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Journal articles on the topic 'Pathogenic Organisms'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 September 2023

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1

Pougnet, L., I. Allio, and R. Pougnet. "Pathogenic organisms in seawater." Archives des Maladies Professionnelles et de l'Environnement 74, no. 5 (November 2013): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.admp.2013.07.143.

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2

Navrátilová, P. "Pathogenic micro-organisms in waste waters from daiies." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 18, No. 5 (January 1, 2000): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8338-cjfs.

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Waste waters from dairies were tested for the presence of bacterial pathogens – Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. The prevalence of bacteria was investigated in each stage of the cleaning process (activated sludges systems) too. Two hunder samples of raw waste water, activated sludge, returned activated sludge, excess sludge and treated water from 14 dairies were tested. The samples were all negative for Salmonella spp. From a total of 102 (51%) strains Listeria spp., Listeria inoccua 95 (47.5%) and Listeria monocytogenes 7 (3.5%) were identified. 47 samples were positive for S. aureus. L. monocytogenes were detected in raw waste water 1 (1.6%), in activated sludge 3 (5.5%), in excess sludge 1 and in treated water 2 (3.1%). S. aureus were detected in raw waste water 14 (22.6%), in activated sludge 23 (41.8%), in excess sludge 1 and in treated water 8 (12.3%). These results demonstrate a prevalence of L. monocytogenes and S. aureus in waste waters from dairies. During the cleaning process pathogenic bacteria were not devitalized. The excess sludge and treated water including pathogenic micro-organisms represent a potential health hazard.

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3

Schuster, George S. "ORAL FLORA AND PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 13, no. 4 (December 1999): 757–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5520(05)70107-0.

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4

Tian, Deqiao. "Bibliometric analysis of pathogenic organisms." Biosafety and Health 2, no. 2 (June 2020): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.05.004.

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5

Dalas, Israa Salman, and Muqdad Altae. "Pathogenic organisms in sewage: a review." Science Archives 02, no. 03 (2021): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47587/sa.2021.2318.

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6

Northcutt, Alan D., and Jaime A. Tschen. "New ways to demonstrate pathogenic organisms." Clinics in Dermatology 9, no. 2 (April 1991): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0738-081x(91)90010-i.

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7

Chambers, James P., and James J. Valdes. "Biosensors for detection of pathogenic organisms." Journal of Biotechnology 136 (October 2008): S760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1645.

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8

Fishelson, Zvi. "Complement-related proteins in pathogenic organisms." Springer Seminars in Immunopathology 15, no. 4 (December 1994): 345–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01837365.

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9

Mistry, Richa, and Gaurav Shah. "Study of Inhibitory Effect of Honey on Various Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Microorganisms." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 1, no. 4 (December 21, 2013): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v1i4.9179.

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Honey is a sweet food made by bees using nectar from flowers. The variety produced by honey bees (the genus Apis). The purpose of the present study was to determine in vitro antibacterial activities of different honey against various pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms. Antibacterial activity of honey was determine by using well diffusion method in which different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, & 100 % v/v) of honey were used against various test pathogen. These organisms also tested against artificial honey for study of effect of sugar on its antibacterial activity. The results of these study was shown that wide range of variation in Zone of Inhibition (mm) of each type of honey and only very few organism inhibited due to effect of sugar. That shows there are also other components other than the sugar present in honey which ultimately responsible for antimicrobial activity. Due to obtaining maximum level of antibacterial activity of each honey it allow further investigation for treatment various infection and in curing of disease.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v1i4.9179 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 1(4): 279-281

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10

MORVAN, G. "PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS AS CAUSES OF APRICOT DECLINE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 384 (December 1995): 521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1995.384.82.

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11

Baillie, J. K., P. Sultan, E. Graveling, C. Forrest, and C. Lafong. "Contamination of anaesthetic machines with pathogenic organisms*." Anaesthesia 62, no. 12 (November 5, 2007): 1257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05261.x.

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12

Hovnanyan, K. O., I. Kh Torjyan, M. K. Hovnanyan, and K. G. Karageuzyan. "Electron microscopic identification of pathogenic organisms (agents)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 9, S03 (September 2003): 434–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927603035062.

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13

Filip, Z., D. Kaddu-Mulindwa, and G. Milde. "Survival and Adhesion of some Pathogenic and Facultative Pathogenic Micro-Organisms in Groundwater." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0008.

