Academic literature on the topic 'Patogeny semen'

Plants need at least 14 elements for normal functioning. Selenium (Se) is on the list of beneficial elements for plants, since it has many positive effects in a propriate concentrations. Iodine (I) is not yet classified on that list since there are not enough studies about the effect of I on plants. Selenium in plants may cause a delay of senescence and promote the growth of the ageing seedlings. Selenium also exhibits protective role in UV treated plants, plants, exposed to water shortage, and in plants, exposed to high or low temperature. High concentration of Se was reported to cause physiological disturbances in plants due to Se binding to cysteine and methionine molecules instead of S, and the inclusion of selenocysteine and selenomethionine in proteins. I might have a positive effect on plants, including its protective role in antioxidant activities in plants, exposed to different stress conditions. Both elements are in deficit in human nutrition in many countries worldwide. I and Se are needed for the optimal function of thyroid gland, thus simultaneous biofortification of crops is feasible for areas deficient in both elements. Selenium and I interfere with each other in pea, common buckwheat plants and in kohlrabi. Sulphur (S) and Se have similar chemical properties, and the assimilation of Se and S follows the S metabolic pathway. S induced the accumulation of Se in Tartary buckwheat in field experiment. Silicon (Si) enhances plant strength, ameliorates the negative effects of salinity, drought, and high or low temperatures, ameliorates metal toxicity, and increases plant resistance to different pathogens and herbivores. Key words: buckwheat, Fagopyrum, selenium, iodine, sulphur, silicon Izvleček Rastline potrebujejo vsaj 14 elementov za normalno rast. Selen (Se) je na seznamu koristnih elementov za rastline, saj ima v ustreznih koncentracijah veliko pozitivnih učinkov na rastline. Jod (I) na ta seznam še ni uvrščen, saj ni dovolj raziskav o vplivu I na rastline. Selen pri rastlinah lahko zakasni proces staranja in pospeši rast sadik. Selen kaže tudi zaščitno vlogo pri rastlinah, izpostavljenih UV žarkom, rastlinah, ki so izpostavljene pomanjkanju vode, in rastlinah, ki so izpostavljene visokim ali nizkim temperaturam. Raziskovalci poročajo, da visoke koncentracije Se povzročajo fiziološke motnje v rastlinah zaradi vezave Se na molekule cisteina in metionina na mesto žvepla in vključitve selenocisteina in selenomethionina v beljakovine. Jod pozitivno vpliva na rastline, vključno s povečanjen njihove antioksidativne aktivnosti pri rastlinah, ki so izpostavljene različnim stresnim razmeram. V mnogih državah po svetu oba elementa primanjkujeta v prehrani ljudi. Jod in Se potrebujemo za optimalno delovanje ščitnice, zato je sočasna biofortifikacija poljščin smiselna na območjih s pomanjkanjem obeh elementov. Dodatek Se in I vplivata na akumulacijo drug drugega pri grahu, navadni ajdi in pri kolerabici. Žveplo (S) in Se imata podobne kemijske lastnosti, asimilacija Se in S pa sledi metabolni poti S. Žveplo je v poljskem poskusu, kjer smo rastlinam foliarno dodajali hkrati oba elementa, povzročilo povečano kopičenje Se v tatarski ajdi. Silicij (Si) povečuje trdnost rastlin, blaži negativne učinke slanosti, suše in visokih ali nizkih temperatur, blaži strupenost kovin in povečuje odpornost rastlin na patogene in rastlinojede. Ključne besede: ajda, Fagopyrum, selen, jod, žveplo, silicij

<p class="IsiabstrakIndonesia">Nilam banyak dibudidayakan di Indonesia, dan lebih dari 80% produksi minyak nilam dunia dipasok dari Indonesia. Masalah utama dalam budidaya nilam di Indonesia adalah penyakit, seperti penyakit layu bakteri, budok dan nematoda. Sampai saat ini varietas tahan terhadap penyakit, khususnya budok, belum diperoleh. Tanaman tahan dapat diperoleh dengan teknik transformasi gen. Transkripsi faktor WRKY telah diketahui dapat meregulasi serangan beberapa patogen penyebab penyakit tanaman. Gen <em>OsWRKY76</em> terletak pada segmen kromosom 9 tanaman padi yang telah diidentifikasi terkait dengan ketahanan berspektrum luas. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengintroduksikan konstruksi gen <em>OsWRKY76</em> yang berasal dari padi ke dalam tanaman nilam melalui bantuan <em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</em>. Pada percobaan pertama, tanaman nilam ditransformasi dengan <em>A. tumefaciens</em> strain EHA 105 yang mengandung gen <em>OsWRKY76</em>. Perlakuan terdiri atas waktu induksi eksplan yang akan ditransformasi (pre-kultur) di dalam medium MS, yaitu 5 dan 7 hari, dan waktu inokulasi <em>A. tumefaciens</em> yaitu 10 dan 20 menit. Pada percobaan kedua, analisis molekuler untuk mengkonfirmasi keberadaan gen <em>OsWRKY76</em> dalam tanaman nilam menggunakan teknik PCR dengan primer <em>hptII</em>. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan waktu induksi eksplan terbaik sebelum transformasi adalah 5 hari, dengan perendaman di dalam suspensi <em>A. tumefaciens</em> selama 10 menit. Dari transformasi tersebut telah dihasilkan 187 kalus independen. Hasil analisis PCR terhadap galur-galur putatif transgenik independen, lima galur (T1, T8, T10, T11, T13) positif mengandung gen <em>hptII</em>, yaitu gen penanda ketahanan terhadap antibiotik higromisin yang berada satu konstruk dengan gen <em>OsWRKY76</em>. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa gen <em>OsWRKY76</em> yang berasal dari padi dapat diintroduksikan pada tanaman nilam dan berpeluang sebagai kandidat tahan terhadap penyakit utama.</p>

The aim of this diploma thesis is assessing the determination and evaluation of pathogens species spectrum in carrot (Daucus carota), parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and pepper (Capsicum annum) seeds. The microflora was determined in laboratory conditions. The surface disinfected seeds and non-disinfected seeds were cultivated on culture medium PDA and filter paper. The level of bacterial and yeast contamination was low. The major part of pathogenswere fungi pathogens. The most often found pathogens were species from Alternaria and Cladosporium genus. The species spectrum was not different between individual varieties of carrot, parsley and pepper. In most cases, non-disinfected seeds had significantly higher amount of pathogens than the disinfected seeds.

The work is focused on the observation of the effect of selenium nanoparticles [Se] on seedlings of head cabbage, whose seeds were inoculated with Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris (Pammel) Dowson. The paper summarizes protocols of nanoparticle synthesis using various methods. A special part was devoted to methods of synthesis of selenium [Se] nanoparticles. Methods of conventional synthesis and methods of biological synthesis have been described. When using a preparation containing nanoparticles, the effect on bacteria inoculated on seed was clearly seen. Increasing concentration of the product visibly appeared to be stronger. The use of SelenBact appears to be very promising when applied to seed contaminated with bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris (Pammel) Dowson.