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Journal articles on the topic 'Pathogen Origins and Evolution'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

SORNETTE, D., V. I. YUKALOV, E. P. YUKALOVA, J. Y. HENRY, D. SCHWAB, and J. P. COBB. "ENDOGENOUS VERSUS EXOGENOUS ORIGINS OF DISEASES." Journal of Biological Systems 17, no. 02 (2009): 225–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339009002880.

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Many illnesses are associated with an alteration of the immune system homeostasis due to a combination of factors, including exogenous bacterial insult, endogenous breakdown (e.g. development of a disease that results in immuno suppression), or an exogenous hit like surgery that simultaneously alters immune responsiveness and provides access to bacteria, or genetic disorder. We conjecture that, as a consequence of the co-evolution of the human immune system with the ecology of pathogens, the homeostasis of the immune system requires the influx of pathogens. This allows the immune system to kee

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Aguayo, Jaime, Fabien Halkett, Claude Husson, et al. "Genetic Diversity and Origins of the Homoploid-Type HybridPhytophthora ×alni." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 24 (2016): 7142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02221-16.

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ABSTRACTAssessing the process that gives rise to hybrid pathogens is central to understanding the evolution of emerging plant diseases.Phytophthora ×alni, a pathogen of alder, results from the homoploid hybridization of two related species,Phytophthora uniformisandPhytophthora×multiformis. Describing the genetic characteristics ofP. ×alnishould help us understand how reproductive mechanisms and historical processes shaped the population structure of this emerging hybrid pathogen. The population genetic structure ofP. ×alniand the relationship with its parental species were investigated using 1

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Shi, Weifeng, Juan Li, Hong Zhou, and George F. Gao. "Pathogen genomic surveillance elucidates the origins, transmission and evolution of emerging viral agents in China." Science China Life Sciences 60, no. 12 (2017): 1317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11427-017-9211-0.

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Evans, Jay D. "Diverse origins of tetracycline resistance in the honey bee bacterial pathogen Paenibacillus larvae." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 83, no. 1 (2003): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2011(03)00039-9.

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Saxenhofer, Moritz, Vanessa Weber de Melo, Rainer G. Ulrich, and Gerald Heckel. "Revised time scales of RNA virus evolution based on spatial information." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1860 (2017): 20170857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0857.

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The time scales of pathogen evolution are of major concern in the context of public and veterinary health, epidemiology and evolutionary biology. Dating the emergence of a pathogen often relies on estimates of evolutionary rates derived from nucleotide sequence data. For many viruses, this has yielded estimates of evolutionary origins only a few hundred years in the past. Here we demonstrate through the incorporation of geographical information from virus sampling that evolutionary age estimates of two European hantaviruses are severely underestimated because of pervasive mutational saturation

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Khaledi, Ariane, Monika Schniederjans, Sarah Pohl, et al. "Transcriptome Profiling of Antimicrobial Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 8 (2016): 4722–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00075-16.

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ABSTRACTEmerging resistance to antimicrobials and the lack of new antibiotic drug candidates underscore the need for optimization of current diagnostics and therapies to diminish the evolution and spread of multidrug resistance. As the antibiotic resistance status of a bacterial pathogen is defined by its genome, resistance profiling by applying next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies may in the future accomplish pathogen identification, prompt initiation of targeted individualized treatment, and the implementation of optimized infection control measures. In this study, qualitative RNA s

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Sorouri, Mahsa, Tyron Chang, Palmy Jesudhasan, Chelsea Pinkham, Nels C. Elde, and Dustin C. Hancks. "Signatures of host–pathogen evolutionary conflict reveal MISTR—A conserved MItochondrial STress Response network." PLOS Biology 18, no. 12 (2020): e3001045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001045.

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Host–pathogen conflicts leave genetic signatures in genes that are critical for host defense functions. Using these “molecular scars” as a guide to discover gene functions, we discovered a vertebrate-specific MItochondrial STress Response (MISTR) circuit. MISTR proteins are associated with electron transport chain (ETC) factors and activated by stress signals such as interferon gamma (IFNγ) and hypoxia. Upon stress, ultraconserved microRNAs (miRNAs) down-regulate MISTR1(NDUFA4) followed by replacement with paralogs MItochondrial STress Response AntiViral (MISTRAV) and/or MItochondrial STress R

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Wong, Alex, and Rees Kassen. "Parallel evolution and local differentiation in quinolone resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Microbiology 157, no. 4 (2011): 937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.046870-0.

