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1
Mandadi, Ravi. "Comparison of Current On-line Payment Technologies." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7383.
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The purpose of this thesis work was to make a survey of current on-line payment technologies and find out which are they and how do they work? Compare and analyze them from a security point of view, as well as a usability point of view. What is good? What is bad? What is lacking?
To achieve this purpose, an overview of the current on-line payment technologies was acquired through academic books and papers, Internet sites, magazines. Basic cryptographic and security related techniques were studied for the security analysis of current on-line payment systems.
In this work, various current on-line payment systems were classified into two groups [Macro and Micro on-line payment systems]. This classification was based on the mode of on-line payment transactions. To analyze these on-line payment systems, a set of payment system requirements were formed [Security Issues, Usability Issues, Anonymity, Scalability etc].
Under the category of Macro payment system, Credit Card payment system, Debit Card payment system, Stored Value Card payment system, Electronic Check payment system, Electronic Cash payment system, Electronic account transfer payment system and mobile payment system transactions were examined.
Under the category of Micro payment system, Hash Chain based Payment System, Hash Collisions and Hash sequences based Payment Systems, Shared Secrete Keys based Payment Systems and Probability based payment systems were examined.
Based on the requirements of payment system, these on-line payment systems were analyzed and compared. In the analysis phase, the advantages and drawbacks of these payment systems were figured out.
It was found from the study that the credit card based payment systems are the most widely used means of conducting on-line payments. It is evident that credit card based payment systems satisfy stakeholder requirements the best, as they offer more flexible payment options, having a large user-base, benefit from familiarity and simplicity of use and also allow international payments. The other on-line payment systems lack this flexibility
It can also be extracted from the study that users want more simplified, convenient and secure on-line payment systems. Thus the futuristic on-line payment systems will have all secure payment options into one system.
2
Smolenko, S. "Contactless, or the future of payments." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45980.
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Ramírez, Calderón Nicolás. "MOBILE PAYMENTS REGULATIONS : A comparative study between regulatory frameworks for Mobile Payments." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-177161.
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The increasing growth of mobile devices penetration has provoked the rise of the mobile payments industry. With many years in the market and with a constant evolution in both its technology and transactions volume, numerous implementations have entered the market around the world. It has demonstrated potential and innovation for services offered, business models, and delivery schemas. All these positive aspects bring new challenges for the industry and in particular for regulators. Mobile payments are emerging in the intersection of financial regulation, telecommunications regulation, and other technological rules that make the picture complicated and challenging. That is why regulators’ role should be to develop fair rules to protect both customers and the market, but having the ability to create at the same time an environment able to encourage innovation, open competition, and new services. This master thesis presents a depiction of mobile payments from its concept, functioning, technologies, and current situation. Everything conducted to introduce, explain, and analyze the existing regulations covering mobile payments and how the creation of such regulatory frameworks have helped the industry to grow and develop. Finally, several cases from different geographical regions and diverse markets are analyzed in order to see their regulatory approach and specific frameworks. Everything intended to analyze the existing trends and differences around the world with regions and countries with different socioeconomic characteristics. As a result an analysis locates each case in a logic map which allows the reader to understand how enabling is the environment for the development of the industry in terms of their regulatory situation. Additionally, the trends and differences between the regions are identified and presented based on the finds of each study case.Den stigande tillväxten av mobila enheter har orsakat en ökning av mobila enheter betalnings industrin. Med många år på marknaden samt en ständig utveckling både i sin teknik och överföringar av volym, har många fullföljande kommit in på marknaden världen runt. Detta har bevisat potential och innovation för tjänster som erbjuds, affärsmodeller och leveransscheman. Alla dessa positiva aspekter har med sig nya utmaningar för branschen, särskild för tillsynsmyndigheterna. Mobila betalningar växer fram i finansiell reglerings snittet, reglering av telekommunikation, och andra tekniska regler som gör bilden komplicerad och utmanande. Det är därför tillsynsmyndigheternas roll bör vara att utveckla rimliga regler för att skydda både kunder och marknaden, men samtidigt att ha förmåga att skapa en miljö som kan främja innovation, öppen konkurrens samt nya tjänster. Detta examensarbete presenterar en skildring av mobila betalningar från sitt koncept, funktion, teknik och nuvarande situation. Allting ledde till att introducera, förklara och analysera de befintliga förändringar som omfattar mobila betalningar och hur skapandet av reglerande regelverk har hjälpt industrin att växa och utvecklas. Slutligen analyseras flera fall från olika geografiska regioner och olika marknader för att se deras regleringsmetod och regelverk. Allt syftar till att analysera befintliga trender och skillnader runtom i världen med regioner och länder med olika socioekonomiska egenskaper. Som ett resultat finns en analys som placerar varje fall i en mapp som ger läsaren en möjlighet att förstå hur viktig miljön är för utvecklingen när det kommer till dess reglerande situation. Dessutom identifieras och presenteras de olika trenderna och skillnaderna utifrån upptäckter som hittats i varje enskilt fall.
4
Kováčik, Petr. "Elektronické platby na internetu a jejich praktické implementace." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-15542.
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The number of economic opportunities on the Internet is growing together with the intensive expansion of internet users. It is important to connect the internet sale of goods and services with electronic payment methods in order to be effective. The aim of the thesis is to describe electronic payments placed on the Internet, description of their different usage and popularity in accordance with geographical location of the customer, assets and risks, and payment costs and fees. This text offers facts that the provider should consider before choosing some payment method, and on the other hand facts which the payers (end users) consider important. Paid-service provider is introduced to different payment instruments with reference to the use in Czech internet environment. Each type of payment method is illustrated by an example with detailed description of installation progress in practical part of the text.
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Naik, Vaibhav C. "The evolution of the digital payments : the past, present and future of digital payments." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115037.
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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 37-39).