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Land application of sewage and sewage sludge, incorrect draining off of wastewater, and also accidents, can lead to contamination of groundwater with pathogenic and facultative pathogenic micro-organisms. If no inactivation or elimination of such contaminants takes place, the hygienic quality of groundwater can be negatively affected. In model experiments carried out in the laboratory, the survival of Escherichiacoli, Salmonellatyphimurium, Yersiniaenterocolitica, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Staphylococcusaureus, StreptococcusfaecalisBacilluscereus, Bacillusmegaterium, Clostridiumperfringens, Aspergillusniger, Nocardiaalba and Streptomycesgriseus in groundwater kept at 10°C was tested. Although no apparent proliferation of the micro-organisms was observed during the experiments, most of them survived for an extended period up to 300 days. Only B.megaterium and S.aureus were not detectable after 12 and 30 days, respectively. Sand originating from a groundwater aquifer, and also the enrichment of the groundwater with humic acid and potassium nitrate as sources of carbon and nitrogen did not affect microbial survival substantially. Adhesion of micro-organisms to sand was observed, which may influence both the persistence and transportation of micro-organisms in the aquifer. The results of these experiments can be of importance for determining groundwater protection zones.

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14

Rohilla, Preeti, Rajesh Khurana, Aman Kumar, Kanisht Batra, and Renu Gupta. "Detection of Leptospira in urine of apparently healthy dogs by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in Haryana, India." November-2020 13, no. 11 (2020): 2411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.2411-2415.

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Background and Aim: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The organism can spread through the urine of infected animals, which can get into water or soil and can survive there for weeks to months. The study was undertaken to detect the pathogenic Leptospira in healthy dogs' urinary shedding by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Materials and Methods: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. To detect the pathogenic Leptospira organisms in dogs' urinary shedding, 239 urine samples were collected from healthy dogs from April 2018 to March 2019 from different areas of Haryana. All the urine samples were processed for DNA extraction and qPCR technique was used to detect the presence of Leptospira. Results: Out of 239 urine samples of dogs, none of the samples resulted in the detection of DNA of pathogenic Leptospira organisms. Conclusion: The present study indicated low risk of transmission of Leptospira organisms from dogs' urine to human beings in Haryana.

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15

Dias-Lopes, Camila, Izabella A. P. Neshich, Goran Neshich, José Miguel Ortega, Claude Granier, Carlos Chávez-Olortegui, Franck Molina, and Liza Felicori. "Identification of New Sphingomyelinases D in Pathogenic Fungi and Other Pathogenic Organisms." PLoS ONE 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2013): e79240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079240.

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16

Lin, L., H. Londe, JM Janda, CV Hanson, and L. Corash. "Photochemical inactivation of pathogenic bacteria in human platelet concentrates." Blood 83, no. 9 (May 1, 1994): 2698–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v83.9.2698.2698.

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Abstract Platelet concentrates (PC) may be infrequently contaminated with low levels of bacteria that can cause septicemia and death in patients receiving transfusion therapy. We evaluated the efficacy of a photochemical decontamination (PCD) technique using 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and long wavelength UV light (UVA) to inactivate bacteria in standard therapeutic PC. Twelve phylogenetically distinct pathogenic bacteria, 5 gram-positive and 7 gram-negative organisms, were seeded into PC to a final challenge dose ranging from 10(5) to 10(7) colony- forming units (CFU)/mL. Contaminated PC were treated with 8-MOP (5 micrograms/mL) and 5 J/cm2 of UVA, a PCD treatment regimen found to adequately preserve in vitro platelet function. Greater than 10(5) CFU/mL of all 5 gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes, and Corynebacterium minutissimum) and 2 of the gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Yersinia enterocolitica) organisms were inactivated. The remaining 5 gram-negative organisms were more resistant, with less than 10(1) to 10(3.7) CFU/mL inactivated under these conditions. The inactivation efficiency for this resistant group of gram-negative organisms was improved when PC were resuspended in a synthetic storage medium with reduced plasma protein concentration (15%) and an increased 8-MOP concentration (23.4 micrograms/mL). Illumination with 3 J/cm2 of UVA in this system inactivated greater than 10(5) CFU/mL of 4 resistant gram-negative organisms (Salmonella choleraesuis, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and 10(4.1) CFU/mL of the most resistant gram-negative organism (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). This level of PCD treatment did not adversely affect in vitro platelet function. These results demonstrate that PCD using 8-MOP (5 to 23.4 micrograms/mL) effectively inactivated high levels of pathogenic bacteria in PC with adequate preservation of in vitro platelet properties.

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17

Lin, L., H. Londe, JM Janda, CV Hanson, and L. Corash. "Photochemical inactivation of pathogenic bacteria in human platelet concentrates." Blood 83, no. 9 (May 1, 1994): 2698–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v83.9.2698.bloodjournal8392698.

