Academic literature on the topic 'Paying for water: a time for decisions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Paying for water: a time for decisions"
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Mugabi, Josses, Sam Kayaga, Ian Smout, and Cyrus Njiru. "Determinants of customer decisions to pay utility water bills promptly." Water Policy 12, no. 2 (November 9, 2009): 220–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.096.
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Cost recovery is a prerequisite for sustainable water service provision. For water utilities, one of the key determinants of overall cost recovery efficiency is the ability to recover payment, within a reasonable timeframe, for all the water bills sent to customers. This study used empirical data, obtained through a cross-sectional survey in eight small urban centres in Uganda, to establish the determinants of customer decisions to pay utility water bills promptly. Regression analysis on the data showed that customer attitude towards prompt payment, perceived ease or difficulty of paying on time (perceived control), as well as social pressure, strongly influence intentions to pay, which in turn directly affects actual prompt bill payment behaviour. The results also show that attitudes towards prompt payment are informed by perceptions of benefits and sacrifices associated with the behaviour, while social pressure is perceived to come from family members, neighbours and the utility itself. Perceived control was found to reflect both internal and external impediments to prompt bill payment, many of which relate to service issues that are within the control of water utility managers.
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HONEY-ROSÉS, JORDI, JOSÉ LÓPEZ-GARCÍA, EDUARDO RENDÓN-SALINAS, ARMANDO PERALTA-HIGUERA, and CARLOS GALINDO-LEAL. "To pay or not to pay? Monitoring performance and enforcing conditionality when paying for forest conservation in Mexico." Environmental Conservation 36, no. 2 (June 2009): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892909990063.
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SUMMARYPaying landowners to conserve forests is a promising new strategy to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services. However to succeed with this approach, programme managers need reliable monitoring data to make informed payment decisions. This includes withholding payment from landowners who do not meet conservation objectives. The monitoring method used for the Monarch Butterfly Conservation Fund compared aerial photographs and conducted field sampling to identify forest changes. The comparison of aerial photographs showed that 161 hectares of forest were degraded in the central core zone of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in Mexico between 2001 and 2003. As a result, payment was withheld from one of 13 landowners. Analysis of high resolution (0.6 m) digital aerial photographs did not detect finer scale changes, despite obtaining an average pixel resolution 1000 times greater than Landsat satellite imagery. This suggests that current payment for ecosystem services programmes are underestimating environmental change and overpaying non-compliant participants. In addition, selecting a decision rule to enforce payment conditionality raised new questions about how much ecosystem degradation should be permitted before withholding payment. Sound decisions about withholding payment cannot be developed until the marginal value of ecosystem services is better understood. Until then, payment thresholds can be based on specific policy objectives.
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Sobota, Marcin. "OBLIGATION TO PAY CHARGES CONNECTED WITH DRAINING OFF TO WATER – RAINWATER AND MELTWATER (WHEN WE PAY FOR DRAINING MELTWATER)." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 1, no. XXI (March 30, 2021): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2491.
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Within this article author presents issues connected with charges for water service related to draining off to water: rain water or snow water. Above all, author of the article analyses generally applicable provisions and judicature of administrative courts. He also shows that definitions included in legal provisions are not sufficient enough to apply existing law in a proper way and they raise many doubts within practice related to the application of law. At the same time, administrative courts, while verifying correctness of actions related to administrative authorities, very often have to use terms and knowledge connected with hydrology, environmental engineering or planning, in order to issue judgment related to the actual state. Basic terms included in legal provisions, such as collective sewage system, open or closed rain sewage system, irrigation system or water waste, cannot constitute sufficient and independent data, without reference to the actual, hydrological state as well as their real functions. With a view to the aforementioned matters, such basic terms also cannot be the basis for authoritative decision related to f.ex. imposing the obligation of paying charges for water services. At the same time, author formulates thesis that provisions connected with charges for water service related to draining off to water: rain water or snow water constitute interdisciplinary issue and in order to apply the law in a proper way specialists (among others related to law, hydrology or environment) should join forces on this front, especially while considering the functional aspect of data related to water devices and their actual usage in practice.
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Moore, Andrew D., Lindsay W. Bell, and Dean K. Revell. "Feed gaps in mixed-farming systems: insights from the Grain & Graze program." Animal Production Science 49, no. 10 (2009): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09010.
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A central concern of the Grain & Graze research, development and extension program has been improving the management of the feedbase on mixed farms through addressing ‘feed gaps’ – times of year during which the supply of forage is insufficient to meet livestock demand. In this review, we use the available data on pasture growth and quality, supplemented by modelling results, to describe the characteristic timing of feed gaps across the Australian cereal-livestock zone. Feedbase interventions studied during the Grain & Graze program have mainly addressed the supply side of the feed balance equation. We review these studies, paying particular attention to the time scale of the variability in the feed balance that each intervention is intended to address. We conclude that grazing of cereals (either dual-purpose or forage crops) is the most promising means of alleviating winter feed gaps in regions where they are important. Reducing feed gaps in summer by relying on unpredictable summer rainfall events will increase year-to-year variability in forage production and will therefore require more flexible livestock management systems to exploit it. The use of forage shrubs offers a practical tool for increasing the predictability of summer and autumn feed supply, but given their moderate capacity for providing additional metabolisable energy it remains important to carefully manage livestock over autumn and to manage the herbaceous inter-row pasture. Feed gaps mainly arise from an interaction between biology and economics. We find, however, that the options studied in the Grain & Graze program for addressing feed gaps require either greater complexity in pasture and grazing management or more opportunistic livestock trading; they therefore come at a cost to the manager’s limited decision-making time. Times with feed gaps are also times when particular natural resource management risks (especially erosion) need to be managed. Supply-side interventions to relieve feed gaps will generally use more soil water, which will often have positive effects on natural resource management outcomes.
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Romano, Giulia, and Andrea Guerrini. "Paying Returns to Shareholders of Water Utilities: Evidence from Italy." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 5, 2019): 2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072033.
