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Journal articles on the topic 'Payment Services Directive'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Bože, Anete. "PSD1 from Perspective of ECJ." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 2, no. 20 (2021): 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.084-098.

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Directive 2007/64/EC (known also as Payment Service Directive 1 – PSD1) and Directive (EU) 2015/2366 (known also as Payment Service Directive 2 – PSD2) both regulate payment services in the EU. PSD1 is no longer in force and it was replaced with PSD2 that provides the basis for a better integrated EU payments market, opens up a market for new types of payment services, allows to use new technologies to provide these services etc. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has made some significant rulings that helped to understand some concepts from the PSD1 and PSD2 more clearly. In this article, th

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2

Van Empel, Martijn. "Retail payments and the arduous road to SEPA." Common Market Law Review 46, Issue 3 (2009): 921–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2009037.

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The article looks at recent developments in attempts to reduce the difference between costs of cross-border payments within the EU and those of domestic payments. It recalls earlier steps in relation to the creation of SEPA, the Single Euro Payments Area, in particular in relation to retail payments. The analysis focuses on the recently adopted Payment Services Directive (PSD), concerning the classic operations of placing cash on, and withdrawing cash from, a payment account but also the three categories of payment instruments which it had been agreed SEPA should concentrate on, viz. credit tr

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3

Sadowski, Krystian. "Impact of PSD2 on The Payment Services Market – General Objectives and Evidence from Polish and UK Legal Systems." Wroclaw Review of Law, Administration & Economics 11, no. 1 (2021): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/wrlae-2021-0008.

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Abstract Payment Service Directive 2 came into force on 13th January 2018. It has replaced the prior directive and introduces new tools allowing to provide more advanced payment services. New legislation aims to increase competition and allow new entrants into the market. The thesis leads through the different aspects of the Directive, emphasizing an influence the legislation has on the companies providing modern solutions in the payment services market. The legal changes are analysed and assessed following the differences resulting from Payment Service Directive 2. For better understanding th

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4

Woźniak, Anna. "Zmiany wprowadzone na europejskim rynku usług finansowych dyrektywą o usługach płatniczych (Payment Service Directive 2)." Zeszyty Prawnicze Biura Analiz Sejmowych 2, no. 66 (2020): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31268/zpbas.2020.27.

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5

Geva, B. "The EU Payment Services Directive: An Outsider's View." Yearbook of European Law 28, no. 1 (2009): 177–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yel/28.1.177.

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6

Steennot, Reinhard. "Erroneous execution of payment transactions according to the new payment services Directive." International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation 6, no. 2/3/4 (2007): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijttc.2007.017802.

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7

Donnelly, Mary. "Payments in the digital market: Evaluating the contribution of Payment Services Directive II." Computer Law & Security Review 32, no. 6 (2016): 827–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2016.07.003.

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8

Możdżyński, Daniel. "THE CONCEPTIONS OF NEW PAYMENT METHODS BASED ON REVISED PAYMENT SERVICES DIRECTIVE (PSD2)." Information System in Management 6, no. 1 (2017): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/isim.2017.6.1.5.

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9

Kovács, Levente, and Sandor David. "Fraud risk in electronic payment transactions." Journal of Money Laundering Control 19, no. 2 (2016): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-09-2015-0039.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is the timely review of regulations on the security of electronic payments, payment innovations and their vulnerabilities and discussing the recommendations elaborated by the European Forum on the Security of Retail Payments. Design/methodology/approach First, the article presents a serious fraud case which happened in the Hungarian banking system. This case demonstrates all risks associated with the security of payment channels being used. Next, the article examines those international SecuRe Pay Forum recommendations which target the elimination of such frau

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10

Vardi, Noah. "The Indirect Effects on Domestic Law of the European Legislation on Payment Systems." European Review of Private Law 23, Issue 6 (2015): 945–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2015057.

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Abstract: The article examines the impact that recent European Union (EU) legislation on payment systems has on domestic rules on payments in general. Given that the Payment Services Directive (PSD), for example, only regulates the payment service contract for the transfer of funds, without considering the underlying debt, the paper tries to assess whether, in the absence of a direct harmonization of national provisions on performance, discharge, and breach of a payment obligation, there is room for an indirect and gradual convergence in commercial practice and in judicial interpretation. Résu

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11

Steennot, Reinhard. "Reduced payer's liability for unauthorized payment transactions under the second Payment Services Directive (PSD2)." Computer Law & Security Review 34, no. 4 (2018): 954–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2018.05.008.

