Journal articles: 'Pathovar'

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Kant, Pragya, Mario Fruzangohar, Rachel Mann, Brendan Rodoni, Grant Hollaway, and Garry Rosewarne. "Development and Application of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for the Detection of Pseudomonas syringae Pathovars pisi and syringae." Agriculture 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090875.

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Pseudomonas syringae causes bacterial blight (BB) disease worldwide on economically important fruit and vegetable crops including field pea (Pisum sativum L.). The two pathovars responsible for BB in field pea are Pseudomonas syringae pathovar pisi (Psp) and syringae (Pss). In the field, both pathovars cause indistinguishable symptoms on field pea and require laboratory diagnosis to determine the causal pathovar. To aid in-field and laboratory diagnosis, accurate, and robust loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for Psp and Pss were developed. The assays were able to detect Psp or Pss on live or heat-killed bacterial cells, plant exudates, seeds, and DNA extracts with no inhibitory effects. The two specific LAMP assays developed detected Psp and Pss accurately in less than 20 min and no cross-reaction was observed with 18 strains of closely related species of Pseudomonas syringae. Compared to the conventional PCR assays, the two LAMP assays were equally specific but have advantages of producing quicker and visual live results, enabling early detection and differentiation of Psp and Pss. Our results suggested a potential use of LAMP assays for laboratory testing and can be applied for in-field surveys.

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Weingart, H., B. Völksch, and M. S. Ullrich. "Comparison of Ethylene Production by Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum." Phytopathology® 89, no. 5 (May 1999): 360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.5.360.

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Strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi and Ralstonia solanacearum produced ethylene at rates 20- and 200-fold lower, respectively, than strains of P. syringae pvs. cannabina, glycinea, phaseolicola, and sesami. In the current study, we investigated which ethylene biosynthetic pathways were used by P. syringae pv. pisi and R. solanacearum. Neither the activity of an ethylene-forming enzyme nor a corresponding efe gene homolog could be detected in R. solanacearum, suggesting synthesis of ethylene via 2-keto-4-methyl-thiobutyric acid. In contrast, 2-oxoglutarate-dependent ethylene formation was observed with P. syringae pv. pisi, and Southern blot hybridization revealed the presence of an efe homolog in this pathovar. The efe genes from P. syringae pvs. cannabina, glycinea, phaseolicola, pisi, and sesami were sequenced. Nucleotide sequence comparisons indicated that the efe gene in pv. pisi was not as highly conserved as it was in other P. syringae pathovars. The pv. pisi efe homolog showed numerous nucleotide substitutions and a deletion of 13 amino acids at the C-terminus of the predicted gene product. These sequence alterations might account for the lower rate of ethylene production by this pathovar. All ethylene-producing P. syringae pathovars were virulent on bush bean plants. The overlapping host range of these pathovars suggests that horizontal transfer of the efe gene may have occurred among bacteria inhabiting the same host.

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Colhoun, K. M., R. C. Butler, and M. V. Marroni. "Pruning date affects bacterial canker of sweet cherry." New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (January 8, 2015): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5858.

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The effect of pruning date on the development of canker lesions caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae (Pss) and Ps pv morsprunorum (Psm) was investigated in a field trial using three sweet cherry cultivars with or without Pss and Psm inoculation Four weeks after treatment the percentage of twigs showing bacterial canker lesions and the size of lesions were recorded Overall the percentage of twigs showing lesions did not vary between cultivars but did vary with the pruning date and between pathovars Uninoculated branches pruned in February 2014 did not develop canker lesions A moderate proportion (40) showed lesions when inoculated with Psm and 100 of twigs showed necrosis when inoculated with Pss However for later pruning dates (April and July 2014) the percentage of twigs showing lesions declined progressively for twigs inoculated with both pathovars up to the September pruning Thereafter a sharp increase was observed with nearly 100 of twigs showing necrosis after the final January 2015 pruning For branches that showed necrosis lesion size varied strongly with cultivar pruning time and pathovar Lesion size tended to be smaller with later pruning but the pattern varied considerably with pathovar and cultivar The significance of these findings in relation to bacterial canker management is discussed

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Donahoo, R. S., J. B. Jones, G. H. Lacy, V. K. Stromberg, and D. J. Norman. "Genetic Analyses of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae Strains Reveal Distinct Phylogenetic Groups." Phytopathology® 103, no. 3 (March 2013): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-08-12-0191-r.

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A comprehensive analysis of 175 Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae strains isolated from 10 Araceae hosts was done to identify pathogen variation. The strains were subjected to repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence polymerase chain reaction and four major phylogenetic clusters were generated. A subset of 40 strains isolated from Anthurium, Dieffenbachia, and Syngonium was further defined by amplified fragment length polymorphism and fatty acid methyl ester analysis and the same four phylogenetic clusters were observed. Comparison of representative strains in the first three clusters using DNA-DNA hybridization and multilocus sequence analysis supports the previous reclassification of strains in cluster I, including the X. axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae pathovar reference strain (LMG695), to X. citri. Our research findings indicate that strains in cluster I, isolated primarily from anthurium, probably represent an undescribed pathovar. Other phylogenetic subclusters consisting primarily of strains isolated from xanthosoma and philodendron in clusters III and IV, respectively, may yet represent other undescribed species or pathovars of Xanthomonas.

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Schaad, N. W., A. K. Vidaver, G. H. Lacy, K. Rudolph, and J. B. Jones. "Evaluation of Proposed Amended Names of Several Pseudomonads and Xanthomonads and Recommendations." Phytopathology® 90, no. 3 (March 2000): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.3.208.

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In 1980, over 90% of all plant-pathogenic pseudomonads and xanthomonads were lumped into Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris, respectively, as pathovars. The term “pathovar” was created to preserve the name of plant pathogens, but has no official standing in nomenclature. Proposals to elevate and rename several pathovars of the genera Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas to the rank of species has caused great confusion in the literature. We believe the following changes have merit and expect to adopt them for publication in a future American Phytopathological Society Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Upon review of published data and the Rules of The International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, we make the following recommendations. We reject the proposal to change the name of P. syringae pvs. phaseolicola and glycinea to P. savastanoi pvs. phaseolicola and glycinea, respectively, because both pathogens are easily differentiated phenotypically from pv. savastanoi and convincing genetic data to support such a change are lacking. We accept the elevation of P. syringae pv. savastanoi to the rank of species. We accept the reinstatement of X. oryzae to the rank of species with the inclusion of X. oryzicola as a pathovar of X. oryzae and we accept the species X. populi. We agree with the elevation of the pvs. cassavae, cucurbitae, hyacinthi, pisi, and translucens to the rank of species but not pvs. melonis, theicola, and vesicatoria type B. We recommend that all type A X. vesicatoria be retained as X. campestris pv. vesicatoria and all type B X. vesicatoria be named X. exitiosa. We reject the newly proposed epithets arboricola, bromi, codiaei (poinsettiicola type B), hortorum, sacchari, and vasicola and the transfer of many pathovars of X. campestris to X. axonopodis. The proposed pathovars of X. axonopodis should be retained as pathovars of X. campestris.

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Zhao, Youfu, John P. Damicone, David H. Demezas, and Carol L. Bender. "Bacterial Leaf Spot Diseases of Leafy Crucifers in Oklahoma Caused by Pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris." Plant Disease 84, no. 9 (September 2000): 1008–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.9.1008.