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The debate about the role of corporations with regard to water also involves the influence that paying returns to shareholders could have on the investment policy of utilities, influencing the development of new infrastructure or the renewal of existing ones. This study investigated the dividend policy of water utilities by analyzing the data of 128 Italian firms during 2009–2014. Data show that the majority of utilities do not distribute any return to shareholders. On average, large utilities pay more frequent returns than medium-sized and small ones. Moreover, water utilities that are part of a group, multi-utilities, and those located in the center of Italy pay more frequent returns than do others. Southern firms usually do not pay returns. As expected, privately owned water utilities pay dividends more frequently and have higher returns to equity. In all the observed years, at least one-third of such utilities paid returns. Empirical results provide water regulators, water utility managers, and stakeholders with information that can impact future regulatory and managerial decisions related to management and strategic model choices in the water industry and how these decisions affect investments to improve water quality, water quantity, and/or water services.
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Palsova, Lucia, and Ondrej Benus. "Enforceability of decisions of the Agricultural Paying Agency in matters of direct payments." Ecocycles 6, no. 2 (November 2020): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19040/ecocycles.v6i2.169.
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Since its inception, the Common Agricultural Policy has been the largest among all common European policies. The main objective of the Common agricultural policy is food sovereignty in the European Union, stabilization of farmers' incomes and, at present, support for non-production functions of agriculture and environmental protection. Given the rising input prices and the time mismatch between supply and demand for agricultural products, the first pillar of the CAP has become a key tool for sustaining the desired competitiveness of agricultural products in the EU Member States. Direct payments have become an important tool for Slovak farmers, and therefore their effective implementation is essential for their continued existence or development. The aim of the paper was to point out the weak enforceability of direct payments to eligible users of agricultural land if there is a conflicting legal entitlement to provide a direct payment in accordance with §28 and §29 of Act no. 280/2017 Coll. and the resulting problems for eligible applicants.
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Manandhar, Bhai Raja. "Time to Make Bold and Sensible Decisions." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 15 (October 21, 2014): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v15i0.11283.
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Kim, Jihyo, and Suhyeon Nam. "Do Household Time, Risk, and Social Preferences Affect Home Energy Retrofit Decisions in Korea?" Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 4152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084152.
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Paying attention to impacts of behavioral factor on energy efficiency (EE) investments, this study attempts to identify preference characteristics affecting EE investments. We model households’ EE investments with time, risk, and social preferences, conduct a survey, and empirically examine the effects of the preference characteristics on home energy retrofit decisions in Korea. We find that the research hypotheses for risk and social preferences that we are derived from the model are supported while those for time preference are partially supported. The results are summarized as follows. First, respondents who discount the future more heavily are less likely to plan a home energy retrofit. Second, very risk-averse respondents are less likely to have experienced a home energy retrofit and very risk-seeking ones are more likely to plan a home energy retrofit. Third, those seriously concerned about environmental issues or who strongly respond to moral norms are likely to have experienced or plan a home energy retrofit.
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Benea, Ciprian Beniamin, and Adina Secară Oniţa. "DAMS IN TIME OF WATER NATIONALISM." CBU International Conference Proceedings 5 (September 22, 2017): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.896.
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A dam, in most cases is a large, impressive concrete structure. A commanding number of large dams exist with over 45000 estimated in the world. It is important to understand such a concrete structure not only from a technical perspective, but also from the view of local community in the region of the dam. Also, it is important to know the international impact of a dam on a river basin and the measures necessary for implementing a dam, as well as the positive and negative effects of dam construction itself. Preliminary measures aim to characterize a river regarding natural, geological, geographical patterns, human geographical distribution, and food production. Prospective trends, such as the need for augmented water volumes for a water-fed agriculture, industrialization, energy, and river transportation, can influence decisions connected to dam building. Recently, climate change, a phenomenon considered as human-induced, at least partially, and the prospect of a water-stressed world, are another elements that affect decisions about build dams, especially regarding water security and green energy and a renewable resource under threat. This paper presents the main administrative requirements for a team involved in dam construction, including their specific tasks and interactions. The main aim of this paper is to establish political meaning of dams, and their capacity to influence economics, society, and the environment in an interconnected world.
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Finn, Jeremy. "The Legal Environment of Salmond's Time." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 38, no. 4 (March 1, 2008): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v38i4.5543.
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This paper examines through multiple lenses the world of the lawyer in early 20th century New Zealand. It considers, and places in their social and political context, the major issues with which Parliament and the courts were dealing, notably issues to do with alienation of Māori land and attempts to prohibit the liquor trade, but also looking at law reform by private members' Bills. The reported decisions of the courts are analysed to consider the areas of frequent litigation, particularly land law (including Māori land cases), administrative and public law cases thrown up by the prohibition question and the very large volume of torts cases. It then examines the position of the judiciary and the courts, paying particular attention to agitation by the profession for increased judicial salaries and to the debates about the role of the Privy Council following its judgment in Wallis's case. It concludes with a discussion of the organisation and membership of the legal profession, the state of legal education and the development of a body of locally-generated legal literature.
Books on the topic "Paying for water: a time for decisions"
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Great Britain. Office of Water Services. Paying for water: A time for decisions. Birmingham: OFWAT, 1990.
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Great Britain. Office of Water Services. Customer Service Committee for Wales. Report of the views of OFWAT Customer Services Committee for Wales on the consultation paper "Paying for water: a time for decisions". Cardiff: The Committee, 1991.
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Great Britain. Office of Water Services. Paying for water: A time for decisions : a consultation paper issued by the Director General of Water Services on future charging policy for water and sewerage services. Birmingham: Ofwat, 1990.
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Services, Great Britain Office of Water. Paying for water: A time for decisions : a consultation paper issued by the Director General of Water Services on future charging policy for water and sewerage services. Birmingham: OFWAT, 1991.
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Hughes, Sara, and Megan Mullin. Local Water Politics. Edited by Ken Conca and Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.15.
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Decentralization in water management authority has shifted decision-making to the local level and expanded participation to include a wider set of actors. The result is a politics of water that is more variable than in the past, across space and over time, reflecting the diversity of local values and local water resources. Fragmentation of policy responsibility offers potential for more environmental and financial sustainability in the long term, but in the short term it requires management agencies and stakeholders to find ways to interact effectively. How we design our local institutions, and the incentives that higher levels of government provide for directing local decisions, will help determine whether the new approach produces a more sustainable and resilient water future.
