Journal articles: 'Pattern grading'

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Bye, Elizabeth, Karen LaBat, Ellen McKinney, and Dong‐Eun Kim. "Optimized pattern grading." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 20, no. 2 (February 29, 2008): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556220810850469.

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S Alhat, Swapnil. "Understanding Revised NAAC Grading Pattern." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8i1.3081.

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National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), an autonomous institution of University Grant Commission (UGC), it has been merely 26 years since the inception of NAAC, whose Accreditation to Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in India is mandatory likewise only a NAAC Accredited higher learning institutions are eligible for UGC and other various grants. Moreover, NAAC accreditation determines the quality of the institute in terms of education, infrastructure, research, teaching & learning, etc.NAAC Accreditation helps a learning institution to know its strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities through the various review process, likewise in initiating modern pedagogical methods and in receiving grants from the Government’s various bodies. Importantly, it helps students to know details of the educational institution in terms of infrastructure, quality of education, research output, etc. Therein, NAAC Accreditation is indispensable to HEIs in India, and this paper, the prime focus of research has been to unravel the revised NAAC Grading Pattern because, in the end, a ‘Grade’ determines the quality of an institution.

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Obata, Yoshihiro, Kazutoshi Takeuchi, Kouichi Akaeda, and Kozo Kanayama. "Control of Grading Structure and Thermal Conductivity of Wood by Compressing Process." Materials Science Forum 492-493 (August 2005): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.492-493.281.

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Compressed wood has different grading structure in an annual ring from one of natural wood. This paper treats the relationship between grading structures and effective thermal conductivity of natural and compressed woods. The Lorentz function and the power function are assumed as grading patterns of thermal conductivity. The grading thermal conductivity shows smaller effective thermal conductivity than the homogeneous wood with same average density. The sharper grading pattern gives much smaller effective thermal conductivity. The grading pattern of compressed wood is assumed as a model with locally compressed region. The calculated effective thermal conductivity by the model agrees with the measured thermal conductivity.

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Dai, Bin Hui, and Xiao Yun Wang. "Research on Intelligent Clothing Pattern Auxiliary Input and Grading System." Advanced Materials Research 175-176 (January 2011): 906–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.175-176.906.

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Intelligent clothing pattern auxiliary input and grading system which was based on the digital camera input was introduced. Compared with digitizers and scanners, it was much more convenient, flexible and lower cost to photograph patterns using a digital camera. The system could directly transform the pattern’s format from bitmap to vector diagram and rectify the pattern in a geometrical light. At the same time, it combined with the grading method, which was stemmed from the D-value between different sizes, to reduce the grading errors below 5 % and to fully achieve the motherboard precision. Thereby, efficiency and precision in the production of garment pattern input and grading were improved. The system has been well received in the practical application.

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Kulsum, Umi. "Grading Women's Clothing Patterns with the CAD Pattern System to Improve Student Learning Outcomes and Competencies." Journal of Education Technology 4, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jet.v4i2.26205.

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The purpose of this study is to improve the quality of learning by improving student learning outcomes and competence in grading women’s fashion patterns using the CAD Pattern System learning media. The design of this study is Classroom Action Research. This research was conducted in two cycles, in each cycle consisting of four stages, namely planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The subjects in this study were students of grade XI Fashion 1 State Vocational School 5 Malang totaling 34 students. Data collection by tests, and performance tests (performance). The results showed an improvement in student learning outcomes and competence in grading women’s fashion patterns. From the aspect of knowledge, an increase in the average score from cycle I to cycle II was 17.0. From the aspect of skills/competence, an increase in average score from cycle I to cycle II was 1.03. This study concludes that the use of the CAD Pattern System learning media is very effective, indicated by (1) improvement in student learning outcomes in making women’s fashion patterns grading, (2) improvement of student learning competence in making women's fashion patterns grading, (3) CAD Pattern System is expected to be used as a learning medium in the subjects of Industrial Clothing Making, in pattern grading competencies fashion, but still pay attention to school conditions and the characteristics of students.

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Giantin, Mery, Marta Vascellari, Emanuela Maria Morello, Katia Capello, Antonella Vercelli, Anna Granato, Rosa Maria Lopparelli, et al. "c-KIT messenger RNA and protein expression and mutations in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 24, no. 1 (December 6, 2011): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638711425945.

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Cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) are among the most common neoplasms in dogs and show a highly variable biologic behavior. Histological grading, cell proliferation markers, and KIT immunohistochemistry are typically used to predict post-surgical prognosis. In the present study, c-KIT messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was measured in canine MCTs and its relationship with tumor grade, immunohistochemical staining pattern, post-surgical prognosis, and mutations was investigated. A significant increase of c-KIT mRNA was observed in MCTs versus healthy skin and surgical margins. Mutations were observed in 8.3% of cases. The KIT staining pattern was investigated for both grading systems. In particular, staining pattern III was associated with grade II (G2) and G3 MCTs, while staining patterns I and II were associated with G1 and G2 MCTs. Considering the 2-tier histological grading, the high grade was mainly associated with pattern III (71%) while the low grade was associated with patterns II (70%) and I (28%). A weak association between the KIT staining pattern and outcome was also observed. The results obtained suggest that c-KIT mRNA is overexpressed in canine MCT, although the fold variations were not associated with the protein localization or complementary DNA mutations. These observations suggested that the 3 events were independent. The histological grading and the KIT staining pattern have prognostic value as previously published. Staining pattern I could be especially helpful in predicting a good prognosis of G2 MCTs. Sequence mutations were not necessarily suggestive of a worse prognosis, but might be useful in choosing a chemotherapy protocol.

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Xiu, Yi, and Zhen Kai Wan. "Research on Automation-Computerized Pattern-Grading Technology in Garment CAD System." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.514.

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Although point and line grading are widely utilized in garment CAD system, they have a common disadvantage: the increments of cardinal points or line on the to-be-graded patterns have to be calculated and inputted manually. In previous work, basic and fashion pattern are defined and the constant and proportional relation between them are considered to explore computerized grading. In the research, a dart pivotal-transfer relation between basic and fashion pattern is introduced. This paper proposes an automatic grading approach based on dart pivotal-transfers. This approach is illustrated with an example of the front panel of women’s jacket, the cardinal points concerning a dart are rotated around a pivotal-point, the increments of the cardinal points are transformed from that of original ones, and then the X and Y coordinates of the cardinal points in the to-be-graded pattern are gained. The experimental results show the approach is feasible.

