Journal articles: 'Pathogenic fungi – Molecular aspects'

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Fonseca, Sandra, Dhanya Radhakrishnan, Kalika Prasad, and Andrea Chini. "Fungal Production and Manipulation of Plant Hormones." Current Medicinal Chemistry 25, no. 2 (January 22, 2018): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170314150827.

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Living organisms are part of a highly interconnected web of interactions, characterised by species nurturing, competing, parasitizing and preying on one another. Plants have evolved cooperative as well as defensive strategies to interact with neighbour organisms. Among these, the plant-fungus associations are very diverse, ranging from pathogenic to mutualistic. Our current knowledge of plant-fungus interactions suggests a sophisticated coevolution to ensure dynamic plant responses to evolving fungal mutualistic/pathogenic strategies. The plant-fungus communication relies on a rich chemical language. To manipulate the plant defence mechanisms, fungi produce and secrete several classes of biomolecules, whose modeof- action is largely unknown. Upon perception of the fungi, plants produce phytohormones and a battery of secondary metabolites that serve as defence mechanism against invaders or to promote mutualistic associations. These mutualistic chemical signals can be co-opted by pathogenic fungi for their own benefit. Among the plant molecules regulating plant-fungus interaction, phytohormones play a critical role since they modulate various aspects of plant development, defences and stress responses. Intriguingly, fungi can also produce phytohormones, although the actual role of fungalproduced phytohormones in plant-fungus interactions is poorly understood. Here, we discuss the recent advances in fungal production of phytohormone, their putative role as endogenous fungal signals and how fungi manipulate plant hormone balance to their benefits.

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Fassler, Jan S., and Ann H. West. "Histidine Phosphotransfer Proteins in Fungal Two-Component Signal Transduction Pathways." Eukaryotic Cell 12, no. 8 (June 14, 2013): 1052–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00083-13.

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ABSTRACTThe histidine phosphotransfer (HPt) protein Ypd1 is an important participant in theSaccharomyces cerevisiaemultistep two-component signal transduction pathway and, unlike the expanded histidine kinase gene family, is encoded by a single gene in nearly all model and pathogenic fungi. Ypd1 is essential for viability in bothS. cerevisiaeand inCryptococcus neoformans. These and other aspects of Ypd1 biology, combined with the availability of structural and mutational data inS. cerevisiae, suggest that the essential interactions between Ypd1 and response regulator domains would be a good target for antifungal drug development. The goal of this minireview is to summarize the wealth of data onS. cerevisiaeYpd1 and to consider the potential benefits of conducting related studies in pathogenic fungi.

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Kijpornyongpan, Teeratas, and M. Catherine Aime. "Investigating the Smuts: Common Cues, Signaling Pathways, and the Role of MAT in Dimorphic Switching and Pathogenesis." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4 (December 16, 2020): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040368.

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The corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis serves as a model species for studying fungal dimorphism and its role in phytopathogenic development. The pathogen has two growth phases: a saprobic yeast phase and a pathogenic filamentous phase. Dimorphic transition of U. maydis involves complex processes of signal perception, mating, and cellular reprogramming. Recent advances in improvement of reference genomes, high-throughput sequencing and molecular genetics studies have been expanding research in this field. However, the biology of other non-model species is frequently overlooked. This leads to uncertainty regarding how much of what is known in U. maydis is applicable to other dimorphic fungi. In this review, we will discuss dimorphic fungi in the aspects of physiology, reproductive biology, genomics, and molecular genetics. We also perform comparative analyses between U. maydis and other fungi in Ustilaginomycotina, the subphylum to which U. maydis belongs. We find that lipid/hydrophobicity is a potential common cue for dimorphic transition in plant-associated dimorphic fungi. However, genomic profiles alone are not adequate to explain dimorphism across different fungi.

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Cornet, Muriel, and Claude Gaillardin. "pH Signaling in Human Fungal Pathogens: a New Target for Antifungal Strategies." Eukaryotic Cell 13, no. 3 (January 17, 2014): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00313-13.

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ABSTRACTFungi are exposed to broadly fluctuating environmental conditions, to which adaptation is crucial for their survival. An ability to respond to a wide pH range, in particular, allows them to cope with rapid changes in their extracellular settings. PacC/Rim signaling elicits the primary pH response in both model and pathogenic fungi and has been studied in multiple fungal species. In the predominant human pathogenic fungi, namely,Candida albicans,Aspergillus fumigatus, andCryptococcus neoformans, this pathway is required for many functions associated with pathogenesis and virulence. Aspects of this pathway are fungus specific and do not exist in mammalian cells. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of PacC/Rim-mediated functions and discuss the growing interest in this cascade and its factors as potential drug targets for antifungal strategies. We focus on both conserved and distinctive features in model and pathogenic fungi, highlighting the specificities of PacC/Rim signaling inC. albicans,A. fumigatus, andC. neoformans. We consider the role of this pathway in fungal virulence, including modulation of the host immune response. Finally, as now recognized for other signaling cascades, we highlight the role of pH in adaptation to antifungal drug pressure. By acting on the PacC/Rim pathway, it may therefore be possible (i) to ensure fungal specificity and to limit the side effects of drugs, (ii) to ensure broad-spectrum efficacy, (iii) to attenuate fungal virulence, (iv) to obtain additive or synergistic effects with existing antifungal drugs through tolerance inhibition, and (v) to slow the emergence of resistant mutants.

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Niture, Suryakant. "Comparative biochemical and structural characterizations of fungal polygalacturonases." Biologia 63, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11756-008-0018-y.

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AbstractEndo- and exo-polygalacturonases produced by various fungi are involved in the degradation of pectic substances. They have found a wide range of applications in the food and textile industries. Several phyto-pathogenic fungi secrete polygalacturonases and they act as virulence factors during plant pathogenesis. The comparison of biochemical properties of different fungal polygalacturonases, their mechanism of actions, structural aspects and interactions with inhibitors/proteins could be used as a possible strategy for the fungal-crop disease management. This review focuses on fungal polygalacturonases, including their regulation, comparative biochemical and structural characterizations and their interactions with inhibitors.

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Sharma, Kripa, and R. V. Singh. "Synthetic, Spectroscopic and Biocidal Aspects of Heterobimetallic Complexes Comprising Platinum(II) and a Group Four or Fourteen Element." Metal-Based Drugs 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/mbd.2000.1.

