Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Paul Hermeneutik Philosophie'

The problem that this thesis seeks to address is the hermeneutic tension between practical reason and technology. According to hermeneutics, the types of knowledge associated with practical understanding incorporate questions of the self and lived experience. In contrast, the types of knowledge and capability associated with modern technology are independent of questions of self-understanding. Technical approaches to practical dilemmas produce generalizable, detachable solutions, thereby disavowing the central role of hermeneutic appropriation in the process of understanding meaning. If a technology works in the same way across different contexts and applications, the notion of an interpreting, appropriating self seems superfluous to the question of technology. However, following an analysis of Paul Ricoeur’s distinctive understandings of hermeneutic distanciation, appropriation, and technique, I argue that technologies can become objects of hermeneutic engagement once we recognize their variable and uncertain nature at the practical level. Using Ricoeur’s conception of the productive circle between distanciation and belonging, the alienating distances associated with technologies can be re-read as moments of distanciation, i.e., as reflective outcomes of practical engagements that, in turn, project new possibilities for action an understanding. This means that our practical self-understanding is as bound to techniques and technologies as it is to more conventional hermeneutic objects like a text, narrative or artwork. For Ricoeur, hermeneutic techniques are meaningful because they reveal possibilities for action that would otherwise remain concealed. Likewise, subjects engaging with technologies develop unanticipated applications and functions at the practical level through appropriating technologies in novel, creative ways. In this way, practical self-understanding and technologies depend on one another for development. This mutual, interpretive interaction reveals a hermeneutic circle between the practical self and the technical devices and artefacts that mediate self-understanding at a distance.

This thesis has attempted to examine Paul Riceoeur's work as a whole. Its aim has been to enquire whether the dialectics of difference and identity played any essential part in his hermeneutic phenomenology. The introduction gave an overall view of Ricoeur's writings situated within the contemporary landscape of French philosophy. Part I set out to study Ricoeur's abstract phenomenology. The results obtained showed : 1. That Ricoeur's philosophical background, especially Husserl's phenomenology and Marcel's existentialism, had a deep influence on him; 2. That his structural phenomenology of the will, developed from an imaginative combination of Husserl's epistemological method and Marcel's ontological vision, to constitute a framework towards the understanding of human nature; 3.That 'man's non-coincidence with himseIf' brought an existential distance within structural unity,thus leading to an abstract reflection upon the structures of human reality, and to the disclosure of a 'fault'. Part II enquired into the emergence of Ricoeur's hermeneutics, a turning point towards concrete phenomenology. This study demonstrated:1. That the 'same' of meaning could be reached only indirectly through the 'other' of signs, of symbols and myths calling for interpretation; 2. That such an 'other' had to be critically deciphered if it was to disclose the 'same' of consciousness; 3. That the structure of symbols, understood in terms of archaeology and teleology, explained the conflict of interpretations which, in turn, and when arbitrated, revealed a 'same'.Part III studied Ricoeur's concrete phenomenology of language and narrative. This discussion showed:1. That the hermeneutic circle of explanation and understanding was itself a dialectics of difference and identity, at the level of text and semantic innovation; 2. That identity could only be a narrated identity since man finds himself via the mediation of stories and histories. Thus, the conclusion must be drawn that the dialectics of difference and identity is the touchstone beneath Ricoeur's hermeneutic phenomenology.

Le projet philosophique de Ricoeur peut être défini comme celui d’une anthropologie philosophique. Dans ce cadre, un rôle central est accordé à l’imagination à partir des ressources de la phénoménologie, de l’herméneutique, et de la philosophie réflexive. La question de l’image demeure pourtant assez mal connue et a été peu explorée ; elle serait même dévalorisée dès lors qu’elle est ramenée au cadre d’une imagination reproductrice, par opposition à l’imagination vive de l’anthropologie ricoeurienne, et en raison de l’insistance sur le rapport langagier au sens. Or, plutôt qu’une opposition entre le plan de l’image et celui du sens, c’est bien une articulation de ces deux plans qui doit être considérée. La question du symbolisme ouverte par Ricoeur depuis sa Philosophie de la volonté sert de point de départ à notre investigation. De cette première herméneutique jusqu’à La mémoire, l’histoire, l’oubli, en passant par De l’interprétation. Essai sur Freud, La Métaphore vive, et Temps et récit, on peut également dire que l’image donne à penser. La question du symbolisme ne peut toutefois être séparée de celle de l’imagination. Il est ainsi nécessaire de relier deux cheminements de la philosophie ricoeurienne à partir de la question du symbolisme, l’un qui s’oriente dans la voie d’une herméneutique – le parcours jusqu’au positionnement fixé par Du texte à l’action –, l’autre qui relie le projet d’une anthropologie philosophique aux champs de l’art et de l’esthétique. Dès lors, notre recherche s’organise autour de quatre parties. Une première partie se concentre sur l’articulation entre la philosophie ricoeurienne de l’imagination et l’esthétique philosophique en abordant la perspective herméneutique comme la condition d’effectivité de cette articulation. Prolongeant cette orientation herméneutique, une deuxième partie cherche à établir un lien entre la conception ricoeurienne d’une herméneutique critique et la question de l’image. Parallèlement au cadre d’une herméneutique critique, une troisième partie s’attache à définir l’imagination comme le lieu d’une médiation entre le plan de l’art et celui de l’expérience en revenant sur la lecture ricoeurienne de la philosophie analytique et plus spécifiquement de la philosophie analytique de l’art. Prenant appui sur les précédentes parties, une quatrième partie considère finalement le champ du cinéma, en articulant des plans ontologique, narratif, et social à une herméneutique philosophique
Ricoeur’s philosophical project can be broadly termed as a philosophical anthropology. Within this context, a main role is given to the issue of imagination through the resources of phenomenology, hermeneutics, and reflexive philosophy. The issue of picture, however, remains quite unknown and has not been much questioned; it might even be undermined by being reduced to the context of reproductive imagination as opposed to that of productive imagination within Ricoeur’s anthropology, and due to the emphasis on the linguistic relationship to sense or meaning. Yet, instead of opposing the plane of picture to the plane of sense or meaning, an articulated connection between those two planes should be sought. The issue of symbolism opened by Ricoeur in his Philosophie de la volonté provides the starting point for our investigation. From that early hermeneutics on to La mémoire, l’histoire, l’oubli, via De l’interprétation. Essai sur Freud, La Métaphore vive, and Temps et récit, one could also consider that picture makes us think. But the issue of symbolism cannot be distinguished from that of imagination. One also has to link two paths of Ricoeur’s philosophy through the issue of symbolism, one that is orientated in the path of hermeneutics – the progression to the standpoint set by Du texte à l’action –, another that links the project of a philosophical anthropology to the fields of art and aesthetics. The research is thus structured around four parts. A first part is focused on the articulated connection between Ricoeur’s philosophy of imagination and philosophical aesthetics by addressing the hermeneutical prospect as the condition for the effectiveness of this connection. Extending this hermeneutical stance, a second part seeks to establish a bond between Ricoeur’s notion of a critical hermeneutics and the issue of picture. A third part, concurrent with the context of a critical hermeneutics, aims to consider imagination as mediating the plane of art and the plane of experience by referring to Ricoeur’s reading of analytic philosophy and, more specifically, analytic philosophy of art. Relying on the previous parts, a fourth part finally addresses the field of film, articulating ontological, narrative, and social layers to a philosophical hermeneutics

