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Sinaga, Herman, Septri Widiono, and Irnad. "POLA HUBUNGAN PATRON- KLIEN PADA KOMUNITAS NELAYAN DI KELURAHAN MALABRO KECAMATAN TELUK SEGARA KOTA BENGKULU." Jurnal AGRISEP 3, no. 2 (September 13, 2015): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.14.2.167-176.
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This research aimed to describe the characteristic of fishing activities in Malabro Municipal, Teluk Segara District, Bengkulu city and to describe the pattern of patron- client relationship between wholesaler, vessel owner and fishermen. This researh conducted using qualitative method. Data collected using obsevation, interview, and documantes information related to this research. Thi result shows that fishermen are using three fishing tools, such as gillnets, payang and trammel nets. These fishing tools will be influence many things like type of vessel, amount of fishermen, and production sharing system. In patron-client relations between wholesaler and boat owner. Wholesaler has a role as patron and the boat owner has a role as client. Patron-client relation is mutual benefit. While, relation between wholesaler or vessel owner and fishermen hasn’t shown patron- client relationship but only shown relation of fishing activities. Keywords: Fishing gears, Patron-Client
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Rodman, David. "Patron‐client dynamics: Mapping the American‐Israeli relationship." Israel Affairs 4, no. 2 (December 1997): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537129708719466.
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MacGillivray, Erlend D. "Romans 16:2, προσττις/προσττης, and the Application of Reciprocal Relationships to New Testament Texts." Novum Testamentum 53, no. 2 (2011): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853610x521098.
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AbstractThis article re-examines the meaning of the title προσττις given to Phoebe in Rom 16:2—commonly understood in contemporary scholarship as presenting Phoebe as Paul’s patron. This position is challenged with reference to recent studies which argue for broadening our understanding of ancient reciprocity beyond the definitions of a patron—client relationship, and also by re-evaluating the semantic range of προσττις/προσττης. It argues that we should see Phoebe and Paul’s relationship as working within a general reciprocity dynamic of benefaction, rather than within the specific relationship of the patron-client relationship.
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Klein, V. Sophie. "Performing the Patron-Client Relationship Dramaturgical Cues in Horace'sSermones2.5." Illinois Classical Studies, no. 37 (December 31, 2012): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illiclasstud.37.0097.
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Kenny, M. "The Patron-Client Relationship in Interviewing: An Anthropological View." Oral History Review 15, no. 1 (March 1, 1987): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ohr/15.1.71.
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Anom Kumbara, AA Ngurah, and AA Sagung Kartika Dewi. "The Dynamic of Shiva-Sisya (Patron Client) Relationships Within Hindu’s Practice in Denpasar City." Udayana Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (UJoSSH) 1, no. 1 (February 27, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ujossh.2017.v01.i01.p09.
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Modernization and globalization have spread the ideology of capitalism and materialistic rationalism throughout the world. It has created transformation not only in the socio-cultural and economic aspects, but also in religion practice. One of the Hindu’s practice phenomenon that prevails nowadays in Denpasar is a certain dynastic lawsuit against shiva-sisya relationship (patron-client), which became a tradition in Hindu’s practice in Bali.The purpose of this study is to understand and explain the background of the shifting in shiva-sisya (patron client) relationship and the implications of this shift within Hindu’s practice or religiosity in Denpasar city. To answer the purpose of this study cultural studies approach was used with qualitative analysis. Techniques for collecting data were through in-depth interviews, observations and analysis of the related documents. This study used theories: Patron-Client by James Scott, Structuration by Giddens and Modernization/social change of Marx. Based on the analysis of the collected data, this study has found that the underlying shift in the relationship of shiva-sisya (patron-client) within Hindu’s practice in Denpasar city was the appearance of the religious power decentralization, the strengthening of the market ideology within Hindu’s practice and structured social relations. The implications of that shift, which happen to be the religion privacy and the emergence of Hindu’s internal friction in religious practice in Denpasar city.
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Newnham, Randall. "Russia and Belarus: Economic Linkage in a Patron-Client Relationship." Journal of Belarusian Studies 9, no. 1 (February 17, 2020): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/20526512-12340002.
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Abstract President Putin has embarked on a program of restoring Russia to world-power status. A key facet of his effort has been to establish a sphere of influence in the ‘Near Abroad,’ the countries of the former Soviet Union. While the world has focused on the dramatic events in Ukraine since 2013, much less attention has been paid to the vital role of Belarus in Putin’s plans. Belarus has long had closer relations with Russia than any other former Soviet state, dating back to the Yeltsin years. This paper will show that Russia has devoted considerable resources to Belarus, showering the country with a variety of economic inducements, including access to the Russian market, subsidized oil and gas, and outright grants and loans. In return, Belarus has tightened its political, economic, and military ties to Moscow. Yet, surprisingly, Belarus also has some bargaining power in this relationship. Its quixotic leader, Alexander Lukashenko, is well aware of his importance to the Kremlin, and uses it to gain even greater economic rewards – thus cementing his own power. This case thus can make an valuable contribution to extending the literature on patron-client relations in International Relations, showing that a client can stand up to its patron in certain circumstances.
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Tyacke, Nicholas. "Sir Edwin Sandys and the Cecils: a Client-patron Relationship." Historical Research 64, no. 153 (February 1, 1991): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2281.1991.tb01786.x.
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Kim, Jeehye, and Jiyoung Ko. "To condone, condemn, or ‘no comment’? Explaining a patron’s reaction to a client’s unilateral provocations." Journal of Peace Research 57, no. 3 (October 14, 2019): 452–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343319875202.
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What explains a patron’s decision to publicly condone, condemn, or forgo commenting on its client’s unilateral provocations? We present a new theoretical framework that identifies a patron’s two strategic considerations – maximizing its sphere of influence and avoiding entanglement – and factors that affect them. We claim that whenever a patron faces a great power rivalry or a vulnerable client, it is more likely to condone its client’s provocations in order to safeguard its sphere of influence. On the other hand, when the risk of escalation looms large, the patron is more likely to condemn its client’s provocations in order to avoid entanglement. Focusing on the Sino-North Korean patron–client relationship, we test our theory on an original dataset that tracks China’s official reactions to provocations initiated by North Korea. We find that China tends to condone North Korea’s provocations when the USA criticizes them, and refrains from condemning when North Korea is domestically fragile. We also find that China is more likely to condemn its client’s provocations in the period after North Korea became a nuclear state. In addition, we draw on examples from the USA–Pakistan and the USA–Israel patron–client relationships to illustrate our causal logic. This article offers new insights on how a patron manages its client’s unruly behavior, and provides the first large-N evidence on China’s responses to North Korean provocations from 1981 to 2016.
