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Journal articles on the topic 'Patront client'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Yarhi-Milo, Keren, Alexander Lanoszka, and Zack Cooper. "To Arm or to Ally? The Patron's Dilemma and the Strategic Logic of Arms Transfers and Alliances." International Security 41, no. 2 (2016): 90–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00250.

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How do great powers decide whether to provide arms to or form alliances with client states? This “patron's dilemma” revolves around a decision about how to best provide security to clients without becoming entrapped in unwanted conflicts. Strong commitments worsen the risk of entrapment, whereas weak commitments intensify fears of abandonment. This traditional alliance dilemma can be addressed through the provision of arms and alliances. Great power patrons primarily make such decisions on the basis of two factors: first, the extent to which the patron believes it and its client have common se

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2

Gerzhoy, Gene. "Alliance Coercion and Nuclear Restraint: How the United States Thwarted West Germany's Nuclear Ambitions." International Security 39, no. 4 (2015): 91–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00198.

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When does a nuclear-armed state's provision of security guarantees to a militarily threatened ally inhibit the ally's nuclear weapons ambitions? Although the established security model of nuclear proliferation posits that clients will prefer to depend on a patron's extended nuclear deterrent, this proposition overlooks how military threats and doubts about the patron's intentions encourage clients to seek nuclear weapons of their own. To resolve this indeterminacy in the security model's explanation of nuclear restraint, it is necessary to account for the patron's use of alliance coercion, a s

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3

Shih, Victor, and Jonghyuk Lee. "Locking in fair weather friends: Assessing the fate of Chinese communist elite when their patrons fall from power." Party Politics 26, no. 5 (2018): 628–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068818801143.

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A growing literature shows robust evidence that patronage by high-level politicians greatly enhanced officials’ chance of promotion in the largest one-party dictatorship in the world, China. There have been few works on whether patrons’ exits, even when they were retirements, had an impact on followers’ career prospects. This question concerns the core theoretical issue of whether factional ties are self-reinforcing mechanisms. That is, patron–client relationships were only useful for patrons if they knew that clients would suffer if they fell from power. This mechanism creates strong incentiv

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Ramidha M, Ramidha, Ahmadin Ahmadin, and Jumadi Jumadi. "Hubungan Patron Klien pada Masyarakat Tani Marayoka di Jeneponto 1970-2018." Jurnal Pattingalloang 6, no. 3 (2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/pattingalloang.v6i3.12052.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kehidupan masyarakat tani sebelum adanya sistem pengupahan antara patron dan klien kemudian terjadi pengupahan hingga pergeseran atau peningkatan ekonomi seorang patron ataupun klien, dampak dari hubungan patron-klien bagi kehidupan masyarakat tani pada bidang sosial-budaya dan ekonomi di Marayoka (1970-2018). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa sebelum adanya sistem pengupahan antara patron dan klien di Desa Marayoka, pertanian masih bersifat subsisten, dimana masyarakat hanya bekerja seadanya untuk memenuhi kehidupan sehari-hari dan mereka masih sa

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5

Nawas, John. "A Client’s Client: The Process of Islamization in Early and Classical Islam." Journal of Abbasid Studies 1, no. 2 (2014): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22142371-12340009.

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At some moment in time, the patronate system that had been introduced as a way to incorporate non-Arab Muslims into Arab society, allowed the client of a patron to have clients of his own. Using this phenomenon of mawālī of mawālī as focal point, this article pinpoints when changes in the patronate system occurred and sketches the process of islamization of society during the first four centuries of Islam.

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Oberauer, Norbert. ""Fantastic Charities": The Transformation of Waqf Practice in Colonial Zanzibar." Islamic Law and Society 15, no. 3 (2008): 315–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851908x366156.

