Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pauvreté – Madagascar (île) – Antananarivo (Madagascar)'
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Rabemalanto, Nathalie. "Vulnérabilité résidentielle des ménages et trappes à pauvreté en milieu urbain. Les "bas-quartiers" d'Antananarivo." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV022/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at clarifying how the precarious dwelling areas generate residential poverty traps. Through multidimensional and multiscale approaches, we demonstrate how some external factors, including the habitat, may contribute to the households’ vulnerability. In fact, studying vulnerability in such areas requires addressing a wide range of factors that determine their capabilities sets when confronted to social, economic or environmental risks. Those latter are particularly numerous in precarious areas and compromise the households’ possibilities to get out of poverty. We build a typology of households’ vulnerability based on cumulative risks. We compare the results from a statistical survey to households’ discourse analyses. As for the statistical database, we refer to a survey conducted for the Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme (PSUP) on habitat conditions in the precarious districts of Antananarivo. The discourses are used to carry a retrospective analysis of the households’ trajectories. These approaches will finally allow a reflection on the urban policy designed to fight against the “urban poverty trap effect” and address the challenge of a socially sustainable development
Ognard, Carole. "Approche de la complexité des risques sanitaires hydriques dans les quartiers précaires d'Antananarivo : la notion de contexte à l'épreuve des pratiques et représentations citadines." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0032/document.
Full textThe geographical study of the health risks related to water in Antananarivo, metropolitan capital of Madagascar, a tropical country with a low level development, is articulated through the access conditions to the water resources, the evaluation of supplied water quality and the domestic practices performed until its consumption. This thesis seeks to illustrate via the hydric determinant how complex are the issues at the intersection of health and environment in an urban developing area. This complexity is due to the integration of the various components of the pathogenic system and the connections between them. In Antananarivo, our analyses show that the disparities of health as regards hydric risks are the reflection of a dichotomic social configuration inherited between the lower and the upper city and thus strongly impregnated by the social representations. To understand the mechanisms at the origin of these disparities of health, life environment in the precarious districts of Antananarivo is studied as a risk factor. These places are subjected to effects which are identified in the literature like contextual effects (relating to the characteristics of the territory) and compositional effects (relating to the characteristics of the individuals). In Antananarivo, the quantitative approach confirms the predominance of the contextual effects over the compositional effects. However, our fieldwork moderates this static and deterministic vision of the surveyed territories through the observation of the coping strategies developed by the populations to mitigate the failures of the urban services of health, water and sanitation. In agreement with recent publications, this research, argues that it exists a more complex and retroactive relation between the practices of the populations and the territories. This relation is in perpetual evolution. The individuals by their practices adapt and modify the configuration of the territories and conversely
Raharinjanahary-Chevillard, Rindra. "Les déchets à Antananarivo : étude géographique." Perpignan, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PERP0718.
Full textCities in eveloping countries are facing the issue of rubbish acumulation in urban areas. This due to lack of good collecting organization. In addition, the application of the rubbish dump which is the only proposed way of eliminating trash still remains a short term solution to the problem. Based on the case of the city of antananarivo, our ypothesis lies on the idea that the promotion of material constitutes an appropriate means to treat waste. The qualitative and quantitatie studies concerning rubbish production in the city allows us to state that the inhabitants of antananarivo produce a more or less low quantity of biodegradable wase purchase vital and households keep and reuse plastic package. Despite this, rubbish is still accumulating in cities as, on one hand they lack or have inefficient technical and financial collecting system? and on the other had because of their practices and how the population of antananarivo perceives garbage. We observed that the promotion of material generates revenues and is considered as important by a large part of people living i antaanarivo and particularly poor households (0,7% of the urban workers). In spite of social phenomenon such as exclusion and exploitation? this activity allows those who pratice it to have honest job and it creates a social connection. We suggest that this discipline be organized and well organized in order to improve his actor’s conditions and the piling up of rubbish in cities of developing countries
Deville, Flora. "Pauvreté et mobilité dans l'agglomération d'Antananarivo." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX24016.
