Relevant bibliographies by topics / Payment and risk management services

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Payment and risk management services'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Payment and risk management services"

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Wang, Li, Junfeng Tian, Yanhong Si, and Xixiu Sun. "Optimal duration, rate and price when online retailers offer installment payment services." Nankai Business Review International 12, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 96–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-08-2019-0039.

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Purpose Online retailers have become gradually popular to offer consumers installment payment services in the past few years. This paper aims to study how to determine the duration and rate of installment payment services, as well as the price of products to increase online retailers’ profits. Design/methodology/approach By modeling the utility functions, the behavior of consumers for strategic choosing the payment method and payment timing is analyzed. Thus, the market segments are obtained through the comparison of the consumer’s utilities. Combined with the given assumptions, the installment payment strategies for online retailers is investigated. This paper focuses on the impact of installment payment services on consumers’ purchasing behavior and online retailers’ profits by modeling and comparative analysis. No installment payment service as a benchmark, it is demonstrated whether online retailers can obtain more profits by offering installment payment services or what are the applicable conditions for installment payments. Findings If the installment payment service is offered, online retailers can gain more profits and need to adopt appropriate strategies based on different market conditions. During the depression or the peak shopping season, online retailers should take the strategy of free installment rate, and moderately increasing the product price of no installment service. When market demand is stable or during non-peak season, online retailers need to set a higher installment rate and maintain the product price without installment service. Finally, online retailers should determine the maximum duration of installments they can afford based on own risk control cost and allow consumers to freely choose the length of the installment within the duration limit. Originality/value First, the authors deeply analyze consumers’ payment and purchase behavior when the online retailer offers the installment payment service. Then, it is theoretically proved why many online retailers have offered installment payment services to consumers from a profit perspective. Finally, this paper proposes the optimal duration of installments, installment rate and product price in different market environments for online retailers, to provide theoretical basis and managerial insights for the development of installment payment service in online shopping.
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Phonthanukitithaworn, Chanchai, Carmine Sellitto, and Michelle W. L. Fong. "An investigation of mobile payment (m-payment) services in Thailand." Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration 8, no. 1 (April 4, 2016): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjba-10-2014-0119.

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Purpose – Despite the significant efforts by the Thai Government to promote the use of mobile payment (m-payment) services, this new mode of financial payment has had limited consumer interest. Indeed, whilst it is seemingly desirable to facilitate the uptake of m-payment services given government promotion, limited research has been undertaken to examine the factors that might promote adoption. The purpose of this paper is to address this research gap. Design/methodology/approach – The study developed a conceptual model based on elements of innovation diffusion theory and technology acceptance. The model was empirically validated using structural equation modelling analysis using the responses gained from 529 Thai mobile phone users. The intercept interview/survey across eight different locations was the instrument used for data collection. Findings – The empirical results indicate that consumer adoption of m-payment services in Thailand was determined by four factors – compatibility, subjective norm, perceived trust, and perceived risk. Surprisingly, the construct of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived cost were found not to have a direct effect on behavioural intention. Research limitations/implications – The results regarding electronic payments highlight the importance of four factors that are fundamental in understanding consumer behaviour in regards to financial m-payments. The conceptual model developed in the study is well suited as a primary research framework to explore other aspect of technological innovation in a Thai context. Even though the model is not generalisable, it has the potential to be refined for use in other countries. The findings from the research contribute to the small, but growing number of studies focusing on technological business innovation in Thailand. Practical implications – The results of this study will be of value to various groups associated with m-payment services such as mobile network operators, financial institutions, and payment service providers. The findings will potentially inform appropriate service strategies and business models in order to improve the uptake of this type of financial payment by Thai consumers. The factors identified are significant in informing how the capacity of the Thai Government’s investment in electronic infrastructure could be more fully utilised. Originality/value – This study adds to the literature by bridging the gap in explaining consumer intentions to adopt new technological services amongst people who know about the service but have not adopted it as yet. Moreover, this paper is a pioneer study about the adoption of m-payment services in Thai setting.
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Binda, Jacek. "Cryptocurrencies – problems of the high-risk instrument definition." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 17, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.17(1).2020.20.