The practice of contemplative silence, in its manifestation as a mode of capable being, is a self-consciously spiritual and ethical activity that aims at a transformation of reflexive consciousness. I assert that contemplative silence manifests a mode of capable being in which we have an awareness of the awareness of the awareness of being with being whereby we can constitute and create a shared world of meaning(s) through poetically presencing our being as being with others. The doubling and tripling of the term "awareness" refers to five contextual levels of awareness, which are analyzed, including immediate self-awareness, immediate objective awareness, reflective awareness, reflexive awareness, and contemplative awareness. The analysis culminates with the claim that contemplative silence manifests a mode of capable being, one which creates the conditions of the possibility for contemplative awareness. A hermeneutics of contemplative silence manifests a deeper level of awareness--contemplative awareness--as a poetics of presencing our human solidarity. Contemplative awareness includes both an experience and an understanding of the proper ordering of our relational realities. My claim is that contemplative awareness can and should accompany the practice of contemplative silence in order to appropriate the meaning of a silence embodied in the here and now, through the hermeneutical endeavor. Contemplative awareness elicits movement in thinking, and involves the ongoing exercise of rethinking our relational realities in and for the world. I join three moments in the hermeneutical process--description, explanation, and interpretation--with the three moments in the traditional religious journey to spiritual and ethical maturity--the purgative, the illuminative, and the unitive. I present a conceptual framework that opens to hermeneutics, and a way to think about ongoing appropriation of a mode of capable being as growth in the human capacity to make and carry meaning. The threefold way, as it is interpreted in this study, is a heuristic model of the invariant elements of the tradition of contemplative silence. There is reflexivity to the structure, because a study of the practice is an exemplification of the practice, which produces the very practice that it is talking about.

In 'Oneself as another' Paul Ricoeur considers the nature of selfhood concluding that it can only be understood as polyvalent. He uses narrative identity to show that because selves both “act and suffer” human identity is intimately tied with encounter with the Other. The ethical dimension is explored in a mediation between Aristotelian teleological ethics and Kantian deontological morality, resulting in phronēsis or practical wisdom. The book ends with a number of aporias, including the problem of identifying the internal voice, heard in the conscience – the voice of attestation. In a related paper, which provided the impetus for this thesis - “The self in the mirror of the Scriptures” - Ricoeur considers the issues of identity from a religious perspective. The thesis critically reviews the development of Ricoeur’s thought, moving from philosophy through hermeneutics to ethics, and its implications for theology, moving from questions of the will, to biblical hermeneutics and Christian ethics. It questions the concept of narrative identity and is particularly concerned with the place of the incompetent narrator in community. It concludes that we must take seriously Ricoeur’s insistence that biblical faith adds nothing to the consideration of what is good or obligatory, but belongs to an economy of the gift in which love is tied to the naming of God. However, to consider what this might mean in pastoral and ethical terms for those who understand themselves as summoned selves, and seek to find their image in the mirror of scripture, the thesis concludes with extended exercise in biblical hermeneutics, drawing on Ricoeur’s consideration of genre as a poetic mode. The thesis suggests that the comic parables help us to hope for more than we experience in our frailty, while the tragic parables illuminate our incapacity and enable us to forgive others their failure.

This thesis engages with the later writings of Paul Ricoeur in order to understand his philosophy as a whole. A reconstruction of Ricoeur’s hermeneutics of ethical life presents his significant contribution to contemporary philosophy of religion. This hermeneutics aims to elucidate a moral religion that binds humans together universally on the basis of the life they share as capable beings. To facilitate this hermeneutics, I will demonstrate that a selective reading of Ricoeur’s philosophy brings to light the pivotal role of his ‘little ethics’ in bridging his later and earlier works. The capable human (l’homme capable) in the later Ricoeur must be understood in relation to both the ‘little ethics’ and an architectonic of moral religion. Elucidating the aim (telos) of ethical life and the norm (‘moral law’) of moral religion from the ‘little ethics’ points to the significant roles of Aristotle and Kant in Ricoeur’s architectonic. Ricoeur himself defines ‘architectonic’ in Kantian terms as a critical framework, while appropriating Spinoza’s metaphysical conception of a rational striving (conatus) for life in its fullness. Core concepts taken from Spinoza, Aristotle and Kant are implicit in the present reconstruction of Ricoeur’s hermeneutics. Three dimensions of ethical life emerge in Spinoza’s metaphysics, Aristotle’s anthropology, and Kant’s moral philosophy, giving us Ricoeur’s architectonic. For Ricoeur, the ethical aim is grounded on a metaphysics of human capability, and the demanding nature of ‘the law’ renders religion moral. This religion assumes that the good life is the goal of human striving. But crucially, the thesis will uncover ‘the arrow of the religious’ (la flèche du religieux) as it motivates the capable subject to embrace life with and for others in just institutions. In conclusion, life is revealed as the heart of Ricoeur’s moral religion.