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Platelet concentrates (PC) may be infrequently contaminated with low levels of bacteria that can cause septicemia and death in patients receiving transfusion therapy. We evaluated the efficacy of a photochemical decontamination (PCD) technique using 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and long wavelength UV light (UVA) to inactivate bacteria in standard therapeutic PC. Twelve phylogenetically distinct pathogenic bacteria, 5 gram-positive and 7 gram-negative organisms, were seeded into PC to a final challenge dose ranging from 10(5) to 10(7) colony- forming units (CFU)/mL. Contaminated PC were treated with 8-MOP (5 micrograms/mL) and 5 J/cm2 of UVA, a PCD treatment regimen found to adequately preserve in vitro platelet function. Greater than 10(5) CFU/mL of all 5 gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes, and Corynebacterium minutissimum) and 2 of the gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Yersinia enterocolitica) organisms were inactivated. The remaining 5 gram-negative organisms were more resistant, with less than 10(1) to 10(3.7) CFU/mL inactivated under these conditions. The inactivation efficiency for this resistant group of gram-negative organisms was improved when PC were resuspended in a synthetic storage medium with reduced plasma protein concentration (15%) and an increased 8-MOP concentration (23.4 micrograms/mL). Illumination with 3 J/cm2 of UVA in this system inactivated greater than 10(5) CFU/mL of 4 resistant gram-negative organisms (Salmonella choleraesuis, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and 10(4.1) CFU/mL of the most resistant gram-negative organism (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). This level of PCD treatment did not adversely affect in vitro platelet function. These results demonstrate that PCD using 8-MOP (5 to 23.4 micrograms/mL) effectively inactivated high levels of pathogenic bacteria in PC with adequate preservation of in vitro platelet properties.

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18

Razin, Shmuel. "Adherence of Pathogenic Mycoplasmas to Host Cells." Bioscience Reports 19, no. 5 (October 1, 1999): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1020204020545.

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The significant genome compaction in mycoplasmas was made possible by adoption of a parasitic lifestyle. During their evolution and adaptation to a parasitic mode of life the mycoplasmas have developed various genetic systems enabling their attachment to host tissues as well as a highly plastic set of variable surface proteins. The generation of a versatile surface coat through high-frequency phase and size variation provides the organism with a useful tool for immune system avoidance, allowing the mycoplasmas to escape antibody attack, explaining why these minute organisms are such successful parasites.

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19

Kim, Hyo-jin, Changbin Chen, Mehdi Kabbage, and Martin B. Dickman. "Identification and Characterization of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum NADPH Oxidases." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 21 (September 2, 2011): 7721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05472-11.

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ABSTRACTNumerous studies have shown both the detrimental and beneficial effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in animals, plants, and fungi. These organisms utilize controlled generation of ROS for signaling, pathogenicity, and development. Here, we show that ROS are essential for the pathogenic development ofSclerotinia sclerotiorum, an economically important fungal pathogen with a broad host range. Based on the organism's completed genome sequence, we identified twoS. sclerotiorumNADPH oxidases (SsNox1 and SsNox2), which presumably are involved in ROS generation. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to examine the function of SsNox1 and SsNox2. Silencing of SsNox1 expression indicated a central role for this enzyme in both virulence and pathogenic (sclerotial) development, while inactivation of the SsNox2 gene resulted in limited sclerotial development, but the organism remained fully pathogenic. ΔSsnox1strains had reduced ROS levels, were unable to develop sclerotia, and unexpectedly correlated with significantly reduced oxalate production. These results are in accordance with previous observations indicating that fungal NADPH oxidases are required for pathogenic development and are consistent with the importance of ROS regulation in the successful pathogenesis ofS. sclerotiorum.

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20

Denes, A. S., and R. C. Sinha. "Extrachromosomal DNA elements of plant pathogenic mycoplasmalike organisms." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 13, no. 1 (March 1991): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060669109500961.

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21

Bergogne-Bérézin, E. "Acinetobacter spp., Saprophytic Organisms of Increasing Pathogenic Importance." Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie 281, no. 4 (November 1994): 389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80326-9.

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22

Fransen, Nicoline G., Annemieke M. G. van den Elzen, Bert A. P. Urlings, and Peter G. H. Bijker. "Pathogenic micro-organisms in slaughterhouse sludge—a survey." International Journal of Food Microbiology 33, no. 2-3 (December 1996): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1605(96)01160-9.