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Porter, Patrick. Blunder. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807964.001.0001.
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Why did Britain invade Iraq in March 2003? Debate around Iraq focuses often on illegality, lies, incompetence, or the personal psychology of Tony Blair. ‘Operation Telic’ is often presented as a war of bad faith, waged by elites who had unspeakable secret motives. Beyond fixations with ‘dodgy dossiers’, the flaws of individual leaders, or intelligence failure, Iraq was a real ideological crusade, made by people who were true believers. Deploying primary documents and retrospective testimonies of participants, Blunder reconstructs the assumptions underlying decisions, the policy ‘world’ that participants inhabited 2001–2003, and the way decisions were made. Contrary to much of the existing literature, this book puts ideas in the centre of the story. As the book argues, Britain’s war in Iraq was caused by bad ideas that were dogmatically and widely held. Three ideas in particular formed the war’s intellectual foundations: the notion of the undeterrable, fanatical rogue state; the vision that the West’s path to security is to break and remake states; and the conceit that by paying the ‘blood price’, Britain could secure influence in Washington DC. These issues matter, because although the Iraq War happened years ago, it is still with us. As well as its severe consequences for regional and international security, the ideas that powered the war persist in Western security debate. If all wars are fought twice, first on the battlefield and the second time in memory, this book enters the battle over what Iraq means now, and what we should learn.
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Potter, David. Disruption. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197518823.001.0001.
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Disruption is about radical change—why it happens and how. Drawing on case studies ranging from the fourth century AD through the twentieth century, we look at how long-established systems of government and thought are challenged, how new institutions are created, and new ideas become powerful. While paying attention to the underlying political, intellectual, economic, and environmental sources of social disruption, we will see that no matter what similarities there might be between forces that shake different societies, these underlying factors do not dictate specific outcomes. The human actors are ultimately the most important; their decisions drive the conclusions that we see over time. Through our case studies, we can explore successful and unsuccessful decision making, and the emergence of the ideas that conditioned human actions. We’ll explore the development of Islam and of Christian doctrine, of constitutional thought, of socialism, and social Darwinism. We’ll look at how these ideas, all of them emerging on the fringes of society, became central. We’ll also have our eyes set on whether the sorts of disruptive forces we’ve seen in the past are present at this time. We’ll look at the issues confronting the liberal democracies that have been the dominant political/economic forces on our planet in the last half century and see how they have come under stress in the last few decades. And we will look at the possibility that we’re facing a new period of disruption and at what we can learn from the past about how change can be constructive rather than destructive.
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Perrings, Charles, and Ann Kinzig. Conservation. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190613600.001.0001.
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This book explores the process by which people decide to conserve or convert natural resources. Building on a seminal study by Harold Hotelling that connects conservation to expected changes in the value of resources, the authors develop the general principles involved in conservation science. The focus of the book is the resources of the natural environment. This includes both directly exploited resources such as agricultural soils, minerals, forests, and fish stocks, and biodiversity—the wild species and natural ecosystems put at risk when people choose to convert natural habitat, or to discharge waste products to water, land, or air. The theory of conservation shows how much or how little to extract from the environment, and how much to leave intact. It also shows how conservation decisions are influenced by the existence of market failures—the external impacts of market decisions on ecosystems, and the public good nature of many ecosystem services. It shows how conservation connects to expected changes in the relative importance or value of natural resources, and what is needed to uncover that value. It shows how context matters. Decisions about the conservation of natural resources are influenced by property rights—whether land is private property or in the public domain; by environmental policies, laws, and regulations within countries; and by environmental agreements between countries. Finally, this book shows how conservation differs within and beyond protected areas, how it connects to the system of environmental governance, and how governance structures have evolved over time.
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McKenzie, Neil, Keppel Coughlan, and Hamish Cresswell. Soil Physical Measurement and Interpretation for Land Evaluation. CSIRO Publishing, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643069879.
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Soil physical measurements are essential for solving many natural resource management problems. This operational laboratory and field handbook provides, for the first time, a standard set of methods that are cost-effective and well suited to land resource survey. It provides:
practical guidelines on the soil physical measurements across a range of soils, climates and land uses;
straightforward descriptions for each method (including common pitfalls) that can be applied by people with a rudimentary knowledge of soil physics, and
guidelines on the interpretation of results and integration with land resource assessment.
Soil Physical Measurement And Interpretation for Land Evaluation begins with an introduction to land evaluation and then outlines procedures for field sampling. Twenty detailed chapters cover pore space relations, water retention, hydraulic conductivity, water table depth, dispersion, aggregation, particle size, shrinkage, Atterburg limits and strength. The book includes procedures for estimating soil physical properties from more readily available data and shows how soil physical data can be integrated into land planning and management decisions.
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Berger, Antony R. Geology and Health. Edited by H. Catherine W. Skinner. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162042.001.0001.
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Geology and Health is an integration of papers from geo-bio-chemical scientists on health issues of concern to humankind worldwide, demonstrating how the health and well-being of populations now and in the future can benefit through coordinated scientific efforts. International examples on dusts, coal, arsenic, fluorine, lead, mercury, and water borne chemicals, that lead to health effects are documented and explored. They were selected to illustrate how hazards and potential hazards may be from natural materials and processes and how anthropomorphic changes may have contributed to disease and debilitation instead of solutions. Introductory essays by the editors highlight some of the progress toward scientific integration that could be applied to other geographic sites and research efforts. A global purview and integration of earth and health sciences expertise could benefit the future of populations from many countries. Effective solutions to combat present and future hazards will arise when the full scope of human interactions with the total environment is appreciated by the wide range of people in positions to make important and probably expensive decisions. A case to illustrate the point of necessary crossover between Geology and Health was the drilling of shallow tube wells in Bangladesh to provide non-contaminated ground water. This "good" solution unfortunately mobilized arsenic from rocks into the aquifer and created an unforeseen or 'silent' hazard: arsenic. Geologists produce maps of earth materials and are concerned with natural processes in the environment with long time-frame horizons. The health effects encountered through changing the water source might have been avoided if the hydrological characteristics of the Bangladesh delta had been known and any chemical hazards had been investigated and documented. A recurrence of this type of oversight should be avoidable when responsible parties, often government officials, appreciate the necessity of such integrated efforts. The book extols the virtues of cooperation between the earth, life and health sciences, as the most practical approach to better public health worldwide.