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AbstractThe present study examines the impact of British colonial rule on waqf practice in Zanzibar. I argue that colonial policy towards waqf did not aim at the dismantlement of waqf as such. Nonetheless, it disrupted traditional patterns of waqf practice. Traditionally, waqf was controlled by wealthy patron families who used endowments to foster bonds of dependence and loyalty with manifold clientele and to maintain mosques representing the patron's social status. This practice was antithetical to British political and economic ideas, which were modern and capitalist. British officials insis

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7

Barkey, Karen. "In Different Times: Scheduling and Social Control in the Ottoman Empire, 1550 to 1650." Comparative Studies in Society and History 38, no. 3 (1996): 460–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500020028.

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Reading Ivo Andric's colorful short story, “The Vezir's Elephant,” suggests a weakness in state rule consistent with a Eurocentric image of Ottoman backwardness. In the story, just as Bosnian peasants familiarized themselves with the habits of one Turkish official, he would be removed, transferred to another province and replaced by a new official with new whims and wishes. Throughout the sixteenth and a large part of the seventeenth centuries, a more or less firmly established rotation system was part of the Ottoman state mode of social control. Patrons and clients, and patrons among themselv

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8

Veenendaal, Wouter. "How Smallness Fosters Clientelism: A Case Study of Malta." Political Studies 67, no. 4 (2019): 1034–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321719828275.

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While it has long been assumed that smaller communities are more prone to particularistic politics, the relationship between state size and clientelism remains strongly undertheorized. Departing from the assumption that face-to-face contacts, overlapping role relations, stronger monitoring mechanisms, and the enhanced power of single votes contribute to the emergence of patron–client linkages, this article provides an in-depth case study of clientelism in Malta, the smallest member state of the European Union. The analysis reveals not only that patron–client linkages are a ubiquitous feature o

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9

Arifin, Ansar. "The patron-client relation in fishermen community." International Journal of Academic Research 6, no. 3 (2014): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2014/6-3/b.26.

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10

Dunn, Michael Collins. "Patron-Client Relations." Journal of Palestine Studies 18, no. 2 (1989): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2537643.

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11

Tóth, Gábor Mihály. "Friendship, Uncertainty, and “Commonplacing” in Renaissance Florence." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 52, no. 1 (2021): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01662.

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Abstract In fifteenth-century Florence, friendship—or the client–patron relationship, as contemporaries termed it—was often associated with uncertainties and risks. An investigation of diaries, notebooks, and letter correspondences of the time, from the perspective of game theory and decision theory, reveals how Florentines reasoned about the uncertainties of friendship, deploying an array of knowledge-constructing practices, under the rubric of “commonplacing,” to understand it. The preventive techniques that Florentines applied to cope with the conflicting testimonies of the contemporary inf

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12

Kim, Jeehye, and Jiyoung Ko. "To condone, condemn, or ‘no comment’? Explaining a patron’s reaction to a client’s unilateral provocations." Journal of Peace Research 57, no. 3 (2019): 452–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343319875202.

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What explains a patron’s decision to publicly condone, condemn, or forgo commenting on its client’s unilateral provocations? We present a new theoretical framework that identifies a patron’s two strategic considerations – maximizing its sphere of influence and avoiding entanglement – and factors that affect them. We claim that whenever a patron faces a great power rivalry or a vulnerable client, it is more likely to condone its client’s provocations in order to safeguard its sphere of influence. On the other hand, when the risk of escalation looms large, the patron is more likely to condemn it

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13

Samudera, Raya Surya, and Rahesli Humsona. "HUBUNGAN PATRON KLIEN DALAM KOMUNITAS NELAYAN (Studi Kasus di Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai Sadeng Kabupaten Gunung Kidul)." Journal of Development and Social Change 1, no. 2 (2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jodasc.v1i2.23052.

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<p>Abstract : The research about the relationship between client patron employer boat owners as patron and fishermen as a client. The purpose of this study is to describe the relationship between the client employer patron boat owners with the fishermen, starting from recruitment process work and contract work of fishermen, the system of wages, health coverage, and hours of work that applies in his work . This study uses social exchange theory of g. Homans and patron client theory of James Scott. The methods used in this research is qualitative method with approach case studies. Informan

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14

MCMAHON, ROBERT J. "Patrons and Clients." Diplomatic History 18, no. 3 (1994): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.1994.tb00224.x.