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Money is a widely accepted commodity, which enables us to determine the economic value of purchased goods and services and make payments. The dynamic development of technology and social expectations has expanded the spectrum of available types of payment instruments, including e-money and cryptocurrencies. Among dematerialized means of payment, cryptocurrencies began to play an important role due to their independence from central financial institutions and a highly effective form of saving money. The paper aims to present legal authorization, referring to cryptocurrencies, in countries of the European Union and prove that bitcoin is a high-riskу financial instrument. The methodology of the study was based on the review of available legal acts and literature (regarding the nature and function of money) and Value at Risk (VaR) model on the example of risk assessment of cryptocurrencies with respect to investing in the selected currencies. The outcomes showed several discrepancies in the definition of cryptocurrencies. They indicated that bitcoin, as one of the best-known cryptocurrencies, does not fulfill the functions of money formulated in economic theory (in relation to e-money). Besides, cryptocurrencies have been shown to be high-risky instruments.
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Lundberg, Heléne, Peter Öhman, and Ulrika Sjödin. "Transaction convenience in the payment stage: the retailers’ perspective." Managing Service Quality 24, no. 5 (September 2, 2014): 434–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/msq-02-2014-0032.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to shed light upon how retailers view alternative payment forms and to what extent they are willing to risk offending their customers by imposing payment restrictions. Design/methodology/approach – This exploratory study consists of three consecutive parts: first, 100 situations of paying for goods or services; second, interviews with 25 of these 100 retailers; and third, observations at a meeting between retailers and bank representatives on various aspects of card and cash payments. Findings – Retailers are unwilling to risk offending their customers and do not normally undertake any actions to affect the customers’ choice of payment form, except for proactively or reactively excluding the use of certain expensive credit cards, and card payments for small amounts. The retailers only take the risk of causing customer dissatisfaction when they feel that the sacrifice for not doing so is too costly, and in these cases the salespersons act very late in the purchase process. Other aspects than payment costs (such as safety, time and environment) seem to have little impact on individual retailers’ actions at the payment stage. Research limitations/implications – The present study focuses solely on the retailers’ point of view on the payment stage, implying a need for additional research on customers’ and bank representatives’ views on the same matter. Practical implications – Retailers try to nurture their customer relationships also when they are proactive or reactive, i.e. by pointing to the high cost of a particular payment form and/or asking customers to help with small change. Sending signals that invite customers to assist may not only be a way to affect how customers pay, but also foster relationship development. Social implications – It seems that environmental costs have not filtered down to the firm level, at least not in an observable way. Any further move towards a “cashless society” has to emanate from other sources. Originality/value – No previous study has focused on the way selling companies approach their customers at the payment stage in terms of proactive, reactive and inactive behaviour.
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Gupta, Rajorshi Sen. "Risk Management and Intellectual Property Protection in Outsourcing." Global Business Review 19, no. 2 (November 8, 2017): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150917713536.

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Firms organize business activities either in-house or outsource them to independent service providers. When making their organizational choice, firms face a trade-off between efficiency and loss of intellectual property (IP) when outsourcing. It is found that companies may gain from outsourcing even if there is possibility of IP misappropriation and moral hazard due to shirking. It is recommended that firms use a variable payment scheme linked to project outcome that would incentivize service providers to exert optimal effort in outsourcing projects. Moreover, when a task is outsourced in a weak IP regime, the optimal contract must implement a carrot and stick strategy comprising of limited IP sharing in conjunction with adequate incentive payments to the service provider.
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Sitek, Albert, and Zbigniew Kotulski. "A New Card-Linked Loyalty Program: Estimated and Anticipated Benefits for Payment Transaction Parties." Electronics 9, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): 1956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111956.

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Electronic card payments are getting more and more popular, mainly because of their simplicity, convenience, processing time and high level of security. The fact that a single payment card is issued for a particular cardholder makes it possible to link a card to various services. In this paper, we investigated a usage of a payment card in the loyalty program that incorporates our Contextual Risk Management System (CRMS) to assure a novel intangible reward: Shorter transaction processing time. In the beginning, we emphasize the importance of soft benefits in modern loyalty programs and recall the risk management algorithms and the reputation system that has been used in the CRMS. Then, using an extensive dataset of 2.5 million payment transaction traces (collected within a year from 68 terminals) we estimate potential benefits for merchants and cardholders and try to predict an effect of this system for the future. We also discuss the impact of this system on the real and user-perceived security level.
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Alemu, Teshome, Tridib Bandyopadhyay, and Solomon Negash. "Electronic Payment Adoption in the Banking Sector of Low-Income Countries." International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector 7, no. 4 (October 2015): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisss.2015100102.

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Banks in low-income countries are launching e-banking services such as Internet banking, SMS banking, ATM banking, card banking, point of sales (PoS) and mobile banking. Among these planned services, ATM is the most matured service in many private and state owned banks in Ethiopia. ATM is a recent phenomenon in low-income countries (; ), and is still being introduced in financial sectors in low-income countries (Angeli, 2008; ) making investigation of factors of ICT technology adoption in low income countries timely. The authors test context specific applicability of UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) model. The authors' analysis of primary data suggests general applicability of the modified UTAUT model in explaining factors and antecedents of technology adoption but also identifies significant differences in the moderating factors of gender and age. Depending on whether they are above or below the age of 30, Ethiopian consumers of banking services exhibit highly differentiated levels of service credibility and technology risk acceptance towards ATM banking. This suggests that banking services sector in low income countries may like to clearly delineate and appropriately differentiate their awareness and reach-out strategies to their customers who belong to one or the other age group. Furthermore, women in this study are found to perceive themselves as more susceptible to fraud and other security risks in ATM banking, suggesting that special design considerations be incorporated in the way locations of ATMs are selected and in the way ATM technology features are accessed to ally such fears. The authors' work also shows research directions where other scholars may investigate an otherwise much diffused technology adoption in the low income countries of the world.
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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "Recommendations of the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MEDPAC) on the Health Care Delivery System: The Impact on Interventional Pain Management in 2014 and Beyond." Pain Physician 5;16, no. 5;9 (September 14, 2013): 419–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2013/16/419.