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23

Brown, Melissa, and David Willms. "Colonization of Yankauer suction catheters with pathogenic organisms." American Journal of Infection Control 33, no. 8 (October 2005): 483–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2005.03.015.

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24

Pawlikowska-Warych, Małgorzata, and Wiesław Deptuła. "Characteristics of chlamydia-like organisms pathogenic to fish." Journal of Applied Genetics 57, no. 1 (July 10, 2015): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13353-015-0303-8.

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25

Frank, L., S. Markova, N. Remmel, E. Vysotski, and I. Gitelson. "Bioluminescent signal system: bioluminescence immunoassay of pathogenic organisms." Luminescence 22, no. 3 (2007): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bio.952.

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26

Noor, Nor Farid Mohd, Mohamad Ezany Yusoff, Mohd Azizi Abdul Rahman, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, and Ahmad Mukifza Harun. "The Disinfectant Effect of Modified Hydrothermal Nanotitania Extract on Candida albicans." BioMed Research International 2021 (February 5, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6617645.

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Candida albicans is a pathogenic yeast typically associated with diseases such as HIV, AIDS, and other immunocompromised conditions. It is rarely the cause of fatalities and is commonly treated with drugs administered orally or intravenously. In this experiment, Candida albicans was tested with an extract of modified hydrothermal nanotitania to identify whether the material is capable of inhibiting the organism’s growth. The extract was mixed with the Candida albicans in a culture media preparation to determine whether the organisms were able to grow. The test showed that modified hydrothermal nanotitania inhibits the growth of this organism.

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27

Schoenrock, Kathryn M., Charles D. Amsler, James B. McClintock, and Bill J. Baker. "Life history bias in endophyte infection of the Antarctic rhodophyte, Iridaea cordata." Botanica Marina 58, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2014-0085.

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AbstractEndophytic organisms are known to have varied effects on their host organism in terrestrial and marine environments. In previous studies on marine algae, these symbioses range from innocuous to pathogenic depending on the host and endophyte species. The present study further assessed a pathogenic relationship between filamentous algal endophytes and a red algal host from the western Antarctic Peninsula. We analyzed endophyte presence (appearance of filamentous thalli) in the three life history stages of

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28

Speirs, J. I., and J. M. Farber. "Foodborne Pathogenic Micro-organisms: Characteristics of the Organisms and Their Associated Diseases II. Viruses." Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal 22, no. 5 (December 1989): 445–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0315-5463(89)70589-7.

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29

Stedtfeld, Robert D., Samuel W. Baushke, Dieter M. Tourlousse, Sarah M. Miller, Tiffany M. Stedtfeld, Erdogan Gulari, James M. Tiedje, and Syed A. Hashsham. "Development and Experimental Validation of a Predictive Threshold Cycle Equation for Quantification of Virulence and Marker Genes by High-Throughput Nanoliter-Volume PCR on the OpenArray Platform." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 12 (April 18, 2008): 3831–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02743-07.

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ABSTRACT Development of quantitative PCR (QPCR) assays typically requires extensive screening within and across a given species to ensure specific detection and lucid identification among various pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains and to generate standard curves. To minimize screening requirements, multiple virulence and marker genes (VMGs) were targeted simultaneously to enhance reliability, and a predictive threshold cycle (CT ) equation was developed to calculate the number of starting copies based on an experimental CT . The empirical equation was developed with Sybr green detection in nanoliter-volume QPCR chambers (OpenArray) and tested with 220 previously unvalidated primer pairs targeting 200 VMGs from 30 pathogens. A high correlation (R 2 = 0.816) was observed between the predicted and experimental CT s based on the organism's genome size, guanine and cytosine (GC) content, amplicon length, and stability of the primer's 3′ end. The performance of the predictive CT equation was tested using 36 validation samples consisting of pathogenic organisms spiked into genomic DNA extracted from three environmental waters. In addition, the primer success rate was dependent on the GC content of the target organisms and primer sequences. Targeting multiple assays per organism and using the predictive CT equation are expected to reduce the extent of the validation necessary when developing QPCR arrays for a large number of pathogens or other targets.

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Arella, Davide, Maddalena Dilucca, and Andrea Giansanti. "Codon usage bias and environmental adaptation in microbial organisms." Molecular Genetics and Genomics 296, no. 3 (April 5, 2021): 751–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00438-021-01771-4.