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Lien, Hsin-Chung, and Shyong Lee. "Applying Pattern Recognition Principles to Grading Textile Yarns." Textile Research Journal 72, no. 4 (April 2002): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051750207200408.

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Wang, Lijing. "An Automatic Pattern Grading Technique in Garment CAD." Journal of Fiber Bioengineering and Informatics 1, no. 4 (June 2008): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3993/jfbi03200903.

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He, Yan, Haijun Wang, Shiping Zhu, Tao Zeng, Zhenzhen Zhuang, Yingqi Zuo, and Kai Zhang. "Method for Grade Identification of Tobacco Based on Machine Vision." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 5 (2018): 1487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12627.

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Abstract. Tobacco grading is the first step in the transfer of tobacco leaves from agricultural products to commodities and is key to determining the quality of tobacco. Manual grading is conventionally used for tobacco grading. However, it is time-consuming, expensive, and may require specialized labor. To overcome these limitations, a method for grade identification of tobacco leaves based on machine vision is proposed in this article. Based on a fuzzy pattern recognition algorithm, the tobacco leaf samples of the model set and prediction set could be classified by extracting appearance characteristics of the tobacco leaves. The identification system for tobacco leaves based on fuzzy pattern recognition was developed in MATLAB. The rate of correct grading was 85.81% and 80.23% for the modeling set and prediction set, respectively. This result shows that machine vision based automatic tobacco grading has a great advantage over manual grading, and this method can be explored for viable commercial use. Keywords: Fuzzy pattern recognition, Grade identification, Machine vision, Tobacco leaf.

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Montironi, Rodolfo, Alessia Cimadamore, Liang Cheng, Antonio Lopez-Beltran, and Marina Scarpelli. "Prostate cancer grading in 2018: limitations, implementations, cribriform morphology, and biological markers." International Journal of Biological Markers 33, no. 4 (June 27, 2018): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1724600818781296.

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The Gleason grading system is among the most important prognostic factors in patients with prostate cancer. From the 2005 to the 2014 consensus conferences, organized by the International Society of Urological Pathology, the morphologic criteria for the identification of the Gleason patterns were redefined, thus resulting in the shrinkage of the Gleason pattern 3. This led to the expansion of the Gleason pattern 4. The newly proposed grade group system reduces the Gleason scores of prostate cancer to the lowest number, each associated with a unique behavior from the prognostic point of view. The advantage is that the simplified system with five groups allows for a more accurate stratification of the patients in comparison with the Gleason system. Cribriform, fused, ill-defined and glomeruloid glands are part of the histologic spectrum of the Gleason pattern 4. Cribriform morphology has a prognosis that is worse in comparison with the other non-cribriform Gleason 4 patterns. One of the major implications of the cribriform growth is that it precludes a patient from choosing active surveillance.

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Ewida, E. H., M. N. El Awady, M. A. Rashwan, and M. Z. ElAttar. "COMPUTER APPLICATION ON PATTERN RECOGNITION FOR PALM-DATE GRADING." Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mjae.2014.99648.

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Jung, Myoungsook, and Ana Seo. "Study on the Pattern Grading for Improving Apparel Fit." Korean Journal of Community Living Science 30, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7856/kjcls.2019.30.1.5.

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Han, Hyun-Sook, Sungmin Kim, and Chang Kyu Park. "Automatic custom pattern generation using width-height independent grading." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 27, no. 6 (November 2, 2015): 908–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-08-2014-0101.

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Zhang, Wei, and Feng Chen. "Impacts of Grading Rule on Urban Thermal Landscape Pattern Research." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 18, 2018): 2514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072514.

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The thermodynamic landscape method is becoming a more popular approach for urban heat island research with the development of remote sensing technology. However, a limited amount of research discusses the theoretical and methodological issues of this method. This paper analyzed the reliability and stability of the results of thermal landscape pattern analysis with six different grading rules through surface temperature retrieval, landscape pattern analysis, and Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis. The results demonstrate the following points. (1) The six grading methods can be categorized into two types: pixel number methods and temperature range methods. The grading results of the two kinds of methods lack comparability, whereas the grading results within one kind of method have high comparability. The temperature range methods have good consistency. The average value of the consistency indices (Si) of thermal landscape levels reaches up to 81.55%. The anomaly temperature method and standard deviation method are recommended for future research. (2) The grading rule significantly affects the stability of landscape indices, and its average variation coefficient reaches up to 22.36%. The authors suggest the use of landscape indices that have strong stability, such as shape index and landscape division index, in future research. (3) The results of the sensitivity analysis show that the change of the temperature range of thermal landscape levels affects landscape indices slightly, whereas the effect of the change of the level number of thermal landscapes on landscape indices is intense. The authors suggest categorizing the thermal landscape into six levels in future research in order to enhance the consistency and comparability among case studies.

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Shah, Rajal B. "Current Perspectives on the Gleason Grading of Prostate Cancer." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 133, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 1810–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/133.11.1810.

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Abstract Context.—Since its description in 1966 by Donald Gleason, the Gleason grading has remained a cornerstone in the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. With widespread use of the prostate specific antigen screening, the diagnosis and management patterns of prostate cancers have dramatically changed. In addition, better understanding of the morphologic spectrum of prostate cancer and its subsequent outcome have prompted the refinement of the grading criteria and reporting practices applicable to contemporary practice management. Objective.—To present contemporary perspectives and approaches to the Gleason grading of prostate cancer. Data Sources.—Personal practice experience, review of medical literature, and excerpts from the 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology Consensus Statement on Gleason Grading of Prostate Cancer. Conclusions.—This review addresses the trend in contemporary practice toward a grading shift, with rare utilization of Gleason patterns 1 and 2, and discusses the refinement of histologic criteria for Gleason patterns 3 and 4; approaches to Gleason grading in the setting of unusual variant morphologies of prostate cancer; significance of higher tertiary pattern 5; and practice recommendations for reporting in the setting of extended multiple core biopsies and multifocal prostate cancers in radical prostatectomy. Finally, the impact of consensus recommendations in current practice, its limitations and pitfalls, are also addressed.

