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Academic literature on the topic 'Pathogenic;Blood Parasites'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pathogenic;Blood Parasites"
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Zheng, Jingtong, He Pan, Yinuo Gu, Xu Zuo, Nan Ran, Yuze Yuan, Chao Zhang, and Fang Wang. "Prospects for Malaria Vaccines: Pre-Erythrocytic Stages, Blood Stages, and Transmission-Blocking Stages." BioMed Research International 2019 (October 3, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9751471.
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Malaria is a disease of public health importance in many parts of the world. Currently, there is no effective way to eradicate malaria, so developing safe, efficient, and cost-effective vaccines against this disease remains an important goal. Current research on malaria vaccines is focused on developing vaccines against pre-erythrocytic stage parasites and blood-stage parasites or on developing a transmission-blocking vaccine. Here, we briefly describe the progress made towards a vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum, the most pathogenic of the malaria parasite species to infect humans.
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Ozwara, Hastings, Jan A. M. Langermans, Clemens H. M. Kocken, Annemarie van der Wel, Peter H. van der Meide, Richard A. W. Vervenne, Jason M. Mwenda, and Alan W. Thomas. "Transfected Plasmodium knowlesi Produces Bioactive Host Gamma Interferon: a New Perspective for Modulating Immune Responses to Malaria Parasites." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 8 (August 2003): 4375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.8.4375-4381.2003.
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ABSTRACT Transgenic pathogenic microorganisms expressing host cytokines such as gamma interferon (IFN-γ) have been shown to manipulate host-pathogen interaction, leading to immunomodulation and enhanced protection. Expression of host cytokines in malaria parasites offers the opportunity to investigate the potential of an immunomodulatory approach by generating immunopotentiated parasites. Using the primate malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi, we explored the conditions for expressing host cytokines in malaria parasites. P. knowlesi parasites transfected with DNA constructs for expressing rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) IFN-γ under the control of the heterologous P. berghei apical membrane antigen 1 promoter, produced bioactive IFN-γ in a developmentally regulated manner. IFN-γ expression had no marked effect on in vitro parasite development. Bioactivity of the parasite-produced IFN-γ was shown through inhibition of virus cytopathic effect and confirmed by using M. mulatta peripheral blood cells in vitro. These data indicate for the first time that it is feasible to generate malaria parasites expressing bioactive host immunomodulatory cytokines. Furthermore, cytokine-expressing malaria parasites offer the opportunity to analyze cytokine-mediated modulation of malaria during the blood and liver stages of the infection.
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Rendón-Franco, Emilio, Osvaldo López-Díaz, Fernando Martínez-Hernández, Guiehdani Villalobos, Claudia Irais Muñoz-García, Nidia Aréchiga-Ceballos, Jorge Alberto Alfonso-Toledo, María Martha García Flores, and Alvaro Aguilar Setién. "Litomosoides sp. (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) Infection in Frugivorous Bats (Artibeus spp.): Pathological Features, Molecular Evidence, and Prevalence." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 2 (May 10, 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4020077.
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Bats can host pathogenic organisms such as viruses and fungi, but little is known about the pathogenicity of their parasites. Hemoparasites are frequently recorded in Neotropical bats, particularly Litomosoides (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae), but their pathogenic effect on bats is scarcely known. In this work, Litomosoides microfilariae were identified in four (8%) out of 51 sampled frugivorous bats belonging to three different species: Artibeus aztecus, Artibeus jamaicensis, and Artibeus lituratus, which are located in Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico. Two infected animals showed weakness, tachypnoea, and ecchymosis on their wings. In these animals, histopathology revealed microfilariae in the blood vessels of the lung, liver, and spleen. Both animals presented exudative pneumonia with congestion and concomitant edema, in addition to moderate arterial hypertrophy. Parasitemia was quantified in blood samples of the infected animals (>3000 parasites/mL). Phylogenetic analysis placed the obtained sequence inside the Litomosoides genus, reaching over 98% identity to the related species. Due to the relevance of bats in ecosystems, any new record of their parasite repertoire offers noteworthy insights into our understanding of the ecology and impact of new parasite species in bats.
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Adams, Dayvion R., Andrew J. Golnar, Sarah A. Hamer, Michel A. Slotman, and Gabriel L. Hamer. "Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) survivorship following the ingestion of bird blood infected with Haemoproteus sp. parasites." Parasitology Research 120, no. 7 (June 10, 2021): 2343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07196-7.