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Jinwung, Kim. "From Patron-Client to Partners: The Changing South Korean-American Relationship." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 2, no. 3 (1993): 303–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656193x00194.
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Rahman, Atiur, and Abu N. M. Wahid. "The grameen bank and the changing patron-client relationship in Bangladesh." Journal of Contemporary Asia 22, no. 3 (January 1992): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472339280000221.
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Romano, Dennis. "Aspects of Patronage in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Venice*." Renaissance Quarterly 46, no. 4 (1993): 712–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3039020.
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Michael Baxandall's Study Painting and Experience in Fifteenth-Century Italy opens with the useful reminder that a “painting is the deposit of a social relationship,” that is, a relationship between patron and client. When Baxandall and other historians of Renaissance art use the term patronage, they generally do so in a restricted sense to indicate the relationship that existed when an individual or an institution such as a guild, confraternity, or monastic establishment commissioned a specific work of art from an artist or artisan. Often formalized through a contract, the relationship between patron and client was essentially a legal one in which the artist agreed to render a specific service in return for a preestablished or a negotiable sum of money. With the completion of the commission, the relationship essentially ended, unless succeeded by another commission.
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Maifianti, Khori Suci, Dedy Darmansyah, and Ikhwanul Muslimin. "PATRON-CLIENT SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PALM OIL FARMERS AND TAUKE IN KREUNG ITAM VILLAGE TADU RAYA DISTRICT NAGAN RAYA DISTRICT." Journal of Agri Socio-Economics and Business 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jaseb.3.1.33-42.
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Krueng Itam village is one of the villages where the majority of the residents work as palm oil farmers and depend on palm oil plantations. In marketing to sell FFB (Fresh Fruit Bunch) palm oil farmers still rely on collector traders (agents) which in this case is referred to by the term "Tauke Sawit" (toke sawit). In the beginning, the relationship between palm oil farmers and the Tauke was limited to economic relations, such as the sale and purchase relationship between sellers and buyers. But in its development, the relationship turns into a relationship of dependence and interest that leads to a patron-client relationship. This study used a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques through observation and interview process that is expected to be able to provide an overview of the social relationship between tauke and farmers. Based on the results of the study, the relationship between tauke and palm oil farmers is a patron- client relationship where palm oil tauke as the patron and palm oil farmers as clients. Palm oil farmers need tauke to accomodate the harvest of palm oil FFB and tauke needs palm oil FFB from farmers to be sold to Palm oil mills. In this cooperative relationship, farmers will usually borrow money for capital needs and others to the tauke, this makes the farmers' dependence on the tauke become greater so that each of them will maintain the relationship by respecting the existing norms so that the relationship has been established will not be broken easily. The relationship of patron-clients is more visible in the relationship between tauke and small farmers, this is because there is a clear difference in socio-economic status between the two, so that the tauke as a patron play a big role.
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Budiyanti, Syamsu, Hotman M. Siahaan, and Kris Nugroho. "Social communication relation of Madurese people in Max Weber rationality perspective." Jurnal Studi Komunikasi (Indonesian Journal of Communications Studies) 4, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/jsk.v4i2.2447.
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Obedience has become an ethnic identity for Madurese, expressed in the communicative expression ‘Bhuppa’-Bhâbbu’-Ghuru-Rato.’ Thus, the meaning of hierarchical obedience has been structured firmly into daily communication routines and behaviour as a form of self-development. The pattern of patron-client communication is a strong stimulant in the tradition of obedience that forms hegemonic power through patron-client-dominating authority. Interestingly, in Madurese society, such a relationship can actually be classified as exploitative-mutualistic. The study of rationality perspective on the meaning of communication and obedience relations shows that not all Madurese actions follow rational rules in Weber’s perspective. Indeed, there has been a reconstruction of the meaning of obedience in Madurese so that the rationality of needs becomes a justification for irrational actions and the relatively long-standing patron-client communication bond in Madurese culture. The phenomenological approach was considered most suitable for this research because it could reveal the natural meaning of Madurese specific obedience behaviour through explanation of phenomena and causes.
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Ramidha M, Ramidha, Ahmadin Ahmadin, and Jumadi Jumadi. "Hubungan Patron Klien pada Masyarakat Tani Marayoka di Jeneponto 1970-2018." Jurnal Pattingalloang 6, no. 3 (December 9, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/pattingalloang.v6i3.12052.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kehidupan masyarakat tani sebelum adanya sistem pengupahan antara patron dan klien kemudian terjadi pengupahan hingga pergeseran atau peningkatan ekonomi seorang patron ataupun klien, dampak dari hubungan patron-klien bagi kehidupan masyarakat tani pada bidang sosial-budaya dan ekonomi di Marayoka (1970-2018). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa sebelum adanya sistem pengupahan antara patron dan klien di Desa Marayoka, pertanian masih bersifat subsisten, dimana masyarakat hanya bekerja seadanya untuk memenuhi kehidupan sehari-hari dan mereka masih sangat tunduk dan patuh kepada patron tanpa mendapatkan upah (sukarela), adanya sistem pengupahan masyarakat sudah mulai mencari kehidupan sendiri, kehidupan masyarakat tani di Desa Marayoka mulai mengalami peningkatan terutama dari segi ekonominya. Selain itu juga memberi dampak terhadap sistem mata pencaharian masyarakat setempat. Komoditi utama yang diusahakan jagung kuning, dan tanaman palawijaya, Namun belakangan ini usaha menjadi menurun. Bahkan sebagaian petani ada yang mengeluh karena kebun jagung dan padi produksinya menurun dan pendapatan rendah. Dari penelitian ini dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa sebelum adanya sistem pengupahan masyarakat marayoka masih terjaling erat kerjasama misalkan pengerjaan lahan milik yang secara bergilirang tanpa terimah upah kemudian membangun hubungan patron-client dengan buruh tani melalui penggunaan buruh langganan dan buruh tetap agar tidak terjadi kecurangan. Kata Kunci: Patron, Upah, Marayoka Abstract This study aims to determine the life of the farmer community before the wage system exists between patrons and clients and the occurrence of wages to shift or increase the economy of a patron or client, the impact of the patron-client relationship for the life of the farming community in the socio-cultural and economic fields in Marayoka (1970 -2018). The results of this study indicate that before the wage system exists between patrons and clients in Marayoka Village, agriculture is still subsistence, where people only work poorly to fulfill their daily lives and they are still very submissive and obedient to patrons without getting paid (voluntary), the community wage system has begun to look for its own life, the life of the farming community in Marayoka Village has begun to increase, especially in terms of its economy. It also has an impact on the local people's livelihood systems. From this study, it can be concluded that before the marayoka community wage system was still closely intertwined with the cooperation, for example, the work of land owned by the recipient without wages then built a patron-client relationship with farm laborers through the use of subscribed and permanent laborers to avoid fraud. Keywords: Patron, Wage, Marayoka
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Samudera, Raya Surya, and Rahesli Humsona. "HUBUNGAN PATRON KLIEN DALAM KOMUNITAS NELAYAN (Studi Kasus di Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai Sadeng Kabupaten Gunung Kidul)." Journal of Development and Social Change 1, no. 2 (October 29, 2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jodasc.v1i2.23052.