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Heterobimetallic complexes with varying amines have been synthesized by the reaction of [Pt(C2H8N2)2]Cl2 with group four or fourteen organometallic dichlorides, viz., R2MCl2 and Cp2M'Cl2 in a 1:2 molar ratio in MeOH (where M=Si or Sn, M'= Ti or Zr and R=Ph or Me). These complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molecular weight determinations, magnetic measurements, conductance, IR, H1 NMR and electronic spectra. The spectral data suggest a square planar geometry for all the complexes. Conductivity data suggest that they behave as electrolytes. These monometallic precursors along with their complexes have been screened in vitro against a number of pathogenic fungi and bacteria to assess their growth inhibiting potential.

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Hamilos, Georgios, George Samonis, and Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis. "Recent Advances in the Use ofDrosophila melanogasteras a Model to Study Immunopathogenesis of Medically Important Filamentous Fungi." International Journal of Microbiology 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/583792.

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Airborne opportunistic fungi, includingAspergillusand other less common saprophytic molds, have recently emerged as important causes of mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of host-fungal interplay in robust experimental pathosystems is becoming a research priority for development of novel therapeutics to combat these devastating infections. Over the past decade, invertebrate hosts with evolutionarily conserved innate immune signaling pathways and powerful genetics, such asDrosophila melanogaster, have been employed as a means to overcome logistic restrains associated with the use mammalian models of fungal infections. Recent studies inDrosophilamodels of filamentous fungi demonstrated that several genes implicated in fungal virulence in mammals also play a similarly important pathogenic role in fruit flies, and important host-related aspects in fungal pathogenesis are evolutionarily conserved. In view of recent advances inDrosophilagenetics, fruit flies will become an invaluable surrogate model to study immunopathogenesis of fungal diseases.

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Chaves, Alison Felipe Alencar, Marina Valente Navarro, Yasmin Nascimento de Barros, Rafael Souza Silva, Patricia Xander, and Wagner Luiz Batista. "Updates in Paracoccidioides Biology and Genetic Advances in Fungus Manipulation." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7020116.

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The dimorphic fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus are the causative agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). This disease is endemic in Latin America and primarily affects workers in rural areas. PCM is considered a neglected disease, despite being a disabling disease that has a notable impact on the public health system. Paracoccidioides spp. are thermally dimorphic fungi that present infective mycelia at 25 °C and differentiate into pathogenic yeast forms at 37 °C. This transition involves a series of morphological, structural, and metabolic changes which are essential for their survival inside hosts. As a pathogen, the fungus is subjected to several varieties of stress conditions, including the host immune response, which involves the production of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, thermal stress due to temperature changes during the transition, pH alterations within phagolysosomes, and hypoxia inside granulomas. Over the years, studies focusing on understanding the establishment and development of PCM have been conducted with several limitations due to the low effectiveness of strategies for the genetic manipulation of Paracoccidioides spp. This review describes the most relevant biological features of Paracoccidioides spp., including aspects of the phylogeny, ecology, stress response, infection, and evasion mechanisms of the fungus. We also discuss the genetic aspects and difficulties of fungal manipulation, and, finally, describe the advances in molecular biology that may be employed in molecular research on this fungus in the future.

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Sharma, Kripa, S. C. Joshi, and R. V. Singh. "Fertility Inhibitor Heterobimetallic Complexes of Platinum(II) and Palladium(II): Synthetic, Spectroscopic and Antimicrobial Aspects." Metal-Based Drugs 7, no. 2 (January 1, 2000): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/mbd.2000.105.

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Synthetic, spectroscopic and antimicrobial aspects of some fertility inhibitor heterobimetallic complexes have been carried out. These heterobimetallic chelates [M(C5H5N3)2M2'(R)4]Cl2 (M = Pd or Pt and M' = Si, Sn, Ti and Zr) have been successfully synthesinzed via the reaction of M(C5H7N3)2Cl2 with group four or fourteen dichlorides in 1:2 stoichiometric proportions. The products were characterized by elemental analyses, molecular weight determinations, magnetic susceptibility measurements, conductance, and IR multinuclear NMR and electronic spectral studies. A square planar geometry has been suggested for all the complexes with the help of spectral data. Conductivity data strongly suggest that chlorine atoms are ionic in nature due to which complexes behave as electrolytes. All the complexes have been evaluated for their antmicrobial effects on different species of pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The testicular sperm density, testicular sperm morphology, sperm motility, density of cauda epididymal spermatozoa and fertility in mating trails and biochemical parameters of reproductive organs have been examined and discussed.

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Campos, Vicente Paulo, Renata Silva Canuto de Pinho, and Eduardo Souza Freire. "Volatiles produced by interacting microorganisms potentially useful for the control of plant pathogens." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 34, no. 3 (June 2010): 525–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542010000300001.

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The results of studies about interactions between microorganisms involving at least one plant pathogen are of interest to the areas of ethiology and control in Plant Pathology. Various aspects of these interactions have been studied over the years but the toxicity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been emphasized only recently, developing techniques and procedures, and producing additional knowledge to those already obtained with water-soluble substances. This new facet of these interactions based on VOCs is discussed in this review involving mainly fungi, bacteria and nematodes pathogenic to plants. Also discussed is the role of VOCs produced by microorganisms, especially fungi and bacteria, in soil fungistasis and the effect of VOCs on fungal agents used in the control of plant parasitic nematodes. The evidence of VOCs broadens the research studies about these interactions. However, the scarcity of the research results in this area show up gaps which need to be filled and some research proposals are discussed. The present and future accumulated VOC knowledge will perhaps be beneficial to farmers, especially aspects related to increasing soil suppressiveness to plant disease and to the finding of analog molecules of VOCs highly effective against plant pathogens.

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Renault, D., F. Déniel, E. Benizri, D. Sohier, G. Barbier, and P. Rey. "Characterization ofBacillusandPseudomonasstrains with suppressive traits isolated from tomato hydroponic-slow filtration unit." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 53, no. 6 (June 2007): 784–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w07-046.

