Journal articles: 'Pathways to Desistance'

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Cid, José, and Joel Martí. "Imprisonment, Social Support, and Desistance: A Theoretical Approach to Pathways of Desistance and Persistence for Imprisoned Men." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 61, no. 13 (December 25, 2015): 1433–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x15623988.

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Desistance should be the main ground for reentry policies for imprisoned offenders. However, theories on desistance are diverse, and they disagree about the key factors related to the origin, maintenance, and failures of the desistance process. This research considers three main theories of desistance—control, cognitive transformation, and strain-social support—to explain desistance in a sample of imprisoned men in Spain. The main finding of the research is that strain-social support theory may be of primary importance for understanding desistance because of its capacity to explain processes of change that begin during imprisonment and that continue upon release.

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Sweeten, Gary, and Natasha Khade. "Equifinality and Desistance: Which Pathways to Desistance Are the Most Traveled in Young Adulthood?" Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology 4, no. 4 (September 27, 2018): 369–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40865-018-0092-y.

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Schubert, Carol A., Edward P. Mulvey, Laurence Steinberg, Elizabeth Cauffman, Sandra H. Losoya, Thomas Hecker, Laurie Chassin, and George P. Knight. "Operational Lessons from the Pathways to Desistance Project." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 2, no. 3 (July 2004): 237–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204004265875.

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Wyse, Jessica J. B., David J. Harding, and Jeffrey D. Morenoff. "Romantic Relationships and Criminal Desistance: Pathways and Processes." Sociological Forum 29, no. 2 (June 2014): 365–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/socf.12088.

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Crank, Beverly Reece, and Brent Teasdale. "“Create in Me a Clean Heart”: The Role of Spirituality in Desistance From Substance Use." Journal of Drug Issues 49, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 203–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042618823006.

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Although the impact of religion on behavior is robust and well-examined in many areas, the role spirituality plays in changes in drug use over time has received relatively little attention. Using a life-course theoretical framework, this relationship is examined through growth curve modeling techniques. Specifically, multilevel analyses are estimated testing within-person relationships between substance use desistance and spirituality. The Pathways to Desistance longitudinal data are analyzed and leading criminological predictors are included, to determine if spirituality has a unique impact on substance use net of these criminological factors, and if these impacts vary across gender. Results from these analyses suggest that the impact of spirituality on desistance varies by gender, with spirituality significantly increasing the odds of desistance from marijuana use for females, but not males.

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Zdun, Steffen. "Accumulated Uneasiness – A Pathway towards Desistance among Delinquent Youth." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 26, no. 1 (January 29, 2018): 40–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-02601003.

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Despite the wealth of knowledge in desistance research on the meaning of growing discontent with one’s life situation and a perceived necessity of distancing oneself from a negative past, there is a research gap in explaining cases in which individuals mainly change for their own sake. This paper introduces the concept of accumulated uneasiness which adds to the reconstruction of plausible pathways towards desistance from delinquency. Twenty-nine qualitative interviews of young adults were analyzed. The findings suggest that delinquency and other immature behavior might lose their meaning in young adulthood due to internalized values and norms; a process which is intensified by and started due to an increasing feeling of accumulated uneasiness. The findings contribute to the discussion why desistance occurs at certain points in life and how internal and external motivation is interrelated in such processes.

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Kras, Kimberly R., and Brandy L. Blasko. "Pathways to Desistance Among Men Convicted of Sexual Offenses." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 60, no. 15 (September 24, 2016): 1738–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x16668178.

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Feeney, Kevin Joseph. "The Role of Vocational Training in Pathways toward Desistance." Politics & Policy 36, no. 5 (October 2008): 880–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2008.00139.x.

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Hammersley, Richard. "Pathways through drugs and crime: Desistance, trauma and resilience." Journal of Criminal Justice 39, no. 3 (May 2011): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.02.006.

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Doekhie, Jennifer, and Esther Van Ginneken. "House, bells and bliss? A longitudinal analysis of conventional aspirations and the process of desistance." European Journal of Criminology 17, no. 6 (January 3, 2019): 744–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370818819702.

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Various studies have pointed to identity change and cognitive transformation as important predictors of desistance. Yet, even persistent offenders have conventional aspirations, which include a job, a house and a family. This article examines the development of conventional aspirations of 23 Dutch (ex-)prisoners using qualitative longitudinal data. Findings show no association between conventional aspirations and desistance as both desisters and persisters expressed conventional goals (‘house, bells and bliss’). A lack of substance and detailed scripts to flesh out the essence of the desired conventional roles meant it could be difficult to turn vague ideals into concrete action pathways. Finally, conventional aspirations and criminal lifestyles were not mutually exclusive; some of the persistent offenders used criminal pathways to fulfil conventional roles.