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The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in pathogens is a major impediment to the control of microbial disease. Here, we review mechanisms of quinolone resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an important nosocomial pathogen and a major cause of morbidity in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. In this quantitative literature review, we find that mutations in DNA gyrase A, the primary target of quinolones in Gram-negative bacteria, are the most common resistance mutations identified in clinical samples of all origins, in keeping with previous observations. However, the identities of non-gyra

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Rabaa, Maia A., Ngo Tri Tue, Tran My Phuc, et al. "The Vietnam Initiative on Zoonotic Infections (VIZIONS): A Strategic Approach to Studying Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases." EcoHealth 12, no. 4 (2015): 726–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-015-1061-0.

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Abstract The effect of newly emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin in human populations can be potentially catastrophic, and large-scale investigations of such diseases are highly challenging. The monitoring of emergence events is subject to ascertainment bias, whether at the level of species discovery, emerging disease events, or disease outbreaks in human populations. Disease surveillance is generally performed post hoc, driven by a response to recent events and by the availability of detection and identification technologies. Additionally, the inventory of pathogens

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Tassia, Michael G., Nathan V. Whelan, and Kenneth M. Halanych. "Toll-like receptor pathway evolution in deuterostomes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 27 (2017): 7055–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617722114.

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Animals have evolved an array of pattern-recognition receptor families essential for recognizing conserved molecular motifs characteristic of pathogenic microbes. One such family is the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). On pathogen binding, TLRs initiate specialized cytokine signaling catered to the class of invading pathogen. This signaling is pivotal for activating adaptive immunity in vertebrates, suggesting a close evolutionary relationship between innate and adaptive immune systems. Despite significant advances toward understanding TLR-facilitated immunity in vertebrates, knowledge of TLR pathw

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Li, Zi-Wen, Yi-Hong Shen, Zhong-Huai Xiang, and Ze Zhang. "Pathogen-origin horizontally transferred genes contribute to the evolution of Lepidopteran insects." BMC Evolutionary Biology 11, no. 1 (2011): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-356.

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DUTECH, C., B. BARRÈS, J. BRIDIER, C. ROBIN, M. G. MILGROOM, and V. RAVIGNÉ. "The chestnut blight fungus world tour: successive introduction events from diverse origins in an invasive plant fungal pathogen." Molecular Ecology 21, no. 16 (2012): 3931–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05575.x.

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Cairns, M. D., M. D. Preston, C. L. Hall, et al. "Comparative Genome Analysis and Global Phylogeny of the Toxin Variant Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotype 017 Reveals the Evolution of Two Independent Sublineages." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 55, no. 3 (2016): 865–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01296-16.

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ABSTRACT The diarrheal pathogen Clostridium difficile consists of at least six distinct evolutionary lineages. The RT017 lineage is anomalous, as strains only express toxin B, compared to strains from other lineages that produce toxins A and B and, occasionally, binary toxin. Historically, RT017 initially was reported in Asia but now has been reported worldwide. We used whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to investigate the patterns of global spread and population structure of 277 RT017 isolates from animal and human origins from six continents, isolated between 1990 and 2013. We

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Poinar, George. "Evolutionary History of Terrestrial Pathogens and Endoparasites as Revealed in Fossils and Subfossils." Advances in Biology 2014 (June 12, 2014): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/181353.

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The present work uses fossils and subfossils to decipher the origin and evolution of terrestrial pathogens and endoparasites. Fossils, as interpreted by morphology or specific features of their hosts, furnish minimum dates for the origin of infectious agents, coevolution with hosts, and geographical locations. Subfossils, those that can be C14 dated (roughly under 50,000 years) and are identified by morphology as well as molecular and immunological techniques, provide time periods when humans became infected with various diseases. The pathogen groups surveyed include viruses, bacteria, protozo

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Vasco, Gabriela, and Gabriel Trueba. "Pseudomonas aeruginosa transition from environmental generalist to human pathogen." ACI Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías 13, no. 1 (2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18272/aci.v13i1.2225.