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Continuing rise in health care costs in the United States, the Affordable Care Act (ACA), and a multitude of other regulations impact providers in 2013. Despite federal spending slowing in the past 2 years, the Board of Medicare Trustees believes that cost savings are only achievable if health care providers are able to realize productivity improvements at a quicker pace than experienced historically. Consequently, the re-engineering of U.S. health care and bridging of the divide between health and health care have been proposed beyond affordable care. Thus, the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) envisions alignment of Medicare payment systems to eliminate variable rates for the same ambulatory services provided to similar patients in different settings, such as the physician’s office, hospital outpatient departments (HOPDs), and ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs). MedPAC believes that if the same service can be safely provided in different settings, a prudent purchaser should not pay more for that service in one setting than in another. MedPAC is also concerned that payment variations across settings encourage arrangements among providers that result in care being provided in high paid settings. MedPAC recommends that payment rates be based on the resources needed to treat patients in the most efficient setting, adjusting for differences in patient severity, to the extent the severity differences affect costs. MedPAC has analyzed the costs of evaluation and management (E&M) services and the differences between providing them in a HOPD setting compared to a physician office setting, echocardiography services, and multiple services provided in ASCs and HOPDs. MedPAC has shown that for an established patient office visit (CPT 99213) provided in a free-standing physician’s office, the program pays the physician 70% less than in HOPD setting with a payment for physician practice of $72.50 versus $123.38 for HOPD setting. Similarly, for a Level II echocardiogram, HOPD costs 141% more for the same service than a free-standing office ($188.31 versus $452.89). For interventional techniques, Medicare payments vary from physician office to HOPD setting, with $211.96 in an office setting, $407.28 in ASC setting, and $655.62 in HOPD for procedures such as epidural injections. The MedPAC proposal for changing HOPD payment rates for services would reduce program spending and result in beneficiary cost sharing by $900 million in one year. On average, hospitals’ overall Medicare revenue will decline by 0.6% and HOPD revenue would fall by 2.7%. Further, MedPAC provided a specific example that aligning payment rates between HOPDs and freestanding offices only for cardiac imaging services would reduce program spending and beneficiary cost sharing by $500 million in one year. In estimating the savings that would be realized by equalizing payment rates between HOPDs and ASCs for certain ambulatory surgical procedures, MedPAC have shown potential Medicare program spending and beneficiary cost savings to be about $590 million per year. The impact of the proposed policies that are discussed in this manuscript would result in savings of approximately $1.5 billion per year for Medicare. MedPAC also has recommended a stop-loss policy that would limit the loss of Medicare revenue for those hospitals. Key words: Medicare, health care delivery system, Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC), hospital outpatient departments (HOPDs), ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs), physician office practices
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Vengberg, Sofie, Mio Fredriksson, Bo Burström, Kristina Burström, and Ulrika Winblad. "Money matters – primary care providers' perceptions of payment incentives." Journal of Health Organization and Management 35, no. 4 (February 2, 2021): 458–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-06-2020-0225.

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PurposePayments to healthcare providers create incentives that can influence provider behaviour. Research on unit-level incentives in primary care is, however, scarce. This paper examines how managers and salaried physicians at Swedish primary healthcare centres perceive that payment incentives directed towards the healthcare centre affect their work.Design/methodology/approachAn interview study was conducted with 24 respondents at 13 primary healthcare centres in two cities, located in regions with different payment systems. One had a mixed system comprised of fee-for-service and risk-adjusted capitation payments, and the other a mainly risk-adjusted capitation system.FindingsFindings suggested that both managers and salaried physicians were aware of and adapted to unit-level payment incentives, albeit the latter sometimes to a lesser extent. Respondents perceived fee-for-service payments to stimulate production of shorter visits, up-coding of visits and skimming of healthier patients. Results also suggested that differentiated rates for patient visits affected horizontal prioritisations between physician and nurse visits. Respondents perceived that risk-adjustments for diagnoses led to a focus on registering diagnosis codes, and to some extent, also up-coding of secondary diagnoses.Practical implicationsPolicymakers and responsible authorities need to design payment systems carefully, balancing different incentives and considering how and from where data used to calculate payments are retrieved, not relying too heavily on data supplied by providers.Originality/valueThis study contributes evidence on unit-level payment incentives in primary care, a scarcely researched topic, especially using qualitative methods.
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Mu, Hong-Lei, and Young-Chan Lee. "How Inclusive Digital Financial Services Impact User Behavior: A Case of Proximity Mobile Payment in Korea." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 9567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179567.

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Users’ payment behaviors have changed. The diffusion of mobile devices makes people suitable for proximity mobile payment (PMP) services without traditional payment. Existing mobile payment literature mainly focuses on the adoption and continuous usage behavior. Nevertheless, switching behavior on payment has received little attention, especially on why people switch from traditional payment to PMP. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate factors influencing users’ traditional payment–PMP switching to comprehend how these factors shape switching intention. To that end, we developed a traditional payment–PMP transition model based on the push–pull–mooring framework derived from migration theory. This study conducted a structural equation modeling analysis on 311 valid data. The findings indicated that a push factor drives users away from traditional payment in terms of dissatisfaction. The pull factors, including perceived substitutability and perceived usefulness, attract users to PMP. Furthermore, a positive mooring factor facilitates users’ switching intention to PMP in terms of perceived technical compatibility. The negative mooring factor, in terms of perceived risk, hinders users’ switching intention. However, another pull factor—perceived ease of use—failed to influence switching intention significantly. This study found some distinctions between mobile payment switching and mobile payment adoption. These findings provide pivotal insights for mobile payment service providers.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Payment and risk management services"

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Ho, Pui I. "Customers' risk perceptions of EBPP (electronic bill presentation and payment) : a case study of telecommunication service in Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 2003. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636719.

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Hay-Gibson, Naomi V. "Risk and records management : investigating risk and risk management in the context of records and information management in the electronic environment." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2011. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/3308/.