Book chapters on the topic "Paying for water: a time for decisions"
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Ernst, Andreas, Carsten Schulz, and Nina Schwarz. "Modelling of Water Use Decisions in a Large, Spacially Explicit, Coupled Simulation System." In Social Simulation, 138–49. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-522-1.ch011.
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This chapter presents the purpose, the basic concepts, the implementation, and a scenario run of the agent-based part of a large Decision Support System for the water resources management of the Upper Danube basin, Western Europe. 16 process models from 11 disciplines from the natural and the social sciences are integrated in the system. They use common spatial and temporal concepts to communicate with each other at run time. A variety of agents based on large scale empirical evidence serves to model the drinking water use of households. An example scenario run under global warming conditions shows the interplay between modelled water supply companies, households, climate, and groundwater resources.
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Slatvinskaia, Valeriia, and Nikolai Vasilenko. "RISK FACTORS ON WATER TRANSPORT." In Priority areas for development of scientific research: domestic and foreign experience. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-049-0-34.
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The subject of the study is transportation by waterways, in particular, the activity of sea and river transport in conditions of occurrence of unfavorable conditions, the interaction of the ship's crew and the behavior of ship personnel when making decisions on water transport, manifestations of risky events and negative consequences on waterways, decision-making by the boat master in stressful, force majeure, regular and emergency situations. Methodology. The activity of water transport is inherently a complex system. At the same time, it is even more complex than the organization of IT technologies. Given this, the methodology for studying water transport risk factors is comprehensive. Among the constituent elements, we note: An interdisciplinary approach using the methods of risk theory, Probability Theory, risk management theory, transport law theory, IT law theory, psychology, etc. The aim of the study is to find out the risk factors inherent in the water transport industry. Risks in water transport are difficult to predict since foresight is not always an objective category. The objective side of risk in this case is manifested in the fact that it reflects real-life phenomena, processes, and aspects of life. The objective side of risk is since the risk exists regardless of how it is realized, considered, or ignored. The objective side is determined by the probabilistic nature of many processes, and the multivariance of relations. In addition, the risk remains associated with the choice of certain alternatives, calculating the probabilities of their outcome. So, from this understanding it follows that its nature is broader and is associated with the laws of development of the external and internal environment of the organization, as well as with the presence of contradictory trends, imperfection, spontaneity and randomness of events and phenomena. This means that there is and manifests another side of risk – the subjective one. It is obvious because people perceive the same state of risk differently due to different psychological, moral, ideological, religious principles and attitudes. Here, the manifestation of the subjective side is also not in doubt. At the same time, the operation of water transport in a modern economic format requires anticipating and preventing crisis phenomena, reducing the negative consequences of internal and external factors. For an objective assessment of the risks of water transport activities, it makes it necessary to choose effective methods of managing them and requires an adequate scientifically based classification of risks, taking into account the specifics of the functioning of water transport enterprises. The scientific novelty is as follows: for the first time, risk factors in water transport are analyzed; for the first time, it is proposed to consider the behavior and necessary competencies of a ship operator when operating a ship in an emergency situation from the point of view of social engineering; the previously proposed indicative risk factors associated with maritime navigation are supplemented; it is proved that the risks that arise during navigation are fundamentally related to unfavorable living conditions (functioning of the team organization under the sole chairmanship of the captain, as well as his ability and the ability of ship officers to make the right decisions not only in regular situations but also in force majeure conditions (emergency situations). Risks in navigation in emergency situations are caused by dangerous phenomena (force majeure) in the natural, man-made and social environment caused by negative trends in the development of events that lead to dangerous crisis situations when it becomes necessary to take the right actions to overcome the danger.
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Traüffer, Hazel C. V., Corné L. Bekker, Mihai C. Bocarnea, and Bruce E. Winston. "An Online Measure of Discernment." In Online Instruments, Data Collection, and Electronic Measurements, 254–70. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2172-5.ch015.
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The Discernment Practices Indicator (DPI) reports three-factors: (a) Courage, (b) Intuition, and (c) Faith with Cronbach alpha values of (a) .85, (b) .89, and (c) .85, respectively. The Courage factor addresses the leader’s mental and moral courage; willingness to accept uncertainty; use of common sense; ability to seek new ways to look at old things; see a future full of possibilities, believing in the equality of all people; and to be firm, but loving, in addressing issues. The Intuition factor addresses the leader’s understanding of his or her emotions; willingness to make decisions, based on a hunch; as well as paying attention to body cues or thoughts that may flash across the mind. The Faith factor addresses the leader’s use of quiet time (to include prayer and meditation) to reflect and find meaning; use of principles of faith as guidance; as well as incorporating religious beliefs in professional undertakings.
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Merlo, Gia. "Personal Financial Considerations for Physicians." In Principles of Medical Professionalism, 239–58. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197506226.003.0014.
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It is often difficult for medical students to understand the extent of the educational debt that they may incur. They often struggle with managing their finances during training and after they begin to practice medicine. Students make their choice of specialty without fully considering how their decision may affect their lifestyle and their ability to pay off their loans. This has led to a serious shortage in primary-care physicians. In addition, because physicians undergo an extensive training period, they are often late in planning for and funding for their retirement. Understanding the time-value of money and being able to make informed decisions regarding repaying loans versus meeting other financial obligations are important factors to addressing this problem. Financial literacy is not being taught in medical schools and residency programs, although there is a perceived need. Developing a financial plan that involves both paying off debt and saving for retirement is usually the best course of action.
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Hollander, Rachelle D. "Expert Claims and Social Decisions: Science, Politics, and Responsibility." In Acceptable Evidence. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195089295.003.0014.