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AbstractIn each genome, synonymous codons are used with different frequencies; this general phenomenon is known as codon usage bias. It has been previously recognised that codon usage bias could affect the cellular fitness and might be associated with the ecology of microbial organisms. In this exploratory study, we investigated the relationship between codon usage bias, lifestyles (thermophiles vs. mesophiles; pathogenic vs. non-pathogenic; halophilic vs. non-halophilic; aerobic vs. anaerobic and facultative) and habitats (aquatic, terrestrial, host-associated, specialised, multiple) of 615 microbial organisms (544 bacteria and 71 archaea). Principal component analysis revealed that species with given phenotypic traits and living in similar environmental conditions have similar codon preferences, as represented by the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) index, and similar spectra of tRNA availability, as gauged by the tRNA gene copy number (tGCN). Moreover, by measuring the average tRNA adaptation index (tAI) for each genome, an index that can be associated with translational efficiency, we observed that organisms able to live in multiple habitats, including facultative organisms, mesophiles and pathogenic bacteria, are characterised by a reduced translational efficiency, consistently with their need to adapt to different environments. Our results show that synonymous codon choices might be under strong translational selection, which modulates the choice of the codons to differently match tRNA availability, depending on the organism’s lifestyle needs. To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale study that examines the role of codon bias and translational efficiency in the adaptation of microbial organisms to the environment in which they live.

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ElLeboudy, Ahlam, and Amr Mohsen. "Detection of Some Pathogenic Organisms From Dairy Farm Milk." Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences 44, no. 1 (2015): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.47762.

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32

Kumar, Sunil, Mukesh Yadav, Ashwanti Devi, Mahesh Uniyal, Vikas Kumar, Nirmala Sehrawat, and Raj Singh. "Assessment of Pathogenic Micro-organisms Associated with Vegetable Salads." Asian Journal of Biological and Life sciences 11, no. 1 (May 23, 2022): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/ajbls.2022.11.1.

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33

Viljoen, M., E. Johannsen, and A. Panzer. "Probiotics: diet supplements of live, non-pathogenic micro-organisms." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 24, no. 1/2 (September 22, 2005): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v24i1/2.161.

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More than four hundred species of different commensal micro-organisms exist on human mucosal surfaces. The relationship between these micro-organisms and their human host varies from saprophitic, to parasitic, to symbiotic. Two of the most important groups of the beneficial symbiotic bacteria resort under the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which are found in the small intestine and colon, respectively. Loss or disturbance of the normal mucosal microflora may contribute to health problems (e.g. diarrhoea and food allergies), and the therapeutic or prophylactic supplementation of the normal flora is of value in certain gastrointestinal and immunological disturbances. Probiotics are diet supplements which consist of live non-pathogenic micro-organisms, which occur naturally in the gastrointestinal tract and which improve intestinal functions, the microbiological balance, as well as general health when ingested in sufficient quantities. This article discusses mechanisms by which probiotics can enhance the internal milieu, and provides a short summary of important clinical trials on the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of probiotics, as well as possible side-effects. The tremendous increase in research on the topic of natural microflora and probiotics is prompted partially through the commercial potential of probiotics, of which many different types are already commercially available. The article concludes with guidelines for the control of the production and distribution of probiotics as stated by the World Health Organisation and as suggested in South Africa.

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Laughlin, R. T., J. T. Mader, J. H. Calhoun, and A. Foad. "Calcaneal osteomyelitis: an analysis of aetiology and pathogenic organisms." Foot and Ankle Surgery 5, no. 3 (January 1999): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9584.1999.00158.x.

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35

Saunders, Jane E., Murray A. Skinner, Pilanee Vaithanomsat, and Katherine A. Brown. "EXPRESSION AND PURIFICATION OF EPSP SYNTHASES FROM PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS." Biochemical Society Transactions 28, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): A332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst028a332.

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36

Kar, R., N. Chand, A. Bute, Namita Maiti, A. V. S. S. Narayan Rao, V. Nagar, R. Shashidhar, D. S. Patil, S. K. Ghosh, and A. Sharma. "Cold Plasma: Clean Technology to Destroy Pathogenic Micro-organisms." Transactions of the Indian National Academy of Engineering 5, no. 2 (June 2020): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41403-020-00133-7.

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37

Bryant, Josephine M., Karen P. Brown, Sophie Burbaud, Isobel Everall, Juan M. Belardinelli, Daniela Rodriguez-Rincon, Dorothy M. Grogono, et al. "Stepwise pathogenic evolution of Mycobacterium abscessus." Science 372, no. 6541 (April 29, 2021): eabb8699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb8699.