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This thesis presents a study of risk management within records management that focuses on small to medium enterprises(SMEs)in the UK. Cases tudies of three SMEs based in the north of England, ranging from micro-businesses to large scale, were undertaken in a two year period. The aims of the study were to investigate risk in the context of electronic information and records management within SMEs, and to develop a working conceptual model or theory for risk management of electronic information and records. This thesis aims to characterise the approaches to risk and electronic information and records management taken by SMEs throughc case studies, narrative analysis and corpus linguistics. Attitudes and drivers for risk management of electronic information and records management in SMEs were investigated and analysed. The history and historiography of risk management and records management were investigated as part of the preliminary research for the project. The objectives included critically evaluating the vocabulary of risk and risk management, and identifying the use of a common vocabulary of risk in records management within the SME context. This was carried out by a transdisciplinary use of the techniques of computer corpus linguistics (CCL). The creation of a corpus from material collected from interview and questionnaire format contributes to a greater linguistic and semiotic comprehension of the ideas and thoughts behind risk management of records management by different levels of employees in an SME. he corpus was used to identify a vocabulary of terms used by the SMEEs in describing their own risk management in terms of records management, and their experience of risk events in their records management. The outcome of the research will inform the practice of managing risks associated with electronic information and records management in SMEs by distribution of results to relevant small businesses working groups.
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Diab, Aly A. "Risk management of building services modularisation : a knowledge management perspective." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498839.

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Wang, Mulong. "Financial derivatives in corporate risk management." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3036610.

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Pritzlaff, Richard G. "A Meta-Analysis of Successful Community-Based Payment for Ecosystem Services Programs." Thesis, Prescott College, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10822273.

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Ecosystem services (ES), payments for ecosystem services (PES), and the development of markets for PES are transformational concepts and practices that emerged from environmental and ecological economics. Although the establishment of regulatory markets tends to be “top down,” there is evidence that more locally acceptable and successful markets tend to come from the community, from the “bottom up.” This meta-analysis analyzes 20 recent articles that examined approximately 454 PES cases from around the world, most organized from the bottom up. Cross-case analysis reveals possible best practices. Involving communities in design, decision-making, governance, and operation of local PES programs is found in many cases to contribute to improvements in both ecosystems and community livelihoods. Devolving project administration and ES provision monitoring to the local level is found to lower costs, increase project legitimacy, community equity, and leaves efficiency and fairness tradeoff decision-making in the hands of local communities. This in turn adds to feelings of competence, autonomy, and control. The experience of cooperative learning, skill acquisition, and enhanced individual and community capacities that results from participation in PES program design is found to positively influence social, cultural, economic, and multilevel political dynamics, allowing local sustainable resource use and management to emerge. In several cases, there are indications that this leads to a changed local and regional political economy due to successful value capture of enhanced ES resulting from restored ecosystems, as well as indications of other transformative changes in communities. These findings are used to provide recommendations to a watershed restoration initiative in the borderlands of Southern Arizona.

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Jivakanont, Vacharakoon. "Risk, risk management and settlement efficiency in securities settlement and payment systems in Thailand : A simulation approach." Thesis, University of Reading, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529947.

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Ryan, Anthony Eugene Stephen. "Risk perceptions associated with mental illness and the risk management strategies of service users and informal carers." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322339.

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Ganhão, André Filipe Esteves. "Development of web services to help risk management of construction projects." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/5324.

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Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores
Risk management and response to unforeseen events are nowadays seen as assets in construction projects. Unforeseen events and communication failures often cause delays and increased costs, so there is the need to solve them swiftly. The development of information and communication technologies, promoted the emergence of new ways of risk management, i.e., management support software connected to the internet. The use of the internet allows for communication speed between distant participants on a construction project to have a drastic increase. Therefore the purpose of this work is to design and implement a computational infrastructure to manage risks, events and to plan construction projects. It intends to improve communication between participants on site (foremen) and the office workers (contractors and project managers). There is also the goal to provide better visibility and control over the works’ progress, as well as to speed up the ability to decide in view of unforeseen events and, by consequence, potentiate the increase of productivity and quality in construction projects.
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Atisa, George. "Economic assessment of best management practices in the Mara River Basin : toward implementing payment for watershed services." FIU Digital Commons, 2009. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1333.

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The Mara River in East Africa is currently experiencing poor water quality and increased fluctuations in seasonal flow. This study investigated technically effective and economically viable Best Management Practices for adoption in the Mara River Basin of Kenya that can stop further water resources degradation. A survey of 155 farmers was conducted in the upper catchment of the Kenyan side of the river basin. Farmers provided their assessment of BMPs that would best suit their farm in terms of water quality improvement, economic feasibility, and technicalsuitability. Cost data on different practices from farmers and published literature was collected. The results indicated that erosion control structures and runoff management practices were most suitable for adoption. The study estimated the total area that would be improved to restore water quality and reduce further water resources degradation. Farmers were found to incur losses from adopting new practices and would therefore require monetary support.
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Bertrang, Allyn L. "Highway and roadway risk management techniques for emergency responders." Online version, 2009. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2009/2009bertranga.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Payment and risk management services"

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International Symposium on Banking and Payment Services (1994 Washington, D.C.). Symposium proceedings: International Symposium on Banking and Payment Services, March 10-11, 1994, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C: Federal Reserve Board, 1994.

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International Symposium on Banking and Payment Services (1994 Washington, D.C.). Symposium proceedings: International Symposium on Banking and Payment Services, March 10-11, 1994, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C: Federal Reserve Board, 1994.

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New York (State). Dept. of Audit and Control. Division of Management Audit. Department of Social Services, Department of Health, weak internal controls place Medicaid payments for medical items at risk. [Albany, N.Y.]: The Division, 1992.

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Fethi, Meryem Duygun. Financial services: Efficiency and risk management. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Recreation services: Law and risk management. Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications, 2009.