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Concern for relationships among ethics, values, policy, and science and engineering is prominent in modern society. The existence of a program called Ethics and Values Studies in an agency of the U.S. government, the National Science Foundation, provides some evidence of this (Hollander 1987a, 1987b; Hollander and Steneck 1990). The bills introduced in the U.S. Congress to support bio(medical) ethics centers through the National Institutes of Health also provide evidence (U.S. Senate 1988). New initiatives support research and related activities in areas of biomedical ethics in the National Center for Nursing Research and the Office of Human Genome Research in the National Institutes of Health. In July 1988, the Board of Radioactive Waste Management of the National Research Council devoted one day of a four-day retreat to considering the ethical and value aspects of that issue (BRWM 1988). In this chapter I shall attempt to show why such issues occupy particular attention now. My thesis is that a new acknowledgment of our collective moral responsibility is needed because of the political and social context in which science now operates. This context requires more sophisticated scientific and ethical analysis, as well as scientists, engineers, policymakers, interested scholars, and others working together to determine not just acceptable risk but also acceptable evidence. To provide perspective on these matters, we should note that interactions of science, technology, and society have raised these kinds of problems for a long time. A play by Henrik Ibsen, An Enemy of the People, written in 1882, raises all these concerns. An Enemy of the People is a story about the possibility of contamination in the water supply that feeds a town's new mineral baths. The baths attract the summer visitors that have rejuvenated the community. A Dr. Thomas Stockmann has investigated and discovered the problem; he has documented it, and he is delighted to have made the discovery. He, after all, had warned the town fathers about the problem when they designed the water supply, and they did not listen. Now he presents the truth as he sees it—and he sees it in the worst possible light—to his brother Peter, the mayor, who had organized the efforts to construct the baths.
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Zahera, Pablo, and Vicente Gonzalez-Prida. "55000 Implementation Proposal Integrated With a Risk Management System for a Water Utility Case." In Advanced Models and Tools for Effective Decision Making Under Uncertainty and Risk Contexts, 277–98. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3246-1.ch011.
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The main objective of this chapter is to suggest a methodology for the application of ISO 55000 for a water utility in order to obtain all the benefits of asset management from the starting point of application. In addition, risk is an important part of this methodology, so it also complies with the clauses of ISO 31000. The methodology consists of six steps to be carried out: plan (1), implement (2), risk management (3), monitor (4), analyze (5) and make decisions and improvements (6). The application of this methodology is an iterative process in which the information obtained is going to be used in the previous and subsequent steps so that its benefits are greater as time goes by. At each point in the guide, the actions to be taken in compliance with the clauses and sub-clauses of ISO 55001 will be proposed along with some documents so that companies have a clearer idea of how to proceed.
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Singh, Shailendra, and Sunita Gond. "Cloud Computing." In Advances in Systems Analysis, Software Engineering, and High Performance Computing, 233–59. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3129-6.ch010.
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As this is the age of technology and every day we are receiving the news about growing popularity of internet and its applications. Cloud computing is an emerging paradigm of today that is rapidly accepted by the industry/organizations/educational institutions etc. for various applications and purpose. As computing is related to distributed and parallel computing which are from a very long time in the market, but today is the world of cloud computing that reduces the cost of computing by focusing on personal computing to data center computing. Cloud computing architecture and standard provide a unique way for delivering computation services to cloud users. It is having a simple API (Application Platform Interface) to users for accessing storage, platform and hardware by paying-as-per-use basis. Services provided by cloud computing is as same as other utility oriented services like electricity bill, water, telephone etc. over shared network. There are many cloud services providers in the market for providing services like Google, Microsoft, Manjrasoft Aneka, etc.
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Gorman, Sara E., and Jack M. Gorman. "Conclusion." In Denying to the Grave. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199396603.003.0011.
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We have argued throughout this book that there are complex psychological, social, and neurobiological underpinnings of resistance to scientific evidence. We have also argued that many of these tendencies are in many ways completely adaptive, healthy, and essentially human. The challenge that remains for those of us interested in maximizing population health and at the same time helping individuals to make scientifically informed health choices is to figure out how to address the tendencies that lead to false scientific belief without completely insulting or, worse, attempting to repress these tendencies. Not only does telling people not to be emotional fail, but we also strongly believe that it is in no one’s best interest to suppress this side of the human brain. So we propose a multipronged method to help guide people toward the evidence without dismissing the importance of their humanity. In the end, we don’t want people to scramble for a story when they should be paying attention to statistics. But at the same time, we wouldn’t want a society full of people who see only percentages and probabilities in place of showing empathy for the individuals around them. We just want to help people better tease out when their natural psychological tendencies are protecting them and when they are actually harming their health. We will begin by citing the core principles that we believe any reader of this book should take from reading it. Then we will show how these core principles translate into our recommendations for better strategies for communicating and dealing with people who do not believe the science. We call this the Gorman- Gorman method. Guiding Principle #1: It is not simply uneducated people who make irrational health decisions. We have seen multiple times throughout this book that making rational health choices is not particularly correlated with intelligence. There are abundant examples of people with illustrious academic training, including in the sciences, who have embraced unrealistic and irrational beliefs about important topics such as the relationship between vaccines and autism and the cause of AIDS.
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Rangeti, Innocent, and Bloodless Dzwairo. "Interpretation of Water Quality Data in uMngeni Basin (South Africa) Using Multivariate Techniques." In River Basin Management - Sustainability Issues and Planning Strategies. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94845.