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12

Herbain, Charlène A. "Case law note: ECJ Confirms Function-Based Approach to the VAT Exemption of Transactions Concerning Payments and Transfers." Intertax 46, Issue 11 (2018): 930–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2018098.

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On 25 July 2018, the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ or the Court) rendered its judgment in the DPAS1 case, in which it examined the concept of ‘transaction concerning payments or transfers’ and the VAT exemption applicable thereto. While VAT exemptions have existed since the inception of VAT in the Union3 and the scope of VAT exemptions – in particular, that applicable to transactions concerning payments or transfers – has been explored by the ECJ on many occasions,4 this referral shows that doubts linger. With the advent of the Revised Payment Services Directive,5 new service pro

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13

Siragusa, Mario, Maurits Dolmans, Romano F. Subiotto QC, Paul Gilbert, and John Messent. "Payment services in the EU: price regulation to protect a duopoly." Competition Law Journal 18, no. 4 (2020): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/clj.2019.04.06.

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The EU Interchange Fee Regulation (‘IFR’) introduced price caps on the fees paid between banks in respect of credit and debit card payments. The Second Payment Services Directive (‘PSD2’) forces some payment schemes to open up their networks to any banks that want to use them. These rules, together with a wealth of related and ancillary provisions, are the legislative fallout from a series of antitrust investigations into Visa and Mastercard. But the rules are not limited to Visa and Mastercard, nor are they limited to schemes that operate in the same way as Visa and Mastercard. They extend to

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14

Legeais, Dominique. "Integrated purchasing and banking data protection in the context of Directive (EU) 2015/2366: new payment service providers." Law, State and Telecommunications Review 11, no. 1 (2019): 173–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/lstr.v11i1.24856.

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Purpose – The article analyses the limits of protection of bank users´ data in France, framing them as personal data. Its legal analysis is made amidst a context of radical changes in the European and French personal data protection law as well in the banking regulation, which is being transformed by the new payment services regulation. Methodology/approach/design – The article brings an interlacement of some new legal sources from the European and French law to appraise the limits of banking data protection. It tests the application of some legal norms in order to evaluate the potential

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15

Petrović, Marijana. "PSD2 influence on digital banking transformation: Banks' perspective." Journal of Process Management. New Technologies 8, no. 4 (2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jouproman8-28153.

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The European Union government has forced banks to open and make their customer information accessible with their permission, for other players in the financial market to use and take part of that business, in order to make the banking industry more innovative, stimulate new ideas in the payments market and better regulate existing legal frameworks for payment and banking services across the EU. This paper analyzes the impact that the revised PSD2 Directive has on the digital transformation of banking across the European Union.

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16

Romanova, Inna, Simon Grima, Jonathan Spiteri, and Marina Kudinska. "The Payment Services Directive II and Competitiveness: The Perspective of European Fintech Companies." EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XXI, Issue 2 (2018): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ersj/981.

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17

Kjørven, Marte Eidsand. "Who Pays When Things Go Wrong? Online Financial Fraud and Consumer Protection in Scandinavia and Europe." European Business Law Review 31, Issue 1 (2020): 77–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2020004.

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Online financial fraud targeted at consumers through phishing attacks and identity theft, for example, is a growing problem. Because it can be difficult to recover losses from the person who committed the fraud, the loss will often remain with either the financial institution or the consumer. This paper’s research question relates to how losses following online financial fraud are and should be allocated between these two parties according to relevant Scandinavian and European law. For payment-transaction fraud, questions of loss allocation are regulated by national rules implementing the liab

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18

Polasik, Michał, Agnieszka Huterska, Rehan Iftikhar, and Štěpán Mikula. "The impact of Payment Services Directive 2 on the PayTech sector development in Europe." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 178 (October 2020): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.07.010.

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19

Byrski, Jan. "Consumer Protection under Directive 2015/2366 on Payment Services in the Internal Market – Selected Issues." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie, no. 8(968) (2017): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15678/znuek.2017.0968.0802.

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20

Steennot, Reinhard, and Rene Franz Henschel. "The impact of the directive on payment services in the internal market on Danish and Belgian legislation on fraudulent payment transactions." International Journal of Private Law 3, no. 1/2 (2010): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpl.2010.029610.