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Fine, Samson W., Debra L. Meisels, Andrew J. Vickers, Hikmat Al-Ahmadie, Ying-Bei Chen, Anuradha Gopalan, S. Joseph Sirintrapun, Satish K. Tickoo, and Victor E. Reuter. "Practice Patterns in Reporting Tertiary Grades at Radical Prostatectomy: Survey of a Large Group of Experienced Urologic Pathologists." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 144, no. 3 (October 4, 2019): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2019-0224-oa.

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Context.— In prostate cancer, “tertiary” higher-grade patterns (TPs) have been associated with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Objective.— To determine variation regarding definition and application of TPs. Design.— Online survey regarding TPs in a range of grading scenarios circulated to 105 experienced urologic pathologists. Results.— Among 95 respondents, 40 of 95 (42%) defined TPs as “third most common pattern” and 55 (58%) as “minor pattern/less than 5% of tumor.” In a tumor with pattern 3 and less than 5% pattern 4, of the 95 respondents, 35 (37%) assigned 3 + 3 = 6 with TP4, while 56 (59%) assigned 3 + 4 = 7. In a tumor with pattern 4 and less than 5% pattern 5, of the 95 respondents, 51 (54%) assigned 4 + 4 = 8 with TP5, while 43 (45%) assigned 4 + 5 = 9. Six scenarios were presented in which the order of most common patterns was 3, 4, and 5 (Group 1) or 4, 3, and 5 (Group 2) with varying percentages. In both groups, when pattern 5 was less than 5%, we found that 98% and 93% of respondents would assign 3 + 4 = 7 or 4 + 3 = 7 with TP5. In scenarios with 15% or 25% pattern 5, most respondents (70% and 80%, respectively) would include pattern 5 as the secondary grade, that is, 3 + 5 = 8 (Group 1) or 4 + 5 = 9 (Group 2). For 85 of 95 (89%), a TP would not impact Grade Group assignment. Conclusions.— This survey highlights substantial variation in practice patterns regarding definition and application of “tertiary” grading in radical prostatectomy specimens. High consistency was observed in 3 + 4 = 7/4 + 3 = 7 scenarios with truly minor pattern 5. These findings should inform future studies assessing the standardization and predictive value of “tertiary” patterns.

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Egevad, Lars, Roberta Mazzucchelli, and Rodolfo Montironi. "Implications of the International Society of Urological Pathology Modified Gleason Grading System." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 136, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2011-0495-ra.

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Context.—Histologic grading is the clinically most useful tissue-based predictor of prognosis for prostate cancer. Over the years, there has been a gradual shift in how the Gleason grading is applied in practice, with a general trend toward upgrading. A consensus conference was organized in 2005 by the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) for standardizing both the perception of histologic patterns and how the grade information is compiled and reported. Objective.—To review the implications of the ISUP modified Gleason grading system. Data Sources.—Personal experience and review of the current literature. Conclusions.—The recommendations regarding pattern interpretation and reporting are summarized. The practical consequences of the ISUP modification of the Gleason grading are reported. The prognostic importance of the Gleason score, its reproducibility, and its preoperative assessment are discussed. Subsequent proposals for slight modifications to the ISUP grading system are described.

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Lu, Hai, Jun Yin, Yi Xing Yuan, Biao Wang, Hong Wei Chen, and Jian Hui Wang. "Flow Pattern and Pressure Drop in Highly Concentrated Slurries Transportation Pipelines." Advanced Materials Research 281 (July 2011): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.281.179.

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Flow pattern and pressure drop in highly concentrated slurries transportation pipelines were discussed. The particles are settling, and tend to settle down to the bottom of pipes due to the action of gravity force forming different flow patterns which can be indicated by particle concentration profile. Three distinct flow patterns can be observed for different particle size distribution at different velocities: fully stratified, partially stratified and fully suspended flow patterns. As for pressure drop, it is well known that pressure drops in pipeline flows of slurries are strongly dependent on the flow pattern developed in a pipeline. Furthermore, fine particles suspended in water make the water more viscous, and increase the friction. In case of coarse particles, having larger volume, they have the tendency to contact with the pipe wall and with the other coarse particles more times, which increase the friction of flow. Meanwhile, coarse particles are lifted by the pressure difference generated as they rotate in the liquid preventing the coarse particles from settling down which results in less friction. The mixture of particles of different sizes is helpful to reduce pressure drop in pipeline flow slurries. Narrow grading particles tend to have high frictional losses, while broad grading particles have low frictional losses at high concentrations.

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Zhang, Jiru, and Biwen Zhang. "Fractal Pattern of Particle Crushing of Granular Geomaterials during One-Dimensional Compression." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (September 25, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2153971.

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This paper focuses on the effect of particle crushing on the behavior of granular geomaterials. Series of high-pressure one-dimensional compression tests were carried out on a quartz sand-gravel. A detail investigation was performed primarily on the compression behavior, the evolution of particle-size distribution (PSD), the fractal pattern of the grading curve, and the amount of particle crushing. It was found that both the yielding state and the state at the maximum compressibility are closely associated with the evolution of PSD and the fractal pattern of particle crushing. As the vertical stress increases, the fractal characteristic of the grading curve appears only within the finer part at first, evolves into bifractal within the overall measurable grading curve late, and translates into monofractal finally. Furthermore, a pair of particle crushing indexes Be1 and Be2 considering different particle size scales were proposed. The reasonability of using Be1 and Be2 to describe the amount of crushing corresponding to the scale of particles was discussed. Finally, it was found that the value of the ratio between the volumetric strain and the crushing index Be1 is constant and independent of the initial particle size and the initial PSD when the vertical stress is larger than the stress at the maximum compressibility or the coarser part of the grading curve is evolved into fractal.

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Pudasaini, Sujata, and Neeraj Subedi. "Understanding the gleason grading system and its changes." Journal of Pathology of Nepal 9, no. 2 (September 29, 2019): 1580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v9i2.25723.