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Walters, Glenn D. "College as a Turning Point." Emerging Adulthood 6, no. 5 (November 14, 2017): 336–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167696817739019.

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Using 1,016 male participants from the pathways to desistance sample, the current investigation assessed two different pathways, one of which ran from college attendance at age 19 to cognitive control at age 20 to reduced criminal offending at age 21 and the other of which ran from cognitive control at age 19 to college attendance at age 20 to reduced criminal offending at age 21. Of the two pathways, only the first one proved significant. These results indicate that college can serve as a turning point for crime deceleration and that it may achieve its effect indirectly by increasing cognitive control in former delinquents who attend college during the emerging adult years. The college experience may stimulate change by providing students with skills like cognitive control that support and maintain their desistance from crime, similar to how the antithetical thought process, cognitive impulsivity, once supported and maintained a criminal lifestyle.

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Elliott, Nigel. "Book Review: The Dynamics of Desistance: Charting Pathways through Change." European Journal of Probation 5, no. 1 (March 2013): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/206622031300500106.

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Marchetti, Elena, and Kathleen Daly. "Indigenous Partner Violence, Indigenous Sentencing Courts, and Pathways to Desistance." Violence Against Women 23, no. 12 (September 13, 2016): 1513–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801216662341.

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Mainstream sentencing courts do little to change the behavior of partner violence offenders, let alone members of more socially marginal groups. Indigenous offenders face a court system that has little relevance to the complexity of their relations and lived experiences. Assisted by respected Elders and Community Representatives, Australian Indigenous sentencing courts seek to create a more meaningful sentencing process that has a deeper impact on Indigenous offenders’ attitudes and, ultimately, their behavior. Drawing from interviews with 30 Indigenous offenders, we explore the ways in which the courts can motivate Indigenous partner violence offenders on pathways to desistence.

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Lee, Wanhee, Junseob Moon, and Venessa Garcia. "The Pathways to Desistance: A Longitudinal Study of Juvenile Delinquency." Deviant Behavior 41, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2018.1519138.

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VAUGHAN, BARRY. "The Dynamics of Desistance: Charting Pathways through Change by D. Healy." Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 50, no. 1 (January 5, 2011): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2010.00651.x.

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Helfgott, Jacqueline B., Elaine Gunnison, Jennifer Sumner, Peter A. Collins, and Stephen K. Rice. "“If Someone Would Have Showed Me”: Identifying Pivotal Points in Pathways to Crime and Incarceration Through Prisoner Self-Narratives." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 64, no. 6-7 (August 11, 2019): 609–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x19867562.

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Criminologists and correctional administrators are continuously interested in understanding criminal career trajectories, including desistance, particularly to further develop correctional programming. One program that seeks to promote successful reentry by triggering desistance for youth and adults is the IF Project, founded in 2008 in Washington State. A central component of the IF Project program requires participants to write narratives that ask them to reflect on their journey to crime and to think about what they would have needed to break away from their criminal career trajectory. This research reports on a content analysis of 171 of these writings by adult prisoners in Washington State. Results from the content analysis reveal distinct and overlapping themes for both men and women that highlight the identity change process. Research and policy implications are discussed.

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Stansfield, Richard. "Drawing on Religion in the Desistance Process: Paying Attention to Race and Ethnicity." Criminal Justice and Behavior 44, no. 7 (March 27, 2017): 927–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854817699438.

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Religion is important in the lives of many ex-offenders. This study uses data from the Pathways to Desistance Study data set to examine the impact of religiosity on criminal desistance and drug use among delinquent White, Black, and Hispanic youth. Results from mixed-effects longitudinal analyses revealed that religiosity was a significant predictor of lower criminal offending and substance use for White youth postconviction, controlling for changes in employment, social support, and delinquent peer association. Although religiosity was associated with lower substance use among Black youth, it was not associated with lower criminal offending among Black or Hispanic youth. We discuss the implications of our findings for research and policy, particularly the need for resources.

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Garcia-Hallett, Janet. "Maternal Identities and Narratives of Motherhood: A Qualitative Exploration of Women’s Pathways Into and Out of Offending." Feminist Criminology 14, no. 2 (April 21, 2018): 214–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557085118769741.

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Existing research in criminology often focuses on changes in offending behaviors over time. Yet, less is known about the role of gender in women’s offending and little consideration is directed toward the integration of gender and parenthood in understanding offending trajectories. This article examines how and when offending and desisting pathways are shaped by motherhood. Interviews were conducted with 37 mothers in New York City with histories of offending behaviors. The data demonstrate how motherhood and maternal identities held more significance in some social circumstances, contributing to offending pathways and presenting a variety of challenges in some women’s desistance pathways.

