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Journal articles on the topic 'Pathogens'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Sánchez-Vallet, Andrea, Simone Fouché, Isabelle Fudal, et al. "The Genome Biology of Effector Gene Evolution in Filamentous Plant Pathogens." Annual Review of Phytopathology 56, no. 1 (2018): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035303.

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Filamentous pathogens, including fungi and oomycetes, pose major threats to global food security. Crop pathogens cause damage by secreting effectors that manipulate the host to the pathogen's advantage. Genes encoding such effectors are among the most rapidly evolving genes in pathogen genomes. Here, we review how the major characteristics of the emergence, function, and regulation of effector genes are tightly linked to the genomic compartments where these genes are located in pathogen genomes. The presence of repetitive elements in these compartments is associated with elevated rates of poin

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2

Ehrlich, Garth D., N. Luisa Hiller, and Fen Hu. "What makes pathogens pathogenic." Genome Biology 9, no. 6 (2008): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2008-9-6-225.

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3

Tkáčová, Z., E. Káňová, I. Jiménez-Munguía, et al. "Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier by Neuroinvasive Pathogens." Folia Veterinaria 62, no. 1 (2018): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fv-2018-0007.

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Abstract The penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) are important steps for all neuroinvasive pathogens. All of the ways of pathogens passing through the BBB are still unclear. Among known pathways, pathogen traversal can occur paracellularly, transcellularly or using a “Trojan horse” mechanism. The first step of translocation across the BBB is the interactions of the pathogen’s ligands with the receptors of the host brain cells. Lyme disease, the most common vector-borne disease in the temperate zones of Europe and North America, are caus

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WACHTEL, MARIAN R., JAMES L. McEVOY, YAGUANG LUO, ANISHA M. WILLIAMS-CAMPBELL, and MORSE B. SOLOMON. "Cross-Contamination of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with Escherichia coli O157:H7 via Contaminated Ground Beef†." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 7 (2003): 1176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.7.1176.

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A lettuce outbreak strain of E. coli O157:H7 was used to quantitate the pathogen's survival in ground beef and its transfer to hands, cutting board surfaces, and lettuce. Overnight storage of inoculated beef at 4°C resulted in no pathogen growth, while room-temperature storage allowed multiplication. Hamburger patty formation allowed the transfer of bacteria to hands. Contaminated fingers subsequently transferred the pathogen to lettuce during handling. E. coli was transferred from hamburgers to cutting board surfaces; overnight storage of boards decreased the numbers of recoverable pathogens

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Cunze, Sarah, Judith Kochmann, Lisa K. Koch, Korbinian J. Q. Hasselmann, and Sven Klimpel. "Leishmaniasis in Eurasia and Africa: geographical distribution of vector species and pathogens." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 5 (2019): 190334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190334.

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Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease with a broad global occurrence and an increasing number of recorded cases; however, it is still one of the world's most neglected diseases. We here provide climatic suitability maps generated by means of an ecological niche modelling approach for 32 Phlebotomus vector species with proven or suspected vector competence for five Leishmania pathogens occurring in Eurasia and Africa. A GIS-based spatial overlay analysis was then used to compare the distributional patterns of vectors and pathogens to help evaluate the vector species–pathogen relationship curr

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Kumar, Ankit, Priyanshu Srivastava, PDNN Sirisena, et al. "Mosquito Innate Immunity." Insects 9, no. 3 (2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9030095.

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Mosquitoes live under the endless threat of infections from different kinds of pathogens such as bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The mosquito defends itself by employing both physical and physiological barriers that resist the entry of the pathogen and the subsequent establishment of the pathogen within the mosquito. However, if the pathogen does gain entry into the insect, the insect mounts a vigorous innate cellular and humoral immune response against the pathogen, thereby limiting the pathogen’s propagation to nonpathogenic levels. This happens through three major mechanisms: phagocytosis

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Mazarei, Mitra, Irina Teplova, M. Hajimorad, and C. Stewart. "Pathogen Phytosensing: Plants to Report Plant Pathogens." Sensors 8, no. 4 (2008): 2628–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s8042628.

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8

Lepper, Simone, and Sylvia Münter. "Spotlight on pathogens: ‘Imaging Host-Pathogen Interactions’." Cellular Microbiology 11, no. 6 (2009): 855–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01321.x.