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Bacillus and Pseudomonas spp. are known to be involved in plant pathogenic fungi elimination during the slow filtration process used in tomato soilless cultures. We isolated 6–8 strains of both Bacillus and Pseudomonas from the top, middle, and bottom sections of filters and identified them after 16S rDNA sequencing. Four Pseudomonas strains were identified as Pseudomonas fulva , 5 as Pseudomonas plecoglossicida , and 12 as Pseudomonas putida . The use of specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction primer sets designed from gyrB gene sequences additionally permitted the identification of 17 Bacillus cereus and 3 Bacillus thuringiensis strains. Ribotyping with EcoRI pointed out an important polymorphism within Bacillus and Pseudomonas strains. Molecular characterization did not reveal a correlation between the location of isolates within the filter (top, middle, or bottom) and bacterial identification or riboclusters. Functional aspects assessed by community-level physiological profiling showed marked phenotypic differences between Pseudomonas communities isolated from the top and bottom filter layers; differences were lower between Bacillus communities of different layers and far less noticeable between mixed communities of Bacillus and Pseudomonas. These strains were tested for several suppressive activities. Conversely to most Bacillus, the majority of Pseudomonas strains were auxin producers and promoted the growth of tomato plantlet roots. On the other hand, only Bacillus strains displayed antagonistic activities by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungi frequently detected in soilless cultures. Siderophores were produced by nearly all bacteria, but at higher amounts by Pseudomonas than Bacillus strains. The biocontrol agent potentiality of certain strains to optimize the slow filtration process and to promote the suppressive potential of nutrient solution is discussed.

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Kutawa, Abdulaziz Bashir, Khairulmazmi Ahmad, Asgar Ali, Mohd Zobir Hussein, Mohd Aswad Abdul Wahab, Abdullahi Adamu, Abubakar A. Ismaila, Mahesh Tiran Gunasena, Muhammad Ziaur Rahman, and Md Imam Hossain. "Trends in Nanotechnology and Its Potentialities to Control Plant Pathogenic Fungi: A Review." Biology 10, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10090881.

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Approximately 15–18% of crops losses occur as a result of animal pests, while weeds and microbial diseases cause 34 and 16% losses, respectively. Fungal pathogens cause about 70–80% losses in yield. The present strategies for plant disease control depend transcendently on agrochemicals that cause negative effects on the environment and humans. Nanotechnology can help by reducing the negative impact of the fungicides, such as enhancing the solubility of low water-soluble fungicides, increasing the shelf-life, and reducing toxicity, in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner. Despite many advantages of the utilization of nanoparticles, very few nanoparticle-based products have so far been produced in commercial quantities for agricultural purposes. The shortage of commercial uses may be associated with many factors, for example, a lack of pest crop host systems usage and the insufficient number of field trials. In some areas, nanotechnology has been advanced, and the best way to be in touch with the advances in nanotechnology in agriculture is to understand the major aspect of the research and to address the scientific gaps in order to facilitate the development which can provide a rationale of different nanoproducts in commercial quantity. In this review, we, therefore, described the properties and synthesis of nanoparticles, their utilization for plant pathogenic fungal disease control (either in the form of (a) nanoparticles alone, that act as a protectant or (b) in the form of a nanocarrier for different fungicides), nano-formulations of agro-nanofungicides, Zataria multiflora, and ginger essential oils to control plant pathogenic fungi, as well as the biosafety and limitations of the nanoparticles applications.

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Singh, R. V., S. C. Joshi, Shalini Kulshrestha, Pooja Nagpal, and Anil Bansal. "Antiandrogen and Antimicrobial Aspects of Coordination Compounds of Palladium(II), Platinum(II) and Lead(II)." Metal-Based Drugs 8, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/mbd.2001.149.

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Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities of an interesting class of biologically potent macrocyclic complexes have been carried out. All the complexes have been evaluated for their antimicrobial effects on different species of pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The testicular sperm density, testicular sperm morphology, sperm motility, density of cauda epididymal spermatozoa and fertility in mating trails and biochemical parameters of reproductive organs have been examined and discussed. The resulting biologically active [M(MaLn)(R2)]Cl2 and [Pb(MaLn)(R2)X2] (where, M = PdII or PtII and X = Cl or NO3) type of complexes have been synthesized by the reactions of macrocyclic ligands (MaLn) with metal salts and different diamines in 1:1:1 molar ratio in methanol. Initially the complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, molecular weight determinations and conductivity measurements. The mode of bonding was established on the basis of IR, H1 NMR, C13 NMR, Pt195 NMR, Pb207 NMR, XRD and electronic spectral studies. The macrocyclic ligand coordinates through the four azomethine nitrogen atoms which are bridged by benzil moieties. IR spectra suggest that the pyridine nitrogen is not coordinating. The palladium and platinum complexes exhibit tetracoordinated square-planar geometry, whereas a hexacoordinated octahedral geometry is suggested for lead complexes.

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Kumar, Umendra, and Sulekh Chandra. "Biological Active Cobalt(II) and Nickel(II) Complexes of 12-Membered Hexaaza [N6] Macrocyclic Ligand Synthetic and Spectroscopic Aspects." E-Journal of Chemistry 7, no. 4 (2010): 1238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/518723.

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New cobalt(II) and nickel(II) complexes of 12-membered macrocyclic Schiff - base ligand containing thiosemicarbazone moiety as a part of ring have been prepared having general composition [MLX2] where M = Co(II) or Ni(II), L=3,4,9,10–tetra-2-furanyl-1,2,5,6,8,11- hexaazacyclododeca-7,12- dithione - 2,4,8,10 – tetraene, X = Cl-, NO3-, NCS-. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, spectral (IR, electronic, EPR) techniques and thermal analysis. Spectroscopic studies suggested a six coordinated octahedral geometry for all the complexes. The IR spectra of complexes suggest that ligand is coordinated to the metal ion through its four imines nitrogen. Conductivity measurements supported the non electrolytic nature of the complexes. The antifungal activities of complexes have been studied against a number of pathogenic fungi under laboratory conditions. The complexes showed good antifungal results. Thermal analysis of reported complexes suggests the absence of water molecule either in or outside the coordination sphere.

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Storfie, Emilee R. M., and Barry J. Saville. "Fungal Pathogen Emergence: Investigations with an Ustilago maydis × Sporisorium reilianum Hybrid." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7080672.