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Fields of kale, spinach mustard, and turnip were severely damaged by bacterial leaf spots during 1994 to 1996. Symptoms included circular to angular necrotic lesions with yellow halos and water-soaking on the abaxial leaf surface. Yellow, mucoid strains isolated from leaf spots were identified as Xanthomonas campestris using Biolog. Four strains caused black lesions on stems of cabbage seedlings in an excised cotyledon assay, leaf spots and sunken dark lesions on petioles of spray-inoculated crucifers, and leaf spots on spray-inoculated tomato. These strains were classified as X. campestris pv. armoraciae. Most other strains from leafy crucifers and all strains from a cabbage field caused black rot in the cotyledon assay and in spray-inoculations. Many of these strains also caused leaf spots on collard and kale but not stem and petiole lesions. The strains causing black rot were classified as X. campestris pv. campestris. Cluster analysis of Biolog profiles yielded a small group that contained local strains of both pathovars, and a large group comprised of reference and local strains of each pathovar, and some local, nonpathogenic strains. Five fingerprint groups were identified by rep-polymerase chain reaction using the BOXA1R primer. Local and reference strains of each pathovar occurred in two of the groups. Two pathovars of X. campestris are involved in the leaf spot diseases. Both pathovars were recovered within several fields, and also were recovered along with Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola. This is the first report of Xanthomonas leaf spot caused by X. campestris pv. armoraciae in Oklahoma.

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Rasko, David A., M. J. Rosovitz, Garry S. A. Myers, Emmanuel F. Mongodin, W. Florian Fricke, Pawel Gajer, Jonathan Crabtree, et al. "The Pangenome Structure of Escherichia coli: Comparative Genomic Analysis of E. coli Commensal and Pathogenic Isolates." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 20 (August 1, 2008): 6881–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00619-08.

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ABSTRACT Whole-genome sequencing has been skewed toward bacterial pathogens as a consequence of the prioritization of medical and veterinary diseases. However, it is becoming clear that in order to accurately measure genetic variation within and between pathogenic groups, multiple isolates, as well as commensal species, must be sequenced. This study examined the pangenomic content of Escherichia coli. Six distinct E. coli pathovars can be distinguished using molecular or phenotypic markers, but only two of the six pathovars have been subjected to any genome sequencing previously. Thus, this report provides a seminal description of the genomic contents and unique features of three unsequenced pathovars, enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, and enteroaggregative E. coli. We also determined the first genome sequence of a human commensal E. coli isolate, E. coli HS, which will undoubtedly provide a new baseline from which workers can examine the evolution of pathogenic E. coli. Comparison of 17 E. coli genomes, 8 of which are new, resulted in identification of ∼2,200 genes conserved in all isolates. We were also able to identify genes that were isolate and pathovar specific. Fewer pathovar-specific genes were identified than anticipated, suggesting that each isolate may have independently developed virulence capabilities. Pangenome calculations indicate that E. coli genomic diversity represents an open pangenome model containing a reservoir of more than 13,000 genes, many of which may be uncharacterized but important virulence factors. This comparative study of the species E. coli, while descriptive, should provide the basis for future functional work on this important group of pathogens.

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Chen, Yong-Fang, Yan-Ni Yin, Xiao-Mei Zhang, and Jian-Hua Guo. "Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. beticola, A New Pathovar of Pathogens in Sugar Beet." Plant Disease 91, no. 6 (June 2007): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-6-0677.

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Bacterial leaf spot of sugar beet was first discovered in 1995 in Inner Mongolia of China. The pathogen was shown to be a bacterium with properties of gram-positive bacteria: small irregular rods, lateral flagella, aerobic, and catalase-positive. The colonies of sugar beet strains produced a pale-yellow pigment. The optimum temperature for the bacteria to grow was 24 to 27°C. The bacteria could utilize a wide range of organic compounds, including hydrolyzed casein, starch, esculin and Tween 80, and released H2S from cysteine, cystine, and Na2S2O3·5H2O, but could not produce urease, oxidase, or indole. The cell wall peptidoglycan was based on ornithine (type B2β). The predominant menaquinone was MK-9. Polar lipids contained several glycosyldiacyl-glycerols. The DNA G+C content of a type strain of the new pathovar, T30T, was 67.5%. DNA-DNA homology between T30T and Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (International Collection of Micro-Organisms from Plants, New Zealand [ICMP] 2584) was 70.1%. The new pathovar and C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens had 99.9% identity in DNA sequence of 16S rRNA. Close genetic relatedness was observed for the representatives of the species Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens, but a low level of similarity between the different pathovars was found. Based on these physiological, biochemical, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic, and genetic characteristics, we demonstrate that the pathogen represents a new pathovar of C. flaccumfaciens, for which we propose the name Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. beticola pv. nov. The type strain is T30T (=ATCC BAA-144T).

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Pastoschuk, A., M. Kovalenko, and L. Skivka. "Antioxidant reactions in winter wheat seedlings of different cultivars exposed to the Pseudomonas syringae and its lipopolysaccharides in vitro." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 84, no. 1 (2021): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2021.84.61-66.

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Pseudomonas syringae is the most common phytopathogenic bacterium with a wide range of target plants, which include important cereals such as wheat. One of the main pathogens of bacterial diseases of wheat is Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens. In some countries, wheat yield losses caused by this phytopathogenic bacterium reach 50%. Currently, the taxonomy of P. syringae includes more than 50 pathovars with varying degrees of adaptation to wheat lesions. One of them is Pseudomonas syringae pv. сoronafaciens. P. syringae pv. Coronafaciens is non-host pathogen for wheat. However, the infectionsof a wide range of crops, including wheat, with this pathogen attracts the attention of both researchers and specialiss of the agro-industrial complex. The study of the mechanisms of wheat resistance to host and non-host pathovars of P. syringae is of great interest, both in terms of in-depth study of the pathogen and in the perspective of selection of bacterial disease-resistant varieties of this strategically important grain crop for Ukraine. The aim of the study was to compare the antioxidant reactions of wheat seedlings of different winter wheat varieties under the grain exposition to P. syringae of different pathovars and their lipopolysaccharides (LPS). It was found that reactive oxygen species generation, as a mechanism of plant immune protection against phytopathogenic pseudomonads, is equally activated in the case of exposure to both host and nonhost pathovars and to a lesser extent in the case of the exposure with LPS of both pathovars. In grains of Favoritka variety (most sensitive to phytopathogenic pseudomonads) exposed to host pathovar, significant activation of antioxidant enzymes was observed. Exposure to the non-host pathovar causes sharp proline accumulation. Thus, the sensitivity of wheat seedlings to phytopathogenic host and non-host pathovars of phytopathogenic pseudomonads largely depends on the balanced functioning of the antioxidant defense system. Taken together, these data indicate the wheat cell oxidative metabolism as a target for selection of varieties resistant to phytopathogenic bacteria.

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Morris, Cindy E., Catherine Glaux, Xavier Latour, Louis Gardan, Régine Samson, and Michel Pitrat. "The Relationship of Host Range, Physiology, and Genotype to Virulence on Cantaloupe in Pseudomonas syringae from Cantaloupe Blight Epidemics in France." Phytopathology® 90, no. 6 (June 2000): 636–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.6.636.

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In 1993, a bacterial blight caused important losses of cantaloupe (Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis) in southwestern France and has now been reported in all cantaloupe-growing regions of France. The causal agent of this blight is Pseudomonas syringae, although on a worldwide basis this bacterium has not been a major pathogen of melon for over 50 years. To identify the pathovar of the cantaloupe pathogen, we employed biochemical tests, plasmid and chromosomal profiling, and host range studies for 23 strains from cantaloupe and 47 reference strains of 14 pathovars of P. syringae. Numerical analysis of 119 traits, serological typing, syringomycin production, and BOX-polymerase chain reaction profiles did not allow us to differentiate among pathovars related to P. syringae pv. syringae. Host range studies of cantaloupe and references strains on 18 plant species showed that virulence to sugar beet was a common feature of strains virulent on cantaloupe, but was not common to strains avirulent on cantaloupe. Virulence to other species of plants varied among strains, but the overall extent of the host range was proportional to aggressiveness to cantaloupe. We propose that the strains attacking cantaloupe in France be considered P. syringae pv. aptata and that adequate host range testing may reveal that this pathovar is the cause of cantaloupe blight reported in other parts of the world.