Penser l’être humain comme un être libre : tel est le souci constant de la réflexion de Paul Ricœur. Au niveau anthropologique, le philosophe cherche à remettre la liberté en lien avec la condition concrète de l’homme, où la nature, le corps, autrui et la société sont en jeu. Ce n’est qu’en reconnaissant une telle condition que la liberté devient réelle, affirmative et puissante. Au niveau ontologique, c’est la liberté humaine qui offre un accès privilégié à la compréhension de l’être en général. Après avoir écarté la notion de l’être comme objectivité, la liberté le dévoile comme un acte affirmatif. Au niveau méthodologique, le développement d’une herméneutique phénoménologique constitue un élément essentiel de l’ontologie de la liberté, dans la mesure où la pensée est elle-même toujours impliquée dans cette interrogation ontologique. C’est par un tel « engagement » que la pensée atteste l’être de la liberté, surtout face à l’énigme du mal
One of the persistent concerns of Paul Ricœur’s philosophy is to reflect upon the human being as being free. At the anthropological level, Ricœur always considers freedom within concrete human condition, in which nature, body, others and society are all involved. One’s freedom becomes real, affirming and powerful only when such condition is recognized. At the ontological level, it is only as a free being that one has the privileged access to the understanding of being in general. Human as free being reveals that being should not be understood as objectivity, but as an affirming act. Finally, at the methodological level, Ricœur’s elaboration of phenomenological hermeneutics constitutes an essential element of his ontology of freedom. From his methodological development, it can be seen that the thinking philosopher himself, as a free being, is also engaged in his inquiry. In this regard, Ricœur’s philosophy as such becomes an attestation of free being, especially in his confrontation with the enigma of evil

Nous identifions la contribution de l’anthropologie phénoménologique de Ricœur à la philosophie sociale, sous la double perspective de l’imagination et de l’émancipation, afin de répondre aux défis du temps de la crise du sens, crise qui se manifeste comme une perte des fondements. Au regard des analyses de Ricœur sur l’imagination, dont nombre d’entre elles restent encore non publiées, nous pensons comme suit : la phénoménologie de la fiction de Paul Ricœur contribue à penser l’expérience du sujet comme le fondement de l’imaginaire social du point de vue constitutif. De cette manière, nous comprenons l’anthropologie phénoménologique de Ricœur en tant orientée vers un projet d’émancipation.Notre conviction est que cette philosophie ricœurienne développée spécifiquement dans les années 70’s peut répondre aux problèmes que la crise du sens impose, d’abord à la tâche de fondation de la philosophie et, ensuite, au monde social. Ce n’est pas hasardeux que Ricœur ait consacré dans cette époque un cycle de conférences à l’imaginaire sociale, publiés sous le célèbre titre de Lectures on Ideology and Utopia, en même temps que ses Lectures on Imagination. Celles-ci qui restent inédites développent sa phénoménologie de la fiction en tant que philosophie générale qui propose une ontologie du possible.Notre thèse est que cette ontologie permettrait de donner des fondements au social d’un caractère entièrement sui generis, différents de ceux de la philosophie politique. Cette dernière est notamment accusée, par la philosophie sociale, de ne pas rendre assez compte de la dimension constitutive ou ontologique du monde social, dans lequel il existe des enjeux plus profonds que ceux relevés par la critique de la domination envisagée par la philosophie politique
We identify the contribution of Ricoeur's phenomenological anthropology to social philosophy, from the dual perspective of imagination and emancipation, in order to respond to the challenges of the time of the crisis of meaning, a crisis that manifests itself as a loss of foundations. With regard to Ricoeur's analyses of imagination, many of which are still unpublished, we think as follows: the Paul Ricoeur's phenomenology of fiction contributes to think the subject's experience as the foundation of the social imagination from a constitutive point of view. In this way, we understand Ricoeur's phenomenological anthropology as oriented towards an emancipation project.We are convinced that this Ricoeurian philosophy, developed specifically in the 1970s, can respond to the problems that the crisis of meaning imposes, first on the task of founding philosophy and then on the social world. It is no coincidence that Ricoeur devoted a series of lectures at that time to the social imagination, published under the famous title of Lectures on Ideology and Utopia, at the same time as his Lectures on Imagination. These that remain unpublished develop its phenomenology of fiction as a general philosophy that proposes an ontology of the possible.Our thesis is that this ontology would make it possible to give foundations to the social of an entirely sui generis character, different from those of political philosophy. The latter is accused, in particular, by social philosophy, of not sufficiently reflecting the constitutive or ontological dimension of the social world, in which there are more profound issues than those raised by the criticism of the domination envisaged by political philosophy

This thesis is an examination of transformative effects of literature on environmental identity. The work begins by examining and expanding the Deep Ecology concept of identification-with-nature. The potential problems with identification through direct encounters are used to argue for the relevance of the possibility of identification-through-literature. Identification-through-literature is then argued for using the hermeneutic and narrative theories of Hans-Georg Gadamer and Paul Ricoeur, as well as various examples of nature writing and fiction.