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9

Rall, Björn C., and Ellen Latz. "Analyzing pathogen suppressiveness in bioassays with natural soils using integrative maximum likelihood methods in R." PeerJ 4 (November 3, 2016): e2615. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2615.

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The potential of soils to naturally suppress inherent plant pathogens is an important ecosystem function. Usually, pathogen infection assays are used for estimating the suppressive potential of soils. In natural soils, however, co-occurring pathogens might simultaneously infect plants complicating the estimation of a focal pathogen’s infection rate (initial slope of the infection-curve) as a measure of soil suppressiveness. Here, we present a method in R correcting for these unwanted effects by developing a two pathogen mono-molecular infection model. We fit the two pathogen mono-molecular inf

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10

Janni, Michela, Luca Sella, Francesco Favaron, Ann E. Blechl, Giulia De Lorenzo, and Renato D'Ovidio. "The Expression of a Bean PGIP in Transgenic Wheat Confers Increased Resistance to the Fungal Pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 21, no. 2 (2008): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-2-0171.

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A possible strategy to control plant pathogens is the improvement of natural plant defense mechanisms against the tools that pathogens commonly use to penetrate and colonize the host tissue. One of these mechanisms is represented by the host plant's ability to inhibit the pathogen's capacity to degrade plant cell wall polysaccharides. Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIP) are plant defense cell wall glycoproteins that inhibit the activity of fungal endopolygalacturonases (endo-PGs). To assess the effectiveness of these proteins in protecting wheat from fungal pathogens, we produced a nu

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MURAKAMI, TAKU. "Filter-Based Pathogen Enrichment Technology for Detection of Multiple Viable Foodborne Pathogens in 1 Day." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 9 (2012): 1603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-039.

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Conventional foodborne pathogen assays currently used in the food industry often require long culture enrichments to increase pathogen levels so they can be detected. Even using sensitive real-time PCR assays, culture enrichment at least overnight is necessary especially for detection of pathogens with slow growth rates such as Listeria monocytogenes. To eliminate this cumbersome enrichment step and detect minute amounts of pathogens within 1 day, filter-based pathogen enrichment technology was developed utilizing a unique combination of glass fiber depth filter and porous filter aid materials

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12

Romano, Julia D., Catherine de Beaumont, Jose A. Carrasco, Karen Ehrenman, Patrik M. Bavoil, and Isabelle Coppens. "Fierce Competition between Toxoplasma and Chlamydia for Host Cell Structures in Dually Infected Cells." Eukaryotic Cell 12, no. 2 (2012): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00313-12.

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ABSTRACTThe prokaryoteChlamydia trachomatisand the protozoanToxoplasma gondii, two obligate intracellular pathogens of humans, have evolved a similarmodus operandito colonize their host cell and salvage nutrients from organelles. In order to gain fundamental knowledge on the pathogenicity of these microorganisms, we have established a cell culture model whereby single fibroblasts are coinfected byC. trachomatisandT. gondii. We previously reported that the two pathogens compete for the same nutrient pools in coinfected cells and thatToxoplasmaholds a significant competitive advantage overChlamy

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13

Tarchevsky, I. A. "Biogenic stress in plants." Kazan medical journal 75, no. 1 (1994): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj89581.

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The picture of the pathogens and plant interaction is presented. That is: recognition; the influence of different hydrolases produced by pathogens on plant biopolimers and lipids; elicitors and phytoalexins formation; pathogen-induced proteins synthesis in plants; induction of supersensitivity in cells, surrounding the pathogen infection area; the influence of plant enzymes and toxins on pathogens and finally working out plant tissues resistance against pathogens (viruses, bacteria and fungi).

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Thakur, Aneesh, Heidi Mikkelsen, and Gregers Jungersen. "Intracellular Pathogens: Host Immunity and Microbial Persistence Strategies." Journal of Immunology Research 2019 (April 14, 2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1356540.