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Lin, Nai-Chun, and Gregory B. Martin. "Pto- and Prf-Mediated Recognition of AvrPto and AvrPtoB Restricts the Ability of Diverse Pseudomonas syringae Pathovars to Infect Tomato." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 20, no. 7 (July 2007): 806–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-20-7-0806.

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The molecular basis underlying the ability of pathogens to infect certain plant species and not others is largely unknown. Pseudomonas syringae is a useful model species for investigating this phenomenon because it comprises more than 50 pathovars which have narrow host range specificities. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a host for P. syringae pv. tomato, the causative agent of bacterial speck disease, but is considered a nonhost for other P. syringae pathovars. Host resistance in tomato to bacterial speck disease is conferred by the Pto protein kinase which acts in concert with the Prf nucleotide-binding lucine-rich repeat protein to recognize P. syringae pv. tomato strains expressing the type III effectors AvrPto or AvrPtoB (HopAB2). The Pto and Prf genes were isolated from the wild tomato species S. pimpinellifolium and functional alleles of both of these genes now are known to exist in many species of tomato and in other Solanaceous species. Here, we extend earlier reports that avrPto and avrPtoB genes are widely distributed among pathovars of P. syringae which are considered nonhost pathogens of tomato. This observation prompted us to examine the possibility that recognition of these type III effectors by Pto or Prf might contribute to the inability of many P. syringae pathovars to infect tomato species. We show that 10 strains from presumed nonhost P. syringae pathovars are able to grow and cause pathovar-unique disease symptoms in tomato leaves lacking Pto or Prf, although they did not reach the population levels or cause symptoms as severe as a control P. syringae pv. tomato strain. Seven of these strains were found to express avrPto or avrPtoB. The AvrPto- and AvrPtoB-expressing strains elicited disease resistance on tomato leaves expressing Pto and Prf. Thus, a gene-for-gene recognition event may contribute to host range restriction of many P. syringae pathovars on tomato species. Furthermore, we conclude that the diverse disease symptoms caused by different Pseudomonas pathogens on their normal plant hosts are due largely to the array of virulence factors expressed by each pathovar and not to specific molecular or morphological attributes of the plant host.

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Kim, Seung-Hwan, Jinhua Cheng, Seung Hwan Yang, Joo-Won Suh, Eun-Sung Song, Lin-Woo Kang, and Jeong-Gu Kim. "Screening the Antibacterial Activities of Streptomyces Extracts against Phytopathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae, Xanthomonas campestris pathovar vesicatoria, and Pectobacterium carotovorum pathovar carotovorum." Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry 58, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2015.040.

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Vanneste, J. L., D. A. Cornish, J. Yu, and C. E. Morris. "The application of polymerase chain reaction for characterising strains of Pseudomonas syringae isolated from New Zealand rivers." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4829.

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Pseudomonas syringae is a complex group of bacteria which comprises nine different genomospecies and over 50 pathovars Strains of P syringae have been isolated from some rivers and lakes in New Zealand To determine whether these waterways act as reservoirs of plant pathogenic bacteria 15 strains of P syringae isolated from the Waikato River and Whakapapanui stream have been further characterised using several polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols Five of those 15 strains belong to genomospecies 1 which comprises P syringae pv syringae but none belongs to genomospecies 2 The protocol for detection of P syringae pv papulans was modified and is now specific for this pathovar The identity of a strain isolated from the Waikato River as being P syringae pv atrofaciens has yet to be confirmed None of the 15 strains studied belongs to the pathovars papulans actinidiae tagetis helianthii or theae

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van Doorn, J., T. C. Hollinger, and B. Oudega. "Analysis of the Type IV Fimbrial-Subunit GenefimA of Xanthomonas hyacinthi: Application in PCR-Mediated Detection of Yellow Disease in Hyacinths." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 598–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.2.598-607.2001.

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ABSTRACT A sensitive and specific detection method was developed forXanthomonas hyacinthi; this method was based on amplification of a subsequence of the type IV fimbrial-subunit genefimA from strain S148. The fimA gene was amplified by PCR with degenerate DNA primers designed by using the N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequences of trypsin fragments of FimA. The nucleotide sequence of fimA was determined and compared with the nucleotide sequences coding for the fimbrial subunits in other type IV fimbria-producing bacteria, such as Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Moraxella bovis. In a PCR internal primers JAAN and JARA, designed by using the nucleotide sequences of the variable central and C-terminal region of fimA, amplified a 226-bp DNA fragment in all X. hyacinthi isolates. This PCR was shown to be pathovar specific, as assessed by testing 71Xanthomonas pathovars and bacterial isolates belonging to other genera, such as Erwinia and Pseudomonas. Southern hybridization experiments performed with the labelled 226-bp DNA amplicon as a probe suggested that there is only one structural type IV fimbrial-gene cluster in X. hyacinthi. Only twoXanthomonas translucens pathovars cross-reacted weakly in PCR. Primers amplifying a subsequence of the fimA gene ofX. campestris pv. vesicatoria (T. Ojanen-Reuhs, N. Kalkkinen, B. Westerlund-Wikström, J. van Doorn, K. Haahtela, E.-L. Nurmiaho-Lassila, K. Wengelink, U. Bonas, and T. K. Korhonen, J. Bacteriol. 179: 1280–1290, 1997) were shown to be pathovar specific, indicating that the fimbrial-subunit sequences are more generally applicable in xanthomonads for detection purposes. Under laboratory conditions, approximately 1,000 CFU of X. hyacinthi per ml could be detected. In inoculated leaves of hyacinths the threshold was 5,000 CFU/ml. The results indicated that infected hyacinths with early symptoms could be successfully screened for X. hyacinthi with PCR.

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Ilicic, Renata, Jelica Balaz, Vera Stojsin, and Dragana Josic. "Characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pathovars from different sweet cherry cultivars by RAPD analysis." Genetika 48, no. 1 (2016): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1601285i.

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Pseudomonas syringae pvs., isolated from sweet cherry grown on different localities in Serbia, were genetically characterized using RAPD analysis. Four out of eleven tested primers (SPH1, DJP 17, DJ 15, and DJ 16) were selected on the basis of the differences between isolates within two pathovars - syringae and morsprunorum race 1. Cumulative RAPD analysis indicated heterogeneity within the population of both groups of tested isolates, revealing four different patterns in each group. RAPD analysis showed up to 24% differences among pv. syringae isolates, as well as 41% in comparison with the reference strain KFB0103 (pv. syringae), while differences of 15% among isolates pv. morsprunorum 1 race and 36% compared to the reference strain CFBP2119 (pv. morsprunorum 1) were observed. Isolates from locality Selenca exhibited three different genotypic patterns of pv. morsprunorum race 1 and one pattern of pv. syringae. Isolates of pv. morsprunorum collected in the same year from two plant organs (branches and leaves) of the cv. Vanda yielded two different patterns. The pv. morsprunorum on cv. Kordia and pv. syringae on cv. Regina were detected at Mikicevo locality. The same patterns were observed for isolates of pv. syringae from Kanjiza and Selenca, as well as from Gornji Tavankut in two years of isolation. Differences were noted between isolates from the same pathovar originating from Ljutovo and Mikicevo, as well as with respect to all other isolates of same pathovar.

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Joardar, Vinita, Magdalen Lindeberg, Robert W. Jackson, Jeremy Selengut, Robert Dodson, Lauren M. Brinkac, Sean C. Daugherty, et al. "Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448A Reveals Divergence among Pathovars in Genes Involved in Virulence and Transposition." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 18 (September 15, 2005): 6488–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.18.6488-6498.2005.