This essay tries to investigate the possibility to reconstruct the concept of mimesis in Martin Heidegger’s hermeneutical phenomenology in Sein und Zeit. Paul Ricoeur’s interpretation of the concept of mimesis in Aristotle’s Poetics, develops a new temporal understanding of the mimetic activity, which Ricoeur in his work Time and Narrative, claims to have the possibility to overcome the aporias in the phenomenology of time. With this criticism as the background context for the present study, seeks this essay to pick up Ricoeur’s new conception of mimesis, and use that in a comparative philosophical reflection on the basic concepts in Heidegger’s Sein und Zeit. The main thesis in this essay is that Ricoeur’s concept of mimesis can be rethought and reconstructed as a possibility within Heidegger’s thinking.

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This thesis addresses the relationship between Eric Weil and Paul Ricoeur. Despite being their styles fully different, at the treatment of philosophical questions, their perspectives converge in what we advocate here under the statute's project of philosophy - whether for a Logic of Philosophy (Weil), whether in a philosophical hermeneutics (Ricoeur). Weil and Ricoeur opt for this sense in any discourse, even in attempts to eliminate the sense, by attestation of indecision in view of the conflict of interpretations and / or of the impossibility of reducing violence to the speech. Neither the philosophy's logician, nor the hermeneut, it makes any concession to the easy reading of the multiplicity of discourses, trying to suppress them at a totalizing mediation. Nor they give in in to the powerful devastating criticism of the possibility of universalization that by supporting the radical polarization between every speech, consolidates fragmentation and permanent insuperability the deadlock environment. The resource that both throw hand is the resumption: concept able to operate a guidance through the discursive disparities in confrontation, respecting them the difference, while that rises beyond all fragmentation and incommunicability. Accepting the challenge of thinking about continuity, in spite of the ruptures in the history and discourse, they seek lead to reflection at the level of universal understanding by the possibility of coherent directioning, that is, judicious. In this sense, the thesis argues that the taking of Ricoeur's position is not only in favor of the weiliano philosophical project – synthesized in the Kantian formula post-Hegelian –, It is also the effective reappropriation of this active project, now, no longer by the chain of discursive typologies, but through the philosophical singularities
Essa tese aborda a relação entre Éric Weil e Paul Ricoeur. Malgrado estilos inteiramente distintos no tratamento das questões filosóficas, suas perspectivas convergem para o que aqui advogamos sob o estatuto do projeto da filosofia – seja por uma Lógica da Filosofia (Weil), seja numa hermenêutica filosófica (Ricoeur). Weil e Ricoeur optam pelo sentido presente em todo discurso, mesmo no que procura eliminar o sentido pela atestação da indecisão diante do conflito das interpretações e/ou da impossibilidade da redução da violência ao discurso. Nem o lógico da filosofia nem o hermeneuta fazem qualquer concessão à fácil leitura da multiplicidade dos discursos tentando suprimi-los numa mediação totalizadora. Tampouco cedem para a poderosa crítica demolidora da possibilidade de universalização que, ao sustentar a polarização radical entre todos os discursos, consolida a fragmentação e o permanente ambiente de insuperabilidade do impasse. O recurso que ambos lançam mão é a retomada: conceito capaz de operar uma orientação através das disparidades discursivas em confronto, respeitando-lhes a diferença, ao mesmo tempo em que as eleva além de toda fragmentação e incomunicabilidade. Aceitando o desafio de pensar a continuidade a despeito das rupturas, na história e no discurso, buscam conduzir a reflexão ao nível da compreensão universal pela possibilidade do direcionamento coerente, isto é, sensato. Nesse sentido, a tese defende que a tomada de posição de Ricoeur não é apenas em favor do projeto filosófico weiliano – sintetizado na fórmula kantiano pós-hegeliano –, é também a reapropriação efetiva desse projeto atuante, agora, não mais pelo encadeamento das tipologias discursivas, mas através das singularidades filosóficas

This thesis traces the ‘New Moment’ in Pauline reception in the writings of Alain Badiou, Terry Eagleton and Slavoj Žižek. It explores how the Pauline epistles are read and feature in their thought. An answer to the question, 'why Paul?' prompts reflection on what it is to read and understand the Apostle. An introduction sets out the writers of this ‘New Moment’ [Jacob Taubes, Giorgio Agamben, Stanislas Breton, as well as Badiou, Eagleton and Žižek] before isolating the figures of this study. The reception of this ‘moment’ by mainstream New Testament studies is considered, and with it the charge of ‘appropriation’. The concept of ‘appropriation’ is explored, and a definition arrived at, for the purpose of evaluating the readings we will go on to discover. As part of this notion of ‘appropriation’, the turn to Gadamer in recent New Testament study is surveyed. We suggest another potential hermeneutical approach that derives from Gadamer is possible. Thus, the object of this study is both an instance of, and means by which to critique the understanding of, New Testament Wirkungsgeschichte. Each of our thinkers is then considered in turn. The outline for each chapter is the same. A brief introduction to the figure with bibliographical background salient to his Pauline reading precedes some textual examples indicative of that reading. We then move to analyse the manner of that reading and certain conceptual problems which are revealed in the course of the engagement with Paul. The conclusion analyses the approaches, and reasons for turning, to Paul on the part of these thinkers. Salient differences between each thinker's reading are noted and the charge of appropriation is evaluated afresh. The implications of such readings for conventional biblical criticism are considered, and the success of an approach which explores a Gadamerean-inspired interest in reception in the manner adopted by this thesis is judged.