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Gleason Grading System is the most widely used grading system used for prostatic carcinoma. The five basic grade patterns are used to generate a histologic score, which can range from 2 to 10 (including primary and secondary patterns). The original Gleason Grading System was used to grade acinar adenocarcinoma based on architectural features and it has been correlated with excellent clinical outcomes. Since 1960s, after the discovery of the original Gleason Grading System, a modified version of the Gleason Grading System was introduced in the International Society of Urological Pathology 2005 which came up with many changes including elimination of Gleason pattern 1. The ISUP 2005 was further updated in 2014 to provide more accurate stratification of prostatic carcinoma. The new Gleason Grade Group 1 to 5 has been introduced and it has little resemblance to the original Gleason system. This Gleason Grade Group has been accepted by the 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the prostate. For a needle biopsy, high grade component of any quantity should be included in the Gleason score as it indicates a high probability of finding significant high grade tumor in the prostate. By understanding the principles and practice of this grading system, the pathology report has to clearly indicate which system is adopted in the reporting. This review discusses GGS and its recent development focusing on major changes over the years that led to the new Grade Group system proposed by the 2014 ISUP consensus.

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Egevad, Lars, Daniela Swanberg, Brett Delahunt, Peter Ström, Kimmo Kartasalo, Henrik Olsson, Dan M. Berney, et al. "Identification of areas of grading difficulties in prostate cancer and comparison with artificial intelligence assisted grading." Virchows Archiv 477, no. 6 (June 15, 2020): 777–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00428-020-02858-w.

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AbstractThe International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) hosts a reference image database supervised by experts with the purpose of establishing an international standard in prostate cancer grading. Here, we aimed to identify areas of grading difficulties and compare the results with those obtained from an artificial intelligence system trained in grading. In a series of 87 needle biopsies of cancers selected to include problematic cases, experts failed to reach a 2/3 consensus in 41.4% (36/87). Among consensus and non-consensus cases, the weighted kappa was 0.77 (range 0.68–0.84) and 0.50 (range 0.40–0.57), respectively. Among the non-consensus cases, four main causes of disagreement were identified: the distinction between Gleason score 3 + 3 with tangential cutting artifacts vs. Gleason score 3 + 4 with poorly formed or fused glands (13 cases), Gleason score 3 + 4 vs. 4 + 3 (7 cases), Gleason score 4 + 3 vs. 4 + 4 (8 cases) and the identification of a small component of Gleason pattern 5 (6 cases). The AI system obtained a weighted kappa value of 0.53 among the non-consensus cases, placing it as the observer with the sixth best reproducibility out of a total of 24. AI may serve as a decision support and decrease inter-observer variability by its ability to make consistent decisions. The grading of these cancer patterns that best predicts outcome and guides treatment warrants further clinical and genetic studies. Results of such investigations should be used to improve calibration of AI systems.

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Sharma, Nikhil, and Katherine Oliver. "Subjective and objective interpretation of tear film interferometry images." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 9 (August 25, 2018): 2923. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20183628.

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Background: Assessment of the tear film is necessary in routine clinical practice because an unstable tear film can hamper the quality of life by causing vision-related problems and compromising the ocular surface. One of the major concerns related to an unstable tear film is dry eye. Many of dry eye patients suffer from a lack of meibum which forms the lipid layer of the tear film. The lipid layer can be graded and interpreted by using interferometry. However, interpretation and grading of this dynamic layer may be inconsistent in terms of inter- and intra- observations. This study investigated the difficulty of consistent, subjective grading of clinical findings, in general.Methods: The interferometry images of 30 subjects captured from different equipment were analyzed subjectively. The agreement between intra-observer repeatability was also measured.Results: A positive Spearman’s correlation of 0.81 was found among different grading patterns observed using the Tearsope to compare right and left eyes. Similarly, a positive Spearman’s correlation of 0.63 was found among different grading patterns observed under interferometer in right and left eye. Correlations were statistically significant, p<0.001. The agreement between intra-observer repeatability calculated using Cohen’s kappa values were also statistically significant, p<0.001.Conclusions: A correlation between the findings of different equipment could not be made due to the differences in wavelengths of incident light and the image details. However, a new grading pattern has been proposed to describe the thickness of various lipid layer patterns observed under Doane’s interferometer.

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Liu, Yanzhu, Yanan Wang, and Adams Wai Kin Kong. "Pixel-wise ordinal classification for salient object grading." Image and Vision Computing 106 (February 2021): 104086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2020.104086.

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Holdbrook, Daniel Aitor, Malay Singh, Yukti Choudhury, Emarene Mationg Kalaw, Valerie Koh, Hui Shan Tan, Ravindran Kanesvaran, et al. "Automated Renal Cancer Grading Using Nuclear Pleomorphic Patterns." JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, no. 2 (December 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/cci.17.00100.

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Purpose Nuclear pleomorphic patterns are essential for Fuhrman grading of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Manual observation of renal histopathologic slides may lead to subjective and inconsistent assessment between pathologists. An automated, image-based system that classifies ccRCC slides by quantifying nuclear pleomorphic patterns in an objective and consistent interpretable fashion can aid pathologists in histopathologic assessment. Methods In the current study, histopathologic tissue slides of 59 patients with ccRCC who underwent surgery at Singapore General Hospital were assembled retrospectively. An automated image classification pipeline detects and analyzes prominent nucleoli in ccRCC images to classify them as either low (Fuhrman grade 1 and 2) or high (Fuhrman grade 3 and 4). The pipeline uses machine learning and image pixel intensity–based feature extraction techniques for nuclear analysis. We trained classification systems that concurrently analyze different permutations of multiple prominent nucleoli image patches. Results Given the parameters for feature combination and extraction, we present experimental results across various configurations for the classification of a given ccRCC histopathologic image. We also demonstrate that the image score used by the pipeline, termed fraction value, is correlated ( R = 0.59) with an existing multigene assay–based scoring system that has previously been demonstrated to be a strong indicator of prognosis in patients with ccRCC. Conclusion The current method provides an objective and fully automated way by which to process pathologic slides. The correlation study with a multigene assay–based scoring system also allows us to provide quantitative interpretation for already established nuclear pleomorphic patterns in ccRCC. This method can be extended to other cancers whose corresponding grading systems use nuclear pattern information.