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15

Miller, Amanda C. "Cut from the same cloth: A study of female patrons in Luke–Acts and the Roman Empire." Review & Expositor 114, no. 2 (2017): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034637317705104.

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This article discusses how women acted as patrons and benefactors in the social hierarchy of the Roman Empire, and how that sociohistorical context enlightens our understanding of women portrayed as patrons in the Gospel of Luke and Acts of the Apostles. Specifically in view are Mary Magdalene, Joanna, Susanna, and other unnamed women in Luke 8:1–3, and the businesswoman Lydia in Acts 16. Miller argues that Luke’s reading communities would have understood these women as important and influential members of the early Jesus movement, and that Luke blurs the lines between patron and client as par

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16

Hutapea, Wolter Widyatama, Benu Olfie L.S., and Charles R. Ngangi. "MODAL SOSIAL SEBAGAI STRATEGI BERTAHAN HIDUP BURUH TANI DI DESA KOPIWANGKER, KECAMATAN LANGOWAN BARAT, MINAHASA." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 12, no. 2A (2016): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.12.2a.2016.12832.

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This research aims to determine and describe how farm-workers can survive by social strategy as their strategy. From the three elements of social capital, that’s trust, norms, and networks, which one has the greater influence for a survival strategy of Kopiwangker farm-workers in village. This research was conducted over five months, from February until June 2016 started from preparation until making research reports. This study has used primary data and secondary data. The number of respondents is 30 respondents of whom are farm-workers. The sampling method which used in this research is purp

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17

Montias, John Michael. "Vermeer's Clients and Patrons." Art Bulletin 69, no. 1 (1987): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3051083.

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18

Jouhaud, Christian, and Hélène Merlin. "Mécènes, patrons et clients." Terrain, no. 21 (October 1, 1993): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/terrain.3070.

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Montias, John Michael. "Vermeer's Clients and Patrons." Art Bulletin 69, no. 1 (1987): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00043079.1987.10788402.

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20

Murphy, Dermot. "Patrons, clients, and projects." ELT Journal 53, no. 3 (1999): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/elt/53.3.217.

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21

Suyono, Suyono, Kris Nugroho, and Dwi Windyastuti. "Analysis of patron-client political communication in building a network of political power in the village community." Jurnal Studi Komunikasi (Indonesian Journal of Communications Studies) 5, no. 1 (2021): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/jsk.v5i1.3099.

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This study aimed to explore political communication in the building of political power networks in Jenggrik Village, Kedunggalar District, Ngawi Regency during the village head elections (village head election) from 1998 to 2019 from patron-client relations perspective. Political communication occurs through village elites and village community leaders. Political communication happens between the village head and his community members. This study was a descriptive study using a qualitative research method. This study sought to understand the processes and facts about political communication th

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22

Kim, Tongfi, Keren Yarhi-Milo, Alexander Lanoszka, and Zack Cooper. "Arms, Alliances, and Patron-Client Relationships." International Security 42, no. 3 (2018): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_c_00307.

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23

Maifianti, Khori Suci, Dedy Darmansyah, and Ikhwanul Muslimin. "PATRON-CLIENT SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PALM OIL FARMERS AND TAUKE IN KREUNG ITAM VILLAGE TADU RAYA DISTRICT NAGAN RAYA DISTRICT." Journal of Agri Socio-Economics and Business 3, no. 1 (2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jaseb.3.1.33-42.

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Krueng Itam village is one of the villages where the majority of the residents work as palm oil farmers and depend on palm oil plantations. In marketing to sell FFB (Fresh Fruit Bunch) palm oil farmers still rely on collector traders (agents) which in this case is referred to by the term "Tauke Sawit" (toke sawit). In the beginning, the relationship between palm oil farmers and the Tauke was limited to economic relations, such as the sale and purchase relationship between sellers and buyers. But in its development, the relationship turns into a relationship of dependence and interest that lead

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24

Brandão, Euzeli Da Silva, Iraci Dos Santos, and Regina Serrão Lanzillotti. "Cuidados de enfermagem para conforto de pessoas com dermatoses imunobolhosas: avaliação pela lógica fuzzy [Nursing care to comfort people with immunobullous dermatoses: evaluation by fuzzy logic] [Cuidados de enfermería para la comodidad de personas con dermatosis inmunoampollares: evaluación por la lógica fuzzy]." Revista Enfermagem UERJ 26 (August 24, 2018): e32877. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/reuerj.2018.32877.