À notre connaissance, Ricoeur et Gadamer n'ont peut-être jamais véritablement débattu sur leur conception respective de la nature et de la tâche herméneutiques. Il semble que ce débat soit souhaitable, voire urgent. Si Ricoeur a toujours témoigné un grand intérêt pour l'herméneutique philosophique de celui qu'il appelait « mon maître » et dont il discutait les thèses, il est frappant de constater que Gadamer ne s'est contenté que de très vagues allusions aux enjeux herméneutiques de l'oeuvre du philosophe français. Il nous revient aujourd'hui de circonscrire le cadre de ce dialogue et d'en déterminer les conditions de possibilité. Il n'est pas sûr, comme le soutiennent de nombreuses études, qu'il faille reconduire l'enjeu de ce débat au ressort supposé fondamental : d'une part, l'opposition entre l'exigence des méthodes et des règles d'interprétation, seules susceptibles de garantir la scientificité de l'acte d'interprétation ; et, d'autre part, la revendication d'une visée originellement ontologique du phénomène de la compréhension, incapable par essence d'échapper, sans aucune possibilité de se défendre, à l'accusation de l'arbitraire subjectif. C'est pourquoi, se tenant à distance de ces présuppositions - quelque motivé qu'elles soient -, la présente thèse suggère plutôt que la possibilité du dialogue entre Ricoeur et Gadamer est fonction de la capacité à parcourir préalablement, et avec une grande patience, le long détour qu'emprunte l'un et l'autre herméneute : il n'y a de dia-logue que si ce dont il est question est médiatisé par la « chose même » qui, nous le croyons, est irréductible à l'opposition entre « méthode » et « non-méthode ». Car, la « chose même », c'est le sens en tant qu'horizon vers lequel s'achemine tout procès d'interprétation ou de compréhension. En ce sens, nous soutenons que la notion gadamérienne de l'expérience herméneutique trouve son meilleur allié dans la catégorie ricoeurienne de l'appropriation du monde que le texte déploie et découvre au lecteur. Chez l'un comme chez l'autre, l'enjeu fondamental est la quête de compréhension de soi du « sujet », c'est-à-dire, élargissement et accroissement de son horizon de sens mais dont le rapport à l'histoire demeure somme toute problématique. C'est que, d'un côté, la compréhension de soi n'est pas affranchissement à l'égard de cette part brumeuse de l'histoire qui nous constitue ; de l'autre côté, elle ne peut se dire que dans les limites et à l'intérieur de l'historicité constitutive de notre horizon langagier
To our knowledge, Ricoeur and Gadamer may have never really discussed in their respective understanding of the nature and the hermeneutical task. It seems that this debate is desirable, even urgent. If Ricoeur has always shown great interest in the philosophical hermeneutics of the man he called "my master" and that he discussed the thesis, it is striking that Gadamer contents itself with vague allusions to hermeneutic stakes of the work of the French philosopher. It is our today's responsibility to define the framework of this dialogue and to determine the conditions of possibility. It is not clear, as argued by many studies, we should renew the challenge of this supposed spring fundamental debate: on the one hand, the conflict between the requirement of the methods and rules of interpretation only likely to ensure the scientific nature of the act of interpretation, and, on the other hand, the demand of an ontological aim originally referred to the phenomenon of understanding, in essence unable to escape without any opportunity to defend himself, the charge of subjective arbitrariness. Therefore, standing away from these assumptions - they are some reasons - this thesis suggests rather that the possibility of dialogue between Gadamer and Ricoeur is based on the ability to go before, and with great patience, along the detour borrowed by both hermeneutist: there is the dia-logue if, and only if, what it referred to is mediated by the "thing itself " which, we believe, is irreducible to the opposition between "method" and " non- method". Because the "thing itself» is defined as the Horizon towards which moves any interpretation or understanding trial. In this sense, we argue that Gadamer's notion of hermeneutic experience is his best ally in the Ricoeur's category of the appropriation of the world that the text unfolds and the reader discovers. In one as in the other, the fundamental issue is the quest for self-understanding of the "subject" that is to say, enlargement and increasing its horizon of meaning but whose relationship to history any way remains problematic. It's that on the one hand, self-understanding is not freedom from the foggy part of the story that makes us; on the other hand, it can be said only within the limit and within the constitutive historicity of our linguistic horizon