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Opportunistic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the major concerns as an etiological agent of nosocomial infections in humans. Many virulence factors used to colonize the human body are the same as those used by P. aeruginosa to thrive in the environment such as membrane transport, biofilm formation, oxidation/reduction reaction, among others. P. aeruginosa origin is mainly from the environment, the adaptation to mammalian tissues may follow a source-sink evolution model; the environment is the source of many lineages, some of them capable of adaptation to the human body. Some lineages

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Harkins, Gordon W., Darren P. Martin, Siobain Duffy, et al. "Dating the origins of the maize-adapted strain of maize streak virus, MSV-A." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 12 (2009): 3066–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.015537-0.

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Maize streak virus (MSV), which causes maize streak disease (MSD), is one of the most serious biotic threats to African food security. Here, we use whole MSV genomes sampled over 30 years to estimate the dates of key evolutionary events in the 500 year association of MSV and maize. The substitution rates implied by our analyses agree closely with those estimated previously in controlled MSV evolution experiments, and we use them to infer the date when the maize-adapted strain, MSV-A, was generated by recombination between two grass-adapted MSV strains. Our results indicate that this recombinat

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de Vries, de Vries, and Rose. "The Elaboration of miRNA Regulation and Gene Regulatory Networks in Plant–Microbe Interactions." Genes 10, no. 4 (2019): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10040310.

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: Plants are exposed to diverse abiotic and biotic stimuli. These require fast and specific integrated responses. Such responses are coordinated at the protein and transcript levels and are incorporated into larger regulatory networks. Here, we focus on the evolution of transcriptional regulatory networks involved in plant–pathogen interactions. We discuss the evolution of regulatory networks and their role in fine-tuning plant defense responses. Based on the observation that many of the cornerstones of immune signaling in angiosperms are also present in streptophyte algae, it is likely that s

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Feurtey, Alice, Danielle M. Stevens, Wolfgang Stephan, and Eva H. Stukenbrock. "Interspecific Gene Exchange Introduces High Genetic Variability in Crop Pathogen." Genome Biology and Evolution 11, no. 11 (2019): 3095–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz224.

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Abstract Genome analyses have revealed a profound role of hybridization and introgression in the evolution of many eukaryote lineages, including fungi. The impact of recurrent introgression on fungal evolution however remains elusive. Here, we analyzed signatures of introgression along the genome of the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. We applied a comparative population genomics approach, including genome data from five Zymoseptoria species, to characterize the distribution and composition of introgressed regions representing segments with an exceptional haplotype pattern. These re

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STEVENS, J. R., H. A. NOYES, G. A. DOVER, and W. C. GIBSON. "The ancient and divergent origins of the human pathogenic trypanosomes, Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi." Parasitology 118, no. 1 (1999): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182098003473.

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This study presents new findings concerning the evolution of the human pathogens, Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi, which suggest that these parasites have divergent origins and fundamentally different patterns of evolution. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA sequences places T. brucei in a clade comprising exclusively mammalian trypanosomes of African origin, suggesting an evolutionary history confined to Africa. T. cruzi (from humans and sylvatic mammals) clusters with trypanosomes specific to Old and New World bats, T. rangeli and a trypanosome species isolated from an Australian kangaroo. Th

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Tamborski, Janina, and Ksenia V. Krasileva. "Evolution of Plant NLRs: From Natural History to Precise Modifications." Annual Review of Plant Biology 71, no. 1 (2020): 355–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-081519-035901.