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Financial enterprise risk management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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Controls, procedures, and risk. Philadelphia, PA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003.

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Good practice in risk assessment and risk management: 3. Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2011.

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McPhail, Kim. Managing operational risk in payment, clearing, and settlement systems. Ottawa: Bank of Canada, 2003.

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McPhail, Kim. Managing operational risk in payment, clearing, and settlement systems. Ottawa, Ont: Bank of Canada, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Payment and risk management services"

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Pickard, Karen, Raymond L. Fowler, and Melanie J. Lippmann. "Risk management." In Emergency Medical Services, 192–97. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118990810.ch92.

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Bishop, Andrea. "Risk Management in Policing." In Police Services, 79–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16568-4_7.

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Bai, Xiaoying, and Ron S. Kenett. "Risk-Based Testing of Web Services." In Operational Risk Management, 99–123. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470972571.ch6.

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Lapsley, Irvine. "The risks of risk management." In Managing Public Services, 163–83. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003154389-12.

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Scardovi, Claudio. "Transformation in Risk Management." In Digital Transformation in Financial Services, 143–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66945-8_9.

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Turner, Daphne, Peter Turner, and Philip Voysey. "Managing Risks 2 – Risk Management Policies." In Financial Services Today, 77–85. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13731-2_8.

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Lowe-Lauri, Malcolm. "Analysing and controlling risk." In Management for Child Health Services, 194–208. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3144-3_11.

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Burdzik, Rafał. "Risk Management in Transport." In Epidemic Risk Analysis and Assessment in Transport Services, 5–12. New York: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003204732-2.

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Hendricks, Darryll. "Payment and Settlement Risks in International Financial Markets." In Risk Management: The State of the Art, 123–27. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0791-8_10.

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Sieger, Sonja. "First EN Set of Regulations for Healthcare Services." In Risk Management in Medicine, 153–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47407-5_21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Payment and risk management services"

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DaiHong, Zhong Runtong, and LanTian. "Risk assessment management for mobile payment security." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soli.2008.4682854.

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Lao, Guoling, and Shanshan Jiang. "Risk Analysis of Third-Party Online Payment Based on PEST Model." In 2009 International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2009.5302516.

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CIANI, Adriano, Asta RAUPELIENE, and Vilma TAMULIENE. "THE TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT CONTRACTS AS INNOVATIVE NEW GOVERNANCE OF THE TERRITORY IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE EUROPEAN UNION CLLD PROGRAMME AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES POLICY." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.248.

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In the world, the question of the good practice to manage of territory is a pillar of the implementations of Sustainable Development Goals 2015-2030. The authors are working in collaboration with a holistic approach at the topic. In this way, the Smart Communities and Smart Territories are the new paradigms in 21th Century to solve the question of the adaptation at the Climate Change and to guarantee, for the future generation, the conservation and promotion of all potentialities of each territory and identity of areas. Until now, they have use a deductive method to analyse and show, in the framework of the Sustainable Development, the Community Led Local Development (EU Programme for CLLD) and Ecosystem Services, the need to move from an emergency management approach to pre-emptive territory management. The results of this research have produced the original and autonomous configuration of a new and innovative strategy and governance based on a model that puts in synergy the three aspects of the framework that has been given the name of Territorial Management Contracts (TMC). The TMC, appear a possible shared and democratic model that could to combine the territory risk management with solutions of development driving and sharing by the local populations. This innovative approach is strictly linked with the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals 2015-2030 and the Europe 2020 (smart, sustainable and inclusive). The authors argue that the TMC model is now sufficiently mature to pass from the processing phase to that of the implementation that in the Payment of the Ecosystem Services (PES) finds a concrete reinforcement of the scientific analysis carried out.
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Aparicio García, Jorge. "Integral safe expansion joint: a new long-service-life joint for bridges." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1251.

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<p>The integral expansion joint is a novel bridge expansion joint for bridges and viaducts with three breakthrough characteristics: (1) allows continuous driving, therefore (i) reducing the risk of accidents and increases safety for the road user and their vehicles; (ii) mitigating noise (the bump effect from conventional joints); (2) avoids the filtering of water, detritus and de-icing salts reducing conservation costs (opex and capex) of bridge substructures; (3) has a long-service life vis-à-vis conventional joints, therefore: (i) reducing the maintenance expenditure in bridge joints (life-cycle cost analysis); (ii) reducing traffic cuts and diversions, relevant for toll road operators where there is payment for - or penalties due to lack of – availability and (iii) reducing potential management liability due to improper maintenance. At an affordable supply and installation cost - aligned to conventional joints -, the integral expansion joint aims to solve a well-documented and historical problem in Structural Engineering, strengthening the most vulnerable part of any bridge and road surface. It can be prefabricated or manufactured in situ, implemented in all kind of bridges (new or rehabilitation), in any geography (thermal range), regardless of length of the deck or skewness, and in any material (concrete or metal).</p>
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Niranjan, Sivakumar, Crepel Maxime, and Boullier Dominique. "Risk management in payment system architectures." In 2016 11th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions (ICITST). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icitst.2016.7856759.

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Ganesan, Thinesh, Thian Song Ong, Wooi Ping Cheah, and Tee Connie. "Assessment of Security Risk Impact on Mobile Payment Services." In 2020 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Engineering and Technology (IICAIET). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iicaiet49801.2020.9257829.

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Pan, Jingming, Jun Wang, and Xiaowo Tang. "Global ordering decision of the loss-averse retailer based on multiple risks and payment schemes." In 2013 10th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsssm.2013.6602521.