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The emergence of new fungal pathogens threatens sustainable crop production worldwide. One mechanism by which new pathogens may arise is hybridization. To investigate hybridization, the related smut fungi, Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium reilianum, were selected because they both infect Zea mays, can hybridize, and tools are available for their analysis. The hybrid dikaryons of these fungi grew as filaments on plates but their colonization and virulence in Z. mays were reduced compared to the parental dikaryons. The anthocyanin induction caused by the hybrid dikaryon infections was distinct, suggesting its interaction with the host was different from that of the parental dikaryons. Selected virulence genes previously characterized in U. maydis and their predicted S. reilianum orthologs had altered transcript levels during hybrid infection of Z. mays. The downregulated U. maydis effectors, tin2, pit2, and cce1, and transcription factors, rbf1, hdp2, and nlt1, were constitutively expressed in the hybrid. Little impact was observed with increased effector expression; however, increased expression of rbf1 and hdp2, which regulate early pathogenic development by U. maydis, increased the hybrid’s capacity to induce symptoms including the rare induction of small leaf tumors. These results establish a base for investigating molecular aspects of smut fungal hybrid pathogen emergence.

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Jacobsen, Rannveig M., Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson, Håvard Kauserud, and Tone Birkemoe. "Revealing hidden insect–fungus interactions; moderately specialized, modular and anti-nested detritivore networks." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1876 (April 4, 2018): 20172833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2833.

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Ecological networks are composed of interacting communities that influence ecosystem structure and function. Fungi are the driving force for ecosystem processes such as decomposition and carbon sequestration in terrestrial habitats, and are strongly influenced by interactions with invertebrates. Yet, interactions in detritivore communities have rarely been considered from a network perspective. In the present study, we analyse the interaction networks between three functional guilds of fungi and insects sampled from dead wood. Using DNA metabarcoding to identify fungi, we reveal a diversity of interactions differing in specificity in the detritivore networks, involving three guilds of fungi. Plant pathogenic fungi were relatively unspecialized in their interactions with insects inhabiting dead wood, while interactions between the insects and wood-decay fungi exhibited the highest degree of specialization, which was similar to estimates for animal-mediated seed dispersal networks in previous studies. The low degree of specialization for insect symbiont fungi was unexpected. In general, the pooled insect–fungus networks were significantly more specialized, more modular and less nested than randomized networks. Thus, the detritivore networks had an unusual anti-nested structure. Future studies might corroborate whether this is a common aspect of networks based on interactions with fungi, possibly owing to their often intense competition for substrate.

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GU, XIANG, YAN-HONG HUA, YANG-DONG ZHANG, DI BAO, JIN LV, and HONG-FANG HU. "The Pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus, Host Defense Mechanisms, and the Development of AFMP4 Antigen as a Vaccine." Polish Journal of Microbiology 70, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2021-003.

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Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the ubiquitous fungi with airborne conidia, which accounts for most aspergillosis cases. In immunocompetent hosts, the inhaled conidia are rapidly eliminated. However, immunocompromised or immunodeficient hosts are particularly vulnerable to most Aspergillus infections and invasive aspergillosis (IA), with mortality from 50% to 95%. Despite the improvement of antifungal drugs over the last few decades, the therapeutic effect for IA patients is still limited and does not provide significant survival benefits. The drawbacks of antifungal drugs such as side effects, antifungal drug resistance, and the high cost of antifungal drugs highlight the importance of finding novel therapeutic and preventive approaches to fight against IA. In this article, we systemically addressed the pathogenic mechanisms, defense mechanisms against A. fumigatus, the immune response, molecular aspects of host evasion, and vaccines’ current development against aspergillosis, particularly those based on AFMP4 protein, which might be a promising antigen for the development of anti-A. fumigatus vaccines.

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Emery, R. J. Neil, and Anna Kisiala. "The Roles of Cytokinins in Plants and Their Response to Environmental Stimuli." Plants 9, no. 9 (September 8, 2020): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091158.

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Cytokinins (CKs) are adenine-derived, small-molecule plant growth regulators that control aspects of almost all plant growth and development processes. Internally, CKs play significant roles in plant cell division, nutrient allocation, and photosynthetic performance, and they are also detection and signaling agents for plant responses to the environmental challenges. CK functions in plant metabolism include plant adaptations to various abiotic stresses as well as their regulatory role in plant interactions with biotic components of the environment. Interestingly, CK biosynthesis is not exclusive to plants. New genetic and chemical approaches have revealed that both beneficial (symbiotic microorganisms) and detrimental (pathogenic bacteria, fungi, or insects) non-plant biota can secrete these phytohormones to purposefully modify plant metabolism. Therefore, while many open questions remain about how CKs are actively utilized by plants and plant-interacting organisms, CK roles should be seen more broadly, as signaling molecules for which effects range from within cells to as far as interkingdom relationships. The papers in this Special Issue highlight several aspects of CK biosynthesis, metabolism, and functions within plants and among plant-associated organisms, typifying the extensive range of roles played by these signaling molecules. The collection of papers represents new examples for CK researchers to consider advancing the growing range of topics related to how CKs mediate responses to many kinds of environmental stimuli and stresses.

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Acuña, Stephanie Maia, Lucile Maria Floeter-Winter, and Sandra Marcia Muxel. "MicroRNAs: Biological Regulators in Pathogen–Host Interactions." Cells 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9010113.

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An inflammatory response is essential for combating invading pathogens. Several effector components, as well as immune cell populations, are involved in mounting an immune response, thereby destroying pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. In the past decade, microRNAs (miRNAs), a group of noncoding small RNAs, have emerged as functionally significant regulatory molecules with the significant capability of fine-tuning biological processes. The important role of miRNAs in inflammation and immune responses is highlighted by studies in which the regulation of miRNAs in the host was shown to be related to infectious diseases and associated with the eradication or susceptibility of the infection. Here, we review the biological aspects of microRNAs, focusing on their roles as regulators of gene expression during pathogen–host interactions and their implications in the immune response against Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Toxoplasma, and Plasmodium infectious diseases.

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Hurtado, Cleofe A. R., Jean-Marie Beckerich, Claude Gaillardin, and Richard A. Rachubinski. "A Rac Homolog Is Required for Induction of Hyphal Growth in the Dimorphic Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 9 (May 1, 2000): 2376–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.9.2376-2386.2000.