Full textThis thesis explores links between poverty and mobility and tries to explain in what ways the conditions of mobility could be a poverty factor and how their improvement can contribute to reduce poverty. It particularly deals on poor city-dwellers in Antananarivo's agglomeration, on their access to jobs and education. Our results show that the weakness of urban poor resources doesn't allow them to have access to motorised travel and they essentially go by foot for their daily activities in a space restricted by the spatial reach of the walking. In poor areas where public utilities are inefficient, access to jobs and education for urban poor is therefore problematic. This thesis pleads for a better recognition of urban mobility of the poor which is an important issue to escape from poverty but neglected by policies that struggle against poverty which give priority to growth
Fournet-Guérin, Catherine. "Vivre à Tananarive : crises, déstabilisations et recompositions d'une citadinité originale." Paris 4, 2002. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01705528.
Full textThe identity of the inhabitants of Antananarivo, Madagascar's capital city, is complex. The urban dimension of their lives is changeable and rather difficult to define. This ambiguity may be explained through many elements, which are : the systematic reference to the models from an idealized Merina past, the difficulty turning away from the rural world's references, the impact of the long economic crisis which deeply changed all the traditional landmarks, and the rise of even stronger barriers dividing a compartmentalized society with well-organized groups similar to casts. Studying the urban landscapes, their lives of the people of Antananarivo as well as their approach to the city shows that the geographical space in Antananarivo is not only segregated but is also a reflection of increasing political or social tensions
Wachsberger, Jean-Michel. "L' intégration sociale hiérarchisée : l'exemple d'une métropole en développement : Antananarivo." Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0046.
Full textThe main hypothesis of this work is that, if individuals manage to getting by and getting ahead in the capital of one of the poorest country, it's because they have supports, such of protection, recognition or e1se moral comfort, coming from their social integration. We then study the ways and determining factors of integration in five main spheres (family, neighborhood, labor market, religious community and State), put in an obvious the links between this spheres and analyses the integration effects on individual well¬being. It emerges that, although based on different social schemes, communal attachment (affective investment of the family and neighborly life) and systemic integration (labor market, national life and religious life participation) are partially substitutable: the latter leads to drive away from the family and neighborhood spheres when, on the contrary, the economic, religious and politic marginalization leads individuals to find refuge in this spheres. It also turns out that supportive capacities of the different spheres are unequal: the more integrated in modern spheres the individuals are, the more important their individual well-being is. At least, although multi-stratified and multi-dimensional, social integration appears in Antananarivo sharply organized into a hierarchy, based on the education level but also on the gender
Randrianantoandro, Hiarivelo. "Le mouvement des forces vives à Antananarivo : sociologie de la protestation collective à Madagascar." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA070025.
Full textTo deal with collective protest in Madagascar supposes to open and enlarge the field of the areas studies andl reconsider the validity of the pre-existing theoretical tools of the sociology of social movements which aim to encompass and explain the social components and interactions that characterize industrially developed countries. Taking into account the concepts that sustain the sociology of social movements, this analysis helps to comprehend and explain a particular protest movement confronting a political system so repressive that its eventual success seemed very dubious. Our aim was to grasp and define the constituents of the emergence, growth and impetus of the "Hery Velona" movement ("Vital Forces Movement") within the context of an authoritarian system. The first part consists of an historical survey of the political, economical and social life of Madagascar, from the times of the Independence to the 1991 crisis, explaining the background of the formation of the "Hery Velona" movement. Then, taking into account the organizational approach, the importance of the mobilization organizers that were previously active, as well as the various forms of their endeavours are detailed (2nd Part). Last but not least, it is attempted to characterize the components of the actors of the mobilization and their motivations; within this mainframe, a particular attention is devoted to the influence of the Churches considered both as organizing bodies and leaders influencing the perception, representation, and affirmative cohesion of the actors themselves
Coury, Diane. "De l'école au premier emploi : le poids de l'éducation et de l'origine sociale au cours du temps à Antananarivo." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000IEPP0021.