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Infectious diseases caused by pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are ranked as the second leading cause of death worldwide by the World Health Organization. Despite tremendous improvements in global public health since 1950, a number of challenges remain to either prevent or eradicate infectious diseases. Many pathogens can cause acute infections that are effectively cleared by the host immunity, but a subcategory of these pathogens called “intracellular pathogens” can establish persistent and sometimes lifelong infections. Several of these intracellular pathogens mana

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15

Veresoglou, Stavros D., and Matthias C. Rillig. "Suppression of fungal and nematode plant pathogens through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." Biology Letters 8, no. 2 (2011): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0874.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi represent ubiquitous mutualists of terrestrial plants. Through the symbiosis, plant hosts, among other benefits, receive protection from pathogens. A meta-analysis was conducted on 106 articles to determine whether, following pathogen infection of AM-colonized plants, the identity of the organisms involved (pathogens, AM fungi and host plants) had implications for the extent of the AM-induced pathogen suppression. Data on fungal and nematode pathogens were analysed separately. Although we found no differences in AM effectiveness with respect to the identity of

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16

Recart, Wilnelia, Rover Bernhard, Isabella Ng, Katherine Garcia, and Arietta E. Fleming-Davies. "Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Insect Pathogens: Implications for Plant Reproduction." Pathogens 12, no. 2 (2023): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020347.

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Despite extensive work on both insect disease and plant reproduction, there is little research on the intersection of the two. Insect-infecting pathogens could disrupt the pollination process by affecting pollinator population density or traits. Pathogens may also infect insect herbivores and change herbivory, potentially altering resource allocation to plant reproduction. We conducted a meta-analysis to (1) summarize the literature on the effects of pathogens on insect pollinators and herbivores and (2) quantify the extent to which pathogens affect insect traits, with potential repercussions

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17

Porta, Amalia, Annamaria Eletto, Zsolt Török, et al. "Changes in Membrane Fluid State and Heat Shock Response Cause Attenuation of Virulence." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 7 (2010): 1999–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00990-09.

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ABSTRACT So far attenuation of pathogens has been mainly obtained by chemical or heat treatment of microbial pathogens. Recently, live attenuated strains have been produced by genetic modification. We have previously demonstrated that in several prokaryotes as well as in yeasts and mammalian cells the heat shock response is controlled by the membrane physical state (MPS). We have also shown that in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 (Salmonella Typhimurium) overexpression of a Δ12-desaturase gene alters the MPS, inducing a sharp impairment of transcription of major heat shock genes an

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18

Voigt, Benjamin, Oliver Fischer, Christian Krumnow, Christian Herta, and Piotr Wojciech Dabrowski. "NGS read classification using AI." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (2021): e0261548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261548.

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Clinical metagenomics is a powerful diagnostic tool, as it offers an open view into all DNA in a patient’s sample. This allows the detection of pathogens that would slip through the cracks of classical specific assays. However, due to this unspecific nature of metagenomic sequencing, a huge amount of unspecific data is generated during the sequencing itself and the diagnosis only takes place at the data analysis stage where relevant sequences are filtered out. Typically, this is done by comparison to reference databases. While this approach has been optimized over the past years and works well

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19

Meddya, Sandipan, Shweta Meshram, Deepranjan Sarkar, et al. "Plant Stomata: An Unrealized Possibility in Plant Defense against Invading Pathogens and Stress Tolerance." Plants 12, no. 19 (2023): 3380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12193380.

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Stomata are crucial structures in plants that play a primary role in the infection process during a pathogen’s attack, as they act as points of access for invading pathogens to enter host tissues. Recent evidence has revealed that stomata are integral to the plant defense system and can actively impede invading pathogens by triggering plant defense responses. Stomata interact with diverse pathogen virulence factors, granting them the capacity to influence plant susceptibility and resistance. Moreover, recent studies focusing on the environmental and microbial regulation of stomatal closure and

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20

Conceição, Cinara Souza da, Barbara Victor Souza, Jessica Manya Bittencourt Dias Vieira, and Janaína dos Santos Nascimento. "Pathogen killing pathogen: antimicrobial substance from Acinetobacter active against foodborne pathogens." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 12, no. 05 (2018): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.9894.