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<p>Abstract : The research about the relationship between client patron employer boat owners as patron and fishermen as a client. The purpose of this study is to describe the relationship between the client employer patron boat owners with the fishermen, starting from recruitment process work and contract work of fishermen, the system of wages, health coverage, and hours of work that applies in his work . This study uses social exchange theory of g. Homans and patron client theory of James Scott. The methods used in this research is qualitative method with approach case studies. Informants in this study consists of employer's boat owners, fishermen, and the head of the harbour fishing port Sadeng beach. For sampling using a purposive sampling technique. The location of this research is the fishing port Sadeng Beach Regency of Gunung Kidul. Engineering data collection done way interview, observation, and study the documentation. Data analaisis techniques used are interactive models, Miles and Huberman that started from the collection of data, data presentation, data reduction and withdrawal of the conclusion. For the validity of data using triangulation of sources. The results showed that the social exchange that took place between the employer ship owners who have capital, capture tool, and the ship, with fishermen who had the ability to catch fish is mutually satisfy the needs of both parties. This relationship is elementary, where economic transactions in this working relationship going on exchanges between the capital services. The employer gives ship owners the assurance of basic subtensi in the form of employment, the guarantee of economic crisis in the form of a loan of money, health coverage by taking all treatment of fishermen, ship care protection with the routine, and Realtor and influence in the document management of the ship. While the fishermen provided services basic job as a fisherman, and became a member of loyal patrons.<br />Keywords : Patrons, clients, fisherman</p><p>Abstrak: Penelitian tentang hubungan antara pemilik patron pemilik kapal patron klien sebagai patron dan nelayan sebagai klien. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan hubungan antara pemilik kapal patron klien majikan dengan nelayan, mulai dari proses rekrutmen kerja dan kontrak kerja nelayan, sistem upah, cakupan kesehatan, dan jam kerja yang berlaku dalam pekerjaannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori pertukaran sosial g. Homans dan teori klien pelindung James Scott. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Informan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari pemilik kapal pengusaha, nelayan, dan kepala pelabuhan nelayan pelabuhan pantai Sadeng. Untuk pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Lokasi penelitian ini adalah pelabuhan perikanan Pantai Sadeng Kabupaten Gunung Kidul. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara wawancara, observasi, dan studi dokumentasi. Teknik analaisis data yang digunakan adalah model interaktif, Miles dan Huberman yang dimulai dari pengumpulan data, penyajian data, reduksi data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Untuk keabsahan data menggunakan triangulasi sumber. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertukaran sosial yang terjadi antara pemilik kapal majikan yang memiliki modal, alat tangkap, dan kapal, dengan nelayan yang memiliki kemampuan menangkap ikan saling memenuhi kebutuhan kedua belah pihak. Hubungan ini adalah dasar, di mana transaksi ekonomi dalam hubungan kerja ini terjadi pada pertukaran antara layanan modal. Pemberi kerja memberi pemilik kapal jaminan substitusi dasar dalam bentuk pekerjaan, jaminan krisis ekonomi dalam bentuk pinjaman uang, jaminan kesehatan dengan mengambil semua perawatan nelayan, perlindungan perawatan kapal dengan rutin, dan Realtor dan pengaruh dalam manajemen dokumen kapal. Sedangkan nelayan menyediakan jasa pekerjaan dasar sebagai nelayan, dan menjadi anggota patron yang loyal.</p><p>Kata kunci: Pembina, klien, nelayan</p>
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Fair, Jo Ellen. "The rˆle of the African media in patron-client relationship: a preliminary look." Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 8, no. 2 (January 1987): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02560054.1987.9652988.
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Fahamsyah, Ermanto. "THE FREEDOM OF CONTRACT IN PLANTATION CORE ESTATE AND SMALLHOLDERS." Diponegoro Law Review 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.4.1.2019.317-329.
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The Plantation Core Estate and Smallholders (PIR/Perkebunan Inti Rakyat) is a partnership scheme of the estates whereby a large estate acts as the core of development to small local farms in a mutually beneficial, integral, and continous system. Simply put, PIR is one form of contract farming. The PIR scheme was first introduced in by Indonesia government in order to encourage the development in local farms. Moreover, the partnership system is based on patron-client relationship and regulated through a contract in which the large estate is the patron and local farms are the client. However, the PIR system involves state within the contract. The state’s involvement is important so as to safeguard the interests of local farms (client) which are prone to predatory exploitation by the patron (large estate) and thus, balancing the bargaining powers of each party in the contract. This paper problematizes the contractual mechanism of PIR in respect to the freedom of contract. Thus, it can be concluded that the state’s involvement in the PIR shows that the freedom of contract principles are rigged to a degree which restricts some of the patron’s powers such as controls on supply and price in order to protect the local farms from being exploited.
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Fahamsyah, Ermanto. "THE FREEDOM OF CONTRACT IN PLANTATION CORE ESTATE AND SMALLHOLDERS." Diponegoro Law Review 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.4.1.2019.34-46.