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Although almost all mycobacterial species are saprophytic environmental organisms, a few, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have evolved to cause transmissible human infection. By analyzing the recent emergence and spread of the environmental organism M. abscessus through the global cystic fibrosis population, we have defined key, generalizable steps involved in the pathogenic evolution of mycobacteria. We show that epigenetic modifiers, acquired through horizontal gene transfer, cause saltational increases in the pathogenic potential of specific environmental clones. Allopatric parallel evolution during chronic lung infection then promotes rapid increases in virulence through mutations in a discrete gene network; these mutations enhance growth within macrophages but impair fomite survival. As a consequence, we observe constrained pathogenic evolution while person-to-person transmission remains indirect, but postulate accelerated pathogenic adaptation once direct transmission is possible, as observed for M. tuberculosis. Our findings indicate how key interventions, such as early treatment and cross-infection control, might restrict the spread of existing mycobacterial pathogens and prevent new, emergent ones.

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Gure, Prasanta Kumar, Arunava Ghosh, Dhrupad Ray, Misbahul Haque, and Manotosh Dutta. "Colonization and Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Potentially Pathogenic Micro-Organisms in tracheostomized patients." Bengal Journal of Otolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery 30, no. 2 (March 31, 2023): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47210/bjohns.2022.v30i2.828.

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Introduction: Tracheostomy is one of the most common and ancient surgical procedure performed in the world but it is like a double-edged sword which not only facilitates respiration, but also impairs the natural resistant barrier, therebyaugmenting the colonization of other secondary pathogenic micro-organisms. Hence, it is important to know the patternof microbiological colonizers in tracheostomized patients, so that adequate empiric antimicrobial coverage can preventdevelopment of hospital acquired pneumonia. This study aims to identify various micro-organisms colonizing lower airway in tracheostomized patients. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary based teaching hospital in North Bengal, India during July 2021 to July 2022. A total of 56 patients were included in the study. Results: Positive Cultures on day 0 were found in 20.8% & 65.6% of patients in wards and ICUs respectively. Out of the positive cultures isolated on day 0, Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism (80%) obtained from ward patients whereas, Acinetobacter baumannii was most common organism (47.61%) in ICU admitted patients. On day 7, positive cultures were found in 66.6% & 84.4% of admitted patients in wards and ICUs respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was again the most common organism obtained (56.25%) in wards whereas, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common organism (44.44%) obtained in ICU admitted patients followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (33.33%). Conclusion: Culture positivity rates were higher in patients who were previously intubated in Intensive care unit, which establishes the fact that any procedure which warrants airway manipulations, increases the chance of hospital acquired infections. Antibiotic resistance is very common in ICU admitted patients and has a tendency to increase over time. Hence, upscaling of antibiotics is recommended only after proper sensitivity check of the tracheal aspirates.

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Gebreyohannes, Gebreselema, Andrew Nyerere, Christine Bii, and Desta Berhe Sbhatu. "Determination of Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts of Indigenous Wild Mushrooms against Pathogenic Organisms." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (February 18, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6212673.

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Objective. This study has investigated the antimicrobial activity of extracts of indigenous wild mushrooms against selected organisms. Methods. Thirty-five (35) indigenous wild mushrooms were collected from Arabuko-Sokoke and Kakamega National Reserve Forests, Kenya. All mushrooms were identified and their contents were extracted and screened for their antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli (clinical isolate), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (clinical isolate), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), MRSA (ATCC 33591), Candida albicans (clinical isolate), and Candida parapsilosis (ATCC 90018) using tetrazolium microtiter plate bioassay method. Results. Of the 35 tested mushroom extracts, extracts of three (3) mushrooms, namely, Trametes spp. (Arabuko-Sokoke forest), Trametes, and Microporus spp. (Kakamega forest), have shown promising antimicrobial activities against the tested organisms. The S. aureus (ATCC 25923), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (ATCC 33591) were the most susceptible to chloroform extract of Trametes spp. collected from Arabuko-Sokoke forest. Of the tested organisms, S. aureus (ATCC 25923) was the most susceptible whereas E. coli was the most resistant organism to the hot water extract of Trametes spp. collected from Arabuko-Sokoke forest. Chloroform extract of Microporus spp. has shown the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus (ATCC 25923), MRSA (ATCC 33591), and K. pneumoniae (ATCC 13883) but limited activity against E.coli. All extracts of the three wild mushrooms have shown the most antibacterial activities against S. aureus (ATCC 25923). Conclusion. The present study has shown that the extracts of the three wild mushrooms have shown promising antimicrobial activities against the tested organisms.