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Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) monitor the plant intracellular environment for signs of pathogen infection. Several mechanisms of NLR-mediated immunity arose independently across multiple species. These include the functional specialization of NLRs into sensors and helpers, the independent emergence of direct and indirect recognition within NLR subfamilies, the regulation of NLRs by small RNAs, and the formation of NLR networks. Understanding the evolutionary history of NLRs can shed light on both the origin of pathogen recognition and the common constraints on the pla

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Liu, Zhenghui, Hongyan Sheng, Benjamin Azu Okorley, Yu Li, and Frederick Leo Sossah. "Comparative Genomic Analysis Provides Insights into the Phylogeny, Resistome, Virulome, and Host Adaptation in the Genus Ewingella." Pathogens 9, no. 5 (2020): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9050330.

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Ewingella americana is a cosmopolitan bacterial pathogen that has been isolated from many hosts. Here, we sequenced a high-quality genome of E. americana B6-1 isolated from Flammulina filiformis, an important cultivated mushroom, performed a comparative genomic analysis with four other E. americana strains from various origins, and tested the susceptibility of B6-1 to antibiotics. The genome size, predicted genes, and GC (guanine-cytosine) content of B6-1 was 4.67 Mb, 4301, and 53.80%, respectively. The origin of the strains did not significantly affect the phylogeny, but mobile genetic elemen

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Oreste, Umberto, Alessia Ametrano, and Maria Rosaria Coscia. "On Origin and Evolution of the Antibody Molecule." Biology 10, no. 2 (2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10020140.

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The vertebrate immune system provides a powerful defense because of the ability to potentially recognize an unlimited number of pathogens. The antibody molecule, also termed immunoglobulin (Ig) is one of the major mediators of the immune response. It is built up from two types of Ig domains: the variable domain, which provides the capability to recognize and bind a potentially infinite range of foreign substances, and the constant domains, which exert the effector functions. In the last 20 years, advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and structural features of antibody in m

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Brinkworth, Jessica F., and Alexander S. Alvarado. "Cell-Autonomous Immunity and The Pathogen-Mediated Evolution of Humans: Or How Our Prokaryotic and Single-Celled Origins Affect The Human Evolutionary Story." Quarterly Review of Biology 95, no. 3 (2020): 215–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/710389.

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Mavrodi, Dmitri V., Tobin L. Peever, Olga V. Mavrodi, et al. "Diversity and Evolution of the Phenazine Biosynthesis Pathway." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 3 (2009): 866–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02009-09.

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ABSTRACT Phenazines are versatile secondary metabolites of bacterial origin that function in biological control of plant pathogens and contribute to the ecological fitness and pathogenicity of the producing strains. In this study, we employed a collection of 94 strains having various geographic, environmental, and clinical origins to study the distribution and evolution of phenazine genes in members of the genera Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Pectobacterium, Brevibacterium, and Streptomyces. Our results confirmed the diversity of phenazine producers and revealed that most of them appear to be soi

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Sharp, Paul M., and Beatrice H. Hahn. "The evolution of HIV-1 and the origin of AIDS." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1552 (2010): 2487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0031.

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The major cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We have been using evolutionary comparisons to trace (i) the origin(s) of HIV-1 and (ii) the origin(s) of AIDS. The closest relatives of HIV-1 are simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting wild-living chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes troglodytes ) and gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) in west central Africa. Phylogenetic analyses have revealed the origins of HIV-1: chimpanzees were the original hosts of this clade of viruses; four lineages of HIV-1 have arisen by independent cro

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Jung, Thomas, Marília Horta Jung, Joan F. Webber, et al. "The Destructive Tree Pathogen Phytophthora ramorum Originates from the Laurosilva Forests of East Asia." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 3 (2021): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7030226.

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As global plant trade expands, tree disease epidemics caused by pathogen introductions are increasing. Since ca 2000, the introduced oomycete Phytophthora ramorum has caused devastating epidemics in Europe and North America, spreading as four ancient clonal lineages, each of a single mating type, suggesting different geographical origins. We surveyed laurosilva forests for P. ramorum around Fansipan mountain on the Vietnam-China border and on Shikoku and Kyushu islands, southwest Japan. The surveys yielded 71 P. ramorum isolates which we assigned to eight new lineages, IC1 to IC5 from Vietnam

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Wen, Frank, Trevor Bedford, and Sarah Cobey. "Explaining the geographical origins of seasonal influenza A (H3N2)." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1838 (2016): 20161312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1312.