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The Plantation Core Estate and Smallholders (PIR/Perkebunan Inti Rakyat) is a partnership scheme of the estates whereby a large estate acts as the core of development to small local farms in a mutually beneficial, integral, and continous system. Simply put, PIR is one form of contract farming. The PIR scheme was first introduced in by Indonesia government in order to encourage the development in local farms. Moreover, the partnership system is based on patron-client relationship and regulated through a contract in which the large estate is the patron and local farms are the client. However, the PIR system involves state within the contract. The state’s involvement is important so as to safeguard the interests of local farms (client) which are prone to predatory exploitation by the patron (large estate) and thus, balancing the bargaining powers of each party in the contract. This paper problematizes the contractual mechanism of PIR in respect to the freedom of contract. Thus, it can be concluded that the state’s involvement in the PIR shows that the freedom of contract principles are rigged to a degree which restricts some of the patron’s powers such as controls on supply and price in order to protect the local farms from being exploited.
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Chang, Wen-Chin. "Identification of Leadership among the KMT Yunnanese Chinese in Northern Thailand." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 33, no. 1 (February 2002): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463402000061.
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The leader-follower relationship among the KMT Yunnanese Chinese in northern Thailand is analyzed through the application of patron-client theories. It is argued that the relationship has been embedded in a particular socio-cultural context, which incorporates both Han Chinese culture and the native ethos of long-distance caravan trade, and that it is characterised by both instrumental and emotional forms.
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Veenendaal, Wouter. "How Smallness Fosters Clientelism: A Case Study of Malta." Political Studies 67, no. 4 (March 25, 2019): 1034–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321719828275.
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While it has long been assumed that smaller communities are more prone to particularistic politics, the relationship between state size and clientelism remains strongly undertheorized. Departing from the assumption that face-to-face contacts, overlapping role relations, stronger monitoring mechanisms, and the enhanced power of single votes contribute to the emergence of patron–client linkages, this article provides an in-depth case study of clientelism in Malta, the smallest member state of the European Union. The analysis reveals not only that patron–client linkages are a ubiquitous feature of political life in Malta, but also that the smallness of Malta strongly affects the functioning of clientelism by eliminating the need for brokers and enhancing the power of clients versus patrons. In addition, clientelism is found to be related to several other characteristics of Maltese politics, among which the sharp polarization between parties, extremely high turnout rates, profound executive dominance, and the incidence of corruption scandals.
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미우라 루미. "Rent-Seeking and the Patron-Client Relationship: The Rent-Seeking-Oriented Economy in the Philippines." Journal of Next-Generation Humanities and Social Sciences ll, no. 4 (March 2008): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22538/jnghss.2008..4.23.
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Nugraha, Yan Yan S., Redy Badrudin, and Satria Putra Utama. "PATRON-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP AND STRATEGY OF GROWTH GAPOKDAKAN IN TAMBAK REJO VILLAGE, PADANG JAYA, NORTH BENGKULU DISTRICT." Jurnal AGRISEP 16, no. 2 (September 3, 2017): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.16.2.224-236.
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The research aims to identify patterns of relationships patron-client in Tambak RejoVillage, to analyze internal and exsternal factors which is an aspect of theopportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses in the development Gapokdakan in Tambak Rejo Village, Formulating alternative development strategies Gapokdakan in Tambak Rejo Village. The type of data used are primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained by direct observation and interviews in depth about gapokdakan and secondary data from the literature books, articles, court documentation etc. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis to determine the pattern of patronclient, a SWOT analysis to look at the search for and review of internal and external factors to determine a good decision, whereas for determining the position of developmental conditions Gapokdakan that the formulation matrix IFE (Internal Factor Evaluation ) and matrix EFE (External Factor Evaluation). The results of this research is the patron-client that occurred in the Tambak Rejo village is lending system capital provided by middlemen to farmers in the form of fish feed, but this kind of relationship there are times when farmers in disadvantaged because of the incompatibility of fish price per kilogram, and the price increase feed if borrowed from brokers, on the other hand the benefits that the convenience of farmers to capital, marketing is assured, and farmers can continue farming fish. SWOT analysis for the IFE and EFE matrix is internal factor the highest strength is the availability of the fish pond, the highest weaknesses are internal factors that are difficult or capital financing farmers, the results of internal factors evaluation matrix, internal factor of gapokdakan is good. External factors greatest opportunities, namely the potential of tilapia hatchery in the Tambak Rejo village, as well as external factors are the biggest threat is the virus tilapia. There are two alternative development strategies Gapokdakan in Tambak Rejo, one of the strategic alternatives that Increase production with facilities and infrastructure and maintain the quality so that production can always meet existing market. Keywords: Patron-Klien, Swot, strategic alternative, Gapokdakan
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Doronila, Amando. "The Transformation of Patron-Client Relations and its Political Consequences in Postwar Philippines." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 16, no. 1 (March 1985): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400012789.
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The declaration of martial law in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos on 21 September 1972 marked the overthrow of the open and competitive Filipino political system that had operated on the principle of institutional checks and balances adapted from the American model of liberal democracy. The Marcos power seizure represented a breakthrough by a coalition of the central Executive and new social forces that had emerged from the Philippines' transition to modernity against the constitutional restraints on presidential power. The new coalition, in which the military, the technocracy, and foreign economic interests were important components, succeeded in destroying the old balance of power, which had rested on the adversary relationship between the Chief Executive and Congress. The disbanding of Congress by emergency fiat reflected the decisive flew of power towards the Executive; for twenty-six years since independence, the legislature had acted as the main institutional check on the presidency.
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Awe, Jaime J., Christophe Helmke, Diane Slocum, and Douglas Tilden. "ALLY, CLIENT, OR OUTPOST? EVALUATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN XUNANTUNICH AND NARANJO IN THE LATE CLASSIC PERIOD." Ancient Mesoamerica 31, no. 3 (2020): 494–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095653612000036x.
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AbstractInvestigations at Xunantunich indicate that this major Belize River Valley site rose rapidly to regional prominence during the Late Classic Hats' Chaak phase (a.d. 670–780). While the social, political, and economic reasons for Xunantunich's relatively late and rapid rise are still not fully understood, it has been suggested that this ascent was a direct result of either a patron-client relationship with, or owing to direct control by, the larger primary center of Naranjo in neighboring Guatemala. In this paper, we evaluate previous arguments for this proposed dynamic relationship between the two sites, and we discuss the political implications of more recently acquired data in our assessment of this relationship.
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Almagor, Yossi. "Friendship in the Shadow of Patronage: The Correspondence between Thomas Birch and Philip Yorke (1740–1766) Revisited." Erudition and the Republic of Letters 4, no. 4 (October 26, 2019): 468–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24055069-00404001.