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Ciğerci, İsmail, and Cem Gökce. "Financial Regulation in Achieving Financial Stability: Selected EU Countries and Turkey Comparison." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01086.

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Financial stability means the stability in payment systems and also means resistance against shocks in financial markets and in foundations being active in such markets. Stability in financial markets usually brings along the financial system’s stable action, accordingly the allocation of sources in economy in a productive way and the management and distribution of risks in a suitable way. It is, however, a certain fact that financial instability causes important problems in economy. Such instabilities cause financial crisis and so, high costs of the financial crisis emphasizes the importance of financial stability. One of the most common methods used to prevent financial instability is the ‘’financial regulation’’. Financial regulations are the rules and limitations laid down by the public to the financial spies’ economic decisions and actions in order to increase its own social purpose function. Financial regulatory services are composed of three parts: to observe the actions of financial foundations, to discipline them, and to coordinating them. Since financial markets are of more importance in economy comparing to other markets, financial regulation is different from the other regulations as well. The purpose of the financial regulation implemented for the financial markets is to equalize the distribution of the data owned by individuals who are transacting in the financial system. In this research, the importance of financial regulations in achieving financial stability is being emphasized and selected-EU countries and Turkey will be compared.
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Bin Dan, Yi Zhang, and Wei Li. "An empirical research on the external influencing factors for consumers'adopting electronic payment platform [consumers'adopting electronic payment platform read as consumers' adoption of electronic payment platform]." In Proceedings of ICSSSM '05. 2005 International Conference on Services Systems and Services Management, 2005. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsssm.2005.1500210.

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Wiradinata, Trianggoro. "Mobile Payment Services Adoption: The Role of Perceived Technology Risk." In 2018 International Conference on Orange Technologies (ICOT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icot.2018.8705859.

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Reports on the topic "Payment and risk management services"

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Arboleda, Rommel, Nabin Bhattarai, Kai Windhorst, and Bhaskar Singh Karky. REDD+, payment for ecosystem services, and integrated water resources management in Nepal: Synergies, opportunities, and challenges. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.3.

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This study analyses the historical evolution and status of three natural resource management frameworks – REDD+, payment for ecosystem services (PES), and integrated water resources management (IWRM) – in Nepal. This analysis of the documented development of REDD+ and PES practices related to IWRM seeks to improve understanding of Nepal’s specific country context, as well as the opportunities, challenges, and barriers towards strengthening linkages and improving synergies between these natural resource management frameworks.
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Aalto, Juha, and Ari Venäläinen, eds. Climate change and forest management affect forest fire risk in Fennoscandia. Finnish Meteorological Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361355.

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Forest and wildland fires are a natural part of ecosystems worldwide, but large fires in particular can cause societal, economic and ecological disruption. Fires are an important source of greenhouse gases and black carbon that can further amplify and accelerate climate change. In recent years, large forest fires in Sweden demonstrate that the issue should also be considered in other parts of Fennoscandia. This final report of the project “Forest fires in Fennoscandia under changing climate and forest cover (IBA ForestFires)” funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, synthesises current knowledge of the occurrence, monitoring, modelling and suppression of forest fires in Fennoscandia. The report also focuses on elaborating the role of forest fires as a source of black carbon (BC) emissions over the Arctic and discussing the importance of international collaboration in tackling forest fires. The report explains the factors regulating fire ignition, spread and intensity in Fennoscandian conditions. It highlights that the climate in Fennoscandia is characterised by large inter-annual variability, which is reflected in forest fire risk. Here, the majority of forest fires are caused by human activities such as careless handling of fire and ignitions related to forest harvesting. In addition to weather and climate, fuel characteristics in forests influence fire ignition, intensity and spread. In the report, long-term fire statistics are presented for Finland, Sweden and the Republic of Karelia. The statistics indicate that the amount of annually burnt forest has decreased in Fennoscandia. However, with the exception of recent large fires in Sweden, during the past 25 years the annually burnt area and number of fires have been fairly stable, which is mainly due to effective fire mitigation. Land surface models were used to investigate how climate change and forest management can influence forest fires in the future. The simulations were conducted using different regional climate models and greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Simulations, extending to 2100, indicate that forest fire risk is likely to increase over the coming decades. The report also highlights that globally, forest fires are a significant source of BC in the Arctic, having adverse health effects and further amplifying climate warming. However, simulations made using an atmospheric dispersion model indicate that the impact of forest fires in Fennoscandia on the environment and air quality is relatively minor and highly seasonal. Efficient forest fire mitigation requires the development of forest fire detection tools including satellites and drones, high spatial resolution modelling of fire risk and fire spreading that account for detailed terrain and weather information. Moreover, increasing the general preparedness and operational efficiency of firefighting is highly important. Forest fires are a large challenge requiring multidisciplinary research and close cooperation between the various administrative operators, e.g. rescue services, weather services, forest organisations and forest owners is required at both the national and international level.
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Carney, Nancy, Tamara Cheney, Annette M. Totten, Rebecca Jungbauer, Matthew R. Neth, Chandler Weeks, Cynthia Davis-O'Reilly, et al. Prehospital Airway Management: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer243.