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21

Rosati, Pierangelo, Grace Fox, Mark Cummins, and Theo Lynn. "Perceived Risk as a Determinant of Propensity to Adopt Account Information Services under the EU Payment Services Directive 2." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 17, no. 2 (2022): 493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer17020026.

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Globalisation, technological advances, liberalisation of financial markets, and changing consumer behaviour are transforming banking profoundly. Under the EU Payment Services Directive 2 (PSD2), incumbent banks must open up their data, processes, and business functionalities to customers and third parties including rivals. It is critical to understand consumer behaviour post-PSD2, and the potential impact of PSD2 on the functioning of the retail banking and financial services market. In this preliminary study of 244 consumers from six European countries, we explore the role of social influence

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22

Tjon Akon, Melvin. "Personalized Pricing Using Payment Data: Legality and Limits under European Union and Luxembourg Law." European Business Law Review 31, Issue 5 (2020): 947–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2020035.

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With the transposition of Directive (EU) 2015/2366 (PSD2) into Luxembourg law, payment service providers may have access to consumer payment data and share these data with third parties for the purposes of personalized pricing. In this article, the author analyses the legality and the limits of personalized pricing using payment data under European Union and Luxembourg law, focusing on consumer e-commerce markets. To this end, the author reviews economic studies on personalized pricing and consumer behavior and analyses the application of consumer protection, data protection, anti-discriminati

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23

Steennot, Reinhard. "Allocation of liability in case of fraudulent use of an electronic payment instrument: The new Directive on payment services in the internal market." Computer Law & Security Review 24, no. 6 (2008): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2008.09.005.

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24

Borgogno, Oscar, and Giuseppe Colangelo. "Data, Innovation and Competition in Finance: The Case of the Access to Account Rule." European Business Law Review 31, Issue 4 (2020): 573–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2020023.

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Technological innovation can foster competition within the retail financial sector. However, in order to pave the way for the emergence of FinTech with the goal of promoting innovation and competition, policymakers need to address a data bottleneck problem. The access to account (XS2A) rule introduced by the revised EU Payment Service Directive (PSD2) is worth of attention as it mandates banks to provide access to customer account data to all authorized third payment service providers. If properly implemented, the XS2A rule may unlock competition in retail financial markets by mitigating consu

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25

Bijl, Jeroen. "VAT: Money Off Vouchers and Cash Back Schemes What Are the Problems and How Can They Be Solved?" EC Tax Review 21, Issue 5 (2012): 262–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2012026.

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Specific VAT issues currently exist with regard to situations where specific 'money off vouchers' are used as part payment for the supply of goods and services or, for example, where the purchaser of goods can use a 'cash back voucher' to get a partial payment from the manufacturer of the goods for the purchase price that purchaser paid to the retailer selling these goods. The EU VAT Directive does not provide for rules on the treatment of such transactions, and the guidance given by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) leaves numerous issues unsolved. In order to solve these issu

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26

Balla, Rezana. "Digitalization of Financial Services in Albania Under Restricted Measures Covid-19." European Journal of Marketing and Economics 3, no. 2 (2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/961eln98w.

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Under the restricted measures due to the global pandemic Covid-19, like all other services, financial services had difficulties in performing their financial activities. These difficulties are stronger at countries where financial services are denied for a long time. Financial services denial is an issue that has affected not only Albania but small Balkan countries as well. The reasons for this denial are many, but among them we can distinguish the lack of credit experience, as one of the common reasons to be excluded in these countries from the development of the financial sector. Currently,

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27

Kulyk, O. I. "LEGAL BASIS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION INFLUENCE ON THE VIRTUAL ASSETS MARKET." Economics and Law, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2021.01.071.

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The article analyses the legal basis of the European Union (EU) influence on the virtual assets market. It was found that the current EU legislation on the virtual assets is still full of legal gaps and does not ensure proper market regulation because of the early stage of its development. The absence of a unanimous position regarding the virtual assets market regulation forces the EU Member States to apply their own, sometimes contradictory, approaches to market regulation. It disaffirms the basic principles of the European Singe Market functioning, in particular the free movement of goods an

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28

Sethuraman, Kothandaraman. "Analyzing the Role of the Goods and Service Tax Network in Helping the State Preserve a Just Social Order." Christ University Law Journal 9, no. 2 (2020): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12728/culj.17.2.