Full textN'Dienor, Moussa. "Fertilité et gestion de la fertilisation dans les sytèmes maraîchers périurbains des pays en dévelopeement : intérêts et limites de la valorisation agfricole des déchets urbains dans ces systèmes, cas de l'agglomération d'Antananarivo (Madagascar)." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INAP0034.
Full textGondard, Delcroix Claire. "La combinaison des analyses qualitative et quantitative : pour une étude des dynamiques de pauvreté en milieu rural malgache." Bordeaux 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR40017.
Full textRatovondrahona, Pascale. "Pauvreté et transition de la fécondité à Madagascar : la capitale et les provinces." Bordeaux 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR30027.
Full textBockel, Louis. "Filière riz et pauvreté rurale à Madagascar : déterminants d'une stratégie de réduction de la pauvreté rurale et politiques publique de développement." Metz, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003METZ001D.
Full textRavoninirina, Marie-Pierrette. "Stratégies paysannes et organisation de l'espace en vue de la lutte contre la pauvreté dans le sud Betsileo(régions Lalangina et Arindrano)-Madagascar." Bordeaux 3, 2001. https://extranet.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr/memoires/diffusion.php?nnt=2001BOR30047.
Full textRakotomanana, Faly Héry. "Secteur informel urbain, marché du travail et pauvreté : essais d'analyse sur le cas de Madagascar." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40052/document.
Full textThe main purpose of this thesis is to provide, through various articles and empirical analysis, someresponses about the role of the informal sector in labor market and poverty in Madagascar, with afocus on the case of Antananarivo. The thesis is organized in four chapters. The first one presentsmethodologies for investigating the informal sector in Antananarivo : the 1-2-3 survey in two stepson the informal production units and household consumption, and the development of economicaggregates deflators in the informal sector. The second chapter of this thesis presents thecharacteristics of the informal sector in Antananarivo. The third chapter is devoted to relationshipsbetween the informal and the labor market. The fourth and final chapter is dedicated to the analysisof the role of the informal sector on poverty. The thesis examines the social or economic interestsjustify the informal sector support in the fight against poverty: the contribution of informal sectoractivities on the incidence of poverty and the impact of exercise of informal activity on the individualhappiness. This leads to focus the analysis on its characteristics, dynamics, weaknesses, barriersto its development and aid desired by the operators, in particular the need for microcredit.Complementary analyses are also provided concerning the choice of self-employment anddiscrimination on the labor market along a formal/informal line
Ranaivoson, Raymond Elia T. "Langage des jeunes de la décharge d'ordures municipale d'Andralanitra (Antananarivo) : étude du lexique et de ses valeurs socio-culturelles." Thesis, Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA1042/document.
Full textThis research work deals with the survey of the language used by young diggers (aged from 1 7 to 20) of the public dump of Antananarivo. It aims at exarnining the motivations that induce the lexical and linguistic choices in their own description and viewpoints of the conditions in which they live. lts main interest is to determine the way this language of marginalized young people convey emotions and different kinds of sentiments concerning various issues, including education, tradition and beliefs, socio-affective links, etc. A gender based lexical survey is also carried out with a view to contributing to the description of the current sociolinguistic situation of Madagascar. On the other hand, a study of shared social and cultural values and representations conveyed by this langage is conducted to examine influencing factors of the young dump diggers'behaviours and personalities. For instance, sometimes the complex relationship between tutelary authority and tsiny (common waming and censorship) is viewed as a positive concept encouraging persona! development and sometimes it is thought to be the cause of , marginalized young people's behavioural inhibition or excessive caution, as regards· their wishes for self-emancipation or social and professional integration. The opposing symbolic and psycbological or socio-identitary values of the public dump and the friendly or bannonic social integration territory, that the community represents, are studied in order to bring out elues as food for thought in order to set up social and professional integration polkies in favour of marginalized young people
Lahiniriko, Denis. "Les structures politiques à Tananarive : union, unanimisme et divisions partisanes dans la culture politique nationaliste malgache (1945-1958)." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010621.