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Introduction: Antimicrobial substances (AMS) produced by bacteria may reduce or prevent the growth of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in food. In this study, 16 isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii/calcoaceticus (ABC) complex, previously obtained from reconstituted infant milk formula (IMF) samples and the preparation and distribution utensils from the nursery of a public hospital, were used to screen for AMS production. Methodology: Antimicrobial substance production and spectrum of activity assays were performed by agar-spot assay. Optimization of growth conditions for AMS produc

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Delavaux, Camille S., Josh L. Schemanski, Geoffrey L. House, Alice G. Tipton, Benjamin Sikes, and James D. Bever. "Root pathogen diversity and composition varies with climate in undisturbed grasslands, but less so in anthropogenically disturbed grasslands." ISME Journal 15, no. 1 (2020): 304–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-00783-z.

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AbstractSoil-borne pathogens structure plant communities, shaping their diversity, and through these effects may mediate plant responses to climate change and disturbance. Little is known, however, about the environmental determinants of plant pathogen communities. Therefore, we explored the impact of climate gradients and anthropogenic disturbance on root-associated pathogens in grasslands. We examined the community structure of two pathogenic groups—fungal pathogens and oomycetes—in undisturbed and anthropogenically disturbed grasslands across a natural precipitation and temperature gradient

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22

Bonning, Bryony C. "Pathogen Binding and Entry: Molecular Interactions with the Insect Gut." Annual Review of Entomology 70, no. 1 (2025): 165–84. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-030624-014608.

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The point of entry for the majority of arthropod pathogens and arthropod-vectored pathogens of plant, animal, and human health importance is the arthropod midgut. Pathogen interaction with the midgut therefore represents a primary target for intervention to prevent pathogen infection and transmission. Despite this key role in pathogen invasion, relatively little is known of the specific molecular interactions between pathogens and the surface of the arthropod gut epithelium, with few pathogen receptors having been definitively identified. This article provides an overview of pathogen molecular

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23

Galle, Jan N., and Johannes H. Hegemann. "Exofacial phospholipids at the plasma membrane: ill-defined targets for early infection processes." Biological Chemistry 400, no. 10 (2019): 1323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2019-0187.

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Abstract The eukaryotic plasma membrane (PM) consists largely of phospholipids and proteins, and separates the intracellular compartments from the extracellular space. It also serves as a signaling platform for cell-to-cell communication and an interaction platform for the molecular crosstalk between pathogens and their target cells. Much research has been done to elucidate the interactions between pathogens and host membrane proteins. However, little is known about the interactions between pathogens and membrane phospholipids, although reports have described a contribution of phospholipids to

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Wu, J., S. C. Long, D. Das, and S. M. Dorner. "Are microbial indicators and pathogens correlated? A statistical analysis of 40 years of research." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 2 (2011): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.117.

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Indicator organisms are used to assess public health risk in recreational waters, to highlight periods of challenge to drinking water treatment plants, and to determine the effectiveness of treatment and the quality of distributed water. However, many have questioned their efficacy for indicating pathogen risk. Five hundred and forty cases representing independent indicator–pathogen correlations were obtained from the literature for the period 1970–2009. The data were analyzed to assess factors affecting correlations using a logistic regression model considering indicator classes, pathogen cla

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Zhao, Lei, Minrui Wang, Jingwei Li, Zhenhua Cui, Gayle M. Volk, and Qiaochun Wang. "Cryobiotechnology: A Double-Edged Sword for Obligate Plant Pathogens." Plant Disease 103, no. 6 (2019): 1058–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-18-1989-fe.

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Pathogen-free stock plants are required as propagation materials in nurseries and healthy materials are needed in germplasm exchange between countries or regions through quarantine programs. In addition, plant gene banks also prefer to maintain pathogen-free germplasm collections. Shoot tip cryotherapy is a novel biotechnology method whereby cryopreservation methods are used to eradicate obligate pathogens from vegetatively propagated plants. Long-term preservation of pathogens is necessary in all types of virus-related basic research and applications such as antigen preparation for virus dete

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Rotem, Shahar, Erez Bar-Haim, Uri Elia, et al. "A Novel Approach to Vaccine Development: Concomitant Pathogen Inactivation and Host Immune Stimulation by Peroxynitrite." Vaccines 10, no. 10 (2022): 1593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101593.