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G, Dr Gopinath. "A Descriptive MRI Analysis of Pattern, Location and Grading of Meniscal Injuries of the Knee Joint with Arthroscopic Correlation." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 04, no. 11 (November 4, 2016): 13618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v4i11.16.

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Needleman, L., AB Kurtz, MD Rifkin, HS Cooper, ME Pasto, and BB Goldberg. "Sonography of diffuse benign liver disease: accuracy of pattern recognition and grading." American Journal of Roentgenology 146, no. 5 (May 1986): 1011–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.146.5.1011.

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Bye, Elizabeth K., and Marilyn R. DeLong. "A Visual Sensory Evaluation of the Results of Two Pattern Grading Methods." Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 12, no. 4 (June 1994): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887302x9401200401.

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Muratori, Francesco, Leonardo Bettini, Filippo Frenos, Nicola Mondanelli, Daniela Greto, Lorenzo Livi, Alessandro Franchi, et al. "Myxoid Liposarcoma: Prognostic Factors and Metastatic Pattern in a Series of 148 Patients Treated at a Single Institution." International Journal of Surgical Oncology 2018 (May 16, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8928706.

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Objectives. The authors reported a retrospective study on myxoid liposarcomas (MLs), evaluating factors that may influence overall survival (OS), local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), metastasis-free survival (MFS), and analyzing the metastatic pattern. Methods. 148 MLs were analyzed. The sites of metastases were investigated. Results. Margins (p = 0.002), grading (p = 0,0479), and metastasis (p < 0,0001) were significant risk factors affecting overall survival (OS). Type of presentation (p = 0.0243), grading (p = 0,0055), margin (p = 0.0001), and local recurrence (0.0437) were risk factors on metastasis-free survival (MFS). Authors did not observe statistically significant risk factors for local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and reported 55% extrapulmonary metastases and 45% pulmonary metastases. Conclusion. Margins, grading, presentation, local recurrence, and metastasis were prognostic factors. Extrapulmonary metastases were more frequent in myxoid liposarcoma.

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Chen, Xiao Na, Dong Jiang, Jian Ping Wang, and Hui Shi. "Technology on Bra Pattern Structure Design." Advanced Materials Research 569 (September 2012): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.569.256.

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The improvement on bra pattern design is important for the development of underwear enterprises as well as the comfort of bra customers. However, there are little scientific and unitive methods in the literature regarding bra pattern design on either basic bra pattern or bra parts pattern. Consequently, this paper aimed at reviewing the bra pattern design methods. First, the methods of basic bra pattern design and bra parts pattern design are described. Second, the researches on bra pattern grading rules are detailed. Last, the factors which have effect on bra pattern structure are discussed. The researches referred in this paper are helpful for the development of scientific and normative methods of bra pattern design.

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Ruini, Cristel, Sandra Schuh, Charlotte Gust, Daniela Hartmann, Lars Einar French, Elke Christina Sattler, and Julia Welzel. "In-Vivo LC-OCT Evaluation of the Downward Proliferation Pattern of Keratinocytes in Actinic Keratosis in Comparison with Histology: First Impressions from a Pilot Study." Cancers 13, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 2856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13122856.

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It is known that actinic keratoses (AKs) can progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The histological PRO grading of AKs is based on the growth pattern of basal keratinocytes and relates to their progression risk. AKs can be non-invasively characterized by line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT). The aim of the study was to define criteria for an LC-OCT grading of AKs based on the PRO classification and to correlate it with its histological counterpart. To evaluate the interobserver agreement for the LC-OCT PRO classification, fifty AKs were imaged by LC-OCT and biopsied for histopathology. PRO histological grading was assessed by an expert consensus, while two evaluator groups separately performed LC-OCT grading on vertical sections. The agreement between LC-OCT and histological PRO grading was 75% for all lesions (weighted kappa 0.66, 95% CI 0.48–0.83, p ≤ 0.001) and 85.4% when comparing the subgroups PRO I vs. PRO II/III (weighted kappa 0.64, 95% CI 0.40–0.88, p ≤ 0.001). The interobserver agreement for LC-OCT was 90% (Cohen’s kappa 0.84, 95% CI 0.71–0.91, p ≤ 0.001). In this pilot study, we demonstrated that LC-OCT is potentially able to classify AKs based on the basal growth pattern of keratinocytes, in-vivo reproducing the PRO classification, with strong interobserver agreement and a good correlation with histopathology.

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Bearden, James, and Raymond N. Wolfe. "Reaction to Compton and Metheny (2000): “Assessment of Grade Inflation in Higher Education”." Perceptual and Motor Skills 92, no. 1 (February 2001): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2001.92.1.263.

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Comparison of grades awarded to all students in all courses at SUNY Geneseo in Spring 1990 and Spring 2000 shows a significant overall increase and a fairly stable pattern of grading practices across departments that resembles the pattern reported by Compton and Metheny in 2000 and other investigators.

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Shlezinger, Galia, Iris Reinhartz-Berger, and Dov Dori. "Modeling Design Patterns for Semi-Automatic Reuse in System Design." Journal of Database Management 21, no. 1 (January 2010): 29–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2010112302.

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Design patterns provide reusable solutions for recurring design problems. They constitute an important tool for improving software quality. However, correct usage of design patterns depends to a large extent on the designer. Design patterns often include models that describe the suggested solutions, while other aspects of the patterns are neglected or described informally only in text. Furthermore, design pattern solutions are usually described in an object-oriented fashion that is too close to the implementation, masking the essence of and motivation behind a particular design pattern. We suggest an approach to modeling the different aspects of design patterns and semi-automatically utilizing these models to improve software design. Evaluating our approach on commonly used design patterns and a case study of an automatic application for composing, taking, checking, and grading analysis and design exams, we found that the suggested approach successfully locates the main design problems modeled by the selected design patterns.