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Runell, Lindsey Livingston. "Identifying Desistance Pathways in a Higher Education Program for Formerly Incarcerated Individuals." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 61, no. 8 (October 5, 2015): 894–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x15608374.

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The link between education and crime is a topic that requires special attention with respect to the converging influence of individual, social, and environmental factors. This article will investigate the educational pathways followed by students in a higher education program for formerly incarcerated individuals at a large state university in the northeastern United States. Specifically, it will explore the extent to which their postincarceration educational experiences served as a “hook for change” and also related impediments tied to street influences, financial constraints, stigma, academic and social development. Data were collected from a sample of 34 current and former students in the program, each of whom participated in a face-to-face interview. The higher education program played a key role in propelling the desistance process for research participants. This article will discuss how personal agency can be sustained through participation in higher education post release and the implications for future research on crime avoidance.

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Mulvey, Edward P., and Carol A. Schubert. "Some Initial Findings and Policy Implications of the Pathways to Desistance Study." Victims & Offenders 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2012): 407–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2012.713903.

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Barak, Gregg. "Book Review: Transforming justice, transforming lives: Women’s pathways to desistance from crime." Race and Justice 8, no. 4 (December 21, 2016): 396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2153368716682570.

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Jäggi, Lena, and Wendy Kliewer. "Reentry of Incarcerated Juveniles: Correctional Education as a Turning Point Across Juvenile and Adult Facilities." Criminal Justice and Behavior 47, no. 11 (July 1, 2020): 1348–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854820934139.

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All incarcerated juveniles have to receive correctional education, but little is known about how these school experiences influence reentry. With longitudinal data of 569 incarcerated juveniles (91% male) from the Pathways to Desistance Project, this study tested how motivational (teacher bonding, school orientation, time spent on homework) and performance (grades) aspects of schooling were related to desistance for youth returning from juvenile versus adult facilities. Results revealed that across facility type, increased attachment to facility schools, but not grades, predicted increased gainful activity (attending school and/or working), less self-reported delinquency, and lower recidivism in the community. Path models showed that gainful activity during Months 1 through 6 was related to stay in community, but not to self-reported behavior in Months 7 through 12. Results indicate that incarceration is an environment that shapes future behavior, but also highlight differences between behavioral and system responses. Facility school experiences might be an important locus of intervention.

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Baggio, Stéphanie, Patrick Heller, Elizabeth S. Barnert, Nguyen Toan Tran, Laurent Gétaz, and Hans Wolff. "Substance use Initiation among Justice-Involved Youths: Evidence from the Pathways to Desistance Study." Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 28, no. 2 (March 4, 2019): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1067828x.2019.1578711.

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El Sayed, Sarah A., Alex R. Piquero, and Michael TenEyck. "Differentiating Between Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy and Silverthorn and Frick’s Delayed-Onset Models of Female Offending." Criminal Justice and Behavior 44, no. 4 (October 28, 2016): 631–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854816674759.

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It is a criminological fact that females commit fewer delinquent acts than their male counterparts. This “gender gap” has long been recognized but specific questions concerning similarities or differences in the development, persistence, and desistence of antisocial behavior among females and males remain underinvestigated. Two prominent theoretical models, Moffitt’s developmental taxonomy and Silverthorn and Frick’s delayed-onset pathway, make distinct predictions about the composition of female offenders and the nature of their offending. The current study tests these explanations using longitudinal data from the Pathways to Desistance Study, a large sample of serious juvenile offenders followed for 7 years into early adulthood. Results from a series of negative binominal regressions reveal stronger support for Moffitt rather than Silverthorn and Frick in that findings showed two groups of female offenders. Directions for future research are highlighted.

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Corrado, Raymond, and Lauren Freedman. "RISK PROFILES, TRAJECTORIES, AND INTERVENTION POINTS FOR SERIOUS AND CHRONIC YOUNG OFFENDERS." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 2, no. 2.1 (May 12, 2011): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs22.120117706.

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<p>One of the lesser understood research issues about antisocial onset and persistence is whether there are different patterns of risk factors within the broader identified pathways that require distinctive treatment strategies. This article hypothesizes that there are at least five distinct pathways to persistent antisocial behaviour. The pathways are premised upon the developmental perspective and suggest that the experiences of individuals and their exposure to subsequent risk factors are affected by the earliest risk factors to which the individual is exposed. From a policy perspective, development of these pathways focuses on the goal of preventing antisocial onset, or to reduce the likelihood that behaviours will become progressively antisocial, while concurrently encouraging desistance. A key objective is to inform policy-makers about possible program intervention points for specific sets of risk factors, utilizing programs that have already been identified as successful, and developing new experimental programs.<strong></strong></p>

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Sharlein, Jeffrey. "Beyond Recidivism: Investigating Comparative Educational and Employment Outcomes for Adolescents in the Juvenile and Criminal Justice Systems." Crime & Delinquency 64, no. 1 (November 15, 2016): 26–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128716678193.