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AbstractArthropod vectors are frequently exposed to a diverse assemblage of parasites, but the consequence of these infections on their biology and behavior are poorly understood. We experimentally evaluated whether the ingestion of a common protozoan parasite of avian hosts (Haemoproteus spp.; Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae) impacted the survivorship of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae). Blood was collected from wild northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) in College Station, Texas, and screened for the presence of Haemoproteus spp. parasites using microscopic and molecular methods. Experimental groups of Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were offered Haemoproteus-positive cardinal blood through an artificial feeding apparatus, while control groups received Haemoproteus-negative cardinal blood or domestic canary (Serinus canaria domestica) blood. Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes exposed to Haemoproteus infected cardinal blood survived significantly fewer days than mosquitoes that ingested Haemoproteus-negative cardinal blood. The survival of mosquitoes fed on positive cardinal blood had a median survival time of 18 days post-exposure and the survival of mosquitoes fed on negative cardinal blood exceeded 50% across the 30 day observation period. Additionally, mosquitoes that fed on canary controls survived significantly fewer days than cardinal negative controls, with canary control mosquitoes having a median survival time of 17 days. This study further supports prior observations that Haemoproteus parasites can be pathogenic to bird-biting mosquitoes, and suggests that Haemoproteus parasites may indirectly suppress the transmission of co-circulating vector-borne pathogens by modulating vector survivorship. Our results also suggest that even in the absence of parasite infection, bloodmeals from different bird species can influence mosquito survivorship.
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Gramaglia, Irene, Joyce Velez, Valery Combes, Georges E. R. Grau, Melanie Wree, and Henri C. van der Heyde. "Platelets activate a pathogenic response to blood-stage Plasmodium infection but not a protective immune response." Blood 129, no. 12 (March 23, 2017): 1669–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-08-733519.
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Husnik, Filip. "Host–symbiont–pathogen interactions in blood-feeding parasites: nutrition, immune cross-talk and gene exchange." Parasitology 145, no. 10 (April 12, 2018): 1294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018000574.
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AbstractAnimals are common hosts of mutualistic, commensal and pathogenic microorganisms. Blood-feeding parasites feed on a diet that is nutritionally unbalanced and thus often rely on symbionts to supplement essential nutrients. However, they are also of medical importance as they can be infected by pathogens such as bacteria, protists or viruses that take advantage of the blood-feeding nutritional strategy for own transmission. Since blood-feeding evolved multiple times independently in diverse animals, it showcases a gradient of host–microbe interactions. While some parasitic lineages are possibly asymbiotic and manage to supplement their diet from other food sources, other lineages are either loosely associated with extracellular gut symbionts or harbour intracellular obligate symbionts that are essential for the host development and reproduction. What is perhaps even more diverse are the pathogenic lineages that infect blood-feeding parasites. This microbial diversity not only puts the host into a complicated situation – distinguishing between microorganisms that can greatly decrease or increase its fitness – but also increases opportunity for horizontal gene transfer to occur in this environment. In this review, I first introduce this diversity of mutualistic and pathogenic microorganisms associated with blood-feeding animals and then focus on patterns in their interactions, particularly nutrition, immune cross-talk and gene exchange.
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Droleskey, R. E., T. M. Craig, A. J. Roussel, P. J. Holman, and L. H. Stanker. "The Use of Semi-Thick Sections to Evaluate the Association Between a Species of Theileria and the Erythrocyte Membrane." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600007443.
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Relatively benign or mildly pathogenic strains of bovine Theileria, an intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite, have been reported in many parts of the world including T. mutans in Africa, T. buffeli in Australia, T. orientalis in Britain, and a Theileria sp. from the Southwestern United States (US). Although the Theileria found in the US has not been specifically speciated, it has been referred to as T. mutans-like and as T. orientalis (USA). Although cattle in the US infected with these Theileria spp. usually have a circulating parasitemia of less than 1% and are asymptomatic, recently an animal suffering from severe anemia was admitted to the Large Animal Clinic at Texas A&M University with a circulating parasitemia of over 50%.Parasites in Giemsa stained blood films were pleomorphic in shape, with some parasites apparently connected to the erythrocyte membrane (Fig. 1) by structures which appeared similar to the bar structure found within eland (Taurotragus oryx) erythrocytes parasitized by T. taurotragi. Examination by TEM revealed that in addition to the main body of the parasite, parasitized erythrocytes contained parasites which possessed cytoplasmic extensions and an interaction between the parasite and the erythrocyte membrane which involved invaginations of the erythrocyte membrane which appeared to be surrounded by parasite cytoplasm (Fig. 2).