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ABSTRACT Dimorphism in fungi is believed to constitute a mechanism of response to adverse conditions and represents an important attribute for the development of virulence by a number of pathogenic fungal species. We have isolated YlRAC1, a gene encoding a 192-amino-acid protein that is essential for hyphal growth in the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica and which represents the first Rac homolog described for fungi. YlRAC1 is not an essential gene, and its deletion does not affect the ability to mate or impair actin polarization in Y. lipolytica. However, strains lacking functional YlRAC1 show alterations in cell morphology, suggesting that the function of YlRAC1 may be related to some aspect of the polarization of cell growth. Northern blot analysis showed that transcription of YlRAC1 increases steadily during the yeast-to-hypha transition, while Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA suggested the presence of severalRAC family members in Y. lipolytica. Interestingly, strains lacking functional YlRAC1 are still able to grow as the pseudohyphal form and to invade agar, thus pointing to a function for YlRAC1 downstream of MHY1, a previously isolated gene encoding a C2H2-type zinc finger protein with the ability to bind putative stress response elements and whose activity is essential for both hyphal and pseudohyphal growth in Y. lipolytica.

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Chander, Subhash, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, Parvender Sheoran, Gbemisola Oluwayemisi Ige, Marta W. Vasconcelos, and Ana Luisa Garcia-Oliveira. "Prospects for Durable Resistance Against an Old Soybean Enemy: A Four-Decade Journey from Rpp1 (Resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi) to Rpp7." Agronomy 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9070348.

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Soybean rust (SBR), caused by Phakopsora spp., is a major global concern for soybean producers. SBR causing fungi are polycyclic and obligate biotrophs, rendering the study of their biology particularly tedious. Over the past four decades, substantial progress has been made towards understanding the epidemiology of the disease, the identification of sources of resistance, and the mapping of soybean loci conferring resistance to P. pachyrhizi (Rpp genes), since this species is particularly well established and widespread in many soybean growing areas. Although host-plant resistance is generally considered as the most desirable solution from an environmental, economic, and social perspective, other disease control approaches such as agronomic practices and chemical application are also important, and influence rust epidemiology as well as the durability of host plant resistance. This review focusses primarily on genetic aspects of SBR management and summarizes the research in the following areas: SBR symptoms, aetiology, pathogenic variation and population structure of Phakopsora populations, expression of soybean resistance to Phakopsora infection, genetics and molecular diagnostics of host resistance to pathogen, and resistance gene deployment approaches. Finally, the role of multidisciplinary strategies is discussed for achieving higher durability of SBR resistance in soybean.

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Miethke, Marcus, and Mohamed A. Marahiel. "Siderophore-Based Iron Acquisition and Pathogen Control." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 71, no. 3 (September 2007): 413–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00012-07.

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SUMMARY High-affinity iron acquisition is mediated by siderophore-dependent pathways in the majority of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria and fungi. Considerable progress has been made in characterizing and understanding mechanisms of siderophore synthesis, secretion, iron scavenging, and siderophore-delivered iron uptake and its release. The regulation of siderophore pathways reveals multilayer networks at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Due to the key role of many siderophores during virulence, coevolution led to sophisticated strategies of siderophore neutralization by mammals and (re)utilization by bacterial pathogens. Surprisingly, hosts also developed essential siderophore-based iron delivery and cell conversion pathways, which are of interest for diagnostic and therapeutic studies. In the last decades, natural and synthetic compounds have gained attention as potential therapeutics for iron-dependent treatment of infections and further diseases. Promising results for pathogen inhibition were obtained with various siderophore-antibiotic conjugates acting as “Trojan horse” toxins and siderophore pathway inhibitors. In this article, general aspects of siderophore-mediated iron acquisition, recent findings regarding iron-related pathogen-host interactions, and current strategies for iron-dependent pathogen control will be reviewed. Further concepts including the inhibition of novel siderophore pathway targets are discussed.

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Blankenship, Jill R., Floyd L. Wormley, Molly K. Boyce, Wiley A. Schell, Scott G. Filler, John R. Perfect, and Joseph Heitman. "Calcineurin Is Essential for Candida albicans Survival in Serum and Virulence." Eukaryotic Cell 2, no. 3 (June 2003): 422–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.2.3.422-430.2003.

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ABSTRACT Calcineurin is a calcium-activated protein phosphatase that is the target of the immunosuppressants cyclosporin A and FK506. In T cells, calcineurin controls nuclear import of the NF-AT transcription factor and gene activation. In plants and fungi, calcineurin functions in stress responses (e.g., temperature, cations, and pH) and is necessary for the virulence of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Here we show that calcineurin is also required for the virulence of another major fungus that is pathogenic to humans, Candida albicans. C. albicans calcineurin mutants had significantly reduced virulence in a murine model of systemic infection. In contrast to its role in C. neoformans, calcineurin was not required for C. albicans survival at 37°C. Moreover, C. albicans calcineurin mutant strains exhibited no defects in known Candida virulence traits associated with host invasion, including filamentous growth, germ tube formation, and adherence to and injury of mammalian cells. C. albicans calcineurin mutant strains failed to colonize and grow in the kidneys of infected animals and were unable to survive when exposed to serum in vitro. Our studies illustrate that calcineurin has evolved to control aspects of the virulence of two divergent fungal pathogens via distinct mechanisms that can be targeted to achieve broad-spectrum antifungal action.

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Collins, N. C., R. E. Niks, and P. Schulze-Lefert. "Resistance to cereal rusts at the plant cell wall—what can we learn from other host-pathogen systems?" Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 6 (2007): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06065.