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While the relationship between juvenile transfer and recidivism has received much scholarly attention, the effect of transfer on other outcomes has largely been ignored. This study examined the effect of transfer on 7-year educational and employment outcomes, with time in the community and perceived stigma as hypothesized mediators. Pathways to Desistance data were analyzed with propensity score matching and mediation analysis. Transfer to criminal court strongly predicts lower employment outcomes, fully mediated by diminished time in the community. Transfer also marginally predicts higher educational outcomes. Education results call for further research, and employment results suggest that transfer policies should be revisited.

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Wojciechowski, Thomas W. "Developmental Heterogeneity in Social Support Among Juvenile Offenders: Relevance of Social Support Withdrawal for the Dulling of Maturational Decline in Offending." Crime & Delinquency 66, no. 5 (June 10, 2019): 712–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128719854349.

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Social support is a highly relevant predictor of offending. Despite this, little research has examined how this construct develops over time and how withdrawal of social support may result in “late bloomer” offending. This study used the Pathways to Desistance to data to test hypotheses related to these research questions. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify trajectories of social support, and ordinary least squares regression was used to determine the relevance of trajectory group assignment for predicting differences in offending between adolescence and adulthood. Results indicated that withdrawal of social support resulted in a dulling of the maturational decline in offending frequency typically observed following adolescence. Implications are discussed.

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Wojciechowski, Thomas W. "The Impact of PTSD-Linked Strain Sensitivity on Violent Offending: Differences in Effects During Adolescence Versus Early Adulthood." Violence and Victims 35, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 176–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv-d-18-00094.

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ObjectivesInvestigate the relevance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-linked strain sensitivity associated with exposure to violence for predicting violence outcomes among juvenile offenders during adolescence and early adulthood.MethodsThis study uses the Pathways to Desistance data and to test relevant relationships. Two series of negative binomial regression models were estimated to test hypotheses, one corresponding to each period of the life course.ResultsResults indicated that witnessed violence interacted with PTSD status in adolescence, indicating that individuals afflicted with PTSD demonstrated heightened sensitivity to this strain, manifested in increased violent offending.ConclusionsResults indicate that witnessed violence may act as a trigger during adolescence, resulting in juvenile offenders with PTSD responding with violence. This may have treatment implications for individuals suffering from PTSD.

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BYRNE, CLARE FIONA, and KAREN J. TREW. "Pathways Through Crime: The Development of Crime and Desistance in the Accounts of Men and Women Offenders." Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 47, no. 3 (July 2008): 238–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2008.00520.x.

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Petrich, Damon M., and Christopher J. Sullivan. "Does Future Orientation Moderate the Relationship Between Impulse Control and Offending? Insights From a Sample of Serious Young Offenders." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 18, no. 2 (September 23, 2019): 156–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204019876976.

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Researchers have recently begun to examine motivational factors as moderators of the relationship between self-control and offending behavior. The current study extends prior work by investigating whether three aspects of future orientation (aspirations, expectations, and the use of future-oriented cognitive and behavioral strategies) play such a role. Drawing on 7 years of data from the Pathways to Desistance study ( N = 1,333), we use hybrid effects negative binomial regression models to assess how within-individual changes in future orientation and impulse control are independently and jointly related to the offending variety of serious young offenders. Although impulse control and three components of future orientation had significant main effects on offending, no interaction between these components emerged in our results. Implications for future research are discussed.

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Walters, Glenn D. "Change in the Perceived Certainty of Punishment as an Inhibitor of Post-Juvenile Offending in Serious Delinquents: Deterrence at the Adult Transition." Crime & Delinquency 64, no. 10 (July 27, 2017): 1306–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128717722011.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether growth in perceived certainty of punishment explained the right leg of the age–crime curve. Using longitudinal data from the Pathways to Desistance study ( N = 1,354), it was determined that offense variety achieved its steepest decline between the ages of 17 and 18, and offense frequency displayed its steepest decline between the ages of 19 and 20. Further analysis revealed that perceived certainty of punishment predicted the variety and frequency of offending from the periods of steepest decline but not during periods of offense growth or less optimal decline. These results provide preliminary support for the presence of sensitive periods in emerging adulthood whereby increased perceived certainty may inhibit future offending.

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Merdian, Hannah L., Derek E. Perkins, Elspeth Dustagheer, and Emily Glorney. "Development of a Case Formulation Model for Individuals Who Have Viewed, Distributed, and/or Shared Child Sexual Exploitation Material." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 64, no. 10-11 (January 8, 2018): 1055–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17748067.