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The Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN) manages the Common GST Electronic Portal. The payment of money, inclusive of the Goods and Services Taxes (GSTs), is made to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in three different ways – It can first be deposited as revenue in compliance with law; it can also be deposited after collection, following notices of demand; and finally it can be deposited after recovery from defaulters, into the respective Consolidated Funds, which are mutually independent parts of central and state treasuries. GST revenues accounted for in the Consolidated Funds would have to b

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29

Sveinsdóttir, Þorbjörg. "Assessing the effectiveness of the EU AML regime: Detecting and investigating cases of trafficking in human beings." New Journal of European Criminal Law 9, no. 4 (2018): 464–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2032284418812225.

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The effectiveness of anti-money-laundering (AML) mechanisms within the European Union (EU), in the context of the detection and investigation of trafficking in human beings (THB), is the focal point of this article. The article begins by examining the EU’s emphasis on proactive financial investigations in cases of THB and then moves on to examine EU AML framework. Special attention is paid to the 4th AML Directive (Directive (EU) 2015/849), the Second Transfer of Funds Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2015/847), the Second Payment Services Directive (Directive (EU) 2015/2366) and the Cash Control R

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Braunroth, Anna. "One Year of Consumer Access to Payment Accounts – a New Dimension of European Anti-Discrimination Law?" European Review of Contract Law 14, no. 1 (2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ercl-2018-1001.

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AbstractThis article analyses a consumer rights approach to protection against discrimination in EU law that has been established with the adoption of the so-called Payment Accounts Directive 2014/92/EU of 23 July 2014 (PAD). The approach has potential to sustainably transform the legal coexistence of, on the one side, EU consumer law and, on the other side, EU anti-discrimination law. In form of a so far unprecedented regulation, it directly links the non-discrimination principle of Article 21 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights with consumer protection. At the same time, the approach tie

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Szpringer, Włodzimierz, and Mariusz Szpringer. "New phenomena in the regulations at the market of payment services (selected issues in the context of the alteration of the PSD Directive)." e-mentor 2014, no. 56 (4) (2014): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15219/em56.1128.

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32

Souto, Miguel Abel. "Money Laundering, Cybercrime and Criminal Responsibility of Legal Persons." Internal Security 12, no. 1 (2020): 125–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3193.

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Directives 2015/849 and 2018/843 on money laundering require continuous adaptations of the legal framework to respond to threats of the use of new technologies in money laundering. Directive 2018/843 extends the scope of Directive 2015/849 to ‘providers engaged in exchange services between virtual currencies and fiat currencies, as well as custodian wallet providers’. Undoubtedly, the new payment systems facilitate money launderers’ criminal activity. These systems are better than cash for moving large sums of money, non-face to face business relationships favour the use of straw buyers and fa

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Morri, Elisa, and Riccardo Santolini. "Ecosystem Services Valuation for the Sustainable Land Use Management by Nature-Based Solution (NbS) in the Common Agricultural Policy Actions: A Case Study on the Foglia River Basin (Marche Region, Italy)." Land 11, no. 1 (2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010057.

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Agricultural land is a very important ecosystem that provides a range of services like food, maintenance of soil structure, and hydrological services with high ecological value to human wellbeing Ecosystem Services (ESs). Understanding the contribution of different agricultural practices to supply ESs would help inform choices about the most beneficial land use management. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are defined by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) as actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore natural or modified ecosystems, which address societal challenges (e.g.,

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34

Souto, Miguel Abel. "Money laundering, cybercrime and criminal responsibility of legal persons." REVISTA CAP JURÍDICA CENTRAL 3, no. 5 (2019): 231–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29166/cap.v3i5.2260.

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Directives 2015/849, and 2018/843 on Money Laundering require continuous adaptations of the legal framework to respond to threats of the use of new technologies in money laundering. Directive 2018/843 extends the scope of Directive 2015/849 to providers engaged in exchange services between virtual currencies and fiat currencies as well as custodian wallet providers. Undoubtedly, the new payment systems facilitate money launderers’ criminal activity. These systems are better than cash for moving large sums of money, non-face to face business relationships favour the use of straw buyers, and fal

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35

Monastyrsky, Hryhoriy, Yaroslav Chaikovskyi, Ivanna Chaikovska, and Yevhen Chaikovskyi. "DIRECTIONS OF USE OF PAYMENT CARD AS INNOVATION OF PAYMENT OF TRANSPORT ORGANIZATIONS SERVICES." Economic Analysis, no. 28(4) (2018): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2018.04.143.

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It is carried out the analysis of the share of cash outside the banks in the money supply in Ukraine within 2013-2017 and the integral indicator of the level of the shadow economy in Ukraine for 2010-2017. The dynamics of the main indicators of functioning of the payment cards market of Ukraine during 2012-2017 is analysed. The main tendencies of development the market of payment cards in Ukraine are considered. In particular, the dynamics of the number of holders of payment cards and their issuing banks, the development of electronic payment infrastructure, the types of payment cards issued b

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36

Tridimas, Takis. "I. Company Law and Trade in Securities." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 46, no. 1 (1997): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300060188.

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In the last two years there has been significant legislative activity in the field of company law. The most important development in the field of securities law has been the adoption of a directive amending, inter alia, the Investment Services Directive1 and the directive on undertakings for collective investments in transferable securities2, with a view to reinforcing prudential supervision3. A number of initiatives have been taken with a view to preparing for economic and monetary union. In particular, the Commission has submitted a proposal for a directive on cross-border credit transfers w

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Zverev, A., Viktoria Valerievna Mandron, and A. Sereda. "Functioning of the Fast Payment System in Russia." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 9, no. 4 (2021): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-9111-2021-9-4-23-28.

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Digital transformation is the main direction of development of the national financial industry. Traditional banking services are being transferred to online services, especially in the context of the rapid growth of e-commerce. The introduction of new information channels of remote interaction allows credit institutions to reduce their costs, improve the quality and speed of customer service, balance active and passive operations, expand the «line» of banking products and financial services, stabilize and expand the customer base. The development of the banking business based on the introducti

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Trusova, N. V., and I. O. Chkan. "Payment Systems in Ukraine and Risks of their Functioning." Business Inform 1, no. 516 (2021): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-1-257-263.

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The article is aimed at defining the main aspects of the development of the current state of electronic payment systems in Ukraine and generalizing the main risks of violation of their functioning. The carried out research systematized information on the functioning of payment systems (both internal and international) and forms of payments in Ukraine (cash, non-cash – electronic). Among more than 80 domestic and international payment systems created by banks and non-bank institutions, the National Bank of Ukraine defines the following categories of importance of payment systems in Ukraine in o

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Coste, Rares, and Liviu Miclea. "API Testing for Payment Service Directive2 and Open Banking." International Journal of Modeling and Optimization 9, no. 1 (2019): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijmo.2019.v9.675.

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Shashula, Liudmyla O., Oksana V. Sakal, and Nataliia A. Tretiak. "Payment for Ecosystem Services in Ukraine: Priority Direction of Revitalization." Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, no. 2 (2019): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2019.84.01.

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The authors of the article are involved in the actualization of the informational and educational campaign on the value of ecosystem services and their assessment in Ukraine. The content of the economic category of public welfare through the prism of ecosystem services, approaches to their classification, assessment and payments are researched. The results of the informational and educational campaign on the value of ecosystem services of Ukraine and the further application of assessment of such services as one of the priority strategic tasks of the country’s environmental policy are analyzed.

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Choi, Gongpil, and Meeyoung Park. "Reconnecting the Dots for the Payment Service Directive 2 - Compatible Asian Financial Network." East Asian Economic Review 23, no. 3 (2019): 285–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.11644/kiep.eaer.2019.23.3.364.

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42

Gupta, Kriti Priya, Rishi Manrai, and Utkarsh Goel. "Factors influencing adoption of payments banks by Indian customers: extending UTAUT with perceived credibility." Journal of Asia Business Studies 13, no. 2 (2019): 173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-07-2017-0111.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors influencing the behavioral intention to adopt payments banks services by Indian underbanked and unbanked population. Design/methodology/approach The proposed model has assimilated factors from the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) along with perceived credibility. The factors of UTAUT include performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitation of conditions and social influence. Apart from testing the direct relationships of the model constructs with the behavioral intention to adopt payments banks ser

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43

Lin, Hebin, and Masahisa Nakamura. "Payments for watershed services: Directing incentives for improving lake basin governance." Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management 17, no. 3 (2012): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lre.12004.