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Porcaro, Antonio B., Salvatore Siracusano, Nicolò de Luyk, Paolo Corsi, Marco Sebben, Alessandro Tafuri, Tania Processali, et al. "Clinical factors stratifying the risk of tumor upgrading to high-grade disease in low-risk prostate cancer." Tumori Journal 104, no. 2 (March 2018): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/tj.5000580.

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Purpose: To identify clinical factors stratifying the risk of tumor upgrading to increasing patterns of the tumor grading system in low-risk prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: We evaluated the records of 438 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. Associations between clinical factors and tumor upgrading were assessed by the univariate and multivariate multinomial logistic regression model. Results: Low-risk PCa included 170 cases (38.8%) and tumor upgrading was detected in 111 patients (65.3%): 72 (42.4%) had pathology Gleason pattern (pGP) 3 + 4, 27 (15.9%) pGP 4 + 3, and 12 (7.1%) pGP 4 + 4. Prostate- specific antigen (PSA) and proportion of positive cores (P+) were independent predictors of upgrading to high-risk disease. These factors also stratified the risk of tumor upgrading to the increasing patterns of the tumor grading system. The model allowed the identification of pGP 4 + 4. The main difference between high-risk PCa and other upgraded tumors related to PSA load (odds ratio 2.4) that associated with high volume disease in the specimen. Conclusions: Low-risk PCa is a heterogeneous population with significant rates of tumor upgrading. Significant clinical predictors stratifying the risk of tumor upgrading to increasing patterns of the grading system included PSA and P+. These factors allowed the identification of the subset hiding high-grade disease requiring further investigations before delivering active treatments.

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Gorelik, Natalia, Jaron Chong, and Dana J. Lin. "Pattern Recognition in Musculoskeletal Imaging Using Artificial Intelligence." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 24, no. 01 (January 28, 2020): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400266.

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AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to affect every step of the radiology workflow, but the AI application that has received the most press in recent years is image interpretation, with numerous articles describing how AI can help detect and characterize abnormalities as well as monitor disease response. Many AI-based image interpretation tasks for musculoskeletal (MSK) pathologies have been studied, including the diagnosis of bone tumors, detection of osseous metastases, assessment of bone age, identification of fractures, and detection and grading of osteoarthritis. This article explores the applications of AI for image interpretation of MSK pathologies.

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Guan, Hui, Assaad Semaan, Sudeshna Bandyopadhyay, Haitham Arabi, Jining Feng, Lamia Fathallah, Vaishali Pansare, et al. "Prognosis and Reproducibility of New and Existing Binary Grading Systems for Endometrial Carcinoma Compared to FIGO Grading in Hysterectomy Specimens." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 21, no. 4 (April 2011): 654–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/igc.0b013e31821454f1.

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Background:The current International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) grade in endometrial carcinomas requires the evaluation of histologic features with proven prognostic value but with questionable reproducibility. This study tests the prognostic power and reproducibility of a new binary grading system.Study Design:Specimens from 254 hysterectomies were graded according to the new 3- and 2-tiered FIGO grading systems described by Alkushi et al. The selected morphologic parameters for the new grading system included the presence of predominant solid or papillary architecture pattern, severe nuclear atypia, tumor necrosis, and vascular invasion. The Cox proportional hazards and κ statistics were used for comparisons.Results:On multivariate analysis, and looking at all tumor cell types, the 4 tested grading systems were independent predictors of survival, with the 3-tiered FIGO grading system being the most predictive (P = 0.005). In the subset of endometrioid tumors, the 3- and 2-tiered FIGO grading systems and the new grading system retained their statistical significance as predictors of survival (P = 0.004, P = 0.03, and P = 0.007, respectively), whereas the grading system of Alkushi et al did not (P = 0.1). In nonendometrioid tumors, the new grading system proved to be the best predictor of survival, reaching near statistical significance (P = 0.06). The new grading system had acceptable intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility assessment (κ = 0.87 and κ = 0.45, respectively).Conclusion:The 3-tiered FIGO grading system retained its superior prognostic power. However, available binary grading systems remain an attractive option by being highly reproducible and by eliminating the clinical ambiguity of intermediate grades of disease.

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Paner, Gladell P., Jatin Gandhi, Bonnie Choy, and Mahul B. Amin. "Essential Updates in Grading, Morphotyping, Reporting, and Staging of Prostate Carcinoma for General Surgical Pathologists." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 143, no. 5 (March 13, 2019): 550–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2018-0334-ra.

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Context.— Within this decade, several important updates in prostate cancer have been presented through expert international consensus conferences and influential publications of tumor classification and staging. Objective.— To present key updates in prostate carcinoma. Data Sources.— The study comprised a review of literature and our experience from routine and consultation practices. Conclusions.— Grade groups, a compression of the Gleason system into clinically meaningful groups relevant in this era of active surveillance and multidisciplinary care management for prostate cancer, have been introduced. Refinements in the Gleason patterns notably result in the contemporarily defined Gleason score 6 cancers having a virtually indolent behavior. Grading of tertiary and minor higher-grade patterns in radical prostatectomy has been clarified. A new classification for prostatic neuroendocrine tumors has been promulgated, and intraductal, microcystic, and pleomorphic giant cell carcinomas have been officially recognized. Reporting the percentage of Gleason pattern 4 in Gleason score 7 cancers has been recommended, and data on the enhanced risk for worse prognosis of cribriform pattern are emerging. In reporting biopsies for active surveillance criteria–based protocols, we outline approaches in special situations, including variances in sampling or submission. The 8th American Joint Commission on Cancer TNM staging for prostate cancer has eliminated pT2 subcategorization and stresses the importance of nonanatomic factors in stage groupings and outcome prediction. As the clinical and pathology practices for prostate cancer continue to evolve, it is of utmost importance that surgical pathologists become fully aware of the new changes and challenges that impact their evaluation of prostatic specimens.

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Rasotto, R., V. Zappulli, M. Castagnaro, and M. H. Goldschmidt. "A Retrospective Study of Those Histopathologic Parameters Predictive of Invasion of the Lymphatic System by Canine Mammary Carcinomas." Veterinary Pathology 49, no. 2 (June 13, 2011): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985811409253.