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This article demonstrates how patron-client relationships in mid-eighteenth century England were shaped against the background of the transition to a more negotiated marketplace. By focusing on the twenty-five-year relationship between Thomas Birch and Philip Yorke, we learn how an interesting variant of patronage embroiled with friendship developed between the two. In exchange for his services as intelligencer and agent, Birch enjoyed the benefits of Yorke’s influential network, obtaining new livings as clergyman and advancing his career as historian. Confrontations between the two, particularly on matters involving their work as dedicated historians, did not prevent them from remaining mutually loyal throughout their decades-long affiliation.
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Apriyanty, Henny, Hadi S. Alikodra, Kooswardono M, Endriatmo Sutarto, and Lala M. Kolopaking. "STRUKTUR SOSIAL MASYARAKAT NELAYAN KOTA BENGKULU : Kajian Struktural Tentang Kemiskinan Nelayan Kota Be~gkulu (Social Structure of Fisherman Community at Bengkulu City)1." Jurnal AGRISEP 3, no. 1 (April 8, 2006): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.5.1.63-75.
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Fisherman community in Bengkulu city which divided into groups based on ethnic and authority of production asset. Sumberjaya district is the modern area fishery, the profit sharing system indicates the large imbalance relatively in distribution which cause distribution not covered all out relatively in eaming distribution. And in Teluk Sepang district which is fishery area, the profit sharing system indicates small imbalance relatively, even still cause distribution which not covered all out. The tightly relationship client patron has seen clearly in Sumberjaya district which make high dependance relatively between owner of production equipment with laborer of ship fisherm8n, hence pONerty will keep existing, while in Teluk Sepang district has not seen the patron client relationship, however the pONerty still existing because of the limited production tool. Marketing distribution of fish based on kind of fisherman exertion. FIsherman exertion which using ·purseine", "gill ner, and "trammel net" chain of marketing to 'consumer is long precisely. This matter is because of the commodity which resulted is the export commodity, because of the commodffy wich resulted is the export, while kind of fisherman exertion which using·waiing·, fishing rod and"mono filament", the marketing chain is short relatively because of the local commodity. However, the existing long chain marketing cause narrow margin which received by fisherman. Key words: social structure, fisherman and community
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Musyarofah, Musyarofah, Pudjo Suharso, and Titin Kartini. "PREFERENSI PETANI DALAM PENJUALAN GABAH PASCA PANEN DI DESA SUMUR MATI KECAMATAN SUMBERASIH KABUPATEN PROBOLINGGO." JURNAL PENDIDIKAN EKONOMI: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, Ilmu Ekonomi dan Ilmu Sosial 11, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jpe.v11i1.5006.
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This research was conducted to describe farmer preference in post-harvest grain sales and to know the working relationship of farmers with Bulog, middlemen and market kiosk traders. The type of this research is descriptive with qualitative approach. The method of determining the location of research using the method of purposive area is in the Sumur Mati Village Sumberasih District Probolinggo. The main informants in this study were 12 rice farmers, with the criteria of ever selling grain more than 5 times. While the additional informants in this study are Bulog Officials, Brokers, and Kiosk Traders. Data collection methods used consisted of methods: interviews, observation, and documents. Data analysis used is descriptive analysis which include data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion (verification). The results showed that Farmers' preferences in the Sumur Village died based on experience gained and trust decreased. Farmers in Sumur Mati Village sell grain to Bulog, middlemen, and market stall traders. Bulog's relationship with farmers is a partnership. The partnership between Bulog and the farmers did not last long because the farmers felt the loss. The relationship between middlemen and farmers is intertwined in a patron-client bond. A middleman as a patron takes a strategic role in this client's patron relationship by lending money to farmers or clients to meet initial capital requirements. While the relationship between market stall traders with farmers is the relationship between agents and actors as in the theory of Giddens structure. Where the relationship between buying and selling kiosk vendors with farmers in this study also occurs continuously and in it there are social practices. Farmers and traders established contractual relationship
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Ball, Robert J. "‘THE DEATH OF INTESTATE OLD MEN’: GILBERT HIGHET'S PAPER ON JUVENAL 1.144." Classical Quarterly 69, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838819000259.
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The verse hinc subitae mortes atque intestata senectus (Juv. 1.144) has long fuelled considerable debate and discussion among classical scholars. This hexameter occurs in the passage of the first satire that describes the aspect of the patron-client relationship where the rich patron, ignoring the plight of his poor and hungry clients, enjoys a sumptuous but deadly feast. After dining on delicacies such as boar and peacock, he bathes on a bloated stomach, causing him to die suddenly and apparently intestate, and causing those angry at being deprived of their legacy to cheer at his funeral (1.140b–6):quanta est gula quae sibi totosponit apros, animal propter conuiuia natum!poena tamen praesens, cum tu deponis amictusturgidus et crudum pauonem in balnea portas.hinc subitae mortes atque intestata senectus.it noua nec tristis per cunctas fabula cenas;ducitur iratis plaudendum funus amicis.
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Fairusy, Muhajir Al. "PALAWIK DALAM PASUNGAN KEMISKINAN: Relasi Patron Klien dalam Industri Perikanan Kepulauan Banyak, Aceh Singkil." Aceh Anthropological Journal 2, no. 2 (October 30, 2018): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/aaj.v2i2.1160.
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Discussion of maritime human life and fisheries, at least be an effort to reaffirm the existence of coastal society and culture. Moreover, if the people are in the geopolitical boundaries of Aceh, which is rarely touched the attention of social researchers. This study is an attempt to understand, and describe the portrait of fisherman life of the Pulau Banyak, Aceh Singkil, which is stuck in a patron-based client relationship. Interest to study coastal communities, as an effort to see the phenomenon of poverty of fisherman community of Pulau Banyak, which is termed palawik. Therefore, it is important to see thoroughly the dynamics of the life of the fishing industry that has been held by the fishermen community. This research is descriptive, with historiography approach, and phenomenology paradigm. Data collection techniques through Library Research, and in-depth interviews with informants to find the emic side. The results showed that the Pulau Banyak fisheries industry is the main livelihood of the island community. In order to seek social security, most fishermen establish patron-clientpatterned relationships with tauke. However, the patronage pattern of working relationships has trapped and locked fishermen into poverty.
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Howlett, David J. "Why Denominations Can Climb Hills: RLDS Conversions in Highland Tribal India and Midwestern America, 1964–2000." Church History 89, no. 3 (September 2020): 633–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000964072000133x.