Full textRakotosamimanana, Sitraka. "La peste à Madagascar : spatialisation, connaissances par la population et perception de l'accessibilité aux soins." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. https://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/20_24_S_Rakotosamimanana.pdf.
Full textThe plague is a pathogen complex with three main actors: the pathogen, the flea and the rodent. It is a major threat in the history of humanity. While in some parts of the world it has disappeared, in Madagascar it is endemic and a public health problem. This zoonosis, in its human form, affects about 400 individuals every year, particularly in areas located at an altitude of more than 800 meters above sea level, known as the central highlands. Even within the central highlands, the expression of the disease is not the same. This geography thesis aims to identify the different factors that can explain the endimicity, persistence and differences in the epidemiological expression of the disease, as well as the appearance of human cases of the plague on the island. Biological and ecological factors alone cannot explain the dynamics and circulation of the plague in Madagascar. Since health has both a social and biological aspect, the socio-spatial, behavioral and environmental factors that promote the appearance of human cases and the circulation of the disease have been explored in this thesis
Sirven, Nicolas. "Capital social et développement : concept, théories et éléments empiriques issus du milieu rural de Madagascar." Bordeaux 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR40031.
Full textRanaivoarimanana, Njaka. "Urbanisme de coalition : articulation entre infrastructures routières et plus-value foncière dans la fabrique urbaine : Le cas de la ville de Tananarive (Madagascar)." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1180/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the question of articulation between infrastructure transport and land value in urban making. It examines the impact of road infrastructure on property value close new road infrastructure in Antananarivo (capital of Madagascar). In the context of land pressure because of the lack of land availability and growing urbanization, urban sprawl around the new road have been transforming hectares of marshes and lowlands used for rice-growing. But the conversion process of this land show the expectation of the road infrastructure impact on property value which have influenced urban making. Although the research of infrastructure impact on house’s price or land value is well documented and concentrated in the case of western cities, no more research study the case of developing cities and little attention has been given to the impact of expectation property and land values. By studying the land strategy of actors (public and private actors) through public policy instruments: the use of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) as tool for negotiation in urban making and infrastructure project and the developing of town planning documents nearby new road infrastructure area, this work point out how do actors negotiates public policy instruments to create property and land values and expect it? But this impact is part of the historical dynamic of the city’s development. In fact, we suppose that the effect of road infrastructure on land value depends on the historical context of urban sprawl by road and on land strategy of anticipation of actors by public policy instrumentation. Keywords: Land Value, Private-Public Partnership, Coalition, Road Infrastructure, Urban Sprawl, Anticipatio
Mbima, Césaire. "Inégalités de revenus des ménages ruraux à Madagascar." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR010/document.
Full textMadagascar is a country rich in natural resources, but its population is poor and lives in a significant income gap. This thesis deals with the issue of "household income inequalities in rural areas in Madagascar", in order to clarify this phenomenon which, on the one hand, ruin the rural population and on the other hand, weakens the country's stability and the economic performance. Covering a five-year period of repeated observations, this thesis focuses on data from 667 households, from a balanced panel. The thesis traces the calculation process of farmers’ income and “inequality threshold”. Adopting linear and non-linear models, it endeavors to specify and estimate determinants that increase or reduce the wealth gap within and between observatories of the Central East Coast of Madagascar. Income inequalities of rural households are found in Betsimisaraka rural society. They are multifaceted. More than eight out of ten households live in the “area of unequal poors”. The farmers in Mahanoro are poorer and suffer more inequalities than in Fenerive Est. However, inside the observatory, the situation slightly tends to increase over time. For a rather homogeneous population living in alarming poverty, the inequalities between poor households are not too high. The results of econometric models argue that the good annual production of rice reduces income disparities, whereas the feminine gender and the education level of the household head, the small size of rice area along with the investment, the financial deposit, the hoarding, the "No savings", the debt, the secondary income, the GDP and the political crisis contribute to greater income inequalities
Cogneau, Denis. "Inégalités et développement : quatre études économétriques." Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0034.