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Objetivos: avaliar se as intervenções propostas na tecnologia de cuidados de enfermagem ao cliente com dermatoses imunobolhosas contribuem para reduzir o desconforto, reconhecer padrões de desconforto antes e após aplicação da tecnologia. Método: aplicação do protocolo de avaliação em 14 clientes hospitalizados em enfermarias de dermatologia do Rio de Janeiro e Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Os cuidados foram realizados mediante diagnósticos identificados e recomendações da tecnologia. A subjetividade em reconhecer padrões de conforto em clientes com doenças raras direcionou o uso da lógica fuzzy

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Sinaga, Herman, Septri Widiono, and Irnad. "POLA HUBUNGAN PATRON- KLIEN PADA KOMUNITAS NELAYAN DI KELURAHAN MALABRO KECAMATAN TELUK SEGARA KOTA BENGKULU." Jurnal AGRISEP 3, no. 2 (2015): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.14.2.167-176.

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This research aimed to describe the characteristic of fishing activities in Malabro Municipal, Teluk Segara District, Bengkulu city and to describe the pattern of patron- client relationship between wholesaler, vessel owner and fishermen. This researh conducted using qualitative method. Data collected using obsevation, interview, and documantes information related to this research. Thi result shows that fishermen are using three fishing tools, such as gillnets, payang and trammel nets. These fishing tools will be influence many things like type of vessel, amount of fishermen, and production sh

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26

SHAMI, MAHVISH. "Collective Action, Clientelism, and Connectivity." American Political Science Review 106, no. 3 (2012): 588–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055412000251.

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Backed by studies finding only limited propensity for free-riding when communities have an interest in self-provision, the last few decades have seen a surge of interest in community-based development. A major caveat to the “second wave” of collective action studies, however, is that collective action often breaks down under hierarchical social relationships. This is unfortunate news for developing countries’ rural societies, which are often entrenched in patron-client networks. Using a natural experiment found in the construction of a motorway, the article finds that clientelist relationships

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27

Casey, Adam E. "The Durability of Client Regimes." World Politics 72, no. 3 (2020): 411–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887120000039.

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ABSTRACTConventional wisdom holds that great power patrons prop up client dictatorships. But this is generally assumed rather than systematically analyzed. This article provides the first comprehensive analysis of the relationship between foreign sponsorship and authoritarian regime survival, using an original data set of all autocratic client regimes in the postwar period. The results demonstrate that patronage from Western powers—the United States, France, and the United Kingdom—is not associated with client regime survival. Rather, it’s only Soviet sponsorship that reduced the risk of regim

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28

O’Day, Rosemary. "A Bishop, A Patron, and some Preachers: A Problem of Presentation." Studies in Church History. Subsidia 12 (1999): 421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014304590000260x.

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The relations between bishops of the Church of England and lay patrons could be fraught and were certainly variable. Local circumstances and the general distribution of patronage within a given diocese combined with the personalities and concerns of the bishop and patrons involved to provide a distinctive environment for negotiation. It would be rash, therefore, to suggest that any case study of co-operation or conflict between a patron and a bishop could be typical. This said, such a case-study cannot but inform and stimulate because negotiation, amicable or otherwise, was essential for all p

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29

Shore, Cris. "States of dependency or patron-client relations?" HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 6, no. 1 (2016): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14318/hau6.1.008.

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30

Ganguly, Shivaji. "Patron-Client Politics and Business in Bangladesh." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 50, no. 1-2 (1994): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492849405000111.

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31

Carney, Christopher P. "International patron-client relationships: A conceptual framework." Studies In Comparative International Development 24, no. 2 (1989): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02687171.