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Based on oral history interviews and archival sources, this essay analyzes the religious affiliation between Sora villagers in the highlands of eastern India with Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS) members in the American Midwest. The relationship between these distinct groups transposed a pattern of interactions between highlands and lowlands in upland Asia to a new globalized space in the late twentieth century. Conceiving of “conversion” as a broad analytic trope to discuss various individual, group, and organizational transformations, this essay argues that “converts” in the Sora highlands and American plains instrumentalized their relationships with the other for their own ends. In the Americans, the Sora found a new patron for long-standing client-patron relationships between highlands people and valley people. In the Sora, the Americans found an “indigenous other” who could be used to justify reforms within their local church body along more cosmopolitan lines. As an upshot of these interactions, Sora and Americans effectively reterritorialized older patterns of “hills” and “valleys” that had been deterritorialized by state-sponsored modernization. Thus, the hills and valleys of upland Asia found a surprising afterlife within the space of a global Christian denomination.
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Syamsidah, Syamsidah. "Interaksi Sosial Pengguna Jasa Pembantu Rumah Tangga di Kota Makasar." MIMBAR, Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan 28, no. 2 (December 20, 2012): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v28i2.352.
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This article aims to catch a glimpse of the lives of four employers and their housemaids in the past, the social interaction patterns between them, and of social status which tends to give birth to associative and disassociative relationship between employer and housemaid. This research is qualitative employing phenomenological strategy. Data was gathered through observation, interviews, and documentation. Research subjects included four housemaids and their respective employers in the city of Makassar. Descriptive qualitative analysis was used in conjunction with the componential analysis model. This research concluded that conditions between employers and their housemaids in the past were different than they are in the present, and this difference has resulted in an unbalanced relationship and also forms the basis of the patron-client relationship.
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JANG Jun-Young. "Conflict and Struggle at the Top Level of the Burmese Armed Forces: Involution of the Patron-Client Relationship." Southeast Asian Review 19, no. 3 (October 2009): 187–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.21652/kaseas.19.3.200910.187.
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Firzan, Muhammad, and Endang Erawan. "Patron-Client Relationship in Fisherman Community in Tanjung Limau Village, Kelurahan Gunung Elai Kecamatan Bontang Utara, Bontang City." Progress In Social Development 1, no. 2 (July 6, 2020): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/psd.v1i2.20.
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ABSTRACT:
The purpose of this study is to describe and interpret the characteristics of fishermen and retainer in Tanjung Limau, to describe and interpret the comparison of the resources owned by the two, to describe and interpret their functions and roles in the fisherman-retainer relationship pattern, to describe and Interpreting the relationship patterns that exist between fishermen and punggawa. The results show that the Tanjung Limau fishermen generally still catch fish using traditional fishing gear, and use boat sizes that vary from small to large. With this variation of fishing gear, the population involved in business in this sector is stratified into several layers, such as the retainer of boat owners and fisherman laborers who operate boats. The relationship between the retainer and the fishermen's workers has three interrelated elements, namely economic relations, social relations, and political relations. From these problems can be compared the difference in resources between the two. The retainer with a higher socio-economic status uses his influence and resources to protect the worker. So that the fisherman worker feels he has a debt of gratitude to the retainer, causing the worker to always obey and obey the retainer.
ABSTRAK:
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan dan menginterpretasi karakteristik para nelayan dan punggawa di Tanjung Limau, untuk menggambarkan dan menginterpretasi perbandingan sumber daya yang dimiliki oleh keduanya, untuk menggambarkan dan menginterpretasi fungsi- fungsi dan peran mereka dalam pola hubungan nelayan-punggawa, untuk menggambarkan dan menginterpretasi pola-pola hubungan yang terjalin antara para nelayan dan punggawa, Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Masyarakat nelayan Tanjung Limau pada umumnya masih menangkap ikan dengan alat tangkap tradisional, serta menggunakan ukuran perahu yang bervariasi dari ukuran yang kecil hingga ukuran yang besar. Dengan adanya variasi alat tangkap tersebut maka penduduk yang terlibat dalam usaha pada sektor ini terstratifikasi ke dalam beberapa lapisan seperti, punggawa pemilik kapal dan buruh nelayan yang mengoperasikan kapal. Hubungan antara sang punggawa dan para buruh nelayan memiliki tiga unsur yang saling berkaitan yaitu hubungan ekonomi, hubungan sosial dan hubungan politik. Dari permasalahan tersebut bisa dibandingkan perbedaan sumber daya diantara keduanya. Sang punggawa dengan status sosial-ekonominya yang lebih tinggi menggunakan pengaruh dan sumber dayanya untuk menyediakan perlindungan-perlindungan terhadap si buruh. Sehingga si buruh nelayan merasa memiliki hutang budi terhadap sang punggawa menyebabkan si buruh selalu patuh dan taat kepada sang punggawa.
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Tóth, Gábor Mihály. "Friendship, Uncertainty, and “Commonplacing” in Renaissance Florence." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 52, no. 1 (2021): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01662.
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Abstract In fifteenth-century Florence, friendship—or the client–patron relationship, as contemporaries termed it—was often associated with uncertainties and risks. An investigation of diaries, notebooks, and letter correspondences of the time, from the perspective of game theory and decision theory, reveals how Florentines reasoned about the uncertainties of friendship, deploying an array of knowledge-constructing practices, under the rubric of “commonplacing,” to understand it. The preventive techniques that Florentines applied to cope with the conflicting testimonies of the contemporary information culture (the increase in the variety and the availability of vernacular texts, the expansion of literacy, etc.) only served to intensify their predicament. The fact that clients and patrons largely viewed their relationship in the same way challenges the traditional notion of that relationship as asymmetrical.
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Fayezi, Mohammadreza. "THE REASONS FOR THE STRATEGIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ISRAEL AND THE UNITED STATES IN SHADOW OF SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP AND PATRON–CLIENT SYSTEMS RELATIONS." International Journal of Advanced Research 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/6202.
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Palacios-Valladares, Indira. "From Militancy to Clientelism: Labor Union Strategies and Membership Trajectories in Contemporary Chile." Latin American Politics and Society 52, no. 2 (2010): 73–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2010.00082.x.
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AbstractFor the past 30 years, Chilean unionism has been shrinking. Through a comparison of the membership trajectories of 26 unions in two firms between 1990 and 2004, this article explains why some unions defied this trend and how their success affected overall union density in their firms. It argues that the unions that experienced the most favorable membership outcomes were those that, at key junctures of firm restructuring, earliest or most aggressively established a partnership relationship with management. However, in a context of great labor weakness, these cases of union accommodation took the form of exclusive patron-client exchanges, which exacerbated collective action problems and further eroded union density.