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BUNBURY, N., E. BARTON, C. G. JONES, A. G. GREENWOOD, K. M. TYLER, and D. J. BELL. "Avian blood parasites in an endangered columbid: Leucocytozoon marchouxi in the Mauritian Pink Pigeon Columba mayeri." Parasitology 134, no. 6 (January 4, 2007): 797–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182006002149.
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SUMMARYThere is increasing evidence that pathogens can play a significant role in species decline. This study of a complete free-living species reveals a cost of blood parasitism to an endangered host, the Pink Pigeon Columba mayeri, endemic to Mauritius. We investigated the prevalence and effect of infection of the blood parasite, Leucocytozoon marchouxi, in the free-living Pink Pigeon population. Overall, L. marchouxi infection prevalence detected was 18·3%. Juveniles were more likely to be infected than older birds and there was geographical variation in infection prevalence. Survival of birds infected with L. marchouxi was lower than that of uninfected birds to 90 days post-sampling. This study suggests that while common haematozoa are well tolerated in healthy adults, these parasites may have greater pathogenic potential in susceptible juveniles. The study is unusual given its completeness of species sampling (96%) within a short time-period, the accurate host age data, and its focus on blood parasites in a threatened bird species. Species for which long-term life-history data are available for every individual serve as valuable models for dissecting the contribution of particular pathogens to species decline.
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Homer, Mary J., Irma Aguilar-Delfin, Sam R. Telford, Peter J. Krause, and David H. Persing. "Babesiosis." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 13, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 451–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.13.3.451.
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SUMMARY Babesiosis is an emerging, tick-transmitted, zoonotic disease caused by hematotropic parasites of the genus Babesia. Babesial parasites (and those of the closely related genus Theileria) are some of the most ubiquitous and widespread blood parasites in the world, second only to the trypanosomes, and consequently have considerable worldwide economic, medical, and veterinary impact. The parasites are intraerythrocytic and are commonly called piroplasms due to the pear-shaped forms found within infected red blood cells. The piroplasms are transmitted by ixodid ticks and are capable of infecting a wide variety of vertebrate hosts which are competent in maintaining the transmission cycle. Studies involving animal hosts other than humans have contributed significantly to our understanding of the disease process, including possible pathogenic mechanisms of the parasite and immunological responses of the host. To date, there are several species of Babesia that can infect humans, Babesia microti being the most prevalent. Infections with Babesia species generally follow regional distributions; cases in the United States are caused primarily by B. microti, whereas cases in Europe are usually caused by Babesia divergens. The spectrum of disease manifestation is broad, ranging from a silent infection to a fulminant, malaria-like disease, resulting in severe hemolysis and occasionally in death. Recent advances have resulted in the development of several diagnostic tests which have increased the level of sensitivity in detection, thereby facilitating diagnosis, expediting appropriate patient management, and resulting in a more accurate epidemiological description.
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Mayor, Alfredo, Nivedita Bir, Ritica Sawhney, Shailja Singh, Priyabrata Pattnaik, Saurabh Kumar Singh, Amit Sharma, and Chetan E. Chitnis. "Receptor-binding residues lie in central regions of Duffy-binding–like domains involved in red cell invasion and cytoadherence by malaria parasites." Blood 105, no. 6 (March 15, 2005): 2557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-05-1722.
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AbstractErythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites and cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to host capillaries are 2 key pathogenic mechanisms in malaria. The receptor-binding domains of erythrocyte-binding proteins (EBPs) such as Plasmodium falciparum EBA-175, which mediate invasion, and P falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP-1) family members, which are encoded by var genes and mediate cytoadherence, have been mapped to conserved cysteine-rich domains referred to as Duffy-binding–like (DBL) domains. Here, we have mapped regions within DBL domains from EBPs and PfEMP-1 that contain receptor-binding residues. Using biochemical and molecular methods we demonstrate that the receptor-binding residues of parasite ligands that bind sialic acid on glycophorin A for invasion as well as complement receptor-1 and chondroitin sulfate A for cytoadherence map to central regions of DBL domains. In contrast, binding to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) requires both the central and terminal regions of DBLβC2 domains. Determination of functional regions within DBL domains is the first step toward understanding the structure-function bases for their interaction with diverse host receptors.
Books on the topic "Pathogenic;Blood Parasites"
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Barsoum, Rashad S. Schistosomiasis. Edited by Neil Sheerin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0181_update_001.
