer.Black Communities: Touching the Utopian Frame in Delany’s Through the Valley of the Nest of Spiders." African American Review 48, no. 3 (2015): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/afa.2015.0026.

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Grundel, Ralph, and Donald L. Dahlsten. "The feeding ecology of mountain chickadees (Parus gambeli): patterns of arthropod prey delivery to nestling birds." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 7 (1991): 1793–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-248.

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The diet of nestling mountain chickadees (Parus gambeli) (55 694 items in 34 730 feeding trips) is summarized. Larval Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and adult Coleoptera were the most common prey in the nestlings' diet. A single prey item was usually delivered per trip. Significant intersexual differences in delivery of specific prey types were rare; intersexual differences in overall diets declined with nestling age. Prey delivered by individual parents exhibited decreasing day to day variation as nestlings aged. Frequency of prey preparation declined with nestling age, with feeding frequency, and especially with increasing number of prey delivered per trip. Delivery of some prey, such as spiders, changed as a function of nestling age, whereas delivery of other prey was more directly related to calendar date and, by implication, to prey availability and environmental conditions. Take of most prey exhibited significant diurnal variation related to prey behaviour and to periodicities in nestling hunger state. Time spent waiting at the nest entrance often took up a greater portion of each foraging trip, and was more variable, than prey preparation time or travelling time between nest and foraging site and should be incorporated into foraging models.

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Echezona, B. C., and C. A. Igwe. "Stabilities of ant nests and their adjacent soils." International Agrophysics 26, no. 4 (2012): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10247-012-0050-6.

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Abstract Nests habour ants and termites and protect them from harsh environmental conditions. The structural stabilities of nests were studied to ascertain their relative vulnerability to environmental stresses. Arboreal-ant nests were pried from different trees, while epigeous-termite nests were excavated from soil surface within the sample area. Soils without any visible sign of ant or termite activity were also sampled 6 m away from the nests as control. Laboratory analysis result showed that irrespective of the tree hosts, the aggregate stabilities of the ant nests were lower than those of the ground termite, with nests formed on Cola nitida significantly showing lower aggregate stability (19.7%) than other antnest structures. Clay dispersion ratio, moisture content, water stable aggregate class <0.25mm and sand mass were each negatively correlated with aggregate stability, while water stable aggregate class1.00-0.50 mm gave a positive correlation. Nest structures were dominated more by water stable aggregate class >2.00 mm but path analysis demonstrated that water stable aggregate class <0.25 mm contributed most to the higher aggregate stability of the termite nest than the other nest. Nest aggregates had greater structural stability compared to the control soil. The higher structural stability of termite nests over other nest and soil was considered a better adaptive mechanism against body desiccation.

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Das, Sunil. "Potentially stable and 5-by-5 spectrally arbitrary tree sign pattern matrices with all edges negative." Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra 37 (July 29, 2021): 562–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/ela.2021.5969.

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Characterization of potentially stable sign pattern matrices has been a long-standing open problem. In this paper, we give some sufficient conditions for tree sign pattern matrices with all edges negative to allow a properly signed nest. We also characterize potentially stable star and path sign pattern matrices with all edges negative. We give a conjecture on characterizing potentially stable tree sign pattern matrices with all edges negative in terms of allowing a properly signed nest which is verified to be true for sign pattern matrices up to order 6. Finally, we characterize all 5-by-5 spectrally arbitrary tree sign pattern matrices with all edges negative.

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Åkesson, Susanne, and Rüdiger Wehner. "Visual navigation in desert ants Cataglyphis fortis: are snapshots coupled to a celestial system of reference?" Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 14 (2002): 1971–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.14.1971.

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SUMMARY Central-place foraging insects such as desert ants of the genus Cataglyphis use both path integration and landmarks to navigate during foraging excursions. The use of landmark information and a celestial system of reference for nest location was investigated by training desert ants returning from an artificial feeder to find the nest at one of four alternative positions located asymmetrically inside a four-cylinder landmark array. The cylindrical landmarks were all of the same size and arranged in a square, with the nest located in the southeast corner. When released from the compass direction experienced during training (southeast), the ants searched most intensely at the fictive nest position. When instead released from any of the three alternative directions of approach (southwest, northwest or northeast), the same individuals instead searched at two of the four alternative positions by initiating their search at the position closest to the direction of approach when entering the landmark square and then returning to the position at which snapshot, current landmark image and celestial reference information were in register. The results show that, in the ants'visual snapshot memory, a memorized landmark scene can temporarily be decoupled from a memorized celestial system of reference.

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Minoura, Mai, Kohei Sonoda, Tomoko Sakiyama, and Yukio-Pegio Gunji. "Rotating panoramic view: interaction between visual and olfactory cues in ants." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 1 (2016): 150426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150426.