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Hulse, Lynn. "The Musical Patronage of Robert Cecil, First Earl of Salisbury (1563–1612)." Journal of the Royal Musical Association 116, no. 1 (1991): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrma/116.1.24.
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‘Such is your divine Disposation that both you excellently understand, and royally entertaine the Exercise of Musicke.‘ So wrote John Dowland of Robert Cecil, first earl of Salisbury, in the dedicatory epistle of Andreas Ornithoparcus his Micrologus, published in 1609. Beneath the hyperbole natural to a dedication lie the essential characteristics of Cecil's musical patronage. The first part of this paper examines his royal entertainment of music in terms of the form and scale of his patronage and the ways in which music could be used within the patron-client relationship. The second part explores Cecil's excellent understanding of music and comments on his personal taste.
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Bello, Walden Flores. "A dangerous liaison? Harnessing Weber to illuminate the relationship of democracy and charisma in the Philippines and India." International Sociology 35, no. 6 (September 21, 2020): 691–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580920942721.
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Democratic elections in the Philippines and India in 2019 yielded a paradoxical result: the strengthening of the political hegemony of personalities partial to authoritarian rule. An examination of economic, social, and political conditions prior to the elections shows that the usual paradigms used to explain voters’ choices – class theory, rational choice theory, and patron–client theory – fail to account for the sweeping victories of Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. A more useful framework is that of charismatic authority derived from Max Weber. Employing this paradigm, the article discusses the origins of charismatic authority in the two polities, the differences in charismatic appeal, the social construction of charisma, charisma and the creation of the Other, and the democratic dialectic at the heart of charismatic authoritarianism.
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SAUZIER-UCHIDA, EMI. "The Rise of Consumer–Oriented Politics in Japan? Exploring the Party–Citizen Relationship through Discourse Analysis." Japanese Journal of Political Science 15, no. 2 (April 23, 2014): 231–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146810991400005x.
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AbstractThis article analyses the discourse of three prime ministers – Koizumi, Aso, and Hatoyama – to explore how each leader identified the political self and constructed and promoted a particular relationship with the voter before the general elections. The outcome indicates the emergence of a new political communication style based on a party–citizen relationship as business–consumer. Whereas Aso's patron–client discourse pinpoints the role of the responsible and bureaucratic state in protecting Japan, the business–consumer discourse of both Koizumi and Hatoyama demonstrates the entrepreneurial leaders’ willingness to listen to individuals in order to meet their needs and expectations. We speculate that the social norms and values of the business–consumer model might have played a role in attracting a large number of unorganized voters to Koizumi in 2005 and in turn to Hatoyama in 2009.
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박노훈. "An Inquiry of the Healing of the Ten Lepers and the Patron-Client Relationship in Luke 17:10-19." THEOLOGICAL THOUGHT ll, no. 170 (September 2015): 141–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35858/sinhak.2015..170.005.
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Fitzmaurice, Susan. "Politeness and modal meaning in the construction of humiliative discourse in an early eighteenth-century network of patron–client relationships." English Language and Linguistics 6, no. 2 (October 9, 2002): 239–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674302000229.
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This article approaches the study of pragmatic meaning in English modal verbs like can, may, and shall in early eighteenth-century English prose using the techniques of corpus linguistic analysis, politeness theory, and social network analysis. The study is based on a quantitative survey of modal expressions across registers in a corpus of fourteen early eighteenth-century authors, which yields relative frequencies of occurrence according to genre and to author. Together with the sociohistorical information provided by the strategic coalitions constructed to develop, nurture and maintain relationships between clients and literary and political patrons, this survey provides the context for a pragmatic study of politeness strategies. The subsequent qualitative examination of letters in the oeuvres of selected authors yields a rich picture of individual pragmatic variation. The study reveals that although the corpus as a whole exhibits trends for different usages in different genres, the letters exhibit a predominance of modal expressions that may be used to index the facework involved in building and maintaining relationships of patronage. Within this genre, modal choice is influenced by a writer's sense of the relationship with the patron as well as the degree of risk and cost involved in the communication.
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Ansyari, Irvan, Priyatno Harsasto, and Fitriyah Fitriyah. "Analisis Patron Klien Terhadap Kemenangan Partai Golkar Kabupaten Tanah Datar Sejak Reformasi." Indonesian Journal of Religion and Society 1, no. 1 (May 23, 2019): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36256/ijrs.v1i1.9.
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Golkar as the dominance party in Tanah Datar is an interesting case study for Islamic values area in their customs. This shows the weak political flow in Tanah Datar. The political dominance of Golkar has occurred since the New Order era until the collapse of the new order power that showed by the winner of regional head elections (Bupati), Golkar in DPRD and the power of the Golkar Party. This study used qualitative descriptive through in-depth interviews with selected informants through purposive sampling. The results indicate that the patron client relationship occurs between the Golkar Party cadres and the supporting community. This is indicated by a very wide and structured Golkar Party network starting from the Regent, adat institutions, religious leaders, businessmen, cultural figures and Wali Nagari.
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Muryanti, Muryanti. "Dilemma of the Kinship and Formality Relationship between Employer and Domestic Worker in Yogyakarta, Indonesia." KOMUNITAS: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 7, no. 2 (June 3, 2015): 191–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v7i2.4586.
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Labor relations between employers and domestic workers is one of the very old form of relationship that is influenced by cultural and social development of society. The purpose of this study to determine the forms of employment relationships of kinship and formal working relationships and form working relationships between them are preferred by employers in Yogyakarta. The theory used in this study uses the concept of patron-client (Scott, 1985) and patriarchy (Delaney, 2005) to explain the two forms of the employment relationship in the domestic sphere. This research used post-positivist paradigm with mixed methods, quantitative and qualitative (Guba & Lincoln, 1997). The results showed kinship relationships occur in household domestic worker, working full time and living in the employers home. Formal relationship occurs in the working relationship of domestic workers work part time (fill-in), a special work as pramurukti and/ baby sitter. Generally, employers prefer that is kinship relationship because of the perspective domestic worker are part of the family. In contrast, domestic worker prefer to work part-time, work-specific and do not live in private homes because more wages and freely in the work. Employers and domestic workers have individual rationality in determining the form of employment relationship. In fact, kinship relationships wane and increasing the quantity of formal relations, characterized by the use of part-time domestic worker are increasingly numerous. In essence, kinship relationships and have in common that formal work status and low wages.