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AbstractSchistosomes are blood flukes that parasitize humans, apes, cattle, and other animals. In these definitive hosts they are bisexual, and lay eggs which are shed to fresh water where they complete an asexual cycle in different snails, ending in the release of cercariae which infect the definitive hosts to complete the life cycle.Seven of over 100 species of schistosomes are human pathogens, causing disease in different organs depending on the parasite species. Racial and genetic factors are involved in susceptibility, severity, and sequelae of infection.Morbidity is induced by the host’s immune response to schistosomal antigens. The latter include tegument, microsomal, gut, and oval antigens. The former are important in the process of invasion and establishment of infection, oval antigens in formation of granulomata which lead to fibrosis in different sites, and the gut antigens constitute the main circulating antigens in established infection, leading to immune-complex disease, particularly in the kidneys. The host immunological response includes innate and adaptive mechanisms, the former being the front line responsible for removing 90% of the infecting cercarial load. Adaptive immunity includes a Th1 phase, dominated by activation of an acute inflammatory response, followed by a prolonged Th2 phase which is responsible for immunity to re-infection as well as progression of tissue injury. Switching from Th1 to Th2 phases is controlled by functional and morphological change in the antigen-presenting cells, which is achieved by molecules of host as well as parasitic origin.Many cells participate in parasite killing, but also in the induction of tissue injury. The most potent of these is the eosinophil, which by binding antibodies to the parasite, particularly immunoglobulin E, facilitates parasite elimination. However, this process is complex, including agonist as well as antagonist pathways, which provide escape mechanisms for the parasite to survive, thereby achieving a delicate balance that permits schistosomes to live for decades in the infected host.
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Garcia, Lynne S. Laboratory Diagnosis Of Blood-borne Parasitic Diseases, M15-a: Approved Guideline. NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR CLINICAL LAB STANDARDS, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Pathogenic;Blood Parasites"
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Gupta, Pawan. "Infectious Diseases." In Oxford Assess and Progress: Emergency Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199599530.003.0014.
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An infectious disease, as the name implies, is caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, and it spreads from one person to another through various ways, directly or indirectly. Most, but not all, of such diseases present to the ED with fever. Septic shock, respiratory failure, or central nervous system involvement may occur following an infection and threaten life. Such a situation presenting with tachycardia, reduced BP, tachypnoea, or depressed GCS requires immediate assessment and resuscitation. Following the principles of ABCDE, promptly carry out airway protection, oxygenation, and IV access with collection of blood samples for investigations, and fluid resuscitation. The aetiology of fever may be wide ranging, but a careful history and a detailed physical examination should help in determining the cause in majority of cases presenting to the ED. In addition to this, the initial investigations may help further in establishing the diagnosis. In elderly patients, the source of such infections may be the respiratory system, the genitourinary system or the involvement of the soft tissues, and they are often serious. In the otherwise healthy younger patient, one must keep in mind the other systems such as the central nervous system, as well as abdominal and soft tissue infections. Patients may often present in septic shock. Even if the cause of a fever may not be evident at the outset, the best ‘guestimate’ often helps in determining which antibiotics to start with, which should be given as soon as the culture samples have been collected. One must make every effort to collect appropriate samples of body fluids (blood, urine, stool, sputum, etc.) to find the source of infection so that targeted antimicrobial therapy may be started if the empirical treatment has not worked. A discussion with the on-call microbiologist to properly direct the empirical antibiotic therapy is often most rewarding. A patient with an infectious disease may put others at risk as well, resulting in devastating effects, particularly in hospitals.
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O’Brien, Sarah. "Gastrointestinal infections." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Jack Satsangi, 3008–24. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0313.