The past couple of years, we have observed the rise of the Digital Wallet, a potentially game changing technology application in the financial industry. Digital Wallets allow consumers to pay for purchases through digital devices, and the technology has created a battle among payment networks, banks and technology firms. In this paper, we analyse how the Digital Wallet is impacting the technology space, including the level of disruptiveness and future potential. We have two hypotheses regarding Digital Wallets: H1: The Digital Wallet is disrupting the credit card network. H2. The Digital Wallet is disrupting the physical plastic card.
by Vaibhav Naik.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
6
Smith, Daniel J. "Electronic payments in DoD contracting." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA269738.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, June 1993.Thesis advisor(s): Martin J. McCaffrey ; James M. Fremgen. "June 1993." Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.
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Cetin, Selcan. "Direct Income Payments: Turkish Experience." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612441/index.pdf.
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In 2001, Turkey started an agricultural reform program which ended at the end of 2008. The major component of the reform program was to make the transfers decoupled from production. In this scope, direct income support (DIS) was the tool that has been used to reduce the price distortions. DIS received noteworthy criticisms since the first signs of it and now, even after it is over, the prejudice against DIS prevails in Turkey. On the other hand, Turkey&rsquos commitments to WTO&rsquo
s Agreement on Agriculture insist on replacing price supports with non-distortionary policy tools and its candidacy to the membership of the EU requires harmonizing its agricultural policy to the CAP which is shifting towards direct income payments. Criticisms against DIS in Turkey are determined in this thesis, grouped and analyzed by investigating official data to see whether the fears came true. There were both rational and irrational criticisms and consequently, they could not be justified and agricultural issues were not worse off in DIS years. Turkey will eventually have to implement direct income payments again due to both domestic and international forces. Therefore, it is essentially important to understand how it was implemented previously and which aspects of it were exposed to criticisms, and design future policies accordingly.
8
Anderson, Kristin Siwan. "Dowry payments in South Asia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0033/NQ38849.pdf.
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Cribäck, Kevin. "Micro payments : Viable technical platforms and models for a bankto provide payments on micro amounts." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Analys och sannolikhetsteori, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-354933.
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Andrén, Meiton Emelie, and Marie Lagström. "Contactless Mobile Payments entering Europe : The contactless mobile payment ecosystem and potential on the European market." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-34731.
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Abstract Contactless mobile payments are a payment method done with a mobile phone and a contactless technology. Instead of paying with cash, a payment card or a cheque, a user can tap its mobile phone onto a terminal to pay. Across the globe, several markets have been embracing the need for new payment methods. In Asia, contactless mobile payments have been used since 2004. In some of the African countries, due to an insufficient banking industry, mobile payments have been the only electronic payment method. However, in Europe contactless mobile payments are still in their initial phase. The benefits of contactless mobile payments are that they are easier to use, faster and more secure. However, there are some implications. Firstly, the lack of standardisations regarding how the technology will work has led to an undefined ecosystem consisting of many stakeholders with different motives. Secondly, in order for contactless mobile payments to break significant ground the users need to change their existing payment methods and habits. This is a time consuming process, which will require consistency and patience. The research purpose of this thesis has been to define the contactless mobile payment ecosystem with its future potential on the European market. The research paradigm has been of an interpretive nature where the researchers’ interpretations on the information have been in focus. In order to answer the research purpose, an action research has been conducted, including an analysis the of Porter’s Five Forces model applied on the current contactless mobile payment ecosystem with its various stakeholders, the attendance at the annual NFC Congress in Austria as well as an experimental case study on Google. 3The findings of the action research have resulted in new definition of the current contactless mobile payment stakeholder ecosystem. In this new definition of the ecosystem, the user has been defined as the strongest force, hence has been placed in the centre encircled by mobile network operators, banks, merchants and transit authorities. In the ecosystem handset manufactures, operating system providers, technology vendors, cash handling organisations, card networks, POS terminal manufactures and governmental bodies have also been represented. The vision of the case study on Google has been to present a market entry strategy for how Google could enter the European market of contactless mobile payments. The research resulted in a proposition that Google would enter the market in the following order; the UK, France, Turkey, Russia, Germany, Spain and Italy. The conclusions of the research have been that contactless mobile payments will cut across an entire ecosystem, but that the ecosystem at the moment is not fully defined. To achieve a competitive position, a stakeholder has to deliver an outstanding user experience that is interoperable within the whole European market. Keywords: Contactless mobile payments, near field communication (NFC), mobile payment ecosystem, payment ecosystem, Google, Android
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Poutanen, Tomi J. "NetCents protocol for inexpensive Internet payments." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ33966.pdf.
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Al-Meaither, Mansour. "New schemes for secure electronic payments." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419912.
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Wiedermann-Ondrej, Nadine. "Tax Treatment of Revenue Based Payments." SFB International Tax Coordination, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2007. http://epub.wu.ac.at/182/1/document.pdf.
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The influence of taxes on financing decision has long been discussed and different opinions exist concerning this subject. However, the importance of tax shield must not be underestimated because taxes can alter the effective interest rate of an instrument significantly. Generally it is assumed that payments of instrument that provide for revenue based compensation are not tax deductible because these instruments are normally qualified as equity. However, a detailed analysis of the various tax laws shows that this need not necessarily be the case. Payments that depend on the profits of a corporation can obtain an interest treatment if an instrument is structured according to the qualification criteria of a specific tax law. The deductibility can then decrease the effective interest rate of the issuing corporation. If a debt treatment can be obtained the question of the timing of interest payments has to be answered. In contrast to dividend distributions interest payments generally are not deductible as they occur but as they accrue. Especially in the case of fluctuating payments it is normally obligatory to determine the deductible amount in each accrual period. The time value of money aspect of interest payments is implemented differently in the various tax laws and can therefore change the effective tax rate. However, it is of great importance to consider these aspects before the issuance of a specific instrument. The first part of the paper analyses the necessary requirements for a debt treatment and possible obstacles to an interest deduction. In order to qualify for a debt treatment it is important to consider these facts before the issue of an instrument because a later reclassification of the instrument might change the cost of capital substantially. Even if an instrument is qualified as debt an interest deduction can be denied due to various limitations and restrictions. The second part of the paper examines the timing of revenue based payments that are considered as interest. Depending on the situation the taxpayer may or may not choose one of the described methods. However, it is important to know the impact of each method in order to able to determine the cost of a specific instrument. Another question raised in this paper concerns the discount rate used for the net present calculation and if the method used by IRS is of economic substance. This paper demonstrates the influence of the different methods of taxing revenue based payments and shows that the preferable method depends on the development of the profits. This paper emphasizes the impact of taxes on revenue based payments and the importance of the various approaches of tax authorities to execute such compensations. (author's abstract)Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination
14
Broner, Fernando A. (Fernando Ariel) 1970. "Essays on balance of payments crises." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9005.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-144).