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Objective. To assess the comparative benefits and harms across three airway management approaches (bag valve mask [BVM], supraglottic airway [SGA], and endotracheal intubation [ETI]) by emergency medical services in the prehospital setting, and how the benefits and harms differ based on patient characteristics, techniques, and devices. Data sources. We searched electronic citation databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, CINAHL®, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus®) from 1990 to September 2020 and reference lists, and posted a Federal Register notice request for data. Review methods. Review methods followed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center Program methods guidance. Using pre-established criteria, studies were selected and dual reviewed, data were abstracted, and studies were evaluated for risk of bias. Meta-analyses using profile-likelihood random effects models were conducted when data were available from studies reporting on similar outcomes, with analyses stratified by study design, emergency type, and age. We qualitatively synthesized results when meta-analysis was not indicated. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed for primary outcomes (survival, neurological function, return of spontaneous circulation [ROSC], and successful advanced airway insertion [for SGA and ETI only]). Results. We included 99 studies (22 randomized controlled trials and 77 observational studies) involving 630,397 patients. Overall, we found few differences in primary outcomes when airway management approaches were compared. • For survival, there was moderate SOE for findings of no difference for BVM versus ETI in adult and mixed-age cardiac arrest patients. There was low SOE for no difference in these patients for BVM versus SGA and SGA versus ETI. There was low SOE for all three comparisons in pediatric cardiac arrest patients, and low SOE in adult trauma patients when BVM was compared with ETI. • For neurological function, there was moderate SOE for no difference for BVM compared with ETI in adults with cardiac arrest. There was low SOE for no difference in pediatric cardiac arrest for BVM versus ETI and SGA versus ETI. In adults with cardiac arrest, neurological function was better for BVM and ETI compared with SGA (both low SOE). • ROSC was applicable only in cardiac arrest. For adults, there was low SOE that ROSC was more frequent with SGA compared with ETI, and no difference for BVM versus SGA or BVM versus ETI. In pediatric patients there was low SOE of no difference for BVM versus ETI and SGA versus ETI. • For successful advanced airway insertion, low SOE supported better first-pass success with SGA in adult and pediatric cardiac arrest patients and adult patients in studies that mixed emergency types. Low SOE also supported no difference for first-pass success in adult medical patients. For overall success, there was moderate SOE of no difference for adults with cardiac arrest, medical, and mixed emergency types. • While harms were not always measured or reported, moderate SOE supported all available findings. There were no differences in harms for BVM versus SGA or ETI. When SGA was compared with ETI, there were no differences for aspiration, oral/airway trauma, and regurgitation; SGA was better for multiple insertion attempts; and ETI was better for inadequate ventilation. Conclusions. The most common findings, across emergency types and age groups, were of no differences in primary outcomes when prehospital airway management approaches were compared. As most of the included studies were observational, these findings may reflect study design and methodological limitations. Due to the dynamic nature of the prehospital environment, the results are susceptible to indication and survival biases as well as confounding; however, the current evidence does not favor more invasive airway approaches. No conclusion was supported by high SOE for any comparison and patient group. This supports the need for high-quality randomized controlled trials designed to account for the variability and dynamic nature of prehospital airway management to advance and inform clinical practice as well as emergency medical services education and policy, and to improve patient-centered outcomes.
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Allen, John, and Caroline Muturi. A Transition For All: Equity and community engagement in the transition of water supply management to utilities in refugee settlements in Uganda. Oxfam, UNHCR, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.7291.

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Water supply schemes in refugee settlements in Uganda are being transitioned from management by humanitarian actors to management by national and regional utilities in an effort to improve their long-term sustainability. Research with refugee and host communities has demonstrated the need to strengthen the transition process. The transition in its current form could risk increasing inequality and pushing water services out of reach for an already vulnerable population. This summary report examines how WASH agencies and stakeholders playing a supporting role in the utility transition can make the transition more equitable, participatory and effective. The full report is available on the Oxfam WASH website: https://www.oxfamwash.org/.
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Phuong, Vu Tan, Nguyen Van Truong, Do Trong Hoan, Hoang Nguyen Viet Hoa, and Nguyen Duy Khanh. Understanding tree-cover transitions, drivers and stakeholders’ perspectives for effective landscape governance: a case study of Chieng Yen Commune, Son La Province, Viet Nam. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21023.pdf.

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Integrated landscape management for sustainable livelihoods and positive environmental outcomes has been desired by many developing countries, especially for mountainous areas where agricultural activities, if not well managed, will likely degrade vulnerable landscapes. This research was an attempt to characterize the landscape in Chieng Yen Commune, Son La Province in Northwest Viet Nam to generate knowledge and understanding of local conditions and to propose a workable governance mechanism to sustainably manage the landscape. ICRAF, together with national partners — Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute — and local partners — Son La Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Son La Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Chieng Yen Commune People’s Committee — conducted rapid assessments in the landscape, including land-use mapping, land-use characterization, a household survey and participatory landscape assessment using an ecosystem services framework. We found that the landscape and peoples’ livelihoods are at risk from the continuous degradation of forest and agricultural land, and declining productivity, ecosystem conditions and services. Half of households live below the poverty line with insufficient agricultural production for subsistence. Unsustainable agricultural practices and other livelihood activities are causing more damage to the forest. Meanwhile, existing forest and landscape governance mechanisms are generally not inclusive of local community engagement. Initial recommendations are provided, including further assessment to address current knowledge gaps.
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Venäläinen, Ari, Sanna Luhtala, Mikko Laapas, Otto Hyvärinen, Hilppa Gregow, Mikko Strahlendorff, Mikko Peltoniemi, et al. Sää- ja ilmastotiedot sekä uudet palvelut auttavat metsäbiotaloutta sopeutumaan ilmastonmuutokseen. Finnish Meteorological Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361317.