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Increases in the number of arrests of individuals who download or distribute Child Sexual Exploitation Material (CSEM) have highlighted a need to further understand the offending pathways of this offender group. This article describes the development of an aetiological model specific to CSEM offending. Individuals who had viewed, distributed, and/or shared CSEM ( n = 20) were interviewed regarding their life and sexual history, relationships, substance use, offending details, and circumstances leading to their CSEM offending, resulting in seven superordinate themes: Developmental Context, Individual Propensities (risk-related and risk-protective) and Psychological Vulnerabilities, Personal Circumstances, Permission-Giving Thoughts, Internet Environment and Behaviour, Evaluation of Consequences for the Individual, and Desistance. These themes were combined into a case formulation tool specific for CSEM offending behaviour, with the aim of providing systematic guidance for assessment and treatment providers.

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Ishoy, Glen A., and Brenda Sims Blackwell. "Situational Action Theory’s Self-Control/Morality Interaction Effects and the Moderating Influence of Being Female: A Comparison of Property and Violent Offending Using a Sample of Juvenile Delinquents." Feminist Criminology 14, no. 4 (July 18, 2018): 391–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557085118788633.

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This study tests the interaction effects between self-control and morality that are proposed by situational action theory (SAT) and examines the ability of biological sex to condition those processes for both property and violent offending. This study employs negative binomial regression to analyze data from the Pathways to Desistance data set ( n = 1,354). Results generally support the posited general nature of SAT for violent offending. The results for property offending were also supported; however, some of the results indicated that sex may moderate the associations of SAT’s key variables for this offense type. Our results indicate that the assumption of generalizability across the sexes may be less problematic for SAT than for other theories, but more work is needed to fully articulate how sex affects the processes at work in the theory.

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McCuish, Evan C., and Patrick Lussier. "A Developmental Perspective on the Stability and Change of Psychopathic Personality Traits Across the Adolescence–Adulthood Transition." Criminal Justice and Behavior 45, no. 5 (April 5, 2018): 666–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818761992.

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The stability of psychopathic personality disturbance (PPD) has important theoretical implications for developmental criminology and population heterogeneity perspective assertions that psychopathy is a key measure of criminal propensity. Data from the Pathways to Desistance Study ( n = 1,354) were used to examine short-, moderate-, and long-term reliable change in symptoms of PPD measured via the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI). Youth scoring highest on the YPI at the baseline assessment were most likely to experience reliable decreases in test scores. Binomial regression analyses showed that a reliable decrease in YPI test score was associated with decreased odds of endorsing additional offenses. Findings contrasted the adolescent “fledgling” psychopathy perspective and indicated that individuals scoring high on the YPI are the group most likely to experience reliable decreases in test scores, especially over a longer follow-up period.

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Daigle, Leah E., Michelle N. Harris, and Brent Teasdale. "Psychopathic Traits and Victimization: What Mechanisms Mediate the Relationship?" Criminal Justice and Behavior 47, no. 7 (May 25, 2020): 886–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854820919915.

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Psychopathy has been linked to a host of negative outcomes including victimization; yet, the mechanisms that may explain this relationship have not been identified. Using data from the Pathways to Desistance study, a longitudinal study of adolescents adjudicted for serious offenses ( N = 1,354) who had been adjudicated in either Maricopa County, AZ, or Philadelphia County, PA, we examine several mechanisms that may mediate the relationship between psychopathy and violent victimization. A 1 SD increase in psychopathy increases the risk of victimization by about 9.3%, net of control variables. Psychopathy is linked to violent victimization through its significant influences on engagement in risky behaviors, moral disengagement, motivations to succeed, and expectations for the future. These findings are striking given that they identify factors such as cognition and engagement in risky behavior that may be suitable targets for change in prevention or intervention efforts.

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Schreck, Christopher J., Mark T. Berg, Graham C. Ousey, Eric A. Stewart, and J. Mitchell Miller. "Does the Nature of the Victimization–Offending Association Fluctuate Over the Life Course? An Examination of Adolescence and Early Adulthood." Crime & Delinquency 63, no. 7 (December 18, 2015): 786–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128715619736.

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Decades of criminological research has established that victimization is strongly connected with offending—this pattern is among the most durable in the criminological literature. However, there are plausible reasons to believe that under some theoretically defined conditions, the association can vary across the life course. Using 10 waves from the Pathways to Desistance data, which follow more than 1,300 youth from early adolescence into adulthood, we model within-individual change in the victimization–offending association as well as evaluate possible theoretical reasons for this change. Our results show that the influence of victimization on offending weakens as people age, although the association remains positive across the life course. The core substantive predictors, however, could not account for this temporal weakening of the association. We discuss the implications of these results for further theoretical development on offending.