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The design of efficient vaccines for long-term protective immunity against pathogens represents an objective of utmost public health priority. In general, live attenuated vaccines are considered to be more effective than inactivated pathogens, yet potentially more reactogenic. Accordingly, inactivation protocols which do not compromise the pathogen’s ability to elicit protective immunity are highly beneficial. One of the sentinel mechanisms of the host innate immune system relies on the production of reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI), which efficiently inactivate pathogens. Peroxynitrite (

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Inal, Jameel M., Ephraim A. Ansa-Addo, and Sigrun Lange. "Interplay of host–pathogen microvesicles and their role in infectious disease." Biochemical Society Transactions 41, no. 1 (2013): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20120257.

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The release of extracellular vesicles, whether MVs (microvesicles) or exosomes, from host cells or intracellular pathogens is likely to play a significant role in the infection process. Host MVs may fuse with pathogen surfaces to deliver host complement regulatory proteins. They may also deliver cytokines that enhance invasion. Decoy functions are also possible. Whereas host MVs may direct pathogens away from their target cells, pathogen MVs may in turn redirect complement membrane-attack complexes away from their target pathogen. An understanding of the mechanisms of this interplay, bringing

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Qiao, Yongli, Rui Xia, Jixian Zhai, et al. "Small RNAs in Plant Immunity and Virulence of Filamentous Pathogens." Annual Review of Phytopathology 59, no. 1 (2021): 265–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-121520-023514.

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Gene silencing guided by small RNAs governs a broad range of cellular processes in eukaryotes. Small RNAs are important components of plant immunity because they contribute to pathogen-triggered transcription reprogramming and directly target pathogen RNAs. Recent research suggests that silencing of pathogen genes by plant small RNAs occurs not only during viral infection but also in nonviral pathogens through a process termed host-induced gene silencing, which involves trans-species small RNA trafficking. Similarly, small RNAs are also produced by eukaryotic pathogens and regulate virulence.

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Lanzas, Cristina, Kale Davies, Samantha Erwin, and Daniel Dawson. "On modelling environmentally transmitted pathogens." Interface Focus 10, no. 1 (2019): 20190056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0056.

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Many pathogens are able to replicate or survive in abiotic environments. Disease transmission models that include environmental reservoirs and environment-to-host transmission have used a variety of functional forms and modelling frameworks without a clear connection to pathogen ecology or space and time scales. We present a conceptual framework to organize microparasites based on the role that abiotic environments play in their lifecycle. Mean-field and individual-based models for environmental transmission are analysed and compared. We show considerable divergence between both modelling appr

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Cleaveland, S., M. K. Laurenson, and L. H. Taylor. "Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1411 (2001): 991–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0889.

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Pathogens that can be transmitted between different host species are of fundamental interest and importance from public health, conservation and economic perspectives, yet systematic quantification of these pathogens is lacking. Here, pathogen characteristics, host range and risk factors determining disease emergence were analysed by constructing a database of disease–causing pathogens of humans and domestic mammals. The database consisted of 1415 pathogens causing disease in humans, 616 in livestock and 374 in domestic carnivores. Multihost pathogens were very prevalent among human pathogens

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Woolhouse, M. E. J., C. Dye, S. Cleaveland, M.K. Laurenson, and L.H. Taylor. "Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1411 (2001): 991–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13514331.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Pathogens that can be transmitted between different host species are of fundamental interest and importance from public health, conservation and economic perspectives, yet systematic quantification of these pathogens is lacking. Here, pathogen characteristics, host range and risk factors determining disease emergence were analysed by constructing a database of disease–causing pathogens of humans and domestic mammals. The database consisted of 1415 pathogens causing disease in humans, 616 in livestock and 374 in domestic carnivores. Multihost p

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Woolhouse, M. E. J., C. Dye, S. Cleaveland, M.K. Laurenson, and L.H. Taylor. "Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1411 (2001): 991–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13514331.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Pathogens that can be transmitted between different host species are of fundamental interest and importance from public health, conservation and economic perspectives, yet systematic quantification of these pathogens is lacking. Here, pathogen characteristics, host range and risk factors determining disease emergence were analysed by constructing a database of disease–causing pathogens of humans and domestic mammals. The database consisted of 1415 pathogens causing disease in humans, 616 in livestock and 374 in domestic carnivores. Multihost p