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This thesis has as its goal to study the problem of evil through literature with the aid of the literary philosophical hermeneutics. In order to develop this theme, in first place, we seek to localize this study within the religion studies. We propose that hermeneutics can be a mediator among philosophy, theology, religion studies, and their respective approaches to religion. Next, we present exemplary how the discussions of philosophy, theology, and religion studies occur inside literature. We show also, briefly, how the problem of evil is placed as a theme of interest for philosophy and theology. At the end of this part, we present C. S. Lewis, the author whose work Out of the Silent Planet is the object of our study, and we expose the methodology of this thesis. In the second chapter, we discuss panoramically the problem of evil in philosophy and theology. Then, we present a panel with the major studies that examine the interface between the problem of evil and the works of C. S. Lewis. At the end of the chapter, we list the main categories/aspects of the problem of evil which are articulated in the apologetic approach of Lewis in The Problem of Pain, and that echoes in the fictional narrative of our object of study. The main categories/aspects of the problem of evil, which relate to the first volume of the Space Trilogy are: divine omnipotence, the fall of man, the human pain and the animal pain. In order to study the problem of evil in the literature, we seek in the literary philosophical hermeneutics of Paul Ricoeur a model of analysis. We abstract from the work Time and Narrative the Ricoeurian triple mímesis as an itinerary for the study of Out of the Silent Planet. At last, we apply the resulting model to the analysis of the first volume of the C. S. Lewis’s Space Trilogy. In mímesis I, we study the fiction environment and the characters of the story. In mímesis II, we locate the chapter in the work where the narrative can be seen as a whole. Then, we describe how the categories/aspects of the problem of evil are articulated in this part of Out of the Silent Planet, we verify how the narrative shares elements of the literature body of the time in which it was produced, and how it breaks from this tradition. In mímesis III, we approach the values and the ethical practical implications that can be verified in the reading of the book. C. S. Lewis proposes in his narrative a theodicy from a theist Christian standpoint, using fiction to transmit his way of understanding the problem of evil and its implications.
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo estudar o problema do mal através da literatura com o auxílio da hermenêutica filosófica literária. Para desenvolver esse tema, em primeiro lugar, buscamos localizar este estudo dentro das ciências das religiões. Propomos que a hermenêutica pode ser uma mediadora entre filosofia, teologia, ciências das religiões e suas respectivas abordagens à religião. Depois, apresentamos exemplarmente como as discussões da filosofia, da teologia e das ciências das religiões ocorrem dentro da literatura. Mostramos também, brevemente, como o problema do mal se coloca como tema de interesse para a filosofia e para a teologia. No final da primeira parte, introduzimos C. S. Lewis, o autor cuja a obra Além do planeta silencioso é o objeto do nosso estudo e expomos a metodologia dessa dissertação. No segundo capítulo, discutimos panoramicamente o problema do mal na filosofia e na teologia. Em seguida, apresentamos um painel com os principais estudos que examinam a interface entre o problema do mal e as obras de C. S. Lewis. Ao final do capítulo, elencamos as principais categorias/aspectos do problema do mal que são articuladas na abordagem apologética de Lewis em O problema do sofrimento e que ecoam na narrativa ficcional do nosso objeto de estudo. As principais categorias/aspectos do problema do mal que se relacionam com o primeiro volume da Trilogia cósmica são: a onipotência divina, a queda do homem, o sofrimento humano e o sofrimento animal. Para estudar o problema do mal na literatura, buscamos na hermenêutica filosófica literária de Paul Ricoeur um modelo de análise. Abstraímos da obra Tempo e narrativa a tríplice mimese ricoeuriana como roteiro para o estudo de Além do planeta silencioso. Por fim, aplicamos o modelo resultante à análise do primeiro volume da Trilogia cósmica de C. S. Lewis. Em mímesis I, estudamos a ambientação da ficção e os personagens da história. Em mímesis II, localizamos o capítulo da obra onde a narrativa pode ser vista como um todo. Então, descrevemos como as categorias/aspectos do problema do mal são articuladas nessa parte de Além do planeta silencioso, verificamos como a narrativa compartilha elementos do corpo literário da época em que foi produzida e como ela rompe com essa tradição. Em mímesis III, abordamos os valores e as implicações éticas práticas que podem ser verificadas na leitura do livro. C. S. Lewis propõe em sua narrativa uma teodiceia desde um ponto de vista teísta cristão, utilizando-se da ficção para transmitir sua maneira de entender o problema do mal e suas implicações.

Bien que tout un chacun use du droit au quotidien, nul ne semble parvenir à s'accorder sur la juridicité. Pour approcher celle-ci, la phénoménologie-herméneutique, à la manière dont elle fut pratiquée par Ricoeur, offre de précieux jalons. D'abord, elle invite à entrer en dialogue avec les théories positivistes, afin de mieux expliquer la structure du droit, ses objets (les normes, les institutions), et son ordonnancement. Cependant, le positivisme est incapable d'expliquer ce qui fonde ou autorise une telle structure (I). Ensuite, la juridicité peut être approchée à travers ses modalités linguistiques et herméneutiques. Le droit se manifeste comme la formulation de significations sociales prioritaires qui, pour être appliquées, doivent être en permanence amendées et enrichies. L'herméneutique juridique se comprend comme la dialectique entre l'invention de la solution la plus juste et son acceptabilité par rattachement au droit existant. Toutefois, si la raison judiciaire est mieux comprise, il reste que ce n'est pas cette dernière seule qui valide l'existence d'un énoncé normatif, mais le dispositif conventionnel d'habilitation à dire le droit. Alors que le normativisme aboutissait à un primat de la loi, l'herméneutique judiciaire aboutit à un primat du juge. Or l'un présuppose l'autre et vice-versa (II). Enfin, l'herméneutique philosophique de Ricoeur permet de reconduire la juridicité aux paradoxes du politique et de l'éthique. Au regard du paradoxe politique, le droit s'entend du moyen pour une communauté historique de se doter de la capacité de décider et se trouve autorisé de rendre durable le concert d'action qui fonde ladite communauté. Au regard de la justice, le droit se comprend comme l'exception que le tiers peut opposer à la sollicitude illimitée due au prochain. Par suite, la raison de la validité instituée des énoncés juridiques tiendrait au tragique de l'action, de sorte qu'elle peut se comprendre comme une présomption de validité morale et politique (III)
Although everyone uses law in their daily life, no one seems to agree on juridicity. To approach juridicity, hermeneutic phenomenology, as practiced by Ricoeur, provides valuable milestones. On the one hand, hermeneutic phenomenology allows a dialogue with the positivist theories with the purpose of better explaining the structure of law, its objects (norms, institutions) and sequencing, though positivism remains incapable of explaining what establishes or authorizes such a structure (I). On the other, juridicity can be approached through its linguistic and hermeneutical modalities. In fact, law is the formulation of priority social meanings which, to be applied must be constantly amended and enriched. Legal hermeneutics is therefore understood as the dialectics between the invention of the fairest solution and its acceptability as per the existing law. However, if the legal reason is better understood, it cannot, on its own, validate the existence of a normative statement. To do that, it also requires the conventional device which enables to say what is law. Thus, whereas normativism leads to a primacy of law, legal hermeneutics lead to the primacy of the judge though the former presupposes the latter and vice versa (II). At the end, Ricoeur's philosophical hermeneutics brings back juridicity to the paradoxes of politics and ethics. Under political paradox, law is the means by which a historic community acquires the ability to decide. It is, thus, endowed with the authority to allow the sustainability of the concert of action which is at the heart of this community's existence. In the eyes of justice, on the other hand, law is understood as the exception that one can oppose to the indefinite solicitude which one owes to one's fellows. Hence the reason for the validity of the established legal statements is based on the tragedy of action, and can be understood as a presumption of moral and political validity (III)