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Cardwell, Stephanie M., and Alex R. Piquero. "Does Violence in Adolescence Differentially Predict Offending Patterns in Early Adulthood?" International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 6 (January 20, 2017): 1603–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x16688978.

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Previous research is mixed on whether the commission of a violent offense in adolescence is predictive of criminal career characteristics. In the current study, we addressed the following: (a) What factors predict the commission of serious violence in mid-adolescence? and (b) Does involvement in serious violence in mid-adolescence lead to more chronic and/or more heterogeneous patterns of offending in early adulthood? Data were obtained from the Pathways to Desistance Study, a longitudinal study of serious adolescent offenders in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Phoenix, Arizona. Prior arrests, violence exposure, and gang involvement distinguished adolescents who engaged in violence at baseline. A violent offense at baseline was not predictive of a higher frequency of rearrests but was associated with membership in the low offending trajectory. In conclusion, violent offending in adolescence might be a poor predictor of chronic and heterogeneous patterns of offending throughout the life course.

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Schubert, Carol A., Edward P. Mulvey, Samuel W. Hawes, and Maryann Davis. "Educational and Employment Patterns in Serious Adolescent Offenders With Mental Health Disorders: The Importance of Educational Attainment." Criminal Justice and Behavior 45, no. 11 (July 25, 2018): 1660–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818784330.

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This study examines employment and educational outcomes for justice-involved adolescents with and without mental health disorders in the Pathways to Desistance study. We examine the patterns of education and employment and the effects of several factors, including the presence of a mental health disorder, on these positive outcomes. Three findings emerge: (a) youth with mental health problems have a relatively high number of other criminogenic risk factors, (b) education and employment patterns do not differ by disorder status, and (c) the presence of a mental health disorder is not independently linked to poorer employment outcomes, but educational achievement is. These analyses provide information needed to target services for these adolescents in the juvenile justice system, who are at high risk for poor educational and employment outcomes. Results indicate a need for increased emphasis on higher levels of academic attainment as a way to promote positive employment outcomes in these youth.

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Ozkan, Turgut, Michael Rocque, and Chad Posick. "Reconsidering the Link Between Depression and Crime: A Longitudinal Assessment." Criminal Justice and Behavior 46, no. 7 (September 6, 2018): 961–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818799811.

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A long line of research has uncovered a link between depression and delinquency. However, much of this research has been unable to disentangle the temporal ordering of the depression and crime relationship. In addition, few studies have examined potential mediating relationships between depression and crime, including, for example, theoretical variables such as individual self-control. To address these gaps, we examined depression symptoms as a risk factor for both violent and income-related offenses in a longitudinal framework controlling for several potential confounders using the Pathways to Desistance study that includes information on a unique sample of serious adolescent offenders ( N = 1,354). Our findings reveal that depression is inconsistently related to crime in cross-sectional models, but is a risk factor for both aggressive and income-related offenses in a longitudinal framework and that depression has an independent effect on delinquency that is not mediated by self-control.

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Carson, Dena C., and James V. Ray. "Do Psychopathic Traits Distinguish Trajectories of Gang Membership?" Criminal Justice and Behavior 46, no. 9 (September 2019): 1337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854819867388.

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Prior work that examines different stages of gang membership (joining, time in gang, and leaving) indicates that the gang experience is unique to each individual member. However, we know little about what accounts for variations in the gang experience; particularly, with regard to the role of individual-level characteristics. This article helps to fill this gap by examining how trajectories of gang membership vary based on one multifaceted individual-level characteristic: psychopathy. Some prior work suggests that gang members high in psychopathic traits are attracted to gang life and more likely to hold leadership roles in the gang. Other work indicates that those high in psychopathy are not well suited for gang membership. We make use of the Pathways to Desistance data and group-based trajectory modeling to examine these relationships. Results indicate that the relationship between psychopathy and gang membership is dependent upon the distinct factors of psychopathy.

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Boduszek, Daniel, Katie Dhingra, and Alexander Hirschfield. "Gang Reengagement Intentions among Incarcerated Serious Juvenile Offenders." Journal of Criminology 2015 (January 6, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/494562.

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Research examining the factors that precipitate gang membership has contributed substantially to our understanding of gangs and gang-related activity, yet we know little about the factors influencing intentions to rejoin a gang after having being incarcerated. This study examines the relationship between gang characteristics, number of incarcerated friends, and family characteristics and gang reengagement intentions, while controlling for ethnicity. Participants were 206 male serious juvenile offenders interviewed as part of the Pathways to Desistance Study. The model explained between 35% and 47% of variance in gang reengagement intentions. However, only three variables made a unique statistically significant contribution to the model (punishment if gang rules are broken, importance of gang membership, and moral disengagement), with the strongest predictor being importance of gang membership. The results suggest that challenging young offenders’ perceptions about the importance of gang membership might be particularly effective in reducing gang reengagement intentions after incarceration.