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The major challenge with regular water quality monitoring programmes is making sense of the large and complex physico-chemical data-sets that are generated in a comparatively short period of time. Consequentially, this presents difficulties for water management practitioners who are expected to make informed decisions based on information extracted from the large data-sets. In addition, the nonlinear nature of water quality data-sets often makes it difficult to interpret the spatio-temporal variations. These reasons necessitated the need for effective methods of interpreting water quality results and drawing meaningful conclusions. Hence, this study applied multivariate techniques, namely Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis, to interpret eight-year (2005–2012) water quality data that was generated from a monitoring exercise at six stations in uMngeni Basin, South Africa. The principal components extracted with eigenvalues of greater than 1 were interpreted while considering the pollution issues in the basin. These extracted components explain 67–76% of the water quality variation among the stations. The derived significant parameters suggest that uMngeni Basin was mainly affected by the catchment’s geological processes, surface runoff, domestic sewage effluent, seasonal variation and agricultural waste. Cluster Analysis grouped the sampling six stations into two clusters namely heavy (B) or low (A), based on the degree of pollution. Cluster A mainly consists of water sampling stations that were located in the outflow of the dam (NDO, IDO, MDO and NDI) and its water can be described as of fairly good quality due to dam retention and attenuation effects. Cluster B mainly consist of dam inflow water sampling stations (MDI and IDI), which can be described as polluted if compared to cluster A. The poor quality water observed at Cluster B sampling stations could be attributed to natural and anthropogenic activities through point source and runoff. The findings could assist in determining an appropriate set of water quality parameters that would indicate variation of water quality in the basin, with minimum loss of information. It is, therefore, recommended that this approach be used to assist decision-makers regarding strategies for minimising catchment pollution.
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"Urban and Community Fisheries Programs: Development, Management, and Evaluation." In Urban and Community Fisheries Programs: Development, Management, and Evaluation, edited by Christopher L. Racey and Clifton Jackson. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874042.ch32.
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<em>Abstract.-</em>The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission’s Family and Community Fishing Program was developed in 2002, and catchable channel catfish <em>Ictalurus punctatus</em>, hybrid striped bass <em>Morone saxatilis </em>x <em>M. chrysops</em>, and rainbow trout <em>Oncorhynchus mykiss </em>have been stocked into ponds and streams seasonally each subsequent year. One of the goals of the program has been to provide families and children with a convenient and excellent chance to catch fish. A toll-free stocking hotline (1-866-540-FISH) was initiated in January 2006 to inform anglers when and where fish had been stocked, so they could plan their fishing trips to program destinations accordingly. Hotline information was provided for 22 ponds during catfish season (April through November) and 17 ponds plus one stream during trout season (December through March). The hotline was generally updated within two hours after stocking, and consisted of information regarding immediate past stocking events as well as general fishing tips. Anglers placed 11,822 calls and spent 15,394 min of call-time on the hotline between January 2006 and May 2007. The number of calls peaked during catfish stocking season in June and was lowest during the September stocking off-season. On average, the hotline cost approximately $40 per month to operate and was four to six times less expensive than paying Commission personnel to answer stocking questions on the telephone. More than 36% of the hotline calls were placed outside of Commission business hours (0800-1630 hours), indicating that anglers were taking advantage of the 24-h information line. A toll-free hotline is a popular, inexpensive, and cost-effective means of supplying stocking information, allowing anglers to make informed decisions when choosing a day and location to fish at program locations.
Conference papers on the topic "Paying for water: a time for decisions"
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Bou, Vicente, Fernando Martínez, and Pilar Conejos. "SCA-Red, a General Purpose SCADA Application for Taking Decisions in Real Time with the Aid of a Hydraulic Model." In Eighth Annual Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium (WDSA). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40941(247)92.
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Alvarez, Julieta, Oswaldo Espinola, Luis Rodrigo Diaz, and Lilith Cruces. "Digital Workflow to Enhance Reservoir Management Strategies for A Complex Oil Field Through Real Time and Advanced Engineering Monitoring Solution." In SPE Trinidad and Tobago Section Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200932-ms.
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Abstract Increase recovery from mature oil reservoirs requires the definition of enhanced reservoir management strategies, involving the implementation of advanced methodologies and technologies in the field's operation. This paper presents a digital workflow enabling the integration of commonly isolated elements such as: gauges, flowmeters, inflow control devices; analysis methods and data, used to improve scientific understanding of subsurface flow dynamics and determine improved operational decisions that support field's reservoir management strategy. It also supports evaluation of reservoir extent, hydraulic communication, artificial lift impact in the near-wellbore zone and reservoir response to injected fluids and coning phenomenon. This latest is used as an example to demonstrate the applicability of this workflow to improve and support operational decisions, minimizing water and gas production due to coning, that usually results in increasing production operation costs and it has a direct impact decreasing reservoir energy in mature saturated oil reservoirs. This innovative workflow consists on the continuous interpretation of data from downhole gauges, referred in this paper as data-driven; as well as analytical and numerical simulation methodologies using real-time raw data as an input, referred in this paper as model-driven, not commonly used to analyze near wellbore subsurface phenomena like coning and its impact in surface operation. The resulting analyses are displayed through an extensive visualization tool that provides instant insight to reservoir characterization and productivity groups, improving well and reservoir performance prediction capabilities for complex reservoirs such as mature saturated reservoirs with an associated aquifer, where undesired water and gas production is a continuous challenge that incorporates unexpected operational expenses.
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Cilluffo, Graig. "Piping Corrosion Rate and Remaining Life Basis: Commercializing Conservatism in First Time Inspections." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28781.
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This paper sets forth guidance on how to establish a justifiable internal corrosion rate following a first time inspection to predict re-inspection or replacement timing for raw water piping. A novel approach leverages actual plant-wide piping inspection data, leak history, repair history, and corrosion monitoring results together to inform integrity decisions based on experience at a reliably-operating, nuclear power plant. Data is applied on a risk-conscious basis to piping systems based upon failure consequence and uncertainty and differs from the typical approach of reporting location-specific, time-averaged rates. Excavation and in-plant inspection results can now inform commercially-friendly conservatism that reduces leak risks while also minimizing total inspection and maintenance costs. While directly applicable to buried piping, this method can be applied to any corrosive system / location. Information is presented in a format that readers can readily follow to develop similar justifications for their own sites / systems. Guidance on applications, limitations, and areas for improvement are also provided.
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Lenzi, Sara, Ginevra Terenghi, Riccardo Taormina, Stefano Galelli, and Paolo Ciuccarelli. "Disclosing Cyber Attacks on Water Distribution Systems. An Experimental Approach to the Sonification of Threats and Anomalous Data." In ICAD 2019: The 25th International Conference on Auditory Display. Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom: Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21785/icad2019.044.