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Most antigenically novel and evolutionarily successful strains of seasonal influenza A (H3N2) originate in East, South and Southeast Asia. To understand this pattern, we simulated the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of influenza in a host metapopulation representing the temperate north, tropics and temperate south. Although seasonality and air traffic are frequently used to explain global migratory patterns of influenza, we find that other factors may have a comparable or greater impact. Notably, a region's basic reproductive number ( R 0 ) strongly affects the antigenic evolution of its

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Sekulovic, Ognjen, Julian R. Garneau, Audrey Néron, and Louis-Charles Fortier. "Characterization of Temperate Phages Infecting Clostridium difficile Isolates of Human and Animal Origins." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 8 (2014): 2555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00237-14.

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ABSTRACTClostridium difficileis a Gram-positive pathogen infecting humans and animals. Recent studies suggest that animals could represent potential reservoirs ofC. difficilethat could then transfer to humans. Temperate phages contribute to the evolution of most bacteria, for example, by promoting the transduction of virulence, fitness, and antibiotic resistance genes. InC. difficile, little is known about their role, mainly because suitable propagating hosts and conditions are lacking. Here we report the isolation, propagation, and preliminary characterization of nine temperate phages from an

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Fitzgerald, J. Ross, Sean D. Reid, Eeva Ruotsalainen, et al. "Genome Diversification in Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Evolution of a Highly Variable Chromosomal Region Encoding the Staphylococcal Exotoxin-Like Family of Proteins." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 5 (2003): 2827–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.5.2827-2838.2003.

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ABSTRACT Recent genomic studies have revealed extensive variation in natural populations of many pathogenic bacteria. However, the evolutionary processes which contribute to much of this variation remain unclear. A previous whole-genome DNA microarray study identified variation at a large chromosomal region (RD13) of Staphylococcus aureus which encodes a family of proteins with homology to staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigens, designated staphylococcal exotoxin-like (SET) proteins. In the present study, RD13 was found in all 63 S. aureus isolates of divergent clonal, geographic, and

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Perales, Celia, Elena Moreno, and Esteban Domingo. "Clonality and intracellular polyploidy in virus evolution and pathogenesis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 29 (2015): 8887–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501715112.

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In the present article we examine clonality in virus evolution. Most viruses retain an active recombination machinery as a potential means to initiate new levels of genetic exploration that go beyond those attainable solely by point mutations. However, despite abundant recombination that may be linked to molecular events essential for genome replication, herein we provide evidence that generation of recombinants with altered biological properties is not essential for the completion of the replication cycles of viruses, and that viral lineages (near-clades) can be defined. We distinguish mechan

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Mullett, Martin S., Rein Drenkhan, Kalev Adamson, et al. "Worldwide Genetic Structure Elucidates the Eurasian Origin and Invasion Pathways of Dothistroma septosporum, Causal Agent of Dothistroma Needle Blight." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 2 (2021): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7020111.

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Dothistroma septosporum, the primary causal agent of Dothistroma needle blight, is one of the most significant foliar pathogens of pine worldwide. Its wide host and environmental ranges have led to its global success as a pathogen and severe economic damage to pine forests in many regions. This comprehensive global population study elucidated the historical migration pathways of the pathogen to reveal the Eurasian origin of the fungus. When over 3800 isolates were examined, three major population clusters were revealed: North America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe, with distinct subcluste

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Roeckel-Drevet, Patricia, Jeanne Tourvieille, Joël R. Drevet, Véronique Says-Lesage, Paul Nicolas, and Denis Tourvieille de Labrouhe. "Development of a polymerase chain reaction diagnostic test for the detection of the biotrophic pathogen Plasmopara halstedii in sunflower." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 45, no. 9 (1999): 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w99-068.

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The obligate parasitic fungus-like organism Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. et De Toni, is the causal agent of downy mildew disease in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). New races of this economically important parasite are regularly detected throughout the world. In addition, fungicide-resistant isolates have been reported in Europe and North America. These observations of parasite evolution, as well as the risk of propagation of the disease by infected seeds, means that it is necessary to guarantee the absence of Plasmopara halstedii in seed shipments. We report here the development of a rapi

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Keirnan, Elizabeth C., Yu Pei Tan, Matthew H. Laurence, et al. "Cryptic diversity found in Didymellaceae from Australian native legumes." MycoKeys 78 (February 8, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.78.60063.