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Insects use a navigational toolkit consisting of multiple strategies such as path integration, view-dependent recognition methods and olfactory cues. The question arises as to how directional cues afforded by a visual panorama combine with olfactory cues from a pheromone trail to guide ants towards their nest. We positioned a garden ant Lasius niger on a rotating table, whereon a segment of a pheromone trail relative to the stationary panorama was rotated while the ant walked along the trail towards its nest. The rotational speed of the table (3 r.p.m.) was set so that the table would rotate through about 90° by the time that an ant had walked from the start to the centre of the table. The ant completed a U-turn at about this point and so travelled in a nest-ward direction without leaving the trail. These results suggest that the ants persist on the pheromone trail and use visual input to determine their direction of travel along the trail.

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Bouchard, Geneviève. "A Dyadic Examination of Marital Quality at the Empty-Nest Phase." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 86, no. 1 (2017): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415017691285.

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This study aims to achieve a better understanding of the later stages of the family life cycle by exploring couples' marital quality during the empty-nest years of their relationships, using the actor–partner interdependence mediation model. The empty nest is the family stage that begins with the departure of children from home. In the hypothesized model of marital quality, husbands' and wives' satisfaction at having raised successful children serve as predictor variables, whereas their levels of perceived stress act as mediators. A sample of 344 participants, forming 172 heterosexual couples, participated in the study. The results of path analyses indicated that the model provided an acceptable fit for the data. Closer examination suggested that wives' and husbands' perceived stress fully mediate the relationships between husbands' tendency to view their children as successful adults and both spouses' marital quality. The article discusses interdependence and gender differences between spouses concerning their empty-nest experience.

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Ellis, Cameron. "Chōra/Chōros: Samuel R. Delany and the masculine semiotic in Through the Valley of the Nest of Spiders (2012)." Journal of Gender Studies 26, no. 4 (2015): 446–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2015.1116982.

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Windarto, Agus Perdana, and Sudirman Sudirman. "Penerapan Algoritma Semut Dalam Penentuan Distribusi Jalur Pipa Pengolahan Air Bersih." JURNAL SISTEM INFORMASI BISNIS 8, no. 2 (2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.21456/vol8iss2pp123-132.

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In general, the shortest path search can be divided into two methods, namely conventional methods and heuristic methods. Conventional methods tend to be more easily understood than heuristic methods, but when compared to the results obtained, heuristic methods are more varied and the time required for calculation is shorter. In the heuristic method there are several algorithms, one of which is the ant algorithm. An ant algorithm is an algorithm that is adopted from the behavior of ant colonies. Naturally ant colonies are able to find the shortest route on the way from the nest to the food sources. Ant colonies can find the shortest route between the nest and the source of food based on footprints on the trajectory that has been passed. The more ants that pass through a path, the more obvious the footprints will be. Ants Algorithms are very appropriate to be applied in solving optimization problems, one of which is to determine the shortest path. This study aims to facilitate the Development of Drinking Water Treatment Performance to make decisions in determining the point where the installation of water distribution pipelines that will be distributed to residents' homes. This study took 8 points of clean water treatment pipeline with starting point A and point N. Based on the calculation of clean water pipeline between A and N by using ant algortima, from two cycles passed, it is proven that the shortest path is only one pipeline, pipe N as destination with route length 4 as V1 → V2 → V3 → V4 → V8.

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Windarto, Agus Perdana, and Sudirman Sudirman. "Penerapan Algoritma Semut Dalam Penentuan Distribusi Jalur Pipa Pengolahan Air Bersih." JURNAL SISTEM INFORMASI BISNIS 8, no. 2 (2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21456/vol8iss2pp9-18.

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In general, the shortest path search can be divided into two methods, namely conventional methods and heuristic methods. Conventional methods tend to be more easily understood than heuristic methods, but when compared to the results obtained, heuristic methods are more varied and the time required for calculation is shorter. In the heuristic method there are several algorithms, one of which is the ant algorithm. An ant algorithm is an algorithm that is adopted from the behavior of ant colonies. Naturally ant colonies are able to find the shortest route on the way from the nest to the food sources. Ant colonies can find the shortest route between the nest and the source of food based on footprints on the trajectory that has been passed. The more ants that pass through a path, the more obvious the footprints will be. Ants Algorithms are very appropriate to be applied in solving optimization problems, one of which is to determine the shortest path. This study aims to facilitate the Development of Drinking Water Treatment Performance to make decisions in determining the point where the installation of water distribution pipelines that will be distributed to residents' homes. This study took 8 points of clean water treatment pipeline with starting point A and point N. Based on the calculation of clean water pipeline between A and N by using ant algortima, from two cycles passed, it is proven that the shortest path is only one pipeline, pipe N as destination with route length 4 as V1 → V2 → V3 → V4 → V8.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Path to the nest of spiders'

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