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Woolhouse, M. E. J., C. Dye, S. Cleaveland, M.K. Laurenson, and L.H. Taylor. "Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1411 (2001): 991–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13514331.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Pathogens that can be transmitted between different host species are of fundamental interest and importance from public health, conservation and economic perspectives, yet systematic quantification of these pathogens is lacking. Here, pathogen characteristics, host range and risk factors determining disease emergence were analysed by constructing a database of disease–causing pathogens of humans and domestic mammals. The database consisted of 1415 pathogens causing disease in humans, 616 in livestock and 374 in domestic carnivores. Multihost p

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Woolhouse, M. E. J., C. Dye, S. Cleaveland, M.K. Laurenson, and L.H. Taylor. "Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1411 (2001): 991–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13514331.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Pathogens that can be transmitted between different host species are of fundamental interest and importance from public health, conservation and economic perspectives, yet systematic quantification of these pathogens is lacking. Here, pathogen characteristics, host range and risk factors determining disease emergence were analysed by constructing a database of disease–causing pathogens of humans and domestic mammals. The database consisted of 1415 pathogens causing disease in humans, 616 in livestock and 374 in domestic carnivores. Multihost p

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Melgar, Mario, Molly Lamb, Diva M. Calvimontes, et al. "Enteropathogen Identification by Multiplex PCR in Guatemalan Children with Acute, Non-bloody Diarrhea." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.877.

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Abstract Background Diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Assessing diarrhea etiology in LMICs is of great importance in order to better develop both therapeutic and public health strategies, but is hampered by the complexity of potential diarrheal pathogens, and diverse methodology needed for pathogen identification Methods Subjects 6 to 35 months old with acute, moderate severity, non-bloody diarrhea were enrolled in a diarrheal treatment trial, conducted at one rural (N = 172) and two urban sites (N = 144) in Guatemala

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Fonville, Judith M. "Expected Effect of Deleterious Mutations on Within-Host Adaptation of Pathogens." Journal of Virology 89, no. 18 (2015): 9242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00832-15.

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ABSTRACTAdaptation is a common theme in both pathogen emergence, for example, in zoonotic cross-species transmission, and pathogen control, where adaptation might limit the effect of the immune response and antiviral treatment. When such evolution requires deleterious intermediate mutations, fitness ridges and valleys arise in the pathogen's fitness landscape. The effect of deleterious intermediate mutations on within-host pathogen adaptation is examined with deterministic calculations, appropriate for pathogens replicating in large populations with high error rates. The effect of deleterious

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Charudattan, Raghavan. "A Reflection on My Research in Weed Biological Control: Using What We Have Learned for Future Applications." Weed Technology 24, no. 2 (2010): 208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-09-00012.1.

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When I began my foray into the field of biological control of weeds in 1971, the concept of deliberately using pathogens to control weeds was novel and untested and met with skepticism and resistance. Soon, a worldwide network of plant pathologists, weed scientists, microbial technologists, formulation specialists, and regulatory personnel came together to study, develop, and apply pathogens in safe and effective ways of control of a variety of weeds in crops and natural areas. Several new weed–pathogen systems were studied; a few dozen products and pathogens were brought to use, albeit on a v

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Magunda, Forgivemore, Chelsea Wright Thompson, David A. Schneider, and Susan M. Noh. "Anaplasma marginale Actively Modulates Vacuolar Maturation during Intracellular Infection of Its Tick Vector, Dermacentor andersoni." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 15 (2016): 4715–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01030-16.

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ABSTRACTTick-borne transmission of bacterial pathogens in the orderRickettsialesis responsible for diverse infectious diseases, many of them severe, in humans and animals. Transmission dynamics differ among these pathogens and are reflected in the pathogen-vector interaction.Anaplasma marginalehas been shown to establish and maintain infectivity withinDermacentorspp. for weeks to months while escaping the complex network of vacuolar peptidases that are responsible for digestion of the tick blood meal. How this prolonged maintenance of infectivity in a potentially hostile environment is achieve

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Catanzariti, Ann-Maree, and David A. Jones. "Effector proteins of extracellular fungal plant pathogens that trigger host resistance." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 10 (2010): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10077.