This thesis studies four different aspects of balance of payments crises. Chapter l provides a dynamic asymmetric-information model of the timing of crises. It focuses on investors' learning process and its interaction with interest rate policy. The model shows that the presence of private information delays the onset of BOP crises, giving rise to large drops in asset prices when crises finally take place. It also shows that raising interest rates can be an effective defense against speculative attacks: the optimal policy consists of raising interest rates sharply as fundamentals become very weak. However, this policy is time inconsistent, suggesting a role for commitment devices such as currency boards or IMF pressure. Chapter 2 studies the relationship between macroeconomic fundamentals and asset prices during crises. Key findings are that fundamentals can account for a significant part of the cross-sectional variance of stock returns during crises, and that credit market conditions play a crucial role during crises. Chapter 3 studies the behavior of spreads on emerging-market sovereign bonds of different maturities, focusing on the supply side of funds. Spreads on long-term bonds are shown to be too volatile to be reconciled with investors' being risk-neutral and financially unconstrained. An explanation for this volatility is proposed, based on the fact that investors holding long-term bonds are subject. to substantial price risk. A study of the expected returns and volatility of holding bonds of different maturities after drops in bond prices provides empirical support. Chapter 4 examines the degree of real exchange rate misalignment in seven Latin American countries and in the U.S. between 1960 and 1998. In all cases there is a long-run relationship among the CPI-based real exchange rate, stock of net foreign assets and relative price of nontradable goods. The results suggest that in 1998 the real exchange rate in Peru was in equilibrium, in Chile slightly undervalued, in Venezuela overvalued by about 8% and in the US overvalued by about 16%. In Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico, the exchange rate was overvalued by over 20%.
by Fernando A. Broner.
Ph.D.
15
Tingström, Emil. "Optimal Investment with Corporate Tax Payments." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-206412.
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This Master's thesis examines the problem of optimal investment when corporate taxes have to be paid on capital gains. Tax payments share a lot of similarities with payoff from a call option where the underlying is the firm's capital. How to optimally deal with this tax-option is a non-trivial problem that is complicated by the feedback between the value of the tax-option and the strategy the firm uses to handle it. For the case with only one tax payment it is possible to derive an explicit expression for the optimal strategy using a martingale method. The tax payment introduces some interesting properties to the optimal wealth process, such as a non-zero probability of ending up exactly at the tax basis at the terminal date. The optimal strategy is then generalized to the problem with multiple tax payments using the martingale framework. A numerical method of calculating the optimal strategy based on trinomial trees is also presented and implemented. This is then used to verify the theoretical results and to calculate the optimal strategy with an increasing number of tax payments. For the case with only one tax payment at a terminal date numerical results show that the increase in utility is small and a close to optimal strategy can be derived by ignoring tax. With multiple tax payments however, the increase in utility from using the tax-optimal strategy is significant.Den här Masteruppsatsen undersöker problemet med optimal investering för ett företag som måste betala skatt på kapitalvinster. Skattebetalningar har många likheter med utfallet för en köpoption där det underliggande är företagets kapital. Att hantera denna skatteoption optimalt är ett icke-trivialt problem, som kompliceras av återkopplingen mellan värdet på skatteoptionen och den strategi företaget använder för att hantera den. För fallet med enbart en skattebetalning är det möjligt att härleda ett explicit uttryck för den optimala strategin med en martingalmetod. Skattebetalningen introducerar några intressanta egenskaper hos den optimala kapitalprocessen, såsom en nollskild sannolikhet att hamna exakt på omkostnadsvärdet vid slutdatum. The optimala strategin generaliseras sedan till problemet med flera skattebetalningar inom ramverket för martingalmetoden. En numerisk metod för att beräkna den optimala strategin baserad på trinomialträd presenteras också och implementeras. Den används sedan för att verifiera det teoretiska resultatet och beräkna den optimala strategin med ett ökande antal skattebetalningar. För fallet med enbart en skattebetalning vid slutdatum visar det numeriska resultatet att ökningen i nytta är litet och en strategi nära den optimala kan härledas utan att inkludera skatt. Med flertalet skattebetalningar är dock nyttoökningen från användandet av den skatteoptimala strategin betydande.
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Manganelli, Anton Giulio. "Essays on cartels and reverse payments." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU10033/document.