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Ascochyta koolunga (Didymellaceae, Pleosporales) was first described in 2009 (as Phoma koolunga) and identified as the causal agent of Ascochyta blight of Pisum sativum (field pea) in South Australia. Since then A. koolunga has not been reported anywhere else in the world, and its origins and occurrence on other legume (Fabaceae) species remains unknown. Blight and leaf spot diseases of Australian native, pasture and naturalised legumes were studied to investigate a possible native origin of A. koolunga. Ascochyta koolunga was not detected on native, naturalised or pasture legumes that had lea

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Wellings, C. R. "Puccinia striiformis in Australia: a review of the incursion, evolution, and adaptation of stripe rust in the period 1979 - 2006." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 6 (2007): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07130.

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The wheat stripe rust pathogen (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici; Pst) was first detected in Australia in 1979. The features of the initial pathotype suggested that it was of European origin, and later work provided evidence that it was most likely transmitted as adherent spores on travellers’ clothing. Despite long-held views that this cool temperature pathogen would not adapt to Australian conditions, Pst became endemic and progressively adapted to commercial wheat production through step-wise mutation. Several of these mutant pathotypes became frequent in the Pst population, causing wide

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Mylonakis, Eleftherios, Lars Podsiadlowski, Maged Muhammed, and Andreas Vilcinskas. "Diversity, evolution and medical applications of insect antimicrobial peptides." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1695 (2016): 20150290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0290.

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Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short proteins with antimicrobial activity. A large portion of known AMPs originate from insects, and the number and diversity of these molecules in different species varies considerably. Insect AMPs represent a potential source of alternative antibiotics to address the limitation of current antibiotics, which has been caused by the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens. To get more insight into AMPs, we investigated the diversity and evolution of insect AMPs by mapping their phylogenetic distribution, allowing us to predict the evolutionary or

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Lyapina, Irina, Anna Filippova, and Igor Fesenko. "The Role of Peptide Signals Hidden in the Structure of Functional Proteins in Plant Immune Responses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 18 (2019): 4343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184343.

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Plants have evolved a sophisticated innate immune system to cope with a diverse range of phytopathogens and insect herbivores. Plasma-membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as receptor-like kinases (RLK), recognize special signals, pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or DAMPs), and trigger immune responses. A growing body of evidence shows that many peptides hidden in both plant and pathogen functional protein sequences belong to the group of such immune signals. However, the origin, evolution, and release mechanisms of peptide sequences from functio

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SPATAFORA, J. W., G. H. SUNG, J. M. SUNG, N. L. HYWEL-JONES, and J. F. WHITE. "Phylogenetic evidence for an animal pathogen origin of ergot and the grass endophytes." Molecular Ecology 16, no. 8 (2007): 1701–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03225.x.

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Akagi, Yasunori, Hajime Akamatsu, Hiroshi Otani, and Motoichiro Kodama. "Horizontal Chromosome Transfer, a Mechanism for the Evolution and Differentiation of a Plant-Pathogenic Fungus." Eukaryotic Cell 8, no. 11 (2009): 1732–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00135-09.

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ABSTRACT The tomato pathotype of Alternaria alternata produces host-specific AAL toxin and causes Alternaria stem canker on tomato. A polyketide synthetase (PKS) gene, ALT1, which is involved in AAL toxin biosynthesis, resides on a 1.0-Mb conditionally dispensable chromosome (CDC) found only in the pathogenic and AAL toxin-producing strains. Genomic sequences of ALT1 and another PKS gene, both of which reside on the CDC in the tomato pathotype strains, were compared to those of tomato pathotype strains collected worldwide. This revealed that the sequences of both CDC genes were identical among

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Ghosh, Asit Ranjan. "Appraisal of Microbial Evolution to Commensalism and Pathogenicity in Humans." Clinical Medicine Insights: Gastroenterology 6 (January 2013): CGast.S11858. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cgast.s11858.