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Wojciechowski, Thomas W. "The Salience of Antisocial Personality Disorder for Predicting Substance Use and Violent Behavior: The Moderating Role of Deviant Peers." Journal of Drug Issues 50, no. 1 (September 26, 2019): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042619877935.

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Deviant peer association and antisocial personality disorder are risk factors for drug use and violent offending. However, there has yet to be research that focuses on how deviant peer association may moderate the impact of antisocial personality disorder on these outcomes. Data from Wave 10 of the Pathways to Desistance dataset were used in analyses. Negative binomial regression was used to estimate the effects of covariates on violent offending. Ordered logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of covariates on substance use outcomes. Results indicated that deviant peer association moderated the impact of antisocial personality disorder on violent offending frequency and marijuana use frequency. The direction of this interaction effect was positive for marijuana use. The direction of this moderation was negative for violent offending, indicating that antisocial personality disorder–diagnosed individuals commit fewer violent offenses at similar levels of deviant peer association as nonafflicted participants.

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Walters, Glenn D. "Getting Specific About Psychological Inertia." Criminal Justice Review 43, no. 2 (May 19, 2017): 186–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016817704697.

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A three-wave mediational analysis with two parallel mediators was performed on prospective data provided by all 1,354 (1,170 boys, 184 girls) members of the Pathways to Desistance study. In the analysis, baseline variety of offending scores (Wave 0) served as the independent variable, Wave 2 variety offending scores served as the dependent variable, and Wave 1 self-efficacy for conventional behavior and general confidence in avoiding future legal trouble served as mediators. Controlling for age, sex, race, parental socioeconomic status, callous/unemotional traits, and moral disengagement, it was determined that only self-efficacy for a conventional lifestyle successfully mediated the past delinquency–future delinquency relationship. From both a theoretical and practical standpoint, the current results indicate that efficacy expectancies specific to participating in a conventional lifestyle are more important in preventing subsequent delinquency than simple confidence in one’s ability to avoid future legal trouble.

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Dhingra, Katie, Agata Debowska, Kathryn Sharratt, Philip Hyland, and Susanna Kola-Palmer. "Psychopathy, gang membership, and moral disengagement among juvenile offenders." Journal of Criminal Psychology 5, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-11-2014-0016.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of psychopathy factors and gang membership on moral disengagement while controlling for age, ethnicity, having run away from home, family member and/or friend arrests, substance misuse, parental physical fights, violence exposure (victimization and witnessing), and maternal warmth and hostility. Design/methodology/approach – The research is based on data collected from serious juvenile offenders (n=769) as part of the Pathways to Desistance Study. Findings – Six independent variables made a unique statistically significant contribution to the model: gang membership, age, gender, violence exposure, and psychopathy Factors 1 and 2. Psychopathy Factor 1 was the strongest predictor of moral disengagement. Originality/value – Results indicate that youth with heightened psychopathic traits make greater use of strategies to rationalize and justify their harmful behaviour against others. Implications in relation to theory and previous studies are discussed.

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Allen, Elizabeth Karyn. "Justice-Involved Women." Affilia 33, no. 3 (April 18, 2018): 346–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109918762555.

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Women are the fastest growing sector of the incarcerated population. Community reentry is challenging for both men and women. However, pathways out of crime and reintegration have been found to be more complex for women. This article uses empowerment and narrative theories as conceptual frameworks and to contextualize the findings of this exploratory study. The findings indicate that self-identifying as persistent offender and/or career criminal, together with marginalization (ethnicity, poverty, and education) impact redemptive narratives of justice-involved women and their ability to create successful lives after incarceration. Using regression models, this study aimed to create a holistic model that integrated both micro and macro factors to better understand the complexities for community reintegration for justice-involved women. It sought to frame the experience of reintegration and the desistance process with a feminist lens, drawing greatly from community reentry literature in an era of mass incarceration.

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Schwartz, Joseph A., Eric J. Connolly, and Jonathan R. Brauer. "Head Injuries and Changes in Delinquency from Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 54, no. 6 (June 7, 2017): 869–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427817710287.