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32

Chaudhry, Azam, and Kate Vyborny. "Patronage in Rural Punjab: Evidence from a New Household Survey Dataset." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 18, Special Edition (2013): 183–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2013.v18.isp.a8.

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The intervention of local elites is often cited as an impediment to policy implementation in many developing countries. In this paper, we present initial results from an original primary household dataset from eight tehsils of rural Punjab, Pakistan. We examine descriptive statistics on patron–client interaction and correlations between household characteristics and that relationship. The study raises some key findings. First, households report connections with a range of officials; they interact most heavily with local officials, but a large number of households also report interacting with t

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33

Musyarofah, Musyarofah, Pudjo Suharso, and Titin Kartini. "PREFERENSI PETANI DALAM PENJUALAN GABAH PASCA PANEN DI DESA SUMUR MATI KECAMATAN SUMBERASIH KABUPATEN PROBOLINGGO." JURNAL PENDIDIKAN EKONOMI: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, Ilmu Ekonomi dan Ilmu Sosial 11, no. 1 (2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jpe.v11i1.5006.

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This research was conducted to describe farmer preference in post-harvest grain sales and to know the working relationship of farmers with Bulog, middlemen and market kiosk traders. The type of this research is descriptive with qualitative approach. The method of determining the location of research using the method of purposive area is in the Sumur Mati Village Sumberasih District Probolinggo. The main informants in this study were 12 rice farmers, with the criteria of ever selling grain more than 5 times. While the additional informants in this study are Bulog Officials, Brokers, and Kiosk T

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34

Orekhovsky, P. "Right to contestation, patron-client networks, and corruption." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 20, 2012): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2012-11-101-117.

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In the paper the nature of Russian corruption is considered along the lines proposed by D. North, J. Wallis, and B. Weingast. The author considers patron-client networks as basic political and economic actors of the limited access order. The redistributive rent allocated within patron-client networks is not a corruption phenomenon. The main factor that is able to destroy patron-client networks and autonomous centers of power is the right to contestation (liberalization) according to R. Dahl. Realization of that right together with the right to participate in political life enables transition t

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35

Sekeris, Petros G. "Endogenous elites: power structure and patron-client relationships." Economics of Governance 12, no. 3 (2010): 237–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10101-010-0093-8.

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36

Plakoudas, Spyridon. "The forgotten front: patron–client relationships in counterinsurgency." International Affairs 94, no. 1 (2018): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix257.

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37

Rodman, David. "Patron‐client dynamics: Mapping the American‐Israeli relationship." Israel Affairs 4, no. 2 (1997): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537129708719466.

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38

Warner, Carolyn M. "Democracy, the Rational Patron, and the Rational Client." International Studies Review 10, no. 1 (2008): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2008.00765.x.

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Fair, C. Christine. "The forgotten front: Patron-client relationships in counterinsurgency." Journal of Strategic Studies 43, no. 2 (2019): 331–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2019.1675933.

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Ball, Robert J. "‘THE DEATH OF INTESTATE OLD MEN’: GILBERT HIGHET'S PAPER ON JUVENAL 1.144." Classical Quarterly 69, no. 1 (2019): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838819000259.

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The verse hinc subitae mortes atque intestata senectus (Juv. 1.144) has long fuelled considerable debate and discussion among classical scholars. This hexameter occurs in the passage of the first satire that describes the aspect of the patron-client relationship where the rich patron, ignoring the plight of his poor and hungry clients, enjoys a sumptuous but deadly feast. After dining on delicacies such as boar and peacock, he bathes on a bloated stomach, causing him to die suddenly and apparently intestate, and causing those angry at being deprived of their legacy to cheer at his funeral (1.1

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Andollo Hervás, Izaskun. "Tratamiento de los Patrones Relacionales Inconscientes. El caso de Pablo: Implicación y Sintonía en Psicoterapia." Revista de Psicoterapia 32, no. 118 (2021): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33898/rdp.v32i118.489.