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Climate change will increase weather induced risks to forests, and thus effective adaptation measures are needed. In Säätyö project funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, we have summarized the data that facilitate adaptation measures, developed weather and climate services that benefit forestry, and mapped what kind of new weather and climate services are needed in forestry. In addition, we have recorded key further development needs to promote adaptation. The Säätyö project developed a service product describing the harvesting conditions of trees based on the soil moisture assessment. The output includes an analysis of the current situation and a 10-day forecast. In the project we also tested the usefulness of long forecasts beyond three months. The weather forecasting service is sidelined and supplemented by another co-operation project between the Finnish Meteorological Institute and Metsäteho called HarvesterSeasons (https://harvesterseasons.com/). The HarvesterSeasons service utilizes long-term forecasts of up to 6 months to assess terrain bearing conditions. A test version of a wind damage risk tool was developed in cooperation with the Department of Forest Sciences of the University of Eastern Finland and the Finnish Meteorological Institute. It can be used to calculate the wind speeds required in a forest area for wind damage (falling trees). It is currently only suitable for researcher use. In the Säätyö project the possibility of locating the most severe wind damage areas immediately after a storm was also tested. The method is based on the spatial interpolation of wind observations. The method was used to analyze storms that caused forest damages in the summer and fall of 2020. The produced maps were considered illustrative and useful to those responsible for compiling the situational picture. The accumulation of snow on tree branches, can be modeled using weather data such as rainfall, temperature, air humidity, and wind speed. In the Säätyö project, the snow damage risk assessment model was further developed in such a way that, in addition to the accumulated snow load amount, the characteristics of the stand and the variations in terrain height were also taken into account. According to the verification performed, the importance of abiotic factors increased under extreme snow load conditions (winter 2017-2018). In ordinary winters, the importance of biotic factors was emphasized. According to the comparison, the actual snow damage could be explained well with the tested model. In the interviews and workshop, the uses of information products, their benefits, the conditions for their introduction and development opportunities were mapped. According to the results, diverse uses and benefits of information products and services were seen. Information products would make it possible to develop proactive forest management, which would reduce the economic costs caused by wind and snow damages. A more up-to-date understanding of harvesting conditions, enabled by information products, would enhance the implementation of harvesting and harvesting operations and the management of timber stocks, as well as reduce terrain, trunk and root damage. According to the study, the introduction of information is particularly affected by the availability of timeliness. Although the interviewees were not currently willing to pay for the information products developed in the project, the interviews highlighted several suggestions for the development of information products, which could make it possible to commercialize them.
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Tipton, Kelley, Brian F. Leas, Nikhil K. Mull, Shazia M. Siddique, S. Ryan Greysen, Meghan B. Lane-Fall, and Amy Y. Tsou. Interventions To Decrease Hospital Length of Stay. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb40.

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Background. Timely discharge of hospitalized patients can prevent patient harm, improve patient satisfaction and quality of life, and reduce costs. Numerous strategies have been tested to improve the efficiency and safety of patient recovery and discharge, but hospitals continue to face challenges. Purpose. This Technical Brief aimed to identify and synthesize current knowledge and emerging concepts regarding systematic strategies that hospitals and health systems can implement to reduce length of stay (LOS), with emphasis on medically complex or vulnerable patients at high risk for prolonged LOS due to clinical, social, or economic barriers to timely discharge. Methods. We conducted a structured search for published and unpublished studies and conducted interviews with Key Informants representing vulnerable patients, hospitals, health systems, and clinicians. The interviews provided guidance on our research protocol, search strategy, and analysis. Due to the large and diverse evidence base, we limited our evaluation to systematic reviews of interventions to decrease hospital LOS for patients at potentially higher risk for delayed discharge; primary research studies were not included, and searches were restricted to reviews published since 2010. We cataloged the characteristics of relevant interventions and assessed evidence of their effectiveness. Findings. Our searches yielded 4,364 potential studies. After screening, we included 19 systematic reviews reported in 20 articles. The reviews described eight strategies for reducing LOS: discharge planning; geriatric assessment or consultation; medication management; clinical pathways; inter- or multidisciplinary care; case management; hospitalist services; and telehealth. All reviews included adult patients, and two reviews also included children. Interventions were frequently designed for older (often frail) patients or patients with chronic illness. One review included pregnant women at high risk for premature delivery. No reviews focused on factors linking patient vulnerability with social determinants of health. The reviews reported few details about hospital setting, context, or resources associated with the interventions studied. Evidence for effectiveness of interventions was generally not robust and often inconsistent—for example, we identified six reviews of discharge planning; three found no effect on LOS, two found LOS decreased, and one reported an increase. Many reviews also reported patient readmission rates and mortality but with similarly inconsistent results. Conclusions. A broad range of strategies have been employed to reduce LOS, but rigorous systematic reviews have not consistently demonstrated effectiveness within medically complex, high-risk, and vulnerable populations. Health system leaders, researchers, and policymakers must collaborate to address these needs.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.

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With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor
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Pacific Transport Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map 2021–2025. Asian Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/sgp210255-2.

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This publication highlights key transport issues in the Pacific developing member countries of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and sets out ADB’s planned 2021–2025 transport sector operations in the region. These operations, based on domestic and regional sector priorities and ADB’s Strategy 2030, aim to help countries prepare for and respond to shocks, deliver sustainable services, and promote inclusive growth. The publication covers maritime, land, and urban transport; aviation; and intermodal connectivity. It discusses climate change adaptation and disaster risk management, regional cooperation and integration, institutional capacity, gender equality, land ownership, and procurement. It is linked to ADB’s Pacific Approach strategy document.
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