Full textBastaraud, Alexandra. "Facteurs environnementaux et qualité microbiologique de l'eau potable dans les villes à faible revenu, cas de Madagascar." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV059.
Full textUrbanization is one of the most important changes of the 21st century, especially for sub-Saharan cities. They must manage their natural resources. Water resources, for example, are becoming increasingly vulnerable, either because they can no longer meet the various needs (population, industry, agriculture) or because they are subject to ever-increasing environmental pressures. Continuous pollution by wastewater, runoff and soil erosion suggest that these ecosystems are specific. In cities in low-income countries, such as Madagascar, access to safe drinking water is also limited due to technical and environmental constraints.Understanding how these environmental changes can affect microbiological quality then becomes a public health issue, especially in a context where sanitation and resource protection are not controlled. The objective is to assess the impact of urbanization, as well as other environmental factors on the dynamics of the indicators of contamination of the supply water of Madagascar's cities (i); to characterize the interactions between climatic conditions and the quality of the distributed water (ii).The dynamics of bacterial indicators of water quality supplied have been analyzed over the long term (16 and 32 years) at the scale of urban systems and have shown that bacteriological contamination of urban drinking water is subject to wide seasonal variations, with disparities between cities. The type of resource, the treatment implemented, population growth and environmental threats related to the degradation of urban basins are the main environmental and technical determinants that support contamination profiles. Climatic conditions, including precipitation and non-management of runoff, are the main factors contributing to the biological instability of these urban supply systems from wastewater, runoff and soil erosion suggests that these ecosystems are specific
Rousseau, Sophie. "L'analyse des vulnérabilités par l'approche des capabilités : le cas des villages ruraux de Madagascar." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005VERS003S.
Full textConsidering the current problems of poverty, both in developing and developed countries, a new obligation has really to be taken into account ; that is to be able to detect people very likely to see their situation getting worse or more particularly becoming poor. Some households are more vulnerable than others and not everyone is capable of coping with difficulties. This is what is called notion of "vulnerability". Generally speaking, vulnerability is the probability of seeing one's situation or one's living conditions getting worse or sinking , whatever the level of wealth to face the life's fluctuations. To analyse vulnerability, not only has the threat to be identified, i. E the global risk each household or person may suffer from, but also the capability of reaction, i. E. All the own capabilities of a person or a household, which will help them to be able to resist the negative effects of the change and improve the situation. This resistance is the asset for the household to face adversity. In this context, Sen's capabilities approach seems to be the basic reference. It highlights the most efficient way to reduce poverty by improving the capabilities of people in the long term. Then, reducing vulnerability by preventive policies of fighting poverty makes the increase of safety of people possible, fitting in with the goal of durable social development. We tried to highlight the capabilities that made the difference between households' resilience and vulnerability when facing the effects of a cyclone. Then we will establish a classification of households according to their vulnerability and poverty taking into account their own characteristics
Razakamahefa, Odile Édith. "Les femmes arbitres de volley-ball à Tananarive : place et enjeux de la formation féminine dans le milieu sportif à Madagascar." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0016/document.
Full textThis research in the field of sociology of gender aims at understanding the rarity of female referees in the Malagasy Federation of Volleyball (MFVB). The issue concerns the link between the professional practice of arbitration and the norms of sexual identities in the Malagasy society. Due to the lack of existing work on gender and sport in Madagascar, our approach proceeds from an exploratory investigation. The institutional and statistical approach reveals the existence of a double glass ceiling, blocking women's arbitration training, and then, their career promotion. Interviews were conducted, in a qualitative approach, with female referees (8), leaders or managers (17 with 14 men), and a questionnaire was filled in by female volleyball players from Antananarivo (222). All answers point towards the facts but the interpretations vary: the female referees denounce discriminatory processes and the male domination they are facing, leaders legitimize their management practice, relying on the patriarchal norms and values of the Malagasy society, while other male managers do not abide by these positions and other federations promote female arbitration on an international scale. The female volleyball players' responses prove that they are available for the sport and generally express an egalitarian conception of arbitration, a quarter of the women even said they would like to become referee. Although the end of discrimination in the arbitral management of the MFVB seems to depend on internal power relations, the survey shows the emergence of gender mobility in the Malagasy sport community, women referees have actually conquered new public and democratic prerogatives
Ramanantseheno, Domoina. "La microfinance au service d’une agriculture durable, illusion ou réalité ? : le cas de Madagascar (région de l’Itasy)." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA111015.
Full textIn the Less Advanced Countries, the agricultural sector is constituted not only by more than half of the rural population but also by over 60% of the active population. The majority of the poor rural people obtain their main resource incomes from the agricultural activities. The agricultural development could thus be considered as an attenuation factor of the poverty. However, the problem of the financial support toward the small family agricultural exploitation in the Less Advanced Countries still remains an unsolved issue.If microfinance is considered to be a tool for reducing poverty in any activity sector where it is used, then the optimal effect of its implementation should be observed in the area where the majority of poor population is located. So, the agricultural sector of the Less Advanced Countries becomes a privileged field of this experimentation. The challenge that the microfinance has to face is not only to provide financial support to the farmers for allowing them to increase their productivity, but also to promote an agriculture contributing to the environment.As a result, the specific role of the microfinance in the field of agriculture, in particularly for the small family agricultural exploitation in the Less Advanced Countries is questioned.Will the microfinance be able to present itself as an alternative for the issue of the financial support toward the family farms or will it be just an illusion?
Deleigne, Marie-Christine. "Un siècle d'école dans l'Androy (XXe-début XXIe siècle) : logiques politiques, sociales et familiales de la scolarisation dans une région de Madagascar." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB129.
Full textLocated at the extreme South of Madagascar, the Androy Region has several specific characteristics compared to the rest of the country when it comes to schooling: enrollment and literacy indicators there are the lowest of the island, and school attendance is particularly higher among girls than among boys at the primary level. Seeking to understand these particularities, this research aims to study, over the long term (from the emergence of schools to today), school attendance or lack thereof in the region. With the goal of understanding school dynamics and school enrollment practices in the Androy Region, the research attempts to reveal the evolution of logics and stakes that play out in the inter-relations between education policy, school supply, and social and family demands regarding school attendance. More specifically, the aim is to understand the academic "lag" and describe school enrollment trends in the Androy Region; and reveal the plurality of social and family practices regarding schooling and their underlying logics. At the crossroads of sociology, demography, history and anthropology, this research mobilizes several quantitative and qualitative sources that are compared and criticized in light of their production conditions: discourse and statistics (both administrative and school-related) drawn from colonial period archives, the statistics and educational policy announcements by the Ministry of Education, the 1993 population census, the 2008-09 demographic and health survey, and socio-anthropological study conducted in Tsihombe district. Contrary to the frequently touted argument that school is "rejected" by the population of the region, which has long been seen as "archaïc", "backwards" and refusing "progress", this research suggests the complexity of factors explaining the "school lag" in the Androy Region. These factors include the low interest of the successive (colonial and post-colonial) powers in the development of the region, whether in regard to schools or in general; the refusal to "submit" to the central