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Cette thèse se compose de quatre essais sur les cartels, réels ou supposés. Le premier analyse la dynamique des prix du cartel. Il donne une explication unifiée de la hausse progressive des prix, leur phase constante, les guerres de prix et le fait qu’un cartel se rompe. Les forces motrices sont les «reference-dependent preferences» des consommateurs et l'incertitude sur l'efficacité d'une frange externe. Les consommateurs ne sont pas disposés à payer beaucoup plus que leur prix attendu (endogène), de sorte que les entreprises ne peuvent pas fixer le prix de monopole dans la première période. Tant que la frange ne se comporte pas efficacement, les consommateurs deviennent plus pessimistes sur le prix, ce qui permet aux entreprises d'augmenter progressivement. Cette augmentation de prix est délimitée au-dessus par la présence de la frange. Si la frange se comporte de manière efficace au cours d'un nombre suffisant de périodes, la collusion n'est pas soutenable, ce qui déclenche une guerre des prix et / ou une rupture du cartel. Le cartel de la Vitamine C est compatible avec le modèle. Les deuxième, troisième et quatrième essais analysent les (négligés) effets pro-concurrentiels des «reverse payments» (paiements inversés) dans l'industrie pharmaceutique. Les reverse payments sont des paiements à partir d'un détenteur de brevet à un fabricant de médicaments génériques pour régler un litige sur le brevet. Ils retardent généralement l'entrée des génériques et ont souvent été considérés comme des violations antitrust per se par la Commission européenne et la FTC. Le deuxième essai montre que cela ne devrait pas être le cas lorsque les décisions d'investissement des parties sont considérées. Les reverse payments augmentent les profits de l'industrie, ce qui augmente l'incitation du générique à investir. Cela augmente le taux de litiges, ce qui augmente le surplus du consommateur. Il existe aussi une tension dans les motivations de l'initiateur à investir, absent dans la littérature des brevets, qui peut augmenter son investissement aussi. Le troisième essai analyse la possibilité de faillite de l’entrant générique. L'interdiction des reverse payments pousse les participants faibles à sortir du marché, ce qui réduit le surplus du consommateur, tant avant qu'après l'expiration du brevet. L'impact négatif de leur interdiction est plus grand lorsque le brevet est fort, l'économie est en récession et la collusion tacite est soutenable entre un faible numéro de joueurs. Le quatrième article analyse l'impact des reverse payments lorsque la capacité de l’entrant à produire est inconnue et il pourrait devoir faire des investissements supplémentaires pour être compétitif. Les reverse payments réduisent l'incitation du participant à investir, ce qui augmente le bien-être total lorsque le coût de l'investissement est suffisamment élevé. Dans des conditions générales et plusieurs règles de négociation, les reverse payments doivent être traités d'une manière plus clémente lorsque la technologie est difficile. Lorsque l'initiateur choisit d'utiliser ou non un reverse payment, indépendamment de la façon dont le surplus est divisé, et la technologie est difficile, il y a un résultat de equivalence: le maximum sur la date de l'entrée des génériques n'a aucun effet sur le bien-être total, car l'effet négatif d'une entrée plus tardive est exactement compensée par une plus faible probabilité d'utiliser un reverse paymentThis thesis consists of four essays on real and alleged cartels. The first one analyzes cartel pricing dynamics. It gives an unified explanation for the gradual rise of prices, their constant phase, price wars and cartel breakdowns. The driving forces are the consumers' reference-dependent preferences and the uncertainty over an external fringe's efficiency. Consumers are unwilling to pay much more than their (endogenous) expected price, so firms cannot set the monopoly price in the first period. As long as the fringe does not behave too efficiently, consumers become more pessimistic over the price, which allows firms to raise it gradually. This increasing price path is bounded from above by the presence of the fringe. If the fringe behaves efficiently during a sufficient number of periods, collusion is not sustainable, which triggers price wars and/or a breakdown of the cartel. Evidence from the Vitamin C cartel is consistent with the model. The second, third and fourth essays analyze the (neglected) pro-competitive effects of reverse payments in the pharmaceutical industry. Reverse payments are payments from a patent-holder to a generic manufacturer to settle a patent litigation over the validity or infringement of the patent. They typically delay generic entry and have often been treated as Antitrust violations per se by the European Commission and the FTC. The second essay shows that this should not be the case when the parties' investment decisions are considered. Reverse payments increase the industry profits, which increases the generic manufacturer's incentive to invest. This increases the litigation rate, which increases consumer surplus. There also exists a tension in the originator's incentives to invest, absent from the patent literature, that can increase his investment too. The third essay analyzes the possibility of the generic entrant's bankruptcy. Banning reverse payments pushes the weak entrants out of the market, which reduces consumer surplus both before and after patent expiry. The negative impact of banning them is larger when the patent is strong, the economy is in a downturn and tacit collusion is sustainable among few players. The fourth essay analyzes the impact of reverse payments when the entrant's ability to compete is unknown and he may have to incur additional investments to be competitive. Reverse payments reduce the entrant's incentive to invest, which increases welfare when the investment cost is high enough. Under general conditions and several bargaining rules, reverse payments should be treated in a more lenient way when the technology is difficult. When the originator chooses whether to use a reverse payment, independently from how the surplus is split, and the technology is difficult, there is an irrelevance result: the cap on the generic entry date has no effect on welfare, as the negative effect of a later entry is exactly compensated by a lower probability of using a reverse payment
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Girante, Maria Joana Sacramento. "Three Essays on the Production Effects of Decoupled Payments: Do Decoupled Payments Matter for Acres and Yields?" NCSU, 2008. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11062008-094354/.
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Conventional wisdom suggests that if decoupled payments do not distort market incentives, they should not distort production or trade. But the literature has identified several potential âcouplingâ mechanisms that suggest theory and practice are not in accord. Using both estimation and simulation methods, we analyze the effect of decoupled payments on farmersâ decisions in the presence of one such mechanism, credit constraints. Intuitively, as payments enhance the liquidity and/or the collateral of credit constrained farmers, additional investment in production is allowed to occur. We estimate the marginal effect of decoupled payments on total, owned, and pasture acres, and on acres of corn, sorghum, soybeans, and wheat and observe whether payments matter more for more leveraged farmers. Our ability to observe farms over time allows us to improve on the existing literature by controlling for farm-specific unobserved effects. In an effort to analyze the income stabilization aspect of these payments we further estimate their effect on farm household consumption expenditures. The significant acreage effects and insignificant marginal propensity to consume suggest payments are being not put to the policy makersâ intended use. We also extend the existing literature by using simulation methods in an expected utility maximization framework to evaluate the effects of doubling the amount of payments received and of recently proposed tighter payment limits on the typical Kansas wheat farmerâs acreage and borrowing decisions. While tighter limits do not appear to matter, the collateral boosting effect of payments allows farmers to put more acres into production. Finally, we estimate the ability of farm characteristics to explain differences in crop yield performance. Our results reveal the potential for decoupled payments to boost relative yields and give an unfair advantage to their recipients. This may become an issue in future WTO discussions over the distortionary effects of decoupled payments.