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The human body is host to a number of microbes occurring in various forms of host-microbe associations, such as commensals, mutualists, pathogens and opportunistic symbionts. While this association with microbes in certain cases is beneficial to the host, in many other cases it seems to offer no evident benefit or motive. The emergence and re-emergence of newer varieties of infectious diseases with causative agents being strains that were once living in the human system makes it necessary to study the environment and the dynamics under which this host microbe relationship thrives. The present

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Chen, W. Q., L. R. Wu, T. G. Liu, et al. "Race Dynamics, Diversity, and Virulence Evolution in Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the Causal Agent of Wheat Stripe Rust in China from 2003 to 2007." Plant Disease 93, no. 11 (2009): 1093–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-11-1093.

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Stripe (or yellow) rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is the most destructive foliar disease of wheat in China. The pathogen populations were analyzed for virulence evolution, complexity, phenotypic dynamics, and diversity on temporal and spatial bases. A total of 41 races were identified and characterized from 4,714 stripe rust isolates collected during 2003 through 2007 from wheat growing areas in 15 provinces in China. The races were based on avirulence/virulence patterns to 19 differential host genotypes. Chinese stripe rust population exhibited high diversity with a comple

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Normark, Benjamin B., and Laura Ross. "Genetic conflict, kin and the origins of novel genetic systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1642 (2014): 20130364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0364.

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Genetic conflict may have played an important role in the evolution of novel genetic systems. The ancestral system of eumendelian genetics is highly symmetrical. Those derived from it (e.g. thelytokous parthenogenesis, haplodiploidy and parent-specific allele expression) are more asymmetrical in the genetic role played by maternal versus paternal alleles. These asymmetries may have arisen from maternal–paternal genetic conflict, or cytonuclear conflict, or from an interaction between them. Asymmetric genetic systems are much more common in terrestrial and freshwater taxa than in marine taxa. W

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Ramos-Silva, Paula, Mónica Serrano, and Adriano O. Henriques. "From Root to Tips: Sporulation Evolution and Specialization in Bacillus subtilis and the Intestinal Pathogen Clostridioides difficile." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 12 (2019): 2714–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz175.

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Abstract Bacteria of the Firmicutes phylum are able to enter a developmental pathway that culminates with the formation of highly resistant, dormant endospores. Endospores allow environmental persistence, dissemination and for pathogens, are also infection vehicles. In both the model Bacillus subtilis, an aerobic organism, and in the intestinal pathogen Clostridioides difficile, an obligate anaerobe, sporulation mobilizes hundreds of genes. Their expression is coordinated between the forespore and the mother cell, the two cells that participate in the process, and is kept in close register wit

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Simmonds, Peter. "2000 Fleming Lecture. The origin and evolution of hepatitis viruses in humans." Journal of General Virology 82, no. 4 (2001): 693–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-82-4-693.

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The spread and origins of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in human populations have been the subject of extensive investigations, not least because of the importance this information would provide in predicting clinical outcomes and controlling spread of HCV in the future. However, in the absence of historical and archaeological records of infection, the evolution of HCV and other human hepatitis viruses can only be inferred indirectly from their epidemiology and by genetic analysis of contemporary virus populations. Some information on the history of the latter may be obtained by dating the time of d

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Alexander, David C., Christine Y. Turenne, and Marcel A. Behr. "Insertion and Deletion Events That Define the Pathogen Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 3 (2008): 1018–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01340-08.

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ABSTRACT Mycobacterium avium comprises genetically related yet phenotypically distinct subspecies. Consistent with their common origin, whole-genome sequence comparisons have revealed extensive synteny among M. avium organisms. However, the sequenced strains also display numerous regions of heterogeneity that likely contribute to the diversity of the individual subspecies. Starting from a phylogenetic framework derived by multilocus sequence analysis, we examined the distribution of 25 large sequence polymorphisms across a panel of genetically defined M. avium strains. This distribution was mo

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Matsuura, Yu, Minoru Moriyama, Piotr Łukasik, et al. "Recurrent symbiont recruitment from fungal parasites in cicadas." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 26 (2018): E5970—E5979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803245115.

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Diverse insects are associated with ancient bacterial symbionts, whose genomes have often suffered drastic reduction and degeneration. In extreme cases, such symbiont genomes seem almost unable to sustain the basic cellular functioning, which comprises an open question in the evolution of symbiosis. Here, we report an insect group wherein an ancient symbiont lineage suffering massive genome erosion has experienced recurrent extinction and replacement by host-associated pathogenic microbes. Cicadas are associated with the ancient bacterial co-obligate symbiontsSulciaandHodgkinia, whose streamli

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Solomon, Tom, Haolin Ni, David W. C. Beasley, Miquel Ekkelenkamp, Mary Jane Cardosa, and Alan D. T. Barrett. "Origin and Evolution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Southeast Asia." Journal of Virology 77, no. 5 (2003): 3091–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.5.3091-3098.2003.

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ABSTRACT Since it emerged in Japan in the 1870s, Japanese encephalitis has spread across Asia and has become the most important cause of epidemic encephalitis worldwide. Four genotypes of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are presently recognized (representatives of genotypes I to III have been fully sequenced), but its origin is not known. We have determined the complete nucleotide and amino acid sequence of a genotype IV Indonesian isolate (JKT6468) which represents the oldest lineage, compared it with other fully sequenced genomes, and examined the geographical distribution of all known iso

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Kagkli, Dafni-Maria, Vassilios Iliopoulos, Virginia Stergiou, Anna Lazaridou, and George-John Nychas. "Differential Listeria monocytogenes Strain Survival and Growth in Katiki, a Traditional Greek Soft Cheese, at Different Storage Temperatures." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 11 (2009): 3621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01571-08.

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ABSTRACT Katiki Domokou is a traditional Greek cheese, which has received the Protected Designation of Origin recognition since 1994. Its microfloras have not been studied although its structure and composition may enable (or even favor) the survival and growth of several pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes. The persistence of L. monocytogenes during storage at different temperatures has been the subject of many studies since temperature abuse of food products is often encountered. In the present study, five strains of L. monocytogenes were aseptically inoculated individually and as a

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Bіlokonov, I. I. "On the origin and evolution of Bacillus anthracis." Veterinary Medicine: inter-departmental subject scientific collection, no. 105 (August 7, 2019): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36016/vm-2019-105-1.

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The paper presents data on the monitoring of the origin and evolution of B. anthracis, which show that the microbe became virulent for humans and animals through the initial transformation into B. cereus group containing a number of closely related species of many spore forming microorganisms inhabiting soil. This was followed by the divergence of B. anthracis from the rest of B. cereus group as a result of obtaining virulence factors such as plasmids рХО1 and рХО2, which determine synthesis of the main virulence factors — the toxin and the capsule. The evolution of Bac. anthracis and the dise

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Barton, John P., Mehran Kardar, and Arup K. Chakraborty. "Scaling laws describe memories of host–pathogen riposte in the HIV population." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 7 (2015): 1965–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1415386112.

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The enormous genetic diversity and mutability of HIV has prevented effective control of this virus by natural immune responses or vaccination. Evolution of the circulating HIV population has thus occurred in response to diverse, ultimately ineffective, immune selection pressures that randomly change from host to host. We show that the interplay between the diversity of human immune responses and the ways that HIV mutates to evade them results in distinct sets of sequences defined by similar collectively coupled mutations. Scaling laws that relate these sets of sequences resemble those observed

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Forrest, Heather L., and Robert G. Webster. "Perspectives on influenza evolution and the role of research." Animal Health Research Reviews 11, no. 1 (2010): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252310000071.

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AbstractInfluenza is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen that continues to evolve and threaten both veterinary and human public health. Influenza A viruses are continually undergoing molecular changes through mutations, reassortment, and, in rare instances, recombination. While they generally cause benign enteric infection in their natural reservoir of wild aquatic birds, they can cause catastrophic and potentially lethal disease outbreaks in humans, domestic poultry, and pigs when they cross the host species barrier. The continuing circulation of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 influenza vir

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