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An understanding of the molecular mechanisms that plant pathogens use to successfully colonise host tissue can be gained by studying the biological activity of pathogen proteins secreted during infection. Several secreted ‘effector’ proteins with possible roles in virulence have been isolated from extracellular fungal pathogens, including three that have been shown to negate host defences. In most cases, significant effector variation is observed between different pathogen isolates, driven by the recognitional capacity of disease resistance proteins arrayed against the pathogen by the host pla

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Çiftçi, Nurullah, Gizem Tükenmez, Yasemin Dostuoglu, Nima Hassan Waberi, Gulfem Nur Yildiz, and Murat Karameşe. "The Comparison of Two Different Multiplex Respiratory PCR Panels and The Evaluation of the Viral and Bacterial Agents." Dicle Tıp Dergisi 52, no. 2 (2025): 273–81. https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.1723030.

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Objective: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of two multiplex PCR (MT-PCR) panels, 7-pathogen and 24- pathogen, for detecting viral and bacterial pathogens in pediatric patients having upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms. Methods: The study was conducted between January and July 2024. A total of 61 pediatric patients aged 0-16 years and admitted to Kafkas University Health Research and Application Hospital were enrolled. Nasopharyngeal swab sampl

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Deepika, T., G. Swathi, Mulamalla Snigdha, and Nikhil Errabally. "Microbial Characteristics, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Organisms in DeviceAssociated Infections: A Study at a Single Healthcare Center." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 16, no. 6 (2024): 2080–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12749883.

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This 12-month retrospective cohort study at a single tertiary healthcare center examined the microbial profile, antimicrobial susceptibility, and prevalence of MDR and XDR pathogens in medical device-associated infections. Urinary catheters, central venous catheters, mechanical ventilators, and orthopedic prostheses were evaluated in 250 patients. The study found Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus spp. as the most common pathogens, along with Candida spp. MDR pathogens were 45% prevalent and XDR pathogens were 15% commonplace in antimicrobial susceptibilit

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Potgieter, Natasha, Lee Heine, Jean Pierre Kabue Ngandu, et al. "High Burden of Co-Infection with Multiple Enteric Pathogens in Children Suffering with Diarrhoea from Rural and Peri-Urban Communities in South Africa." Pathogens 12, no. 2 (2023): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020315.

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Infectious diarrhoea contributes to high morbidity and mortality in young children from sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of single and multiple diarrhoeal-causing pathogen combinations in children suffering from diarrhoea from rural and peri-urban communities in South Africa. A total of 275 diarrhoea stool specimens were collected between 2014 and 2016 from Hospitals and Primary Health Care clinics. The BioFire® FilmArray® Gastrointestinal panel was used to simultaneously detect 22 diarrhoea pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites) known to cause diarrhoea

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Leggett, Helen C., Charlie K. Cornwallis, Angus Buckling, and Stuart A. West. "Growth rate, transmission mode and virulence in human pathogens." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1719 (2017): 20160094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0094.

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The harm that pathogens cause to hosts during infection, termed virulence, varies across species from negligible to a high likelihood of rapid death. Classic theory for the evolution of virulence is based on a trade-off between pathogen growth, transmission and host survival, which predicts that higher within-host growth causes increased transmission and higher virulence. However, using data from 61 human pathogens, we found the opposite correlation to the expected positive correlation between pathogen growth rate and virulence. We found that (i) slower growing pathogens are significantly more

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Chen, Shanshan, Yijun Ran, Hebo Huang, Zhenzhen Wang, and Ke-ke Shang. "Epidemic Dynamics of Two-Pathogen Spreading for Pairwise Models." Mathematics 10, no. 11 (2022): 1906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10111906.

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In the real world, pathogens do not exist in isolation. The transmission of one pathogen may be affected by the presence of other pathogens, and certain pathogens generate multiple strains with different spreading features. Hence, the behavior of multi-pathogen transmission has attracted much attention in epidemiological research. In this paper, we use the pairwise approximation method to formulate two-pathogen models capturing cross-immunity, super-infection, and co-infection phenomena, in which each pathogen follows a susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) mechanism. For each model, we calcu

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Brugman, E., A. Widiastuti, and A. Wibowo. "Population genetics of Phytophthora species based on short sequence repeat (SSR) marker: a review of its importance and recent studies." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1230, no. 1 (2023): 012102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012102.