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Dumontet, S., H. Dinel, M. Schnitzer, T. Paré, and A. Scopa. "Composting organic residues: Trace metals and microbial pathogens." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 81, no. 3 (August 1, 2001): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s00-077.

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Industrialized societies are responsible for increasing environmental pollution by trace metals, and pathogenic micro-organisms associated with products and wastes of industrial processes and agricultural production, as well as household activities. The objective of this paper is to discuss the effect of composting on the behavior of trace metals and pathogenic micro-organisms, and to present the latest finding on sanitizing and stabilizing organic fractions and trace metals in composted biosolids. Evidence provided by long-term scientific studies in North America and Europe on toxic effects of trace metals on soil micro-organisms and on pathogenic micro-organisms suggests that revisions of the current guidelines on sludge applications on agricultural soils are needed to protect long-term soil fertility. In addition, the antagonism between harmful characteristics of biosolids and their usefulness for agriculture and land reclaiming purposes could be mitigated by using efficient composting treatments. The production and use of harmless organic wastes should be one of our highest priorities in order to protect our health and environment, and to hand over a sustainable agriculture to future generations. Key words: Composting, biosolids, pathogenic micro-organisms, trace metals, sanitization

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Eggleston, Mark. "Agents for the Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections." Infection Control 8, no. 9 (September 1987): 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s019594170006745x.

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common pathogen of Pseudomonas species. One of the most virulent organisms pathogenic to man, P aeruginosa can cause a variety of infections in humans. Despite the introduction of many new antimicrobial agents with enhanced activity against P aeruginosa, the high mortality rate associated with the organism over the past two decades continues.

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Kirkland, Theo N., and Joshua Fierer. "Innate Immune Receptors and Defense Against Primary Pathogenic Fungi." Vaccines 8, no. 2 (June 13, 2020): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020303.

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The innate immune system is critical for natural resistance to all pathogenic microorganisms, including fungi. The innate response plays a vital role in resistance to infections before the antigen-specific immune response and also influences antigen-specific adaptive immunity. There are many different receptors for the innate immune response to fungi, and some receptors have been found to play a significant role in the response to human infections with opportunistic fungi. Most human infections are caused by opportunistic fungi, but a small number of organisms are capable of causing infections in normal hosts. The primary pathogenic fungi that cause invasive infections include Blastomyces spp., Cryptococcus gattii, Coccidioides spp., Histoplasma spp., and Paracoccidioides spp. In this review of innate immune receptors that play a role in infections caused by these organisms, we find that innate immunity differs between organisms.

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Lucero-Ramirez, Baltazar, Joseph F. Malina, and C. W. Cook. "Fate of Indicator and Pathogenic Organisms during Anaerobic Sludge Digestion." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2000, no. 9 (January 1, 2000): 405–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864700784546332.

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Itijo, T., K. Yasaki, K. Numatu, H. Sasaki, S. Fukuchi, and K. Takahashi. "Survey of pathogenic organisms contamined and preventive program in swine." Tohoku Journal Veterinary Clinics, no. 12 (1989): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4190/jjvc1978.1989.35.

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Rizal, Syaiful, and R. A. Rahmawati. "Pathogenic Organisms in Varanidae and Their Potential as Zoonotic Diseases." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 31, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v31i2.2694.

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<p class="00-6Abstrak2Wtz">Monitor lizards have various body sizes, belong to the Varanidae and it is reported that there were various kinds of pathogenic organisms in their bodies. This review aims to describe various information on pathogenic organisms and their potential as zoonotic diseases and can be used as a reference in the prevention of zoonotic diseases originating from Varanidae. The results of this review discuss two types of viruses, three types of bacteria, five types of protozoa, two types of arthropods, and seven types of endoparasites that are pathogenic in Varanidae. Based on this information it is known that potentially zoonotic pathogens include bacteria group is <em>Salmonella </em>spp. and <em>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</em>; groups of protozoa was <em>Giardia </em>sp<em>p</em>. and <em>Cryptosporidium </em>sp.; Arthropod group namely <em>Amblyomma </em>sp<em>.</em> which carries the bacteria <em>Rickettsia </em>sp<em>.</em>, <em>Borrelia </em>spp<em>.</em> and <em>Anaplasma </em>spp<em>.</em> and the endoparasite group consisting of <em>Ascaris </em>sp<em>.</em>, <em>Strongyloides </em>sp<em>.</em>, Pentastomida, and <em>Angiostrongylus cantonensis</em>, while for the virus group, there were no pathogenic organisms with zoonotic potential. The extensive use of Varanidae by humans as exotic pets, as well as for consumption and medicine has great potential in the transmission of zoonotic diseases. Those are possible because the varanids non-aseptically environment. The proper handling and maintenance of monitor lizards are necessary to prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases. Unhygienic and less aseptic way of handling food products of animal origin can lead to the potential for transmission of pathogenic organisms (foodborne disease). Efforts to prevent the transmission of foodborne diseases can apply Good Hygienic Practices (GHP) with the process of cooking reptile meat for consumption. Besides, disease transmission can be prevented by implementing the One Health concept.</p>