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ABSTRACT Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, a gram-negative bacterial plant pathogen, is the causal agent of halo blight of bean. In this study, we report on the genome sequence of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola isolate 1448A, which encodes 5,353 open reading frames (ORFs) on one circular chromosome (5,928,787 bp) and two plasmids (131,950 bp and 51,711 bp). Comparative analyses with a phylogenetically divergent pathovar, P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000, revealed a strong degree of conservation at the gene and genome levels. In total, 4,133 ORFs were identified as putative orthologs in these two pathovars using a reciprocal best-hit method, with 3,941 ORFs present in conserved, syntenic blocks. Although these two pathovars are highly similar at the physiological level, they have distinct host ranges; 1448A causes disease in beans, and DC3000 is pathogenic on tomato and Arabidopsis. Examination of the complement of ORFs encoding virulence, fitness, and survival factors revealed a substantial, but not complete, overlap between these two pathovars. Another distinguishing feature between the two pathovars is their distinctive sets of transposable elements. With access to a fifth complete pseudomonad genome sequence, we were able to identify 3,567 ORFs that likely comprise the core Pseudomonas genome and 365 ORFs that are P. syringae specific.

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Sundin, George W., Janette L. Jacobs, and JesÃ¯Â¿Â½s Murillo. "Sequence Diversity of rulA among Natural Isolates of Pseudomonas syringae and Effect on Function of rulAB-Mediated UV Radiation Tolerance." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 5167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.12.5167-5173.2000.

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ABSTRACT The rulAB locus confers tolerance to UV radiation and is borne on plasmids of the pPT23A family in Pseudomonas syringae. We sequenced 14 rulA alleles from P. syringae strains representing seven pathovars and found sequence differences of 1 to 12% within pathovar syringae, and up to 15% differences between pathovars. Since the sequence variation withinrulA was similar to that of P. syringaechromosomal alleles, we hypothesized that rulAB has evolved over a long time period in P. syringae. A phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of rulAresulted in seven clusters. Strains from the same plant host grouped together in three cases; however, strains from different pathovars grouped together in two cases. In particular, the rulAalleles from P. syringae pv. lachrymans and P. syringae pv. pisi were grouped but were clearly distinct from the other sequenced alleles, suggesting the possibility of a recent interpathovar transfer. We constructed chimeric rulABexpression clones and found that the observed sequence differences resulted in significant differences in UV (wavelength) radiation sensitivity. Our results suggest that specific amino acid changes in RulA could alter UV radiation tolerance and the competitiveness of theP. syringae host in the phyllosphere.

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Moloto, V. M., T. Goszczynska, L. J. du Toit, and T. A. Coutinho. "A new pathovar of Pseudomonas syringae, pathovar allii, isolated from onion plants exhibiting symptoms of blight." European Journal of Plant Pathology 147, no. 3 (August 26, 2016): 591–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-016-1028-1.

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Vinatzer, Boris A., Alexandra J. Weisberg, Caroline L. Monteil, Haitham A. Elmarakeby, Samuel K. Sheppard, and Lenwood S. Heath. "A Proposal for a Genome Similarity-Based Taxonomy for Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria that Is Sufficiently Precise to Reflect Phylogeny, Host Range, and Outbreak Affiliation Applied to Pseudomonas syringae sensu lato as a Proof of Concept." Phytopathology® 107, no. 1 (January 2017): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-16-0252-r.

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Taxonomy of plant pathogenic bacteria is challenging because pathogens of different crops often belong to the same named species but current taxonomy does not provide names for bacteria below the subspecies level. The introduction of the host range-based pathovar system in the 1980s provided a temporary solution to this problem but has many limitations. The affordability of genome sequencing now provides the opportunity for developing a new genome-based taxonomic framework. We already proposed to name individual bacterial isolates based on pairwise genome similarity. Here, we expand on this idea and propose to use genome similarity-based codes, which we now call life identification numbers (LINs), to describe and name bacterial taxa. Using 93 genomes of Pseudomonas syringae sensu lato, LINs were compared with a P. syringae genome tree whereby the assigned LINs were found to be informative of a majority of phylogenetic relationships. LINs also reflected host range and outbreak association for strains of P. syringae pathovar actinidiae, a pathovar for which many genome sequences are available. We conclude that LINs could provide the basis for a new taxonomic framework to address the shortcomings of the current pathovar system and to complement the current taxonomic system of bacteria in general.

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Bull, Carolee T., Christopher R. Clarke, Rongman Cai, Boris A. Vinatzer, Teresa M. Jardini, and Steven T. Koike. "Multilocus Sequence Typing of Pseudomonas syringae Sensu Lato Confirms Previously Described Genomospecies and Permits Rapid Identification of P. syringae pv. coriandricola and P. syringae pv. apii Causing Bacterial Leaf Spot on Parsley." Phytopathology® 101, no. 7 (July 2011): 847–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-11-10-0318.

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Since 2002, severe leaf spotting on parsley (Petroselinum crispum) has occurred in Monterey County, CA. Either of two different pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae sensu lato were isolated from diseased leaves from eight distinct outbreaks and once from the same outbreak. Fragment analysis of DNA amplified between repetitive sequence polymerase chain reaction; 16S rDNA sequence analysis; and biochemical, physiological, and host range tests identified the pathogens as Pseudomonas syringae pv. apii and P. syringae pv. coriandricola. Koch's postulates were completed for the isolates from parsley, and host range tests with parsley isolates and pathotype strains demonstrated that P. syringae pv. apii and P. syringae pv. coriandricola cause leaf spot diseases on parsley, celery, and coriander or cilantro. In a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach, four housekeeping gene fragments were sequenced from 10 strains isolated from parsley and 56 pathotype strains of P. syringae. Allele sequences were uploaded to the Plant-Associated Microbes Database and a phylogenetic tree was built based on concatenated sequences. Tree topology directly corresponded to P. syringae genomospecies and P. syringae pv. apii was allocated appropriately to genomospecies 3. This is the first demonstration that MLST can accurately allocate new pathogens directly to P. syringae sensu lato genomospecies. According to MLST, P. syringae pv. coriandricola is a member of genomospecies 9, P. cannabina. In a blind test, both P. syringae pv. coriandricola and P. syringae pv. apii isolates from parsley were correctly identified to pathovar. In both cases, MLST described diversity within each pathovar that was previously unknown.

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Barta, T. M., and D. K. Willis. "Biological and Molecular Evidence that Pseudomonas syringae Pathovars coronafaciens, striafaciens and garcae are Likely the Same Pathovar." Journal of Phytopathology 153, no. 7-8 (August 2005): 492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.01008.x.

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Fischer-Le Saux, Marion, Sophie Bonneau, Salwa Essakhi, Charles Manceau, and Marie-Agnès Jacques. "Aggressive Emerging Pathovars of Xanthomonas arboricola Represent Widespread Epidemic Clones Distinct from Poorly Pathogenic Strains, as Revealed by Multilocus Sequence Typing." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 14 (May 1, 2015): 4651–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00050-15.

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ABSTRACTDeep and comprehensive knowledge of the genetic structure of pathogenic species is the cornerstone on which the design of precise molecular diagnostic tools is built.Xanthomonas arboricolais divided into pathovars, some of which are classified as quarantine organisms in many countries and are responsible for diseases on nut and stone fruit trees that have emerged worldwide. Recent taxonomic studies of the genusXanthomonasshowed that strains isolated from other hosts should be classified inX. arboricola, extending the host range of the species. To investigate the genetic structure ofX. arboricolaand the genetic relationships between highly pathogenic strains and strains apparently not relevant to plant health, we conducted multilocus sequence analyses on a collection of strains representative of the known diversity of the species. Most of the pathovars were clustered in separate monophyletic groups. The pathovars pruni, corylina, and juglandis, responsible for pandemics in specific hosts, were highly phylogenetically related and clustered in three distinct clonal complexes. In contrast, strains with no or uncertain pathogenicity were represented by numerous unrelated singletons scattered in the phylogenic tree. Depending on the pathovar, intra- and interspecies recombination played contrasting roles in generating nucleotide polymorphism. This work provides a population genetics framework for molecular epidemiological surveys of emerging plant pathogens withinX. arboricola. Based on our results, we propose to reclassify three former pathovars ofXanthomonas campestrisasX. arboricolapv. arracaciae comb. nov.,X. arboricolapv. guizotiae comb. nov., andX. arboricolapv. zantedeschiae comb. nov. An emended description ofX. arboricolaVauterin et al. 1995 is provided.