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Abstract Phytophthora is a genus of oomycete (water molds) whose member species mostly live as plant pathogens and have been reported to cause enormous economic losses on crops worldwide. In recent years, population genetics of Phytophthora pathogens have been broadly studied to evaluate their adaptive evolution. Population genetic studies focus on analyzing the level of genetic diversity and the structure of the pathogen population. A population’s genetic diversity is proportional to its evolutionary potential. The generation and maintenance of genetic variation in pathogen populations are in

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WHITE, L. J., Y. H. SCHUKKEN, T. J. G. M. LAM, G. F. MEDLEY, and M. J. CHAPPELL. "A multispecies model for the transmission and control of mastitis in dairy cows." Epidemiology and Infection 127, no. 3 (2001): 567–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268801006100.

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Mastitis in dairy cows is a significant economic and animal welfare issue in the dairy industry. The bacterial pathogens responsible for infection of the mammary gland may be split into two main categories: major and minor pathogens. Infection with major pathogens generally results in clinical illness or strong inflammatory responses and reduced milk yields, whereas minor pathogen infection is usually subclinical. Previous investigations have considered the transmission of these pathogens independently. Experimental evidence has shown cross-protection between species of pathogens. In this stud

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Leach, Clinton B., Colleen T. Webb, and Paul C. Cross. "When environmentally persistent pathogens transform good habitat into ecological traps." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 3 (2016): 160051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160051.

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Habitat quality plays an important role in the dynamics and stability of wildlife metapopulations. However, the benefits of high-quality habitat may be modulated by the presence of an environmentally persistent pathogen. In some cases, the presence of environmental pathogen reservoirs on high-quality habitat may lead to the creation of ecological traps, wherein host individuals preferentially colonize high-quality habitat, but are then exposed to increased infection risk and disease-induced mortality. We explored this possibility through the development of a stochastic patch occupancy model, w

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Brusina, Е. В., E. A. Chezganova, and О. M. Drozdova. "Airborne transmission of hospital pathogens." Fundamental and Clinical Medicine 5, no. 4 (2020): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.23946/2500-0764-2020-5-4-97-103.

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For decades, there have been a number of controversial issues regarding the airborne transmission of hospital pathogens. Here we decided to perform a critical review on this topic in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic. We summarise the existing knowledge on biological aerosols including techniques of their generation, propagation of bioaerosol particles in a hospital environment, particle size-, shape- and composition-dependent airborne transmission, and microorganisms inhabitating such particles. It is still unclear which of the particles transfer the pathogens, which of the pathogens are

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Gallet, Romain, Colin Fontaine, François Bonnot, et al. "Evolution of Compatibility Range in the Rice−Magnaporthe oryzae System: An Uneven Distribution of R Genes Between Rice Subspecies." Phytopathology® 106, no. 4 (2016): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-15-0169-r.

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Efficient strategies for limiting the impact of pathogens on crops require a good understanding of the factors underlying the evolution of compatibility range for the pathogens and host plants, i.e., the set of host genotypes that a particular pathogen genotype can infect and the set of pathogen genotypes that can infect a particular host genotype. Until now, little is known about the evolutionary and ecological factors driving compatibility ranges in systems implicating crop plants. We studied the evolution of host and pathogen compatibility ranges for rice blast disease, which is caused by t

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Hamido, Abduleziz Jemal, Netsa Bekele Sirika, and Ibsa Abrahim Omar. "Literature Review on Antibiotics." Clinical Medicine And Health Research Journal 2, no. 4 (2022): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/cmhrj.v2i4.65.

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Antibiotics resistant capacity when pathogens are develops inhibition mechanisms in opposition to different antimicrobials that formerly sensitive. Different kinds of pathogens can advance resistance mechanisms or strategies via more than a few ways, such as natural or acquired. Innate resistance would be going on when pathogen can protects themselves from any drugs, this was once may be due to the capsules have low permeability to the pathogens. Additional reasons may be due to variations in the chemical compositio drug and the pathogens membrane structures. Acquired resistance potential the

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