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Water distribution systems are undergoing a process of intensive digitalization, adopting networked devices for monitoring and control. While this transition improves efficiency and reliability, these infrastructures are increasingly exposed to cyber-attacks. Cyber-attacks engender anomalous system behaviors which can be detected by data-driven algorithms monitoring sensors readings to disclose the presence of potential threats. At the same time, the use of sonification in real time process monitoring has grown in importance as a valid alternative to avoid information overload and allowing peripheral monitoring. Our project aims to design a sonification system allowing human operators to take better decisions on anomalous behavior while occupied in other (mainly visual) tasks. Using a state-of-the-art detection algorithm and data sets from the Battle of the Attack Detection Algorithms, a series of sonification prototypes were designed and tested in the real world. This paper illustrates the design process and the experimental data collected, as well results and plans for future steps.
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McNeill, Scot, Puneet Agarwal, Dan Kluk, Kenneth Bhalla, Tomokazu Saruhashi, Ikuo Sawada, Masanori Kyo, Eigo Miyazaki, and Yasuyuki Yamazaki. "Real-Time Riser Fatigue Monitoring Routine: Architecture, Data and Results." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11540.
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Recently, the Modal Decomposition and Reconstruction (MDR) algorithm was developed to accurately estimate fatigue damage in marine risers based on measured acceleration and angular rates at several locations. The greatest benefit for drilling risers can be derived by incorporating the method in an online, fully automated system. In this way, fatigue damage estimates are available to the crew on the rig in real-time for risk quantification and mitigation. To this end, the MDR routine was implemented for online assessment of fatigue damage along the entire riser from acceleration and angular rate measurements at typically 5–10 elevations. This paper discusses the architecture, highlights some measured data and provides results for modes, stress and fatigue damage rate for the Chikyu drilling vessel during two scientific drilling campaigns. These campaigns occurred at the Shimokita site (1180-meter water depth) and the Nankai trough site (1939-meter water depth). To the authors’ knowledge, real-time fatigue monitoring of the entire riser has not been accomplished previously. Robust incorporation of the MDR algorithm into an online computational environment is detailed, including incorporation of top tension and mud weight data from the rig, detection and removal of data errors, and streamlined flow of the data through the computational modules. Subsequently, it is shown by example how the measured accelerations and angular rates are used to determine excited modes, participating modes, stress distribution and fatigue damage along the entire Chikyu drilling riser in an online setting. The technology highlighted advances riser integrity management two steps forward by first using measured data at 5–10 locations and the MDR algorithm to reconstruct stress and fatigue damage along the entire riser, and secondly integrating this approach into a fully automated, real-time computational environment. As a result, drilling engineers are empowered with a tool that provides real-time data on the integrity of the drilling riser, enabling informed decisions to be made in adverse current or wave conditions. Measured data also serves as a benchmark for analytical model calibration activities, reducing conservatism in stress and fatigue in future deployments. Furthermore, cumulative fatigue damage can be tracked in each riser joint, enabling more effective joint rotation and inspection programs.
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Jahani, Nazanin, Joaquín Ambía, Kristian Fossum, Sergey Alyaev, Erich Suter, and Carlos Torres-Verdín. "REAL-TIME ENSEMBLE-BASED WELL-LOG INTERPRETATION FOR GEOSTEERING." In 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0105.
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The cost of drilling wells on the Norwegian Continen-tal Shelf are extremely high, and hydrocarbon reservoirs are often located in spatially complex rock formations. Optimized well placement with real-time geosteering is crucial to efficiently produce from such reservoirs and reduce exploration and development costs. Geosteering is commonly assisted by repeated formation evaluation based on the interpretation of well logs while drilling. Thus, reliable computationally efficient and robust work-flows that can interpret well logs and capture uncertain-ties in real time are necessary for successful well place-ment. We present a formation evaluation workflow for geosteering that implements an iterative version of an ensemble-based method, namely the approximate Leven-berg Marquardt form of the Ensemble Randomized Max-imum Likelihood (LM-EnRML). The workflow jointly estimates the petrophysical and geological model param-eters and their uncertainties. In this paper the demon-strate joint estimation of layer-by-layer water saturation, porosity, and layer-boundary locations and inference of layers’ resistivities and densities. The parameters are estimated by minimizing the statistical misfit between the simulated and the observed measurements for several logs on different scales simultaneously (i.e., shallow-sensing nuclear density and shallow to extra-deep EM logs). Numerical experiments performed on a synthetic exam-ple verified that the iterative ensemble-based method can estimate multiple petrophysical parameters and decrease their uncertainties in a fraction of time compared to clas-sical Monte Carlo methods. Extra-deep EM measure-ments are known to provide the best reliable informa-tion for geosteering, and we show that they can be in-terpreted within the proposed workflow. However, we also observe that the parameter uncertainties noticeably decrease when deep-sensing EM logs are combined with shallow sensing nuclear density logs. Importantly the es-timation quality increases not only in the proximity of the shallow tool but also extends to the look ahead of the extra-deep EM capabilities. We specifically quantify how shallow data can lead to significant uncertainty re-duction of the boundary positions ahead of bit, which is crucial for geosteering decisions and reservoir mapping.
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Dyakov, Alexander, and A. Kalashnik. "INTEGRATING OF GEORADAR ANS SEISMIC STUDIES OF THE TAILINGS DAM." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/49.
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Identification of water-saturated zones in the tailings dams is an actual scientific and practical task in terms of providing, first of all, their mechanical strength and filtration stability. The prevention of accidents in tailings is complicated by the circumstance that the processes of increased filtration, appearing and developing in the dam body, are not fixed on the initial stages by visual and traditional methods. Insufficiency, from the point of view of data completeness, of networks of piezometric boreholes on tailings dams does not allow solving the tasks of necessary information hydrological support. At the same time, the use of active- sounding geophysical study methods allows obtaining sufficiently detailed information about the peculiarities of the internal structure of the tailings dam and the degree of water saturation of the composing soils. A reasoned choice of geophysical methods, as well as their combination, allows increasing the level and reliability of obtained data at subsurface studies. The paper presents the results of in-situ experiments on the study of the tailings dam of the mining enterprise by different in nature wave GPR (georadar) and seismic methods. A comparative analysis of the conducted studies has allowed clarifying the internal structure and assessing the dam’s condition, paying special attention to the identification of local zones of increased water saturation and filtration. Based on the calculated correlation coefficient of electromagnetic and seismic wave velocity values, it was revealed that synchronization of geophysical surveys allows significantly increasing the reliability of in-situ determinations, as well as obtaining more reliable data. The results of the studies are the basis for predicting the most vulnerable places (zones) of a bulk ground hydraulic facility, as well as the localization of water-saturated areas in the body of the ground structures with greater reliability and performance.