Dissertação de mestrado em Filosofia (área de especialização em Filosofia Moderna e Contemporânea)
Este estudo visa explicar o funcionamento da metáfora e a importância da análise deste fenômeno de linguagem para o discurso filosófico hermenêutico de Paul Ricoeur. Em um primeiro momento, contextualizamos os escritos e a trajetória de Paul Ricoeur até a obra "A Metáfora Viva", que é a obra de referência do fenômeno em questão. Em um segundo e terceiro momento, analisamos a partir de Ricoeur a metáfora como um fenômeno que acontece no nível da palavra e da frase, respectivamente. E na parte final do trabalho, o nível de análise se centra no discurso, especificamente no discurso ontológico da linguagem metafórica com o objetivo de explicitar os pressupostos filosófico e hermenêutico que sustentam toda a reflexão sobre a metáfora.
Cette étude vise à expliquer le fonctionnement de la métaphore et l’importance de l’analyse de ce phénomène de langage dans le discours herméneutique philosophique de Paul Ricoeur. Nous entreprendrons tout d’abord une contextualisation des écrits et de la trajectoire de l’auteur jusqu’à son oeuvre « La Métaphore Vive», essai de référence en ce qui concerne le phénomène en question. Dans un deuxième et troisième temps, nous analyserons, à partir de Ricoeur, la métaphore comme un phénomène qui surgit à la fois dans la phrase et dans le mot. La dernière partie de ce travail se centrera sur le discours, tout particulièrement le discours ontologique du langage métaphorique, dans le but d’expliciter les présupposés philosophiques et herméneutiques qui soutiennent toute la réflexion sur la métaphore.
This study aims to explain the function of metaphor and the importance of analyzing this linguistic phenomenon within the philosophical hermeneutical discourse of Paul Ricoeur. In the first part of this study, I will contextualize Paul Ricoeur’s writings and intellectual journey up until his work, "The Rule of Metaphor,” which is the authoritative work regarding the phenomenon in question. In the second and third parts of this study, I will analyze, from Ricoeur's stance, the metaphor as a phenomenon that occurs at the level of the word and at the level of the sentence, respectively. In the last part of this study, my analysis will focus on discourse, specifically on the ontological discourse of metaphorical language in order to clarify the philosophical hermeneutical principles underpinning all discussion about metaphor.

This dissertation examines the writings of three seminal twentieth century thinkers, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Theodor W. Adorno, and Jacques Derrida, through the lens of their encounter with the post-Shoah poetry of Paul Celan. These thinkers are associated with influential, competing movements in twentieth century literary theory: philosophical hermeneutics, critical theory, and deconstruction. The three philosophers have disparate biographies and political orientations, yet each championed the ambiguity of literary language as a bulwark against the problematic, even violent, certainties of quotidian language. Additionally, each of them regarded Celan as an exemplar of a salutary literary ambivalence. This project clarifies how the critics’ approaches to literature, honed through consideration of a survivor-poet, represent an attempt to come to terms with the catastrophic violence of the Holocaust. While perceptive in their readings of Celan’s poetry, each sought to secure trans-historical insights into the nature of human language, a task that risks effacing the ‘real’ historical and experiential specificity of Celan’s writing. Celan readings are thus a case study for understanding philosophical contemporaries’ treatment of literary texts and their relationship to contemporaneous history. By looking at these varied theorists in tandem and by showing how Celan’s poetry both informs and resists their ideas, this dissertation cultivates a method of reading that is adaptable and not beholden to one tradition. Treating what the thinkers neglect, new readings emerge that explore Celan’s allusions to the Hebrew Bible, Jewish ritual, and antisemitism. Celan’s poetry animates multiple, conflicting interpretive traditions, yet questions, in its testimonial character, the adequacy of a theoretical approach to literature.