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Jack, B. Kelsey, and Seema Jayachandran. "Self-selection into payments for ecosystem services programs." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 12 (2018): 5326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802868115.

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Designers and funders of payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs have long worried that payments flow to landholders who would have conserved forests even without the program, undermining the environmental benefits (“additionality”) and cost-effectiveness of PES. If landholders self-select into PES programs based on how much conservation they were going to undertake anyway, then those who were planning to conserve should always enroll. This paper discusses the less-appreciated fact that enrollment is often based on other factors too. The hassle of signing up or financial costs of enroll

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45

Smetherman, Dana H. "Understanding the Current Procedural Terminology Process." Journal of Breast Imaging 1, no. 2 (2019): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbi/wbz002.

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Abstract This article describes the method by which U.S. health care services are valued and reimbursed, and the essential role practicing physicians, including breast imaging radiologists, and medical specialty societies play in this process. The American Medical Association has described the method for developing new and revised Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes as a 3-legged stool, with patient care as the seat supported by its legs: the CPT process (where the work is described), the Relative Value Scale Update Committee (RUC) process (where the work is valued), and coverage by Med

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Żok, Krzysztof. "Consumer protection in cloud computing contracts stipulating non-monetary remuneration." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 28, no. 1 (2020): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaaa006.

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Abstract The convenience of cloud services rapidly increases their popularity among consumers. Although the services are often marketed as free, the consumer may be required to provide remuneration. Instead of charging a fee, however, providers usually collect assets other than money, in particular consumer’s personal data. This raises serious questions about consumer protection which until recently has mainly covered ‘paid’ contracts. Moreover, treating some forms of non-monetary remuneration as payment is controversial due to the special status of the information provided by the consumer in

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Grzywacz, Jacek, and Ewa Jagodzińska-Komar. "Rola banków i sektora FinTech w świetle implementacji dyrektywy PSD2 ." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 2 (November 29, 2018): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2018.2.8.

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The aim of the article is to define the prospects for the development of cooperation between the banking sector and FinTech in the context of the implementation of the PSD2 directive. First, attention was drawn to the changing role of banks that have already taken actions to use the opportunities related to the implementation of this EU regulation of the European payments market. It has been pointed out that the opening of the banking system will result in close cooperation with the FinTech sector, so-called API economics, and this will affect the emergence of new business models. Next, new so

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Cyrus Reed, Wm. "Global Incorporation, Ideology, and Public Policy in Zimbabwe." Issue 15 (1987): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700506039.

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Six years after independence, Zimbabwe is viewed by its admirers as having adopted a pragmatic approach to a broad range of socialist oriented policies. A massive expansion and re-direction of services in the areas of education, health, and agricultural extension services, in addition to the creation of one of the world’s largest resettlement programs, are often cited as evidence of how the government of Prime Minister Robert Mugabe is working for socialist transformation in Zimbabwe. In addition, under Mugabe’s Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) government, the Zimbabwean economy has been

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Zhuk, A. "Taxation Trap in Development of Entrepreneurship in Russia." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 2 (February 20, 2012): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2012-2-132-139.

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The paper considers the problem of improving the quality of taxation institution in Russia using institutional economic theory research tools. The taxation institution analysis reveals the institutional trap in its structure which distorts national taxation system functioning and leads to complete abandonment of tax payments by national economic agents. On the basis of the analysis of tax revenues and directions and quality of public expenditure the author grounds the necessity of modernization of the national system of public needs satisfaction in the direction of the actual public goods and

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Mowaffaq Ayed Madarmeh, Rawan. "The Gap to Involve the Banking Cheques into Green Banking: Review and comparison about the contribution of Electronic Clearing Cheque System, Remote Cheque Deposit Service and Electronic Cheque Service in the Green Banking." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (2018): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.27873.

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Green banking is going to lead the banking sector into 21st century, which is much needed in saving the world. The purpose of this paper is to address the gap in involving the banking cheques into green banking, by spotting the light on the environmental practices which are applied in Electronic Clearing Cheque System (ECCS), Remote Cheque Deposit Service (RCD) and Electronic Cheque Service (ECS) and the gaps in each. To achieve the purpose reviews and comparison in different aspects have been done which are related to ECCS, RCD and ECS. In addition, to guide the argument about the fact behind

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