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Browning, Jim, and Sheldon Gorell. "Incorporating Economic Decisions into Reservoir Simulation to Support Accurate and Efficient Optimization and Analysis of Field Development Strategies." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200854-ms.
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Abstract Economic optimization of a reservoir can be extremely tedious and time consuming. It is particularly difficult with many wells, some of which can become non-economic within the simulated time period. These problems can be mitigated by: 1) analyzing the results of a simulation once it has run, or 2) applying injection or production constraints at the well level. An example of option 1 would be integration with a spreadsheet or economic simulation package after the simulation has run. An example of option 2 would be to set a maximum water cut, upon which the well constraints could be changed, or the well could be shut in within the simulation. Both of these methods have drawbacks. If the goal is to account for how changes in a well operating strategy affects other wells, then analysis after the fact requires many runs to sequentially identify and modify well constraints at the correct times and in the correct order. In contrast, applying injection and production constraints to wells is not the same as applying true economic constraints. The objective of this work was to develop an automated method which includes economic considerations within the simulator to decrease the amount of time optimizing a single model and allows more time to analyze uncertainty within the economic decision making process. This study developed automated methods and procedures to include economic calculations within the context of a standard reservoir simulation. The method utilized modifications to available conditional logic features to internally include and export key economic metrics to support appropriate automatic field development changes. This method was tested using synthetic models with different amounts of wells and operating conditions. It was validated using after the fact calculations on a well by well basis to confirm the process. People costs are always among the most significant associated with running a business. Therefore, it is imperative for people to be as efficient and productive as possible. The method presented in this study significantly reduces the amount of time and effort associated with tedious and manual manipulations of simulation models. These savings enable an organization to focus on more value-added activities including, but not limited to, accurately optimizing and estimating of uncertainty associated decisions supported by reservoir simulation.
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Moustafa, Islam Khaled, Freddy Alfonso Gutierrez, Ali Saeed Alfelasi, Hocine Khemissa, Omar Al Mutwali, Mario Vargas, Wael Fares, Nigel Clegg, and Ahmet Aki. "Ultra-Deep Resistivity Mapping Tool Provided Geostopping Solution to Reduce Uncertainty and Eliminated the Need for Pilot Holes for the First Time Offshore Abu Dhabi." In SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/202133-ms.
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Abstract Drilling horizontal wells in the mature giant carbonate fields offshore Abu Dhabi, where high uncertainty regarding the lateral distribution of fluids results in variable water saturation, is very challenging. In order to meet the challenges and reduce uncertainty, the plan was to drill pilot holes to evaluate the resistivity of the target zones and plan horizontal sections based on the information gained. To investigate the possibility of avoiding pilot holes in the future, an ultra-deep electromagnetic (EM) tool was deployed to map the mature reservoirs, identifying formation and fluid boundaries before penetrating them, avoiding the need for pilot holes. Prewell inversion modeling was conducted to optimize the spacing and firing frequency selection and to facilitate early real-time geosteering and geostopping decisions. The plan was to run the ultra-deep resistivity mapping tool in conjunction with shallow propagation resistivity, density, and neutron porosity while drilling the 8 ½-in. landing section. The real-time ultra-deep EM inversion was run using depth of inversions up to 120 ft., to be able to detect the reservoir early and evaluate the predicted reservoir resistivity. This would allow optimization of any geostopping decision. The ultra-deep EM tool delivered accurate mapping of thin reservoir layers while drilling the 8 ½ inch section, as well as enhanced mapping of low resistivity zones up to 85 ft. True Vertical Thickness (TVT) in a challenging low resistivity environment. The real-time EM inversion enabled the prediction of resistivity values in target zones prior to entering the reservoir; values were later crosschecked against open-hole logs for validation. The results enabled identification of the optimal geostopping point in the 8 ½-in. section, enabling up to seven rig days to be saved in the future by eliminating pilot holes, in addition to eliminating the risk of setting a whipstock at high inclination with subsequent milling operations. In specific cases, this minimizes drilling risks in unknown/high reservoir pressure zones by improving early detection of a formation tops, thus improving geostopping decisions. Plans were modified for a nearby future well and the pilot-hole phase was eliminated because of the confidence provided by these results. Deployment of the ultra-deep EM tool in these mature carbonate reservoirs may reduce the uncertainty associated with fluid migration. In addition, use of the tool can facilitate precise geosteering to maintain distance from fluid boundaries in thick reservoirs. Furthermore, due to the depths of investigation possible with these tools, it will help enable the mapping of nearby reservoirs for future development. Further multi-disciplinary studies remain desirable using existing standard log data to validate the effectiveness of this concept for different fields and reservoirs.
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Valkonen, Janne, Grunde Løvoll, Magnus Strandmyr Eide, and Erik Løkken Walter. "COSSARC: Concept Selection for Shipping in the Arctic." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10063.
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Increased global demand for oil, gas and minerals combined with melting sea ice opens new opportunities for shipping companies, both in the form of new Arctic shipping routes and extended use of existing ones. It can be challenging for a ship owner to make informed decisions and plan for Arctic operations, as it requires complex techno-economical assessments of information that has a high degree of uncertainty. To aid ship-owners in making decisions for operation in the Arctic, DNV has developed a prototype decision support tool to assess strategic options: COSSARC — Concept Selection for Shipping in the Arctic. The tool integrates detailed models for ship performance both in ice and in open water with port and route alternatives to simulate travel time, fuel consumption, emissions and overall economics. The tool makes use of stochastic models for wave and ice conditions, but specific historical data or model data from climate models can also be taken as input. In this paper, the COSSARC tool is described, including a case study demonstrating the capabilities of the tool.