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The ability of plant cells to resist invasion by pathogenic fungi at the cell periphery (pre-invasion resistance) differs from other types of resistance that are generally triggered after parasite entry and during differentiation of specialised intracellular feeding structures. Genetic sources of pre-invasion resistance such as mlo for barley powdery mildew and Lr34 for resistance to wheat leaf rust have proven to be broad-spectrum in effect and durable in the field. Continued breeding for this type of resistance (often quantitative in effect) is therefore considered an important strategy to protect cereal crops long-term against potentially devastating fungal diseases such as rusts. Considerable progress has been made in characterising genes and processes underlying pre-invasion resistance using mutant analysis, molecular genetics, gene cloning, and the model plant Arabidopsis, as well as comparative functional analysis of genes in Arabidopsis and cereals. This review summarises the current knowledge in this field, and discusses several aspects of pre-invasion resistance potentially pertinent to use in breeding; namely, biological cost of the resistance and effectiveness of individual resistance genes against multiple pathogen types. We show that mutations in Mlo, Ror1, and Ror2 genes known to affect powdery mildew pre-invasion resistance have no detectable effect on partial resistance to barley leaf rust as measured by latency period.

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Bai, Naling, Hanlin Zhang, Shuangxi Li, Xianqing Zheng, Juanqin Zhang, Haiyun Zhang, Sheng Zhou, Huifeng Sun, and Weiguang Lv. "Long-term effects of straw and straw-derived biochar on soil aggregation and fungal community in a rice–wheat rotation system." PeerJ 6 (January 4, 2019): e6171. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6171.

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Background Soil aggregation is fundamental for soil functioning and agricultural productivity. Aggregate formation depends on microbial activity influencing the production of exudates and hyphae, which in turn act as binding materials. Fungi are also important for improving soil quality and promoting plant growth in a symbiotic manner. There is a scarcity of findings comparing the long-term impacts of different yearly double-crop straw return modes (e.g., straw return to the field and straw-derived biochar return to the field) on soil aggregation and fungal community structure in rice–wheat rotation systems. Methods The effects of 6-year continuous straw and straw-derived biochar amendment on soil physicochemical properties and the fungal community were evaluated in an intensively managed crop rotation system (rice–wheat). Soil samples of different aggregates (macroaggregates, microaggregates, and silt clay) from four different fertilization regimes (control, CK; traditional inorganic fertilization, CF; straw returned to field, CS; straw-derived biochar addition, CB) were obtained, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis of the fungal internal transcribed spacer gene was performed. Results Compared to CF, CS and CB enhanced soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and aggregation in 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil, with CB exhibiting a stronger effect. Additionally, agrowaste addition increased the mean weight diameter and the geometric diameter and decreased the fractal dimension (p < 0.05). Principal coordinates analysis indicated that fertilization management affected fungal community structure and aggregation distribution. In addition, CS increased fungal community richness and diversity, compared to CK, CB decreased these aspects. Ascomycota, unclassified_k_Fungi, and Basidiomycota were the dominant phyla in all soil samples. At the genus level, CB clearly increased fungi decomposing biosolids (Articulospora in macroaggregates in 0–20 cm soil and Neurospora in macroaggregates in 20–40 cm soil); decreased pathogenic fungi (Monographella in macroaggregates and Gibberella in microaggregates in 0–20 cm soil) and CO2-emission-related fungi (Pyrenochaetopsis in microaggregates and silt clay in 0–40 cm soil) (p < 0.05). Straw and biochar with inorganic fertilizer counteracted some of the adverse effects of the inorganic fertilizer with biochar showing better effects than straw.

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Żelechowska, Paulina, Ewa Brzezińska-Błaszczyk, Sylwia Różalska, Justyna Agier, and Elżbieta Kozłowska. "Native and IgE-primed rat peritoneal mast cells exert pro-inflammatory activity and migrate in response to yeast zymosan upon Dectin-1 engagement." Immunologic Research 69, no. 2 (March 11, 2021): 176–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12026-021-09183-7.

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AbstractMast cells (MCs) play an essential role in host defense, primarily because of their location, their ability to pathogen destruction via several mechanisms, and the pattern recognition receptors they express. Even though most data is available regarding MC activation by various bacteria- or virus-derived molecules, those cells’ activity in response to constituents associated with fungi is not recognized enough. Our research aimed to address whether Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived zymosan, i.e., β-(1,3)-glucan containing mannan particles, impacts MC activity aspects. Overall, the obtained results indicate that zymosan has the potential to elicit a pro-inflammatory response of rat peritoneal MCs. For the first time ever, we provided evidence that zymosan induces fully mature MC migration, even in the absence of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Moreover, the zymosan-induced migratory response of MCs is almost entirely a result of directional migration, i.e., chemotaxis. We found that zymosan stimulates MCs to degranulate and generate lipid mediators (cysLTs), cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, TNF), and chemokine (CCL2). Zymosan also upregulated mRNA transcripts for several cytokines/chemokines with pro-inflammatory/immunoregulatory activity. Moreover, we documented that zymosan activates MCs to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Lastly, we established that the zymosan-induced MC response is mediated through activation of the Dectin-1 receptor. In general, our results strongly support the notion that MCs contribute to innate antifungal immunity and bring us closer to elucidate their role in host-pathogenic fungi interactions. Besides, provided findings on IgE-sensitized MCs appear to indicate that exposure to fungal zymosan could affect the severity of IgE-dependent disorders, including allergic ones.

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Pietrella, Donatella, Patrizia Lupo, Anna Rachini, Silvia Sandini, Alessandra Ciervo, Stefano Perito, Francesco Bistoni, and Anna Vecchiarelli. "A Candida albicans Mannoprotein Deprived of Its Mannan Moiety Is Efficiently Taken Up and Processed by Human Dendritic Cells and Induces T-Cell Activation without Stimulating Proinflammatory Cytokine Production." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 9 (June 30, 2008): 4359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00669-08.

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ABSTRACT Mannoproteins are cell wall components of pathogenic fungi and play major virulence and immunogenic roles with both their mannan and protein moieties. The 65-kDa mannoprotein (MP65) of Candida albicans is a β-glucanase adhesin recognized as a major target of the human immune response against this fungus, and its recombinant product (rMP65; devoid of the mannan moiety) is presently under consideration as a vaccine candidate. Here we investigated cellular and molecular aspects of the interaction of rMP65 with human antigen-presenting cells. We also assessed the ability of rMP65 to initiate a T-cell response. Both the native mannosylated MP65 (nMP65) and the recombinant product were efficiently bound and taken up by macrophages and dendritic cells. However, contrarily to nMP65, rMP65 did not induce tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 release from these cells. On the other hand, rMP65 was rapidly endocytosed by both macrophages and dendritic cells, in a process involving both clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent mechanisms. Moreover, the RGD sequence inhibited rMP65 uptake to some extent. After internalization, rMP65 partially colocalized with lysosomal membrane-associated glycoproteins 1 and 2. This possibly resulted in efficient protein degradation and presentation to CD4+ T cells, which proliferated and produced gamma interferon. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the absence of the mannan moiety does not deprive MP65 of the capacity to initiate the pattern of cellular and molecular events leading to antigen presentation and T-cell activation, which are essential features for further consideration of MP65 as a potential vaccine candidate.