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Wibisono, Hafidz, and Andi Abdul Manaf. "Trust and Rural Enterprise in the Trade Activities of Small-Scale Fisheries: Lessons Learned From Pangandaran, Indonesia." Journal of Natural Resources and Development 8 (May 17, 2018): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/jnrd.v8i0.04.
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This paper explores the approach used by fisheries-related stakeholders to break the complex relationship between fishermen and middlemen in the fishing village of Pangandaran, West Java, Indonesia. This location was selected because the fisheries trade there has been institutionalized by the presence of rural enterprise. This is unusual, especially in traditional small-scale fisheries where trade is governed by middlemen. The information was obtained by interviewing key stakeholders from various parties and combining this with relevant secondary data. The main argument is that formalizing the fisheries market is not as simple as implementing technical regulations. There are non-technical factors that affect the entire process. The findings indicate that trust is the important variable that catalyzes the process and binds stakeholders in certain trading mechanisms. Furthermore, this situation is very helpful to divert the fishermen from patron-client relationships that are often unfavorable in the long term.
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Tookes, Jennifer Sweeney, and Tracy Yandle. "“You Can’t Catch ‘Em and Sell ‘Em”: Perceptions of Obstacles to Direct Marketing among Georgia Fishers." Human Organization 80, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 162–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/1938-3525-80.2.162.
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Direct marketing of seafood is a promising avenue for seafood sales in the United States, utilizing local foods venues such as farmers markets and Community Supported Fisheries (CSFs). While interest in locally sourced seafood among local foods communities in Atlanta and Athens, Georgia is high, fishers from coastal Georgia have not filled this profitable niche. We investigate why this opportunity is not exploited by conducting qualitative interviews with twenty-one fishers. Fishers described numerous obstacles to direct marketing, focused on the simultaneous labor investment in on-shore and “on the water” efforts. In addition, fishers’ concerns reveal the financial and social risks that fishers would undertake by attempting to sell seafood outside of their existing economic arrangements with docks. This relationship echoes the understudied patron-client relationships described in fisheries in Southeast Asia. We conclude with a recommendation for modifying direct marketing expectations to accommodate successful integration of seafood.
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Dove, Michael. "Anthropology Development vs. Development Anthropology: Mediating the Forester-Farmer Relationship in Pakistan." Practicing Anthropology 13, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.13.2.dvl2505187523262.
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The Forest Service of Pakistan has concerned itself since colonial times largely with the production, protection, and extraction of trees in the nation's state forests. The only contact that its officers had with most farmers (except large landowners, with whom they had traditional patron-client relations) was to levy punishments for violations of forest laws or gather fees for the use of forest resources. In recent years, the state forests have declined in area and importance, and the need to increase on-farm supplies of tree products and halt resource degradation has increased. As a result, the Government of Pakistan, with the assistance of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), decided to change the basic direction of the Forest Service—away from state lands to private lands, away from commercial to subsistence or mixed subsistence/commercial production, and thus away from the rural elite to the small farmer. The vehicle chosen to accomplish this was the bilaterally funded Forestry Planning and Development Project, Pakistan's first major social forestry project.
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O’Day, Rosemary. "A Bishop, A Patron, and some Preachers: A Problem of Presentation." Studies in Church History. Subsidia 12 (1999): 421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014304590000260x.
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The relations between bishops of the Church of England and lay patrons could be fraught and were certainly variable. Local circumstances and the general distribution of patronage within a given diocese combined with the personalities and concerns of the bishop and patrons involved to provide a distinctive environment for negotiation. It would be rash, therefore, to suggest that any case study of co-operation or conflict between a patron and a bishop could be typical. This said, such a case-study cannot but inform and stimulate because negotiation, amicable or otherwise, was essential for all parties wishing to exercise patronage. The co-operation between John Coke and Bishop Thomas Morton demonstrates not only the possibilities for concerted action in a given religious cause, but also the way in which the rules and regulations of the Church of England might be stretched and bent in that process. It indicates the importance for the Church of the web of connections which the bishops built up during their careers. It underlines the close interrelationship of the parochial ministry and the role of household chaplain in so many upper-gentry homes. It highlights the dependent relationship between the clerical client and his patron and the differing reactions of ministers to this situation.
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Werner, Christoph. "The Kujujī Poets: Families, Poetry and Forms of Patronage in Azerbaijan and beyond (Fourteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)." Eurasian Studies 15, no. 2 (April 26, 2017): 250–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685623-12340038.
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Abstract Tracing the extended Kujujī family unit, originally from Western Azerbaijan, through the fourteenth up to the seventeenth century, I am especially interested in the interplay between members of the Kujujī family, their professional background, and the poetry they composed. Poetry is interpreted as a mode of transmission, understanding panegyric and mystical forms of poetry as a means to shape and reinforce family identities in reciprocal relationships – in our case the relationship between the local Sufi-notable family network of the Kujujīs with the respective ruling families of the Jalayirids and Safavids. The article explores their poetry, the poets as actors of transmission and the links that are created between distant members of the “imagined” family of the Kujujīs as expressed in literary anthologies (taẕkiras). Moving beyond traditional perceptions of one-on-one, client-patron relations in the production of court poetry and emphasizing the role of families creates a long-term perspective and re-evaluates classical Persian poetry as intra-generational cultural bond.
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Canepari, Eleonora. "Porters, Beggars, and Noblemen: The Social Construction of Political Power in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Rome." Annales (English ed.) 68, no. 03 (September 2013): 487–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398568200000042.
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Employing Norbert Elias’s notion of figuration and referring to models based on the relational nature of power (patron-client, entrepreneur and big-man relationships), this article highlights how the relationship between the elite and the lower classes played a crucial role in the establishment of local power in Rome. The high degree of social mobility amongst the Roman elite made the neighborhood a politically open space: an official list of the aristocracy’s members was not available until the eighteenth century, and the Statute of Rome (1580) simply defined eligible candidates for local offices as “illustrious men of the neighborhood.” In this context, strong territorial connections were key when it came to gaining local power. An interconnected network of relationships linked the lower classes and noble families vertically. Through judicial sources, notarial records, and account books, this article presents the highly personalized nature of exchanges between the elite and the lower classes in addition to the complex web of economic transactions and social relations which was essential to creating a local network of clients.