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Objectives: The current study examines whether head injuries suffered earlier in the life course are associated with subsequent changes in self-control and delinquency. Methods: Latent growth curve models and path analysis are used to analyze the developmental trajectories of self-control and delinquency as well as the potential associations between head injury, self-control, and delinquency among a sample of youth offenders from the pathways to desistance study. Results: The results revealed significant associations between head injuries and short-term changes in self-control and subsequent increases in aggressive delinquency. Indirect pathway models revealed that lower levels of self-control significantly mediated the association between head injuries and starting levels in aggressive delinquency. The association between head injuries and changes in aggressive delinquency was also significantly mediated by self-control, but the association was negative, indicating that youth who previously suffered head injuries desisted from aggressive delinquency at a slightly faster rate than their noninjured peers. Additional analyses revealed that, despite accelerated rates of decline, injured youth engaged in significantly higher levels of aggressive delinquency throughout the entire observation period. Conclusion: Head injuries represent one environmental factor that may influence delinquent behaviors through their influence on biological and developmental processes.

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Keil, Spencer, Jordan Beardslee, Carol Schubert, Edward Mulvey, and Dustin Pardini. "Perceived Gun Access and Gun Carrying Among Male Adolescent Offenders." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 18, no. 2 (July 28, 2019): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204019865312.

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Gun violence takes a significant toll on adolescents in the United States, and there is a lack of longitudinal research on perceptual factors that drive gun carrying. Notably, there is no information on the relationship between perception of gun accessibility and gun carrying. Using data collected between 2000 and 2006 in the Pathways to Desistance Study, we examine the effects of perceived access to guns in a sample of adolescent offenders. A generalized estimating equations approach tested the effect of perceived gun access along with other known risk factors for gun carrying across time. Even after adjusting for these other risk factors, perceived gun access was significantly related to future carrying. Our findings support self-reported gun availability as a significant, population-based risk factor related to gun carrying in high-risk youth. Further research on how perceived access mediates the decision to carry guns would be valuable for formulating effective gun policy.

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Walker, D’Andre, and Gabriel T. Cesar. "Examining the “Gang Penalty” in the Juvenile Justice System: A Focal Concerns Perspective." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 18, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 315–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204020916238.

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There are hundreds of thousands of juvenile gang members in the United States who are at heightened risk of criminal offending, violent victimization, and incarceration. Importantly, however, incarceration in itself is a lifelong risk factor for negative social outcomes. That said, little is known about the effects of gang membership on the sentencing outcomes of juvenile offenders. The primary research question of the current study is: How does self-reported gang membership influence the likelihood of incarceration relative to similarly situated non-gang-involved juvenile defendants? To address this question, the current study uses data obtained from the Pathways to Desistance study. In a sample of 1,067 serious adolescent offenders drawn from Wave I, results show that gang affiliation is a significant predictor of incarceration. This finding was consistent across the two study sites (Phoenix, AZ, and Philadelphia, PA), ultimately providing support for a “gang penalty” in juvenile sentencing outcomes. The implications for future research, juvenile justice policy, and youth development are discussed.

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Lee, JoAnn S., Faye S. Taxman, Edward P. Mulvey, and Carol A. Schubert. "Longitudinal Patterns of Secure Institutional Placement Among Serious Adolescent Offenders." Criminal Justice and Behavior 45, no. 6 (April 5, 2018): 762–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818762545.

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This study identifies longitudinal patterns of institutional placement to understand experiences in the juvenile justice system. We used monthly calendar data from the Pathways to Desistance study ( N = 1,354), which focuses on understanding how serious adolescent offenders desist from antisocial activity. Youth between 14 and 18 years of age were followed for 7 years. We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify longitudinal patterns of institutional placement. We also examined bivariate and multivariate associations between our identified groups and demographic, legal, and extralegal factors. We chose the 4-group solution, which reflected a pattern of steady time in the community (33.3%), and three patterns of youth spending varying (22.5%), declining (24.4%), and steady high (18.8%) time in placement. Significant differences between groups suggest that youth from the most disadvantaged contexts and those who were most likely to have trouble in school and live in disorganized neighborhoods spent the most time in placement.

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Lee, Heejin, Christopher J. Sullivan, and J. C. Barnes. "Maturity of Judgment and Perceptual Deterrence." Criminal Justice and Behavior 45, no. 11 (August 17, 2018): 1762–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818789723.

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Recent deterrence literature has found that the degree to which sanction threats are perceived to influence subsequent offending differs within individuals and between individuals over time. This study examines whether three psychosocial aspects (temperance, perspective, responsibility) relevant to the maturity of judgment predict within-individual and between-individual differences in levels of perceptual deterrence. Random effects regression models with fixed effects (hybrid models) are used to estimate the impact of maturity of judgment on the perceived risks, costs, and benefits of crime among a sample of serious juvenile offenders from the Pathways to Desistance study over 7 years of development. The results support both within-person effects and between-person effects. More mature judgment ability is generally associated with the perception of greater risks, heavier costs of punishment, and fewer rewards of crime. The rate of change in perceptual deterrence by maturity of judgment varies between individuals. Implications of the findings are discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pathways to Desistance'

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