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FRIEDMAN, MENDEL, and VIJAY K. JUNEJA. "Review of Antimicrobial and Antioxidative Activities of Chitosans in Food." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 1737–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.9.1737.

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Interest in chitosan, a biodegradable, nontoxic, non-antigenic, and biocompatible biopolymer isolated from shellfish, arises from the fact that chitosans are reported to exhibit numerous health-related beneficial effects, including strong antimicrobial and antioxidative activities in foods. The extraordinary interest in the chemistry and application in agriculture, horticulture, environmental science, industry, microbiology, and medicine is attested by about 17,000 citations on this subject in the Scopus database. A special need exists to develop a better understanding of the role of chitosans in ameliorating foodborne illness. To contribute to this effort, this overview surveys and interprets our present knowledge of the chemistry and antimicrobial activities of chitosan in solution, as powders, and in edible films and coating against foodborne pathogens, spoilage bacteria, and pathogenic viruses and fungi in several food categories. These include produce, fruit juices, eggs and dairy, cereal, meat, and seafood products. Also covered are antimicrobial activities of chemically modified and nanochitosans, therapeutic properties, and possible mechanisms of the antimicrobial, antioxidative, and metal chelating effects. Further research is suggested in each of these categories. The widely scattered data on the multifaceted aspects of chitosan microbiology, summarized in the text and in 10 tables and 8 representative figures, suggest that low-molecular-weight chitosans at a pH below 6.0 presents optimal conditions for achieving desirable antimicrobial and antioxidative-preservative effects in liquid and solid foods. We are very hopeful that the described findings will be a valuable record and resource for further progress to improve microbial food safety and food quality.

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Rollin-Pinheiro, Rodrigo, Brayan Bayona-Pacheco, Levy Tenorio Sousa Domingos, Jose Alexandre da Rocha Curvelo, Gabriellen Menezes Migliani de Castro, Eliana Barreto-Bergter, and Antonio Ferreira-Pereira. "Sphingolipid Inhibitors as an Alternative to Treat Candidiasis Caused by Fluconazole-Resistant Strains." Pathogens 10, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070856.

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Candida species are fungal pathogens known to cause a wide spectrum of diseases, and Candida albicans and Candida glabrata are the most common associated with invasive infections. A concerning aspect of invasive candidiasis is the emergence of resistant isolates, especially those highly resistant to fluconazole, the first choice of treatment for these infections. Fungal sphingolipids have been considered a potential target for new therapeutic approaches and some inhibitors have already been tested against pathogenic fungi. The present study therefore aimed to evaluate the action of two sphingolipid synthesis inhibitors, aureobasidin A and myriocin, against different C. albicans and C. glabrata strains, including clinical isolates resistant to fluconazole. Susceptibility tests of aureobasidin A and myriocin were performed using CLSI protocols, and their interaction with fluconazole was evaluated by a checkerboard protocol. All Candida strains tested were sensitive to both inhibitors. Regarding the evaluation of drug interaction, both aureobasidin A and myriocin were synergic with fluconazole, demonstrating that sphingolipid synthesis inhibition could enhance the effect of fluconazole. Thus, these results suggest that sphingolipid inhibitors in conjunction with fluconazole could be useful for treating candidiasis cases, especially those caused by fluconazole resistant isolates.

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Borman, A. M., C. J. Linton, S. J. Miles, and E. M. Johnson. "Molecular identification of pathogenic fungi." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 61, Supplement 1 (January 1, 2008): i7—i12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkm425.

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McEwen, J. G., J. W. Taylor, D. Carter, J. Xu, M. S. S. Felipe, R. Vilgalys, T. G. Mitchell, et al. "Molecular typing of pathogenic fungi." Medical Mycology 38, no. 1 (January 2000): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/mmy.38.1.189.197.

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McEwen, J. G., J. W. Taylor, D. Carter, J. Xu, M. S. S. Felipe, R. Vilgalys, T. G. Mitchell, et al. "Molecular typing of pathogenic fungi." Medical Mycology 38, s1 (January 2000): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/mmy.38.s1.189.197.

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H., G. C., and J. A. von Arx. "Plant Pathogenic Fungi." Mycologia 79, no. 6 (November 1987): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3807701.

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Bates, Steven. "Pathogenic Fungi: Insights in Molecular Biology." Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 6, no. 5 (October 2008): 591–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14787210.6.5.591.

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Barabote, Ravi, R. Prasad, and M. Ghannocum. "Lipids of Pathogenic Fungi." Mycologia 91, no. 3 (May 1999): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3761361.

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González-Fernández, Raquel, Elena Prats, and Jesús V. Jorrín-Novo. "Proteomics of Plant Pathogenic Fungi." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/932527.

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Plant pathogenic fungi cause important yield losses in crops. In order to develop efficient and environmental friendly crop protection strategies, molecular studies of the fungal biological cycle, virulence factors, and interaction with its host are necessary. For that reason, several approaches have been performed using both classical genetic, cell biology, and biochemistry and the modern, holistic, and high-throughput, omic techniques. This work briefly overviews the tools available for studying Plant Pathogenic Fungi and is amply focused on MS-based Proteomics analysis, based on original papers published up to December 2009. At a methodological level, different steps in a proteomic workflow experiment are discussed. Separate sections are devoted to fungal descriptive (intracellular, subcellular, extracellular) and differential expression proteomics and interactomics. From the work published we can conclude that Proteomics, in combination with other techniques, constitutes a powerful tool for providing important information about pathogenicity and virulence factors, thus opening up new possibilities for crop disease diagnosis and crop protection.

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Tudzynski, Paul, Henk van den Broek, and Cees A. M. J. J. van den Hondel. "Molecular genetics of pathogenic fungi: new horizons." Trends in Microbiology 2, no. 11 (November 1994): 429–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0966-842x(94)90799-4.