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Gastrointestinal infections, especially diarrhoea and vomiting, are responsible for substantial morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic penalties worldwide. Poor sanitation, inadequate water supplies, and globalization of food production, processing, and retailing increase the risk of large epidemics of food- and waterborne outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease. Acute diarrhoea can be caused by a range of pathogens. Gastrointestinal pathogens usually cause three principal syndromes: acute watery diarrhoea, acute bloody diarrhoea (inflammatory diarrhoea or dysentery), and persistent diarrhoea. They can also cause systemic disease. Patients who do not have high fever (>38.5°C), systemic illness, tenesmus, bloody diarrhoea, a prolonged course (>2 weeks), or dehydration require neither investigation nor treatment. Investigation is required in patients with any of these features, with faecal specimens examined by culture (bacterial pathogens and some protozoa), microscopy (ova, cysts, and parasites), immunoassays (some protozoa and viruses), and molecular methods, usually polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or reverse transcriptase PCR (bacterial toxin genes and viruses). A specific laboratory diagnosis is useful epidemiologically and therapeutically. Oral rehydration therapy is the priority for patients with mild to moderate diarrhoea as long as vomiting is not a major feature. Antimicrobial therapy is not recommended or usually required for uncomplicated diarrhoea, but antibiotic treatment is beneficial for cholera, giardiasis, cyclosporiasis, shigellosis, symptomatic traveller’s diarrhoea, Clostridium difficile diarrhoea, and typhoid. Antimotility drugs are useful in controlling moderate to severe diarrhoea in adults but they are not generally recommended for infants and young children under the age of 4 years. Strict attention to food and water precautions and hand washing helps reduce the risk of gastrointestinal infections. Immunization has not yet proved successful for combating many gastrointestinal pathogens, with the notable exception of rotavirus.
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Alewy Almashhadany, Dhary. "Meat Borne Diseases." In Meat and Nutrition. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97391.
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Red and white meat is a perfect, high-quality protein that comprises all of the nine essential amino acids (EAAs) that cannot be synthesized endogenously. Meat is the normal source of this vitamin, as well as other types of vitamins. Meat affords a range of significant vitamins and minerals that the human body needs, many of which are more bioavailable and easily absorbed than the nutrients found in plant sources. The nutrients in meat support the immune system, participate in the formation of muscle tissue, red blood cells (RBCs), and hormones, and warranty accurate functioning of the nervous system. These nutrients also affect the human senses of smell and taste, benefit our thyroids, and support antioxidant production. The main sources of pathogens in meat and meat products are; the animal itself; human handlers; equipment’s in contact, environmental sources, and water used in the preparation. Meat Borne Diseases, since ancient times, played a central role in public health. This chapter is divided into nine parts, part one to part eight deals with the most important pathogens that have been associated with meat borne diseases (MBDs), these include, Meat Borne Prionic Diseases; Viral Diseases; Bacterial Diseases; Protozoal Diseases; Parasitic Diseases; Fungal Diseases; Mycotoxins; Rickettsial Diseases; while the nine-part deal with the methods of meat preservation and storage.
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Kompanets, Eduard, and Viktoria Lavrynenko. "ECOSYSTEM CONNECTIONS AND FISH HEALTH." In Priority areas for development of scientific research: domestic and foreign experience. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-049-0-40.
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Ecosystems are subject to many human influences. The balance between species is disturbed due to interference with the aquatic environment. Due to environmental pollution, its impact on fish and other aquatic organisms changes. This affects ecosystem connections. Changes in the environment also change the adaptive capacity of fish, leading to impaired health. Also, there is a need to study the protective capabilities of fish from the naturally occurring opportunistic species Aeromonas hydrophila, which causes infections in them. In natural hydrobiocenoses, fish, as well as pathogens of its diseases (aeromonads) are components of food chains formed by evolution. Literature sources prove that aeromonads are normally present in microbial associations of benthic microflora as a normal saprophytic component of hydroecosystems. These bacteria feed on organic residues that are concentrated at the bottom of water bodies and perform a sanitary function, like other similar types of microorganisms. The health of fish depends on their ability to adapt to the environment. Usually in the wild, fish are rarely susceptible to disease. Local populations for a long time of coexistence have formed a certain balance with other species, including parasitic. The balance is reflected by a certain rate of abundance between species. Imbalance due to fishing from the reservoir, or, conversely, with an artificial increase in numbers, leads to changes in the aquatic environment. Changes in the habitat of fish affect themselves. Fish health is changing. In nature, such a disease as aeromonosis is an ecological concept. Violation of the ecological conditions of the species leads to stress, and reduced immunity in fish, leads to fish disease. In aeromonad infections with weak symptoms in carp, a decrease in biological parameters was observed: growth, body weight, fatness and survival (57.1%). The number of blood cells in diseased fish decreased, especially leukocytes and lymphocytes. The percentage of T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood of carp-infected carp increased. The introduction of the bacterium stimulated the immune response – an increase in the percentage of T-lymphocytes. The percentage of B cells did not increase significantly. In diseased fish, the percentage and number of low-activity T-lymphocytes increased, which corresponded to the presence of an immune response to the bacterium. The values of antibacterial activity of blood serum (BASC) in both groups of fish did not change.