authorities and the mistrust towards the administration and the State (fanjakana) and the institution that trained its agents; local power stakes in the quest for knowledge and school culture, which vary over time and depend on individuals' and groups' positions within the social arena; and finally, the ability of school itself to enable real acquisition of academic knowledge, which varies over time and by location. Taking a multidimensional and relative vision of poverty, this research also places the importance of economic capital in families' school enrollment practices into perspective. School enrollments does not appear to be dialectically linked to the monetary and financial dimension of families' assets, but rather more intimately linked to their social capital -in the Bourdieusian sense- and the ability of educational capital to produce symbolic capital. Continuing on from this line of reasoning, while school attendance has been higher among girls than among boys since the mid-1980s, this was the case initially "by default" until a true preference for girls' enrollment emerged more recently. This recent phenomenon seems to relate to the broadening of possibilities for women in society while a focus on school attendance among girls and women's empowerment is taking stronger hold among the public authorities and even more within the international organizations actions in the region. Even though shool attendance had grown during these last fifteen years, the issue of inequalities in schooling remains : less than one out of two children accesses school in the area, and only one out of three boys, the gender gap widening and leaving boys behind, at least in statistics point of view at the regional level
Verger, Antonia. "Pauvreté des ménages et pauvreté de l'école face aux objectifs de l'éducation primaire universelle : étude de cas de deux villages et deux écoles publiques des Hautes Terres Malgaches." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB209/document.
Full textMadagascar is one of the poorest country in the world regarding its GPD per capita. Most of its population lives under the poverty line. The government is committed in the education for all plan since 1990. However, the quality of education is still low. In 2012, only 68.8% of the children achieved the primary school cycle, there are high repetition rates and few students access to the secondary school cycle. Most of international institution and NGO's oppose child labor and schooling. Child labor remains important, in 2010, 21% of the children aged from 5 to 17 years old work. We have conducted a survey about the households living in the rural zones. Most of them live from subsistence farming activities. Their children must participate to the domestic chores and economic activities and combine school at the same time. This work aims to understand the process of schooling and child work in a rural zone. We have collected quantitative data on 246 household and we made an ethnography in a primary state school for 14 months. Then, we have conducted semi-structured interviews with mothers, teachers and children aged from 8 to 14 years old. The quantitative data helped to analyze the relationship between the household demographic structures and the children school attainment. The ethnography shown the impact of a weak quality of education on the children learning process and on the school demand. The interviews conducted with the children shown how their perception of work and schooling and their aspiration could influence the reproduction of their economic and social position. To conclude, we question how the primary education for all can be reached when most of the household live in poor life conditions and the education sector suffers from a lack of funds. Can the school system stop the transmission of social and economic inequalities and break the poverty cycle?
Rakotomalala, Harisoa Ny aina. "Appropriation de l'ordinateur et d'internet dans les points d'accès public : les cas comparés de Brest, de Saint-Denis de La Réunion et d'Antananarivo." Thesis, La Réunion, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LARE0015.
Full textInternet access points are a place where users can access and use digital equipment and connect to internet. Various terms are used to indicate these places : « espaces publics numériques (EPN) », « Netpublics », «cyberbases », « cybercases », « espaces culturels multimédias (ECM) », « Points-cyb », « cybercommunes », « points d’accès public internet (PAPI) » and « cybercafés ». In France, internet access points help people without computer and internet access to use these technologies, to learn and to be assisted in their uses. In Madagascar, internet access points provide access to computer and internet networks but services are fee-based. The objective of this dissertation is to examine the roles of internet access points in ICTs appropriation process by public who visit these places. This research work analyses the theoretical concept of appropriation by using three approaches: the diffusion, the translation and the appropriation. This is followed by a comparative analysis of the uses of computer and internet in internet access points situated in Brest, Reunion Island and Antananarivo. The analysis shows the important role played by societal, economic and geographic contexts on ICTs appropriation. Beyond the uses of ICT in these places, this research attempts to identify users and discuss the reasons of their visits. The results are based on observations, questionnaire surveys and interviews with users in 18 internet access points in Brest, Reunion Island and Antananarivo