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Wilson, Duncan, Francesco Citiulo, and Bernhard Hube. "Zinc Exploitation by Pathogenic Fungi." PLoS Pathogens 8, no. 12 (December 20, 2012): e1003034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003034.

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Defosse, Tatiana A., Anupam Sharma, Alok K. Mondal, Thomas Dugé de Bernonville, Jean-Paul Latgé, Richard Calderone, Nathalie Giglioli-Guivarc'h, Vincent Courdavault, Marc Clastre, and Nicolas Papon. "Hybrid histidine kinases in pathogenic fungi." Molecular Microbiology 95, no. 6 (January 30, 2015): 914–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mmi.12911.

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Heidler, Steven A., and Jeffrey A. Radding. "Inositol phosphoryl transferases from human pathogenic fungi." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease 1500, no. 1 (January 2000): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4439(99)00097-6.

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Shukla, Arjun. "An Overview on Biopesticidal and Virulent nature with Pathogenic aspects of Entomopathogenic fungi on Insects." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 4, no. 01 (March 31, 2016): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.4.1.5.

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Entomopathogenic fungi are very heterogeneous group used for management of insect pest. From last 2 decade in the search for new avenues in biological control, the importance of entomopathogens has been highlighted as an environmental friendly pest control method came in existence which is sustainable solution towards integrated pest control program. Fungi, which induce disease symptoms in insects, include fungi from quick killers to absolute parasites that provide disease symptoms in the host. Insect order and families are reviewed which were affected severely by entomopathogenic fungi.

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Saputo, Sarah, Yeissa Chabrier-Rosello, Francis C. Luca, Anuj Kumar, and Damian J. Krysan. "The RAM Network in Pathogenic Fungi." Eukaryotic Cell 11, no. 6 (April 27, 2012): 708–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00044-12.

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ABSTRACT The r egulation of A ce2 and m orphogenesis (RAM) network is a protein kinase signaling pathway conserved among eukaryotes from yeasts to humans. Among fungi, the RAM network has been most extensively studied in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and has been shown to regulate a range of cellular processes, including daughter cell-specific gene expression, cell cycle regulation, cell separation, mating, polarized growth, maintenance of cell wall integrity, and stress signaling. Increasing numbers of recent studies on the role of the RAM network in pathogenic fungal species have revealed that this network also plays an important role in the biology and pathogenesis of these organisms. In addition to providing a brief overview of the RAM network in S. cerevisiae , we summarize recent developments in the understanding of RAM network function in the human fungal pathogens Candida albicans , Candida glabrata , Cryptococcus neoformans , Aspergillus fumigatus , and Pneumocystis spp.

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Gharwalova, Lucia, Marketa Kulisova, Anastasiia Vasyliuk, Helena Maresova, Andrea Palyzova, Linda Nedbalova, and Irena Kolouchova. "Sphingolipids of plant pathogenic fungi." Plant Protection Science 57, No. 2 (March 1, 2021): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/131/2020-pps.

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Glycosphingolipids in filamentous fungi are significant components of the plasma membrane and are vital for different cellular processes, such as growth, morphological transition or signal transduction. Fungal growth inhibitors targeting glycosylinositolphosphoceramide (GIPCs) biosynthesis or antifungal compounds binding to GIPCs present in membranes could present a safe way of preventing fungal growth on crops since GIPCs are not present in mammalian cells. Mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics was used to analyze sphingolipids of 11 fungal strains isolated from plant material. Molecular species with inositol ceramides containing zero to five carbohydrates were identified. Differences in the amount of individual molecular species were influenced by the taxonomic affiliation. All tested strains exhibited a relatively high content (more than 40 mol.%) of GIPCs with three and more saccharides attached to the polar head. It could be assumed that the sphingolipid profiles of the tested plant pathogens would be an adaptation mechanism to antifungal plant defensins.

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MARESCA, Bruno, and George S. KOBAYASHI. "Molecular biology of pathogenic fungi: A laboratory manual." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 37, no. 2 (April 1995): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651995000200017.

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Garrido, Carlos, Jesus M. Cantoral, Maria Carbu, Victoria E. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, and Francisco Javier Fernandez-Acero. "New Proteomic Approaches to Plant Pathogenic Fungi." Current Proteomics 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016410793611828.

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Liu, Xiao-Hong, Hui-Min Gao, Fei Xu, Jian-Ping Lu, Rodney J. Devenish, and Fu-Cheng Lin. "Autophagy vitalizes the pathogenicity of pathogenic fungi." Autophagy 8, no. 10 (October 16, 2012): 1415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.21274.

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Walker, Graeme M., Anne H. Mcleod, and Valerie J. Hodgson. "Interactions between killer yeasts and pathogenic fungi." FEMS Microbiology Letters 127, no. 3 (April 1995): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07476.x.

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Steenwyk, Jacob L., Abigail L. Lind, Laure N. A. Ries, Thaila F. dos Reis, Lilian P. Silva, Fausto Almeida, Rafael W. Bastos, et al. "Pathogenic Allodiploid Hybrids of Aspergillus Fungi." Current Biology 30, no. 13 (July 2020): 2495–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.071.

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Moreno, Alexis, Atanu Banerjee, Rajendra Prasad, and Pierre Falson. "PDR-like ABC systems in pathogenic fungi." Research in Microbiology 170, no. 8 (November 2019): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2019.09.002.

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Shamsi, Shamim, Mohammad Nurul Islam, Sarowar Hosen, Md Al-Mamun, Pranami Chowdhury, Mst Selina Momtaz, Najmun Naher, et al. "Morphological and molecular identification of ten plant pathogenic fungi." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 26, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v26i2.44577.

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Ten pathogenic fungi of Deuteromycetes were isolated from seven angiospermic hosts such as pointed gourd, tomato, rice, wheat, maize, chickpea and jute. Morphological characterization and molecular analyses were performed for accurate identification of the isolated pathogenic fungi. The sequence results obtained using the ITS1 and ITS4 primers were compared with NCBI GenBank and BOL database using BLAST analysis. Fusarium chlamydosporum and Penicillium pinophilum are recorded first time from Bangladesh.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pathogenic fungi – Molecular aspects'

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