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Lindeberg, Magdalen, John Stavrinides, Jeffrey H. Chang, James R. Alfano, Alan Collmer, Jeffery L. Dangl, Jean T. Greenberg, John W. Mansfield, and David S. Guttman. "Proposed Guidelines for a Unified Nomenclature and Phylogenetic Analysis of Type III Hop Effector Proteins in the Plant Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 18, no. 4 (April 2005): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-18-0275.

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Pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae interact with their plant hosts via the action of Hrp outer protein (Hop) effector proteins, injected into plant cells by the type III secretion system (TTSS). Recent availability of complete genome sequences for a number of P. syringae pathovars has led to a significant increase in the rate of effector discovery. However, lack of a systematic nomenclature has resulted in multiple names being assigned to the same Hop, unrelated Hops designated by the same alphabetic character, and failure of name choices to reflect consistent standards of experimental confirmation or phylogenetic relatedness. Therefore, specific experimental and bioinformatic criteria are proposed for proteins to be designated as Hops. A generic Hop name structure, HopXY#pv strain, also is proposed, wherein family membership is indicated by the alphabetic characters, subgroup membership numerically, and source pathovar and strain in subscript. Guidelines are provided for phylogenetic characterization and name selection for Hops that are novel, related to previously characterized Hops, chimeras, pseudogenes, truncations, or nonexpressed alleles. Phylogenetic analyses of previously characterized Hops are described, the results of which have been used to guide their integration into the proposed nomenclature.

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Valat, Charlotte, Karine Forest, Frédéric Auvray, Véronique Métayer, Thomas Méheut, Charlène Polizzi, Emilie Gay, Marisa Haenni, Eric Oswald, and Jean-Yves Madec. "Assessment of Adhesins as an Indicator of Pathovar-Associated Virulence Factors in Bovine Escherichia coli." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 23 (September 12, 2014): 7230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02365-14.

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ABSTRACTThe CS31A, F17, and F5 adhesins are usually targeted by serology-based methods to detect pathogenicEscherichia coliassociated with calf enteritis. However, the virulence traits of the selected isolates are still poorly described. Here, from a set of 349 diarrheagenicE. coliisolates from cattle, we demonstrated a 70.8% concordance rate (Cohen's kappa, 0.599) between serology- and PCR-based approaches for the detection of adhesins under field conditions. A 79% to 82.4% correspondence between the two methods was found for fimbrial adhesins, whereas major discrepancies (33%) were observed for CS31A-type antigens. Various F17A variants were found, such as F17Ac (20K) (50%), F17Aa (FY) (18.9%), F17Ab (8.1%), and F17Ad (111K) (5.4%), including a high proportion (17.6%) of new F17A internal combinations (F17Aab, F17Aac, and F17Abc) or untypeable variants. In addition, the highest proportion of pathovar-associated virulence factor (VF) genes was observed amongE. coliisolates that produced F5/F41 adhesins. A specific link between the heat-stable toxins related to the enterotoxigenicE. coli(ETEC) pathovar and adhesins was identified. STa was significantly linked to F5/F41 and EAST1 to CS31A adhesins (P< 0.001), respectively, whereas NTEC was associated with F17 adhesin (P= 0.001). Clustering between phylogroups according to the adhesin types was also observed. Also, few Shiga toxin-producingE. coli(STEC) or enteropathogenicE. coli(EPEC) pathovars were identified. Finally, no statistically significant difference was observed in the occurrence of extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) production according to the adhesins expressed by the isolates (P= 0.09). Altogether, this study gives new insights into the relationship between adhesins, VF, and antimicrobial resistance in calf enteritis and supports the need for further standardization of methodologies for such approaches.

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Cho, Min-Seok, Dong-Suk Park, Yeo-Hong Yun, Seong-Hwan Kim, Myung-Yong Shim, Chang-Won Choi, and Young-Shick Kim. "Genetic Differentiation of Pseudomonas syringae Pathovar tomato from Other P. syringae Pathovars using REP-PCR and URP-PCR." Plant Pathology Journal 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/ppj.nt.10.2011.0192.

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Knirel, Yuriy A., Vladimir V. Ovod, Galina M. Zdorovenko, Rostislav I. Gvozdyak, and Kai J. Krohn. "Structure of the O polysaccharide and immunochemical relationships between the lipopolysaccharides of Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato and pathovar maculicola." European Journal of Biochemistry 258, no. 2 (December 1998): 657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2580657.x.

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van Doorn, J., T. A. Hollinger, and P. M. Boonekamp. "PATHOVAR-SPECIFIC DETECTION OF XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS IN HYACINTHS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 430 (December 1997): 649–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1997.430.102.

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Benedict, A. A. "Pathovar-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies forXanthomonas campestrispv.oryzaeand forXanthomonas campestrispv.oryzicola." Phytopathology 79, no. 3 (1989): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-79-322.

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Sato, M., K. Watanabe, M. Yazawa, Y. Takikawa, and K. Nishiyama. "Detection of New Ethylene-Producing Bacteria, Pseudomonas syringae pvs. cannabina and sesami, by PCR Amplification of Genes for the Ethylene-Forming Enzyme." Phytopathology® 87, no. 12 (December 1997): 1192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1997.87.12.1192.

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Strains of Pseudomonas syringae (78 strains and 43 pathovars) and other strains (79) of plant and insect origin were examined for the presence of the ethylene-forming enzyme gene (efe) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The sequence of the efe gene of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola PK2 was used to design two primer sets for amplification of the gene. In addition to P.syringae pv. phaseolicola (the “kudzu strain”) and P.syringae pv. glycinea, which were efficient ethylene producers, several strains of P.syringae pvs. sesami and cannabina generated PCR products of the predicted size. A DNA probe of the efe gene, isolated from strain PK2, hybridized to these PCR products, indicating homology to the P.syringae pv. phaseolicola efe gene. PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses suggested that these four pathovars harbor a similar efe gene. Furthermore, the probe hybridized to an indigenous plasmid of P.syringae pv. cannabina, suggesting that the efe gene could be located on a plasmid in this pathovar, but did not hybridize to plas-mids of P.syringae pv. sesami strains. P.syringae pvs. sesami and cannabina strains produced ethylene in King's medium B at levels similar to those of P.syringae pvs. phaseolicola and glycinea. Thus, two new ethylene-producing bacteria were detected by the PCR assay.

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Lazarovits, G., D. Zutra, and M. Bar-Joseph. "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on nitrocellulose membranes (dot–ELISA) in the serodiagnosis of plant pathogenic bacteria." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 33, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m87-017.

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The usefulness of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on nitrocellulose membranes (dot–ELISA) for diagnosis and identification of plant pathogenic bacteria was tested. Five pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris and two antisera, one produced against pv. vesicatoria and the other against pv. translucens, were used in a model system. A 10-min incubation of the bacterial cells, dot blotted on membranes, in diluted sera, followed by either alkaline phosphatase conjugated protein A or goat antirabbit globulin, resulted in a specific reaction between the homologous serum and bacteria. Populations of 1000–2000 cfu per spot (ca. 0.3 cm2) could be detected with these reagents. The streptavidin–biotinylated peroxidase complex produced a definitive reaction with as few as 800 cfu, but cross-reactions became evident at the higher cell concentrations among all five pathovars in tests with both antisera. Cell-free extracts, obtained by centrifugation of boiled bacteria, reacted similarly to live cells. Unrelated bacteria did not react with either antiserum. Extracts of lesions from tomato and pepper leaves infected with X. campestris pv. vesicatoria reacted positively with the antiserum produced against this pathovar but not that produced with pv. translucens. Samples of supernatants from boiled lesions reacted with similar intensity as those from homogenized tissues.