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Este artículo describe el proceso de psicoterapia con los patrones relacionales inconscientes desde una perspectiva Relacional Integrativa basada en el desarrollo evolutivo. El caso de Pablo ilustra cómo se forman los patrones relacionales inconscientes y cómo se expresan en el presente. Los patrones relacionales representan un intento desesperado y arcaico del cliente de auto estabilizarse y auto regularse para compensar el dolor de su historia de vida. Este artículo proporciona una visión de la complejidad y la unicidad de los patrones relacionales inconscientes, del interés auténtico y el r

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Kerkvliet, Benedict J. Tria. "Toward a More Comprehensive Analysis of Philippine Politics: Beyond the Patron-Client, Factional Framework." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 26, no. 2 (1995): 401–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400007153.

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Thirty years ago, a theory of Philippine politics emerged that until now remains the most influential among academics and is widely adopted by journalists, diplomats and other observers of the Philippines. Its argument, in brief, is that Philippine politics revolves around interpersonal relationships — especially familial and patron-client ones — and factions composed of personal alliances. I refer to this as the patron-client, factional framework pcf, for short). It deserves to be influential; after all, patron-client and other personal relations are indeed significant in Philippine political

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Klein, V. Sophie. "Performing the Patron-Client Relationship Dramaturgical Cues in Horace'sSermones2.5." Illinois Classical Studies, no. 37 (December 31, 2012): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illiclasstud.37.0097.

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44

Müller, Markus-Michael. "‘Public’ Security and Patron–Client Exchanges in Latin America." Government and Opposition 48, no. 4 (2013): 548–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2013.2.

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Notwithstanding the democratization processes that have taken place since the 1980s, clientelism continues to be an important political practice throughout contemporary Latin America. By offering an analysis of the changing patterns of patron–client exchanges in Mexico City, this article demonstrates how the repercussions of the local democratization process expanded clientelist practices to the realm of public security provision. This expansion, it is argued, is related to efforts of the local government to regain previous levels of political control over the local police forces that had been

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45

Gould, Roger V. "Patron-Client Ties, State Centralization, and the Whiskey Rebellion." American Journal of Sociology 102, no. 2 (1996): 400–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/230951.

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46

LIDDICK, DON. "Political Fund-Raising, Patron-Client Relations, and Organized Criminality." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 17, no. 4 (2001): 346–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986201017004004.

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47

Kiss, Márta. "The coordination of tourism market along patron-client relations." Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 5, no. 2 (2014): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/cjssp.2014.02.06.

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Kenny, M. "The Patron-Client Relationship in Interviewing: An Anthropological View." Oral History Review 15, no. 1 (1987): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ohr/15.1.71.

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MacGillivray, Erlend D. "Romans 16:2, προσττις/προσττης, and the Application of Reciprocal Relationships to New Testament Texts". Novum Testamentum 53, № 2 (2011): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853610x521098.

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AbstractThis article re-examines the meaning of the title προσττις given to Phoebe in Rom 16:2—commonly understood in contemporary scholarship as presenting Phoebe as Paul’s patron. This position is challenged with reference to recent studies which argue for broadening our understanding of ancient reciprocity beyond the definitions of a patron—client relationship, and also by re-evaluating the semantic range of προσττις/προσττης. It argues that we should see Phoebe and Paul’s relationship as working within a general reciprocity dynamic of benefaction, rather than within the specific relationsh

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Shadle, Brett L. "Patronage, Millennialism and the Serpent God Mumbo in South-West Kenya, 1912–34." Africa 72, no. 1 (2002): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2002.72.1.29.

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AbstractThis article traces the history of Mumboism, a millennial cult of south-west Kenya, 1912–34. Mumbo, the serpent god of Lake Victoria, promised to eject whites and chiefs from the region and usher in a period of prosperity. Mumboism gained followers, it is argued, because it mixed older ideas of patron–client relations with newer ideas of omnipotent, unseen beings, introduced by Europeans as Government and God. Mumbo challenged chiefs and missionaries, struggling to create patronage networks, by attracting clients, and threatened to unmask Government and God as impotent. Chiefs and, to

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