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., D. J. Arotupin, K. O. Awojobi ., and R. A. O. Gabriel-Ajobiewe . "Antimicrobial Activity of Trichilia priedreana Leaves Against Selected Pathogenic Organisms." Trends in Applied Sciences Research 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/tasr.2008.90.96.

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Hedderwick, Sara A., Shelly A. McNeil, Michael J. Lyons, and Carol A. Kauffman. "Pathogenic Organisms Associated with Artificial Fingernails Worn by Healthcare Workers." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 21, no. 8 (August 2000): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501794.

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Objective:To determine differences in the identity and quantity of microbial flora from healthcare workers (HCWs) wearing artificial nails compared with control HCWs with native nails.Design:Two separate studies were undertaken. In study 1, 12 HCWs who did not normally wear artificial nails wore polished artificial nails on their nondominant hand for 15 days. Identity and quantity of microflora were compared between the artificial nails and the polished native nails of the other hand. In study 2, the microbial flora of the nails of 30 HCWs who wore permanent acrylic artificial nails were compared with that of control HCWs who had native nails. In both studies, nail surfaces were swabbed and subungual debris was collected to obtain material for culture.Staphylococcus aureus, gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, and yeasts were considered to be potential pathogens. All organisms were identified and quantified.Results:In study 1, potential pathogens were isolated from more samples obtained from artificial nails than native nails (92% vs 62%;P<.001). Colonization of artificial nails increased over time; by day 15, 71% of cultures yielded a pathogen compared with 21% on day 1 (P=.004). A significantly greater quantity of organisms (expressed as mean log10colony-forming units ± standard deviation) was isolated from the subungual area than the nail surface; this was noted for both artificial (5.0±1.4 vs 4.1 ±1.0;P<.001) and native nails (4.9±1.3 vs 3.7±0.8;P<.001). More organisms were found on the surface of artificial nails than native nails (P=.008), but there were no differences noted in the quantities of organisms isolated from the subungual areas. In study 2, HCWs wearing artificial nails were more likely to have a pathogen isolated than controls (87% vs 43%;P=.001). More HCWs with artificial nails had gram-negative bacilli (47% vs 17%;P=.03) and yeasts (50% vs 13%;P=.006) than control HCWs. However, the quantities of organisms isolated from HCWs wearing artificial nails and controls did not differ.Conclusions:Artificial fingernails were more likely to harbor pathogens, especially gram-negative bacilli and yeasts, than native nails. The longer artificial nails were worn, the more likely that a pathogen was isolated. Current recommendations restricting artificial fingernails in certain healthcare settings appear justified.

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Walpole, Glenn F. W., and Sergio Grinstein. "Endocytosis and the internalization of pathogenic organisms: focus on phosphoinositides." F1000Research 9 (May 15, 2020): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22393.1.

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Despite their comparatively low abundance in biological membranes, phosphoinositides are key to the regulation of a diverse array of signaling pathways and direct membrane traffic. The role of phosphoinositides in the initiation and progression of endocytic pathways has been studied in considerable depth. Recent advances have revealed that distinct phosphoinositide species feature prominently in clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytosis as well as in phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. Moreover, a variety of intracellular and cell-associated pathogens have developed strategies to commandeer host cell phosphoinositide metabolism to gain entry and/or metabolic advantage, thereby promoting their survival and proliferation. Here, we briefly survey the current knowledge on the involvement of phosphoinositides in endocytosis, phagocytosis, and macropinocytosis and highlight several examples of molecular mimicry employed by pathogens to either “hitch a ride” on endocytic pathways endogenous to the host or create an entry path of their own.

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Dumontet, Stefano, Antonio Scopa, Suzanne Kerje, and Karek Krovacek. "The Importance of Pathogenic Organisms in Sewage and Sewage Sludge." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 51, no. 6 (June 2001): 848–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2001.10464313.

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Fumarola, D. "Increasing Evidence for the Pathogenic Role of DF-2 Organisms." Clinical Infectious Diseases 10, no. 3 (May 1, 1988): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/10.3.668.

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