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Deng, Wen-Ling, Gail Preston, Alan Collmer, Chun-Jung Chang, and Hsiou-Chen Huang. "Characterization of the hrpC and hrpRSOperons of Pseudomonas syringae Pathovars Syringae, Tomato, and Glycinea and Analysis of the Ability of hrpF,hrpG, hrcC, hrpT, and hrpVMutants To Elicit the Hypersensitive Response and Disease in Plants." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 17 (1998): 4523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.17.4523-4531.1998.

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The species Pseudomonas syringae encompasses plant pathogens with differing host specificities and corresponding pathovar designations. P. syringae requires the Hrp (type III protein secretion) system, encoded by a 25-kb cluster ofhrp and hrc genes, in order to elicit the hypersensitive response (HR) in nonhosts or to be pathogenic in hosts. DNA sequence analysis of the hrpC and hrpRSoperons of P. syringae pv. syringae 61 (brown spot of beans), P. syringae pv. glycinea U1 (bacterial blight of soybeans), and P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (bacterial speck of tomatos) revealed that the 13 genes comprising the right half of the hrp cluster (including those in the previously sequenced hrpZ operon) are conserved and identically arranged. The hrpC operon is comprised of hrpF,hrpG, hrcC, hrpT, and hrpV. hrcC encodes a putative outer membrane protein that is conserved in all type III secretion systems. The other four genes appear to be characteristic of group I Hrp systems, such as those possessed byP. syringae and Erwinia amylovora. The predicted products of these four genes in P. syringae pv. syringae 61 are HrpF (8 kDa), HrpG (15.4 kDa), HrpT (7.5 kDa), and HrpV (13.4 kDa). HrpT is a putative outer membrane lipoprotein. HrpF, HrpG, and HrpV are all hydrophilic proteins lacking N-terminal signal peptides. The HrpG, HrcC, HrpT, and HrpV proteins of P. syringae pathovars syringae and tomato (the two most divergent pathovars) had at least 76% amino acid identity with each other, whereas the HrpF proteins of these two pathovars had only 36% amino acid identity. The HrpF proteins of P. syringae pathovars syringae and glycinea also showed significant similarity to the HrpA pilin protein of P. syringae pathovar tomato. Functionally nonpolar mutations were introduced into each of the genes in thehrpC operon of P. syringae pv. syringae 61 by insertion of an nptII cartridge lacking a transcription terminator. The mutants were assayed for their ability to elicit the HR in nonhost tobacco leaves or to multiply and cause disease in host bean leaves. Mutations in hrpF, hrcC, andhrpT abolished or greatly reduced the ability of P. syringae pv. syringae 61 to elicit the HR in tobacco. ThehrpG mutant had only weakly reduced HR activity, and the activity of the hrpV mutant was indistinguishable from that of the wild type. Each of the mutations could be complemented, but surprisingly, the hrpV subclone caused a reduction in the HR elicitation ability of the ΔhrpV::nptIImutant. The hrpF and hrcC mutants caused no disease in beans, whereas the hrpG, hrpT, and hrpV mutants had reduced virulence. Similarly, thehrcC mutant grew little in beans, whereas the other mutants grew to intermediate levels in comparison with the wild type. These results indicate that HrpC and HrpF have essential functions in the Hrp system, that HrpG and HrpT contribute quantitatively but are not essential, and that HrpV is a candidate negative regulator of the Hrp system.

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Koike, Steven T., Hamid R. Azad, and Donald A. Cooksey. "Xanthomonas Leaf Spot of Catnip: A New Disease Caused by a Pathovar of Xanthomonas campestris." Plant Disease 85, no. 11 (November 2001): 1157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.11.1157.

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Xanthomonas leaf spot is a new disease that has occurred on catnip (Nepeta cataria). Catnip is grown commercially in California for use as herbs, seasonings, and tea. This disease has developed recently on catnip transplants that are produced in enclosed greenhouses. Symptoms consist of small brown flecks that are visible from both sides of a leaf. The flecks later develop into larger, dark brown, angular leaf spots. Severe infection reduced the quality and marketability of the transplants. Xanthomonas campestris, as identified by biochemical, physiological, and molecular tests, was consistently isolated from symptomatic plants, and selected strains caused similar symptoms when inoculated onto catnip test plants. However, catnip strains failed to cause any symptoms when inoculated onto nine other plants in the Lamiaceae family and five other hosts of known X. campestris pathovars. Catnip plants showed no symptoms when inoculated with X. campestris pvs. campestris, carotae, and vesicatoria. Catnip also was not susceptible to the X. campestris pathogen isolated from lavender. This is the first report of a bacterial disease of catnip caused by a Xanthomonas pathogen, and the catnip strains may be a new and distinct pathovar of X. campestris.

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Delcourt, Suzy, Christian Vernière, Claudine Boyer, Olivier Pruvost, Bruno Hostachy, and Isabelle Robène-Soustrade. "Revisiting the Specificity of PCR Primers for Diagnostics of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri by Experimental and In Silico Analyses." Plant Disease 97, no. 3 (March 2013): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-12-0351-re.

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Asiatic citrus canker disease, caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, seriously impacts citrus production worldwide. Two pathogenic variants, A and A*/Aw, have been described within this pathovar. Two additional pathovars of X. citri with a limited geographic distribution and reduced pathogenicity, namely X. citri pvs. aurantifolii and bilvae, are also pathogenic to citrus and some rutaceous species. Rapid and reliable identification is required for these citrus pathogens, which are classified as a quarantine organism in citrus-producing countries. The specificity of nine polymerase chain reaction primers previously designed for the identification of X. citri pv. citri or citrus bacterial canker strains (both pvs. citri and aurantifolii) was assayed on a large strain collection (n = 87), including the two pathotypes of X. citri pv. citri, other genetic related or unrelated pathogenic xanthomonads, and saprophytic xanthomonads. This study gave congruent results with the original articles when testing the same strains or pathovars but the use of a broad inclusivity and exclusivity panel of strains highlighted new findings. Particularly, primers 2/3, 4/7, and KingF/R failed to provide amplification for three strains from the pathotype A*/Aw. Moreover, all pairs of primers detected at least one non-target strain. These data were supported by in silico analysis of the DNA sequences available from National Center for Biotechnology Information databases.

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Koike, Steven T., Diana M. Henderson, Hamid R. Azad, Donald A. Cooksey, and E. L. Little. "Bacterial Blight of Broccoli Raab: A New Disease Caused by a Pathovar of Pseudomonas syringae." Plant Disease 82, no. 7 (July 1998): 727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.7.727.

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Bacterial blight is a new disease of broccoli raab or rappini (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) that has developed on commercially grown crops in the Salinas Valley (Monterey County) in California. Symptoms consist of small, angular, water-soaked flecks on lower foliage that are visible from both adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaves. These flecks expand and become surrounded by bright yellow borders. With time, multiple leaf spots coalesce and result in large, irregular necrotic areas, extensive leaf yellowing, and eventual leaf death. If symptoms develop on the uppermost leaves attached to the inflorescence, the shoot loses market quality and will not be harvested. Pseudomonas syringae was consistently isolated from symptomatic plants, and selected strains caused similar symptoms when inoculated onto broccoli raab test plants. Broccoli raab strains caused leaf spot symptoms on nine other Cruciferous plants, as well as on three grass species (California brome, oat, and common timothy). Conversely, broccoli raab was not infected by P. syringae pathovars coronafaciens, maculicola, and tomato. Broccoli raab strains were positive for coronatine toxin production. Fatty acid analyses indicated that the P. syringae from broccoli raab was most closely related to P. syringae pvs. coronafaciens and maculicola, but its distinct host range suggests that it may be considered a separate pathovar.

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Curland, Rebecca D., Liangliang Gao, Cory D. Hirsch, and Carol A. Ishimaru. "Localized Genetic and Phenotypic Diversity of Xanthomonas translucens Associated With Bacterial Leaf Streak on Wheat and Barley in Minnesota." Phytopathology® 110, no. 2 (February 2020): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-19-0134-r.