Notre travail porte sur l’herméneutique du temps de Paul Ricœur et se donne pour principal objectif de mieux comprendre la capacité de rouvrir le passé dont Ricœur souligne souvent l’importance au fil de son œuvre, sans toutefois lui accorder en tout temps un traitement philosophique détaillé et digne de satisfaire les standards de la rigueur conceptuelle. Sous quelles conditions et sur la base de quelles idées originales cette capacité donne-t-elle lieu selon Ricœur à des « reprises créatrices », qui attestent, par les possibles qu’elles font apparaître, le caractère d’indétermination et d’inachèvement du passé humain ? C’est à cette question que le présent travail s’efforce de répondre. Nous y défendons la thèse selon laquelle les reprises du passé reposent toujours chez Ricœur sur une subtile dialectique, à travers laquelle s’opère une médiation réciproque entre un faire créateur et une manière d’être-affecté (par le passé). Ceci nous amène à analyser cette dialectique conformément à différents modes de connexion au passé, en l’occurrence la tradition, l’histoire et la mémoire personnelle. Trois enjeux – existentiel, ontologique et épistémologique – découlent également du caractère dialectique des reprises créatrices. Un premier enjeu, existentiel, a trait aux formes de souffrance qu’engendre le temps, dès lors qu’il charge tout événement passé du poids de l’irrémédiable. Il s’agit alors pour nous de comprendre par quel moyen, selon Ricœur, les reprises créatrices offrent une réplique herméneutique à cette épreuve de l’irrévocable que suscite dans nos existences le cours irrésistible du temps. L’enjeu ontologique de notre étude touche quant à lui aux propriétés singulières de la temporalité humaine que l’idée de reprise créatrice éclaire et révèle. En ce sens, il s’agit pour nous de montrer qu’en plus d’avoir une signification herméneutique (relative à la compréhension du passé et du présent), les reprises du passé possèdent également une fonction temporelle, qui coïncide avec la re(con)figuration du temps humain qu’elles entraînent. Celle-ci est implicitement contenue dans la dialectique entre faire-créateur et être-affecté, étant donné que cette dialectique débouche chez Ricœur sur un cercle temporel, qui fait justement en sorte que si le passé nourrit continument le présent et nos élans vers le futur, nos attentes de sens ainsi alimentées sont en retour l’occasion de redécouvrir le passé sous l’angle de ses possibilités inaccomplies et incidemment de modifier la manière dont il nous affecte au présent. Enfin, sur le plan épistémologique, le problème est celui de la valeur de vérité propre aux représentations du passé qui accompagnent l’effectuation de reprises créatrices. La question doit être soulevée : comment peut-on varier le sens du passé ou en reprendre, par un geste créateur, certaines possibilités inaccomplies, tout en essayant de rester fidèle à ce qui a réellement été ? Face à cette difficulté considérable, notre hypothèse consiste à affirmer qu’une interprétation du passé peut s’autoriser à se faire créatrice uniquement en vue de répondre à une nécessité de son objet. Par là, notre objectif est de montrer qu’en mettant en avant la capacité de rouvrir le passé, Ricœur ne sombre ni dans un antiréalisme débridé ni dans un relativisme ruineux, mais qu’il poursuit une version bien à lui de réalisme critique.
Our study is about Paul Ricœur’s hermeneutics of time and it aims to analyze the capacity to reopen the past that Ricœur often praises, though without according to it a detailed philosophical treatment. The question we want to answer is the following: under which conditions and on which conceptual basis does this capacity enable creative repetitions, which attest, by virtue of the possibilities they reveal, the indetermination of the human past? To answer properly this question, we argue that Ricœur’s idea of repetition depends on the reciprocal mediation of a creative meaning and a way to be affected (by the past). This dialectic is analyzed on three different levels: tradition, history and personal memory. There are also three different issues resulting from this dialectic: existential, ontological and epistemological. The existential issue is about the suffering generated by the course of time, since it gives to any past event the form of something irremediable. The problem is then to understand how creative repetitions help us to face, from an hermeneutical standpoint, the irrevocability of the past that comes with the irresistible flux of time. The ontological issue revolves around the temporal qualities the repetition of the past is prompt to reveal. In this sense, our objective is to show that creative repetitions have not only a hermeneutical meaning (the fact that they imply a new interpretation of the past and present), but also a temporal function, because they create a re(con)figuration of our time experience. This kind of re(con)figuration is contained in the dialectic between creative meaning and being-affected. This dialectic thus comes with a temporal circle: this circle means that our past constantly determines the meaning of our present and our expectations towards the future, but in return these expectations are an opportunity to redefine and recover the possibilities hidden in our past and in so doing modify the way it affects us. Finally, the epistemological issue is about the truth value of the representation of the past that comes with creative repetitions. The question is the following: how can it be possible to change past meaning or recover its unaccomplished possibilities, while still trying to be faithful to what happened in the past? To face this difficulty, we assume that an interpretation of the past can be creative only to address an immanent need of its object. Our goal is then to show that Ricœur, by bringing to the fore the human capacity to reopen the past, does not sink into an unleashed antirealism nor does he argue in favour of relativism. On the contrary, by doing that, he only continues to defend, like elsewhere in his work, a proper form of critical realism.

Ce mémoire a pour but de montrer que le premier tournant herméneutique de Paul Ricœur en 1960 gravite essentiellement autour de la problématique de la volonté mauvaise. Nous soutenons autrement dit que Ricœur a initialement donné une tournure herméneutique à sa philosophie pour penser le serf-arbitre, c’est-à-dire pour penser la liberté captive d’elle-même. Afin de rendre compte adéquatement de ce tournant, notre attention sera principalement dirigée vers le deuxième tome de la Philosophie de la volonté de Ricœur, Finitude et culpabilité. Notre question se pose ainsi : comment et pourquoi, dans une problématique du mal, Ricœur entame-t-il son tournant herméneutique? Pour y répondre, nous expliciterons le parcours de Ricœur allant de L’homme faillible à La symbolique du mal. Nous verrons dans un premier temps que si le philosophe arrive à thématiser le concept de faillibilité à partir d’une ontologie de la disproportion, si la réflexion a accès à la possibilité du mal, il n’en ira pas de même pour le noème inintelligible que constitue le mal moral. Afin de penser la faute, nous verrons que Ricœur se tournera vers l’herméneutique en se mettant à l’écoute du langage de l’aveu. Ainsi, dans la deuxième partie de notre mémoire, nous expliciterons les trois moments de compréhension (phénoménologique, herméneutique et réflexif) propre à l’herméneutique philosophique de Ricœur de 1960.
The purpose of this dissertation is to show that the first hermeneutics turn of Paul Ricœur in 1960 essentially revolves around the problematic of bad will. We argue ie that Ricœur initially gave a hermeneutics twist to his philosophy to think the servile will, that is the freedom captive of itself. To properly account for this turn, our attention was mainly directed to the second volume of the Philosophy of the Will of Ricœur, Faillible man and The symbolism of evil. Our question is this : how and why, in a problematic of evil, Ricœur starts his hermeneutics turn? To answer this question, we will explain the course of Ricœur from Fallible man to The Symbolism of evil. We will see at first that if the philosopher comes to thematize the concept of fallibility from an ontology of disproportion, if the reflection has access to the possibility of evil, it does not go well for the unintelligible noema that is moral evil. To think of the fault, we will see that Ricœur will turn to hermeneutics is by listening to the language of confession. Thus, in the second part of our dissertation, we will explain the three stages of understanding (phenomenological, hermeneutics and reflexive) to own philosophical hermeneutics of Ricœur 1960.