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Mariz, Frederic Auguste Arnaud Rozeira de Sampaio. "Financial inclusion and electronic payments: explaining electronic payments in Brazil with principal components analysis and Sarimax models." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-19012018-181138/.
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Financial inclusion is a public policy objective that fosters development through access to financial services for all. Financial inclusion can be defined as access, usage and quality of financial services. Inclusion of individuals and small enterprises has made considerable progress but it has also reached excesses in some situations. Regulatory changes and technological innovation have helped the expansion of financial services. Our contribution to the literature is threefold. First, we expand the large body of research that focuses on financial inclusion based on access to credit, through our analysis of payments. We provide an unique analysis of the quality dimension of payments, which we define as a catalyst between the access and usage dimensions. Second, we provide a detailed analysis of the Brazilian payment market, which transacts close to $400bn per year, in the scarce literature on developing countries. Third, we isolate the determinants of electronic payments through statistical methods, including a principal component analysis and auto regressive models (SARIMA, SARIMAX), which have not yet been used by researchers. We find that four macro characteristicshave a strong explanatory power: bank credit card lending, active population, retail sales and cash-in-circulation. Suprisingly, we find that cash-in-circulation presents a positive relationship with electronic payments, suggesting a possible distrust of citizens towards the banking system, high levels of informality, and shedding a new light on the precautionary principle described by Keynes. Our analysis is based on monthly deflated card payment data for Brazil from January 2007 to March 2017.A Inclusão financeira é um objetivo de política pública que procura desenvolvimento através do acesso de todos aos serviços financeiros. Esse conceito pode ser definido com as suas três dimensões de acesso, uso e qualidade dos serviços. A inclusão de indivíduos e empresas conheceu uma melhora significativa, e em algum casos, apresentou excessos. Adaptações regulatórias e inovação tecnológica serviram de pano de fundo para a inclusão. Apresentamos as três contribuições da nossa pesquisa. Primeiro, existe ampla literatura sobre inclusão financeira com foco em crédito, e apresentamos um estudo original sobre pagamentos e sua dimensão de qualidade, definida como o catalisador entre acesso e uso. Segundo: nossa pesquisa apresenta uma análise única do setor de pagamentos no Brasil, um setor com faturamento de mais de R$1.2 trilhões de reais anuais, no âmbito da escassa literatura sobre economias em desenvolvimento. A terceira contribuição apresenta os determinantes dos meios de pagamentos eletrônicos, usando modelos estatísticos originais, como componentes principais e modelos auto regressivos (SARIMA, SARIMAX), que não tinham sido usados na literatura de inclusão financeira. Identificamos quatro características com significância para explicar meios eletrônicos: crédito bancário, população ativa, vendas do varejo e dinheiro em posse das famílias. De maneira surpreendente, dinheiro em posse das famílias apresentou correlação positiva com meios eletrônicos, sinalizando uma desconfiança dos consumidores com o setor bancário ou um maior grau de informalidade da economia brasileira, e trazendo uma interpretação original ao princípio de precaução descrito por Keynes. Nossa pesquisa se baseou em dados agregados e deflacionados de pagamentos para o Brasil entre Janeiro de 2007 e Março de 2017.
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Muchinguri, Cosmas. "Investigating failure to implement contactless payments: a case of Near Field Communication payment systems in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23765.
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Near Field Communication (NFC) contactless payment systems are being touted as the future for retail payments and public transport fare-collection systems. Studies have shown that such initiatives require many organisations from different industries to work together for the goal to be realised. The effort and collaboration required to achieve this goal cannot be underestimated. The aim of this research is to explore the failure of NFC contactless payment system implementations. The Actor Network Theory (ANT) has been shown as appropriate for investigating IT implementation failures, and so serves as a study lens for this investigation. A case study research strategy was used in the research to gain an understanding of the as-lived experiences of the actors involved in an NFC payment system implementation. The data was collected using different methods such as interviews and review of project documents. Thematic analysis techniques were used to trace and unpack the interactions occurring around implementation of these NFC payment systems and the challenges encountered. The key factors identified as leading to the NFC payment system implementation failure are external dependencies, lack of required financial investments, interoperability issues due to new and legacy systems, and lack of clear governance structures and bodies. The results of the study suggest that, when there is external dependence, but the tasks, resources required, actors' capabilities, workloads and the duration for completing these tasks are not known, then there will be frequent conflicts, leading to NFC payment system implementation failure. Regulatory bodies and clear leadership structures in collaborative NFC payment system implementation were found to be crucial. The results of the study also propose that when new and legacy systems from multiple actors are to be integrated to develop an NFC payment platform, there is likely going to be system interoperability issues due to the numerous vendors involved, which lead to failure. In addition, unwillingness to commit to the required capital investments by stakeholders was identified as leading to the failure of the NFC payment system implementation. A prescriptive framework is developed based on these lessons that could aid in ensuring better outcomes in future NFC payment systems implementations.
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Chobotská, Jitka. "Platební styk a postavení SEPA plateb v něm." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-206014.