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The aim of the present study was to determine which histopathologic parameters of primary canine mammary carcinomas (CMCs) could predict metastatic spread via the lymphatic system. A modification of the World Health Organization classification was applied to 245 CMCs. In addition to tumor subtype, neoplastic infiltration of the surrounding mammary stroma, vasculogenic mimicry, and micropapillary pattern were evaluated, and 2 histologic grading systems were used for each sample. A statistical analysis was undertaken to determine the relationship between these histopathologic parameters and the detection of lymphatic vessels invasion (LVI) and regional lymph node metastases (RLM). To compare the predictive value for lymphatic spread of the 2 histologic grading systems, the Akaike information criterion was measured. The classification into tumor subtypes was significant ( P < .01) in predicting the risk of LVI and RLM. Peripheral infiltration, vasculogenic mimicry, and micropapillary pattern were found in 170 of 245 (69.4%), 32 of 245 (13.1%), and 54 of 245 (22.0%) CMCs. The presence of peripheral infiltration was significantly associated ( P < .001) with both LVI and RLM, and a similar relation ( P < .05) was found for the micropapillary pattern. Vasculogenic mimicry was not predictive of invasion of the lymphatic system. Both histologic grading systems were significant predictors ( P < .001) of the risk of LVI and RLM. The grading system that included a more rigorous evaluation of the neoplastic mitotic activity had the lower Akaike information criterion values, thus indicating a better predictive ability. The study confirms the significant prognostic role for the modified World Health Organization classification of CMCs and the prognostic value of additional histopathologic parameters.

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Petrone, Gian Luigi, Francesco Pierconti, Maurizio Martini, Tonia Cenci, and Luigi Maria Larocca. "SOCS3 immunohistochemical expression to support the 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) modified Gleason grading system." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 2_suppl (January 10, 2016): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.2_suppl.216.

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216 Background: In the 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference, a modified Gleason grading system for prostate cancer was proposed. (Epstein JI et al. Am J Surg Pathol 2005; 29:1228-1242) Afterwards an interobserver study among experts in genitourinary pathology proposed some modifications and refinements to the 2005 ISUP modified grading system concerning the cribriform pattern carcinoma that it should never be diagnosed as Gleason pattern 3, assigning Gleason pattern 4 to cribriform glands (Latour M et al. Am J Surg Pathol 2008; 32: 1532-1539; Epstein J I Journal of Urology 2010: 183:433-440). Methods: The study population consisted of 80 patients undergoing biopsies at the Institute of Urology of our hospital, between February 2012 and January 2013 stratified into 3 different categories on the basis of histologic pattern: 1) 20 patients with classical and modified Gleason score 3+3 = 6; 2) 30 patients with classical Gleason score 3+3 = 6 upgraded to Gleason score 7 according to the ISUP modified grading system; and 3) 30 patients with classical and modified Gleason score 3+4 = 7. We evaluate the immunohistochemical protein expression of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins 3 (SOCS3) in these three different group of prostatic cancer biopsies. Results: We found that the SOCS3 pattern staining negative (-) or with SOCS3 negative staining with weak intensity staining in less than 50% of neoplastic glands (+/-) increases progressively in concomitance with the rise of Gleason score and SOCS3 positivity (+), correlates with classical or modified Gleason score 6 (P = 0,0004 Fisher’s exact tests) and with classical Gleason score 3+3 = 6 upgraded to Gleason score 7 (P = 0,0010 Fisher’s exact tests). Conclusions: In conclusion our data seem to support from a molecular point of view the modified criteria by 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference as well as the hypothesis that the diagnosis of Gleason cribriform pattern 3 virtually does not exist and cribriform glands-regardless of their size-are nearly always considered pattern 4.

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Saitoh, Y., and F. Masuda. "Spatial Change of Grading Pattern of Subaqueous Flood Deposits In Lake Shinji, Japan." Journal of Sedimentary Research 83, no. 2 (March 6, 2013): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2013.14.

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Saitoh, Y., and F. Masuda. "Spatial Change of Grading Pattern of Subaqueous Flood Deposits In Lake Shinji, Japan." Journal of Sedimentary Research 83, no. 3 (April 9, 2013): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2013.14a.

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S, Thivaharan. "Human Emotional Quotient Grading System using Neural Responsive Pattern for Diagnosing Metabolism Disorders." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 4 (April 30, 2019): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.4093.

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Lubis, H. "Implementation of 2-Inch Grading Technique for Making Blouse Pattern in Modest Business." KnE Social Sciences 3, no. 12 (March 25, 2019): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i12.4121.

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Huang, Haiqiao. "Three Dimensional Pattern Grading Based on Deformable Body Features and 3D Developable Surface." Journal of Fiber Bioengineering and Informatics 4, no. 2 (June 2011): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3993/jfbi06201102.

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Herminghaus, S., W. Möller-Hartmann, J. Wittsack, C. Labisch, T. Dierks, G. Marquardt, H. Lanfermann, and F. E. Zanella. "Grading of Astrocytomas Using Spectral Pattern Recognition Analysis of in Vivo Spectroscopic Data." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 11, no. 2_suppl (November 1998): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19714009980110s225.

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Derlon, J. M., F. Chapon, M. H. Noël, S. Khouri, K. Benali, M. C. Petit-Taboué, J. P. Houtteville, M. H. Chajari, and G. Bouvard. "Non-invasive grading of oligodendrogliomas: correlations between in vivo metabolic pattern and histopathology." European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 27, no. 7 (June 23, 2000): 778–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002590000260.

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Cruz, Maria Carmen Fontoura Nogueira da, Antonio Luiz Amaral Pereira, Fernanda Ferreira Lopes, Cassiano Francisco Weege Nonaka, Raimunda Ribeiro da Silva, Roseana de Almeida Freitas, Lélia Batista de Souza, and Leão Pereira Pinto. "Immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin and CD44v6 in squamous cell carcinomas of the lower lip and tongue." Brazilian Dental Journal 20, no. 1 (2009): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402009000100011.

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This study analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin and CD44v6 in 15 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of lower lip and 15 SCCs of tongue in order to verify a possible association between these proteins and the anatomic location of the lesion, nodal metastasis and histological grading of malignancy. The pattern of expression and number of immunopositive cells were evaluated. The results were analyzed with the Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney test and Spearman's Correlation Coefficient (r). using the SPSS software 10.0 for Windows. Statistical significance was set at 5% determined for a p-value<0.05 for all tests. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the pattern of expression and number of immunopositive cells for E-cadherin and CD44v6, regarding the anatomical location and nodal metastasis. For the histological grading, low score SCCs showed higher immunopositivity for E-cadherin and CD44v6, both for the pattern of expression and number of immunopositive cells (p<0.05). There was a negative correlation between the total score of malignancy and the pattern of expression and number of immunopositive cells for E-cadherin and CD44v6 (p<0.05). In conclusion, SCCs of the lower lip and tongue did not reveal significant differences in the expression of E-cadherin and CD44v6. The expression of these adhesion molecules revealed association only with tumor histological grading of malignancy. Therefore, these results suggest that E-cadherin and CD44v6 may not help elucidating the differences between the biological behavior of SCCs of the lower lip and tongue.

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Brunelli, Matteo, Sara Elena Rebuzzi, Valerio Gaetano Vellone, Gabriele Gaggero, Marta Sbaraglia, Matteo Fassan, Alessandro Tafuri, et al. "Fusion 3D gross sampling method to overcome heterogeneity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and grading angiogenic versus immune signatures." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): e16565-e16565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e16565.

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e16565 Background: Grading tissue signatures in ccRCC is a potential tool to improve patients’ selection for anti-angiogenic drugs and immunotherapies. After the molecular audit to the TCGA public platforms, we aimed to grade angiogenic and immune signatures in ccRCC using a new 3D next-generation gross sampling method to overcome intratumoral heterogeneity. Methods: 100 consecutive advanced ccRCCs (≥pT3a) were sampled. Paraffin-embedded blocks were obtained after mapping the position of each sample to the whole tumor, to allow the reconstruction of the entire 3D tumor mass ( fusion 3D). Multisite tumor sampling was performed to analyze the whole tumor. TCGA platforms were assessed for angiogenic and immune molecular signatures: CD31 and CD34 to evaluate the absolute count and density of vessels, while E1L3N and sp263 clones for PD-L1 expression in tumor cells (TCs). The digital analysis was performed with image processing: comparing each tissue block to whole 3D assessment, the coefficient of variation (CV) was the statistical measure of the dispersion of data points in the data series around the mean. CV < 0.2 defined the homogeneity of the assessment. Results: 656 gross photographs representative of the 3D tumoral masses were collected and 4231 paraffin blocks and tissue sections were stored. Matching gross photographs with tissue samples was performed. 6324 tissue cores were evaluated after combining standard routine sampling plus the 3D multisite sampling and tissue microarray cores. Only 18% of cores displayed homogeneous profile of angiogenesis (CV < 0.2) with two distinct patterns: homogeneous high level of angiogenesis (pattern A) (10% of cases) or homogeneous low level of angiogenesis (pattern B) (8% of cases). The heterogeneous profile of angiogenesis was more frequent than the homogeneous one and was characterized by zones with high and low density of angiogenesis (82% of cases) (pattern C). On the other hand, the homogeneity of PD-L1 expression was more frequently observed both as diffuse absence ( < 1% of TCs, grade 0) or high expression (≥50% of TCs, grade 2) compared to low PD-L1 expression (1-49% of TCs, grade 1) (60% plus 7% versus 33% of cases, respectively). After the comparison of grading angiogenic versus immune signatures, we observed that cases with low PD-L1 expression (grade 0/1) usually expressed high density of angiogenesis (pattern A). Conclusions: Grading angiogenic (pattern A, B and C) versus immune (grade 0, 1 and 2) signatures in ccRCCs can be performed using commonly available tissue vascular (CD31 or CD34) and immune (PD-L1) antibodies. We promoted a simple assay to perform fusion 3D gross sampling to reduce at minimum the bias of heterogeneity in RCCs analyses. Both angiogenic versus immune signature by using the grading systems may help treatment decision-making and response assessment in ccRCC patients.

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Spetzler, Robert F., and Neil A. Martin. "A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations." Journal of Neurosurgery 65, no. 4 (October 1986): 476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1986.65.4.0476.

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✓ An important factor in making a recommendation for treatment of a patient with arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is to estimate the risk of surgery for that patient. A simple, broadly applicable grading system that is designed to predict the risk of morbidity and mortality attending the operative treatment of specific AVM's is proposed. The lesion is graded on the basis of size, pattern of venous drainage, and neurological eloquence of adjacent brain. All AVM's fall into one of six grades. Grade I malformations are small, superficial, and located in non-eloquent cortex; Grade V lesions are large, deep, and situated in neurologically critical areas; and Grade VI lesions are essentially inoperable AVM's. Retrospective application of this grading scheme to a series of surgically excised AVM's has demonstrated its correlation with the incidence of postoperative neurological complications. The application of a standardized grading scheme will enable a comparison of results between various clinical series and between different treatment techniques, and will assist in the process of management decision-making.

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Spetzler, Robert F., and Neil A. Martin. "A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations." Journal of Neurosurgery 108, no. 1 (January 2008): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns/2008/108/01/0186.

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✓ An important factor in making a recommendation for treatment of a patient with arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is to estimate the risk of surgery for that patient. A simple, broadly applicable grading system that is designed to predict the risk of morbidity and mortality attending the operative treatment of specific AVM's is proposed. The lesion is graded on the basis of size, pattern of venous drainage, and neurological eloquence of adjacent brain. All AVM's fall into one of six grades. Grade I malformations are small, superficial, and located in non-eloquent cortex; Grade V lesions are large, deep, and situated in neurologically critical areas; and Grade VI lesions are essentially inoperable AVM's. Retrospective application of this grading scheme to a series of surgically excised AVM's has demonstrated its correlation with the incidence of postoperative neurological complications. The application of a standardized grading scheme will enable a comparison of results between various clinical series and between different treatment techniques, and will assist in the process of management decision-making.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pattern grading'

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