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Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) of wheat and barley has been a disease of increasing concern in the Upper Midwest over the past decade. In this study, intra- and interfield genetic and pathogenic diversity of bacteria causing BLS in Minnesota was evaluated. In 2015, 89 strains were isolated from 100 leaf samples collected from two wheat and two barley fields naturally infected with BLS. Virulence assays and multilocus sequence alignments of four housekeeping genes supported pathovar identifications. All wheat strains were pathogenic on wheat and barley and belonged to the same lineage as the Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa-type strain. All barley strains were pathogenic on barley but not on wheat. Three lineages of barley strains were detected. The frequency and number of sequence types of each pathovar varied within and between fields. A significant population variance was detected between populations of X. translucens pv. undulosa collected from different wheat fields. Population stratification of X. translucens pv. translucens was not detected. Significant differences in virulence were detected among three dominant sequence types of X. translucens pv. undulosa but not those of X. translucens pv. translucens. Field trials with wheat and barley plants inoculated with strains of known sequence type and virulence did not detect significant race structures within either pathovar. Knowledge of virulence, sequence types, and population structures of X. translucens on wheat and barley can support studies on plant–bacterial interactions and breeding for BLS disease resistance.

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Koay, Melissa, Zhiguang Xiao, and Anthony G. Wedd. "Metal binding in CopC from P. syringae pathovar tomato." Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 96, no. 1 (July 2003): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0162-0134(03)80674-8.

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Dickey, Robert S. "Bacterial Leaf Blight ofSyngoniumCaused by a Pathovar ofXanthomonas campestris." Phytopathology 77, no. 9 (1987): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-77-1257.

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Atkins, D. T., C. E. Barber, and M. J. Daniels. "Transformation of Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris with Plasmid DNA." Microbiology 133, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 2727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-133-10-2727.

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Römling, Ute, Dietmar Grothues, Uta Koopmann, Birgit Jahnke, Joachim Greipel, and Burkhard Tümmler. "Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of aPseudomonas aeruginosa pathovar." Electrophoresis 13, no. 1 (1992): 646–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.11501301134.

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Niepold, F., D. Anderson, and D. Mills. "Cloning determinants of pathogenesis from Pseudomonas syringae pathovar syringae." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 82, no. 2 (January 1, 1985): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.82.2.406.

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Gironde, S., and C. Manceau. "Housekeeping Gene Sequencing and Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis To Identify Subpopulations within Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato That Correlate with Host Specificity." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 9 (March 2, 2012): 3266–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.06655-11.

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ABSTRACTPseudomonas syringaepv. maculicola causes bacterial spot onBrassicaceaeworldwide, and for the last 10 years severe outbreaks have been reported in the Loire Valley, France.P. syringaepv. maculicola resemblesP. syringaepv. tomato in that it is also pathogenic for tomato and causes the same types of symptoms. We used a collection of 106 strains ofP. syringaeto characterize the relationships betweenP. syringaepv. maculicola and related pathovars, paying special attention toP. syringaepv. tomato. Phylogenetic analysis ofgyrBandrpoDgene sequences showed thatP. syringaepv. maculicola, which causes diseases inBrassicaceae, forms six genetic lineages within genomospecies 3 ofP. syringaestrains as defined by L. Gardan et al. (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49[Pt 2]:469–478, 1999), whereasP. syringaepv. tomato forms two distinct genetic lineages. A multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) conducted with eight minisatellite loci confirmed the genetic structure obtained withrpoDandgyrBsequence analyses. These results provide promising tools for fine-scale epidemiological studies on diseases caused byP. syringaepv. maculicola andP. syringaepv. tomato. The two pathovars had distinct host ranges; onlyP. syringaepv. maculicola strains were pathogenic forBrassicaceae. A subpopulation ofP. syringaepv. maculicola strains that are pathogenic for Pto-expressing tomato plants were shown to lackavrPto1andavrPtoBor to contain a disruptedavrPtoBhomolog. Taking phylogenetic and pathological features into account, our data suggest that the DC3000 strain belongs toP. syringaepv. maculicola. This study shows thatP. syringaepv. maculicola andP. syringaepv. tomato appear multiclonal, as they did not diverge from a single common ancestral group within the ancestralP. syringaegenomospecies 3, and suggests that pathovar specificity withinP. syringaemay be due to independent genetic events.

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Little, E. L., R. M. Bostock, and B. C. Kirkpatrick. "Genetic Characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Strains from Stone Fruits in California." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 3818–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.10.3818-3823.1998.

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ABSTRACT Strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae were isolated from healthy and diseased stone fruit tissues sampled from 43 orchard sites in California in 1995 and 1996. These strains, together with P. syringae strains from other hosts and pathovars, were tested for pathogenicity and the presence of the syrBand syrC genes and were genetically characterized by using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) primers and PCR. All 89 strains of P. syringae pv. syringae tested were moderately to highly pathogenic on Lovell peach seedlings regardless of the host of origin, while strains of other pathovars exhibited low or no pathogenicity. The 19 strains of P. syringae pv. syringae examined by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis contained the syrB and syrC genes, whereas no hybridization occurred with 4 strains of other P. syringaepathovars. The P. syringae pv. syringae strains from stone fruit, except for a strain from New Zealand, generated ERIC genomic fingerprints which shared four fragments of similar mobility. Of the P. syringae pv. syringae strains tested from other hosts, only strains from rose, kiwi, and pear generated genomic fingerprints that had the same four fragments as the stone fruit strains. Analysis of the ERIC fingerprints from P. syringaepv. syringae strains showed that the strains isolated from stone fruits formed a distinct cluster separate from most of the strains isolated from other hosts. These results provide evidence of host specialization within the diverse pathovar P. syringae pv. syringae.

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Scortichini, Marco, Maria Pia Rossi, Stefania Loreti, Adriana Bosco, Mario Fiori, Robert W. Jackson, David E. Stead, et al. "Pseudomonas syringae pv. coryli, the Causal Agent of Bacterial Twig Dieback of Corylus avellana." Phytopathology® 95, no. 11 (November 2005): 1316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-95-1316.

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Thirty-eight bacterial strains isolated from hazelnut (Corylus avellana) cv. Tonda Gentile delle Langhe showing a twig dieback in Piedmont and Sardinia, Italy, were studied by a polyphasic approach. All strains were assessed by fatty acids analysis and repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting using BOX and ERIC primer sets. Representative strains also were assessed by sequencing the 16S rDNA and hrpL genes, determining the presence of the syrB gene, testing their biochemical and nutritional characteristics, and determining their pathogenicity to hazelnut and other plants species or plant organs. Moreover, they were compared with reference strains of other phytopathogenic pseudomonads. The strains from hazelnut belong to Pseudomonas syringae (sensu latu), LOPAT group Ia. Both fatty acids and repetitive-sequence-based PCR clearly discriminate such strains from other Pseudomonas spp., including P. avellanae and other P. syringae pathovars as well as P. syringae pv. syringae strains from hazelnut. Also, the sequencing of 16S rDNA and hrpL genes differentiated them from P. avellanae and from P. syringae pv. syringae. They did not possess the syrB gene. Some nutritional tests also differentiated them from related P. syringae pathovars. Upon artificial inoculation, these strains incited severe twig diebacks only on hazelnut. Our results justify the creation of a new pathovar because the strains from hazelnut constitute a homogeneous group and a discrete phenon. The name of P. syringae pv. coryli is proposed and criteria for routine identification are presented.

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Takeuchi, Kasumi, Hiroshi Ono, Mitsuru Yoshida, Tadashi Ishii, Etsuko Katoh, Fumiko Taguchi, Ryuji Miki, Katsuyoshi Murata, Hanae Kaku, and Yuki Ichinose. "Flagellin Glycans from Two Pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae Contain Rhamnose in d and l Configurations in Different Ratios and Modified 4-Amino-4,6-Dideoxyglucose." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 19 (July 20, 2007): 6945–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00500-07.

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ABSTRACT Flagellins from Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea race 4 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605 have been found to be glycosylated. Glycosylation of flagellin is essential for bacterial virulence and is also involved in the determination of host specificity. Flagellin glycans from both pathovars were characterized, and common sites of glycosylation were identified on six serine residues (positions 143, 164, 176, 183, 193, and 201). The structure of the glycan at serine 201 (S201) of flagellin from each pathovar was determined by sugar composition analysis, mass spectrometry, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These analyses showed that the S201 glycans from both pathovars were composed of a common unique trisaccharide consisting of two rhamnosyl (Rha) residues and one modified 4-amino-4,6-dideoxyglucosyl (Qui4N) residue, β-d-Quip4N(3-hydroxy-1-oxobutyl)2Me-(1→3)-α-l-Rhap-(1→2)-α-l-Rhap. Furthermore, mass analysis suggests that the glycans on each of the six serine residues are composed of similar trisaccharide units. Determination of the enantiomeric ratio of Rha from the flagellin proteins showed that flagellin from P. syringae pv. tabaci 6605 consisted solely of l-Rha, whereas P. syringae pv. glycinea race 4 flagellin contained both l-Rha and d-Rha at a molar ratio of about 4:1. Taking these findings together with those from our previous study, we conclude that these flagellin glycan structures may be important for the virulence and host specificity of P. syringae.

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Samson, R., H. Shafik, A. Benjama, and L. Gardan. "Description of the Bacterium Causing Blight of Leek as Pseudomonas syringae pv. porri (pv. nov.)." Phytopathology® 88, no. 8 (August 1998): 844–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.8.844.

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Forty bacterial strains isolated from leek blight (Allium porrum) in France and other countries were studied by conventional biochemical methods, serological reactions, numerical taxonomy, DNA-DNA hybridization, and ice nucleation activity, as well as by pathogenicity on leek and other host plants. They were compared with reference strains of Pseudomonas, mainly pathotype strains of P. syringae pathovars and strains of P. syringae pv. syringae isolated from various host plants including onions. Leek strains sorted with P. syringae species (sensu lato) by LOPAT tests (production of levan-sucrase, oxidase, pectinase, arginine dihydrolase, and hypersensitive reaction on tobacco). Leek strains were pathogenic to leek and produced symptoms identical to those observed in the field. They were the only strains in our study that could cause blight of leek. Thus, our results justify the creation of a new pathovar. Leek strains constituted a highly homogeneous DNA group and a discrete phenon by numerical taxonomy, and they belonged to O-serogroup POR. The name of P. syringae pv. porri is proposed for the bacterium causing leek blight. Criteria for routine identification are presented and taxonomic status is discussed.

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Vicente, J. G., J. Conway, S. J. Roberts, and J. D. Taylor. "Identification and Origin of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris Races and Related Pathovars." Phytopathology® 91, no. 5 (May 2001): 492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.5.492.

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One hundred sixty-four isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and other X. campestris pathovars known to infect cruciferous hosts (X. campestris pvs. aberrans, raphani, armoraciae, and incanae) were inoculated onto a differential series of Brassica spp. to determine both pathogenicity to brassicas and race. Of these, 144 isolates were identified as X. campestris pv. campestris and grouped into six races, with races 1 (62%) and 4 (32%) being predominant. Other races were rare. The remaining 20 isolates from brassicas and other cruciferous hosts were either nonpathogenic or very weakly pathogenic on the differential series and could not be race-typed. Five of these isolates, from the ornamental crucifers wallflower (Cheiranthus cheiri), stock (Matthiola incana) and candytuft (Iberis sp.), showed clear evidence of pathovar-like specificity to the hosts of origin. A gene-for-gene model based on the interaction of four avirulence genes in X. campestris pv. campestris races and four matching resistance genes in the differential hosts is proposed. Knowledge of the race structure and worldwide distribution of races is fundamental to the search for sources of resistance and for the establishment of successful resistance breeding programs.

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Cintas, N. A., S. T. Koike, and C. T. Bull. "A New Pathovar, Pseudomonas syringae pv. alisalensis pv. nov., Proposed for the Causal Agent of Bacterial Blight of Broccoli and Broccoli Raab." Plant Disease 86, no. 9 (September 2002): 992–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.9.992.

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The etiology of three foliar bacterial diseases of crucifers and the relationships between their causal agents were evaluated. Data from LOPAT, carbon utilization tests, and fatty acid analysis indicated that bacterial blights of broccoli and broccoli raab, and leaf spot of broccolini, were caused by strains of Pseudomonas syringae. Data from phage sensitivity, ice nucleation, single carbon source utilization, Polymerase chain reaction using BOXA1R primer (BOX-PCR), and host range analyses were identical for the pathogen causing leaf spot of broccolini and P. syringae pv. maculicola. The broccoli raab and broccoli pathogens infected broccoli raab, all crucifers tested, tomato, and three monocots (California brome, oat, and common timothy). None of the other pathogens tested (P. syringae pv. maculicola, P. syringae pv. tomato, or P. syringae pv. coronafaciens) caused disease on broccoli raab or on both crucifers and monocots. Data from phage sensitivity, ice nucleation, single carbon source utilization, BOX-PCR, and host range analyses were identical for the pathogens from broccoli raab and broccoli, but were different from other pathovars tested, and supported the hypothesis that a new pathovar of P. syringae pv. alisalensis pv. nov. caused a leaf blight on broccoli and broccoli raab.

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Malandrin and Samson. "Isozyme analysis for the identification of Pseudomonassyringae pathovar pisi strains." Journal of Applied Microbiology 84, no. 5 (June 1998): 895–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00430.x.

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Sanjuán, Eva, Fernando González-Candelas, and Carmen Amaro. "Polyphyletic Origin ofVibrio vulnificusBiotype 2 as Revealed by Sequence-Based Analysis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 2 (November 19, 2010): 688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01263-10.

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ABSTRACTA sequence-based analysis of seven housekeeping and virulence-related genes shows that the speciesVibrio vulnificusis subdivided into three phylogenetic lineages that do not correspond with the biotypes and that biotype 2 is polyphyletic. These results support the reclassification of biotype 2 as a pathovar that would group the strains with pathogenic potential to develop vibriosis in fish.

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Popovic, Tatjana, Dragana Josic, Mira Starovic, P. Milovanovic, N. Dolovac, D. Postic, and S. Stankovic. "Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Xanthomonas campestris strains isolated from cabbage, kale and broccoli." Archives of Biological Sciences 65, no. 2 (2013): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1302585p.

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Thirty-six strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) isolated from cabbage, kale and broccoli were identified according to their pathogenicity, phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Pathogenicity was confirmed by the injection method with a hypodermic syringe into the mesophilic tissue of cabbage leaves. All strains were Gramnegative, aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, grew at 35?C, produced levan, H2S and indole, did not reduce nitrate, hydrolyzed Tween 80, starch, gelatin and esculin and did not show tolerance to 0.1 and 0.02% TTC. The strains produced acid from d-arabinose, arginine, dulcitol, galactose, d-glucose, maltose, mannose, sorbitol, sucrose and xylose. The genetic characterization was based on the sequence analyses of 16S rDNA and ERIC and BOX PCR. Strains of different pathovars were also used to compare PCR resulting patterns. BOX-PCR of the strains from kale and broccoli, obtained using (GTG)5 primer, yielded patterns with a high similarity level to pathovar reference strain Xcc. The strains from cabbage yielded BOX and ERIC product patterns, distinguishing them from the other tested strains and reference strains. 16S rDNA of the representative strains was closely related to Xcc strain ATCC 33913. ERIC PCR and BOX using (GTG)5 primer generated different Xcc patterns and were effective in distinguishing strains from different plant hosts.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pathovar'

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