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The masters thesis Payments and position of SEPA payments in payment systems deals with the transition of the national payment system to SEPA payment instruments in the Czech Republic, which is coming into force this year. Banks will have to fulfil requirement of interoperability and will have to be able to proceed payments in XML form. The theoretical part defines payments by the payment form and territorial payments in the first chapter. In the 2nd chapter, the legal framework with focus on new legislation affecting the completion and implementation of the SEPA requirements is described. The following two chapters are devoted to payment systems in the Czech Republic, European Union and telecommunication network SWIFT. The 5th chapter discusses about the SEPA project, with the main emphasis on the definition of SEPA instruments. The practical part is dedicated to analysis of foreign payment fees in selected banks with a focus on individuals.
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Jones-Oxendine, Shawn R. "An analysis of DoD fraudulent vendor payments." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1999. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA373054.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1999."September 1999". Thesis advisor(s): James M. Fremgen, O. Douglas Moses. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-92). Also available online.
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Narayan, Srikant. "Mobile Payments : Comparison of Mobile Wallet Concepts." Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationssystem, CoS, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-143539.
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Mobile payments are an emerging trend and an alternative to traditional payment methods. Mobile payments involve the usage of the mobile phone to handle credit transfers during purchase of goods and peer to peer money transfers referred to as mobile wallet service, instead of depending on bank cards and cash. In this scenario, while the mobile wallet industry still being in its infancy there exist a few drivers of mobile wallet solutions aiming to create a de-facto standard in the mobile market. The major drivers of mobile wallets can be attributed to Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), banks and web based companies. In this report we would compare the motive behind every driver’s intent to enter the mobile payment market and the challenges associated in providing the wallet service to the market and assimilate the similarities and differences that exist among them. The key technical aspect behind the comparative analysis involves a standard set of factors on which the analysis would be based upon. The results obtained from the comparative analysis emphasizes on the significance behind the origin of industry of each mobile payment driver. The results also enlighten the varied yet partially coinciding objectives of each mobile payment driver. The approach adopted to conduct this research is primarily through analyzing different origin industry based mobile wallet drivers, and then generalizing the data based on the researched use case models. The comparative analysis performed is based on the generalized data obtained by studying the use case under each mobile payment driver. Further, to predict the future marketing strategy of each driver, ansoff matrix is employed to devise the roadmap. Finally the main objective of the investigation is answered, which is finding out the reasons behind the entry of different industry origin drivers into the mobile payment market and the challenges faced by them.
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Vredin, Anders. "Macroeconomic policies and the balance of payments." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics [Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.] (EFI), 1988. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/250.htm.
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Mallat, Niina. "Consumer and merchant adoption of mobile payments /." Helsinki : Helsinki School of Economics, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0708/2007358489.html.
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Petraitis, Edward J. "The taxation of interest and related payments." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385806.
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Fella, Giulio. "Noncompetitive labour markets, severance payments and unemployment." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1621/.
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The dissertation analyses the possible welfare-enhancing role of severance payments when labour markets are non-competitive. Chapter 1 introduces the material in the thesis. Chapter 2 presents a short survey of the results of the existing literature on dismissal costs. Chapter 3 uses a strategic bargaining model to show that, once dismissal costs are correctly modelled as a payment which takes place only in case firms sever the relationship, firing costs cannot affect the separation rate in models featuring voluntary severance in the absence of restrictions. Firms will always find it profitable to induce workers to quit whenever separation is efficient. Only if some other source of inefficiency prevents firms and workers to split the rents from continuation can firing costs result in a reduced number of separations. In this case they may be efficient. Chapter 4 analyses non-contractible firms' investment in general training in the presence of frictional unemployment. It argues that consensual layoff measures and other institutions that oblige firms to share the total separation payoff result in higher training. Since general training is vested in the worker on separation, in the absence of such measures, the firm would not capture any return to training in case of separation. Chapter 5 shows that in a dynamic efficiency wage model the time-inconsistency of firing decisions implies that severance payments increase aggregate employment and are second-best Pareto optimal as they induce firms to internalise the negative externality, in the form of foregone rents, that they impose on workers on severance. Chapter 6 concludes.
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Shatskikh, Anna. "Consumer acceptance of Mobile Payments in Restaurants." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4580.
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Regardless all the advantages of MPs, it has not reach the sizable customer base. In this paper, we examined the core drivers of using mobile payments (MPs) in restaurant industry from the consumers' perspective. Based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), we developed a six factor model to reveal the determinants of consumers' intention to use MPs in restaurant. Security, subjective norm, compatibility with lifestyle, and previous experience with MPs were added to the traditional two factor TAM model (usefulness and ease of use). 300 respondents were recruited from an online survey agency and 258 valid responses were included in the data analysis. The regression results suggested that consumers' intention to use MPs in restaurants is influences by compatibility with lifestyle, usefulness, subjective norm, security, and previous experience in MPs. Lifestyle compatibility was found as the strongest determinant of consumers' acceptance of MPs in restaurants. However, ease of use was not a significant predictor of MPs usage in restaurant.
Based on the findings, the study provided several implications to the restaurant industry. Five factors (compatibility with lifestyle, usefulness, subjective norm, security, and previous experience in MPs) can serve as a guideline to encourage consumers' adoption of MPs in restaurant industry. Industry practitioners can develop advertisement catered to a trendy, innovative, tech-friendly generation who desires the flexibility that MPs give and is willing to have everything in one device. MPs should be developed to provide an added value to the user. It is also important to increase the source credibility of social information to improve communication campaigns. Finally, restaurant staff could be trained in guiding and assisting consumers in their first experience with MPs.
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CALDEIRA, THARCISIO ALEXANDRINO. "READINESS AND ACCEPTANCE IN SERVICES: MOBILE PAYMENTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=27412@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROEsta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar os principais fatores que influenciam a adoção e uso de tecnologias no setor de serviços, mais especificadamente no setor de serviços financeiros. O arcabouço teórico permitiu a definição de construtos cognitivos e afetivos para a elaboração do modelo conceitual. Além disso, este modelo incluiu construtos de elevada importância para o consumo de serviços financeiros, como Confiança e Risco Percebido. Por fim, o construto de Prontidão para a Tecnologia, desenvolvido por Parasuraman e Colby (2014) foi adicionado ao modelo, a fim de analisar a influência da predisposição individual em relação às tecnologias em geral, enquanto antecedente dos demais construtos. Os dados da pesquisa foram obtidos por meio de uma survey online, que foi respondida por 402 estudantes ou recém-formados de cursos de graduação e pós-graduação. O modelo final da pesquisa, denominado Modelo de Prontidão e Aceitação de Mobile Payments, indicou que a Prontidão para a Tecnologia exerce maior influência sobre os aspectos cognitivos do que sobre os afetivos, indicando que a prontidão auxilia significativamente o processo racional de avaliação da tecnologia. Além disso, os resultados indicaram que o construto de Utilidades e Vantagens Percebidas exerceu a maior influência sobre a Atitude, seguido pela Confiança e pela Apreciação da Qualidade Percebida, confirmando que os aspectos cognitivos são predominantes no processo de decisão quanto ao uso de serviços financeiros. Por fim, o Risco Percebido apresentou uma influência negativa, mas de pequena magnitude, sobre a Intenção de Uso. O Modelo de Prontidão e Aceitação de Mobile Payments foi capaz de explicar cerca de 76 porcento da Atitude e 68 porcento da Intenção em relação ao uso de tecnologias, mostrando-se um modelo com boa capacidade preditiva e de contribuição relevante para a literatura de aceitação de tecnologias.
This research aimed to investigate what factors influence the adoption and use of technologies in services, more specifically in the financial services sector. The theoretical framework allowed the definition of cognitive and affective constructs for the preparation of the conceptual model. Furthermore, this model also includes constructs with high relevance for consumption of financial services, like Trust and Perceived Risk. Finally, the Technology Readiness construct, developed by Parasuraman and Colby (2014), was added to the model in order to analyze the influence of individual predisposition in relation to technology in general, as an antecedent of the other constructs. Data was collected via an online survey, which was answered by 402 students or recent graduated of graduate and post-graduate courses. The final model, named Model of Readiness and Acceptance of Mobile Payments, indicated that the Readiness Technology has stronger effects on cognitive aspects than on the affective aspects, indicating that readiness significantly assists the rational evaluation process about the use of technologies. Furthermore, the results indicated that the Perceived Usefulness and Advantage construct has the strongest effect over Attitude, followed by Trust and by Enjoyment of Perceived Quality, confirming that the cognitive aspects are predominant in decision-making regarding the use of financial services. Finally, Perceived Risk had a negative but very little effect over Intention. The Model of Readiness and Acceptance of Mobile Payments was able to explain about 76 percent of Attitude and 68 percent of Intention, showing itself a model with good predictive capability and presenting significant contribution to the literature of acceptance of technologies.
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Engelhardt, Gary Vincent. "Down payments, tax policy, and household saving." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12626.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 1993.Title as it appears in the Feb. 1993 MIT Graduate List: Down payments, house prices, and saving for home purchase.
Includes bibliographical references (leaf 116).
by Gary Vincent Engelhardt.
Ph.D.
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Gaal, Peter Andras. "Informal payments for health care in Hungary." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2004. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4646519/.
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There is a growing international interest in informal payment for health care - a payment that patients give, typically to medical doctors, for formally free services. The phenomenon is widespread and persistent in post-communist countries, but also reported from other countries in Africa and Asia. This thesis focuses on informal payments in Hungary, aiming to establish their scale and the motivation for giving, issues whose understanding are crucial in assessing their policy importance. The theoretical literature can be summarised in two contrasting hypothesis for informal payments. One is that patients pay because they want better care, which implies that payments reflect, and may sustain, defects in service delivery. This thesis elaborates a new theoretical framework that builds on this 'fee-for-service' hypothesis and Hirschman's theory of 'exit, voice, loyalty', identifying informal payments as one manifestation of another response to a perceived decline in health services: informal/internal exit or 'inxit' for short. The opposing view, the 'donation' hypothesis, however, considers such payments as motivated by gratitude, with no adverse effect on performance of health care. Unfortunately, previously existing evidence is inconclusive regarding both the motivation and scale of informal payments. The empirical part of this thesis addresses both issues directly, and also indirectly addresses motivation exploring any impact on equity, using a household survey, indepth interviews with patients and doctors, secondary analysis of existing datasets, official statistics and documentary analysis. Findings suggest that informal payment is indeed a problem in Hungary. First, although it is not a substantial source of health care financing (less than 5% of total expenditures in 2001), its importance as an incentive comes from its extent and distribution (at least 60% of the net income of family doctors and specialists) rather than its overall magnitude. Second, although survey findings did not confinn infonnal payment as a barrier to utilization and they supported gratitude as the most important motive, a contradiction has been found between the reasons for giving cited in the household survey and the revelation of pressures on patients to pay from in-depth interviews. Taken together, these suggest that payments generally take place a 'coercive' context, so the case for the 'donation' hypothesis is weak.
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Lock, Nicholas. "Dividend payments from employee share scheme trusts." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25366.
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In the past, there has been confusion regarding the taxation of dividends received from employee share scheme trusts. Conflicting interpretations of the definitions in section 8C and certain provisions of 10(1)(k) of the Income Tax Act No. 58 of 1962 (ITA) have caused administrators of these schemes to treat the taxation of dividends in various ways. Section 10(1)(k)(i)(ii) was introduced in the Taxation Laws Amendment Act (TLAA) of 2013 to address the situation where employers are disguising salaries and bonuses as dividend payments to members of employee share scheme trusts. The intention behind this new section 10(1)(k)(i)(ii) is quite clear but it is not entirely certain whether it is having the desired effect as there is still uncertainty around the treatment of dividends from unrestricted equity instruments. The Davis Tax Committee (DTC) published recommendations on the taxation of trusts in its first interim report on estate duty. These recommendations could further complicate matters and have significant tax implications for all the parties involved in these employee share scheme trusts. To try and understand the uncertainty around these dividend payments an analysis was conducted on section 10(1)(k)(i)(dd) and 10(1)(k)(i)(ii) of the ITA. It was also necessary to look at the different types of employee share schemes that are available and also the nature of dividends, dividends withholding tax (DWT) and capital gains tax (CGT). Section 8C and the definitions therein were also analysed to understand the taxation of taxpayers on vesting of equity instruments. A brief look at the treatment of dividend payments from United Kingdom employee share scheme trusts also provided some useful context from an international perspective. Two case studies were conducted to analyse the overall tax effect based on the current tax legislation and also taking into consideration the recommendations made by the first DTC Report.
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Krautkraemer, Anneliese. "Payments for environmental services under imperfect competition." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04620431.
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La thèse étudie la mise en œuvre optimale des paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) dans un cadre de concurrence imparfaite. Son objectif est de tirer des recommandations en termes d’économie publique pour le régulateur, afin de protéger la biodiversité. Les résultats de la thèse permettent d’identifier des scénarios où les PSE sont inefficaces. La thèse se compose de quatre chapitres. Le chapitre 2 est une revue de la littérature sur les PSE. Les chapitres 3, 4 et 5 examinent chacun un aspect particulier de la concurrence imparfaite.Le chapitre 3 définit le PSE et la taxe pigouvienne de second rang. Nous supposons un modèle où les agriculteurs répartissent leur terre entre une agriculture conventionnelle, biologique et des bandes enherbées. Le régulateur fixe une taxe environnementale sur l'agriculture conventionnelle, génératrice de dommages environnementaux et un PSE sur les bandes enherbées favorisant la biodiversité. Le secteur conventionnel est concurrentiel et le secteur de l’agriculture biologique oligopolistique. Il s’avère que la taxe environnementale de second rang est supérieure au dommage marginal, tandis que le PSE de second rang est inférieur au bénéfice marginal. Le coût marginal social des fonds publics (MCF) est ensuite introduit. Si la taxe environnementale augmente avec le MCF, le PSE diminue avec le MCF si la demande pour le bien conventionnel est inélastique. Ces résultats mettent en évidence une composante contributive de la taxe incitative. Ce chapitre expose des cas où le PSE est inefficace.Le chapitre 4 étudie l'efficacité des PSE basés sur l’additionnalité. Ces PSE permettent de prendre en compte des préoccupations d’ordre budgétaire, en ne basant le paiement que sur les services environnementaux supplémentaires obtenus. Nous supposons un modèle à deux périodes où un agriculteur répartit ses terres entre une production biologique, une production conventionnelle causant des dommages à l'environnement et des bandes enherbées génératrices de services environnementaux. Le PSE est introduit dans la dernière période. Ce PSE additionnel génère des distorsions dans le comportement de l’agriculteur en première période afin d'obtenir un paiement plus important en période finale. Le PSE de second rang prenant en compte cette distorsion est égal à la différence actualisée des bénéfices environnementaux marginaux obtenus à chaque période. En présence de PSE additionnels, les taxes environnementales de second rang ne sont plus égales au dommage marginal et s'ajustent pour tenir compte des distorsions causées par le PSE. Un pouvoir de marché sur le marché biologique est ensuite introduit. Il réduit la distorsion due à l’additionnalité dans la période initiale mais aussi la quantité de production biologique dans la période finale. Le PSE additionnel de second rang dépend de l'ampleur de ces deux effets, ce qui modifie également la valeur des taxes environnementales. Le chapitre 4 montre qu'un PSE additionnel ne permet jamais d’atteindre l'efficacité environnementale, même lorsque les marchés fonctionnent de façon concurrentielle.Le chapitre 5 analyse le principe de « pas de perte nette » d'une politique de protection de la biodiversité, couplé à la séquence Eviter Réduire Compenser (ERC). Il étudie le comportement d'un aménageur confronté à cette politique. L’analyse souligne la difficulté à transposer dans l’analyse économique les concepts de la séquence ERC. Supposant un cadre d’information parfaite, il est montré que la demande de compensation ne dépend pas de son prix, contrairement à l'offre de compensation. En information asymétrique, le développeur utilise son information de façon stratégique. Il définit simultanément sa demande de compensation et le niveau de réduction des dommages en fonction du prix de la compensation. Au final, le choix du projet se base aussi sur ce prix. Le chapitre 5 montre que la séquence ERC est inefficace à protéger la biodiversité lorsque l’information est asymétriqueThe thesis studies the optimal implementation of payments for environmental services (PES) under imperfect competition. It draws lessons from public economics for regulators on how to implement PES to protect biodiversity. The results show cases where PES is ineffective at promoting biodiversity. The thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter 2 reviews the literature on PES, while Chapters 3, 4 and 5 each examine an aspect of imperfect competition.Chapter 3 designs the second-best PES and environmental tax under imperfect competition. Farmers allocate their land between conventional agriculture, organic agriculture, and buffer strips. The regulator sets an environmental tax on conventional agriculture as it causes environmental damages, and a PES on buffer strips as they favor biodiversity. The conventional sector is perfectly competitive, while the organic sector is organized under an oligopoly. We show that the second-best environmental tax is higher than the marginal damage while the PES is lower than the marginal benefit. We then include the social cost of public funds (MCF). The environmental tax increases and the PES decreases with the MCF as long as demand for the conventional good is inelastic. We thus highlight a contributory component of the incentive tax. Chapter 3 also identifies specific scenario where the PES is ineffective.Chapter 4 studies the efficiency of additionality-based PES. They can address budget constraint concerns by only paying for additional environmental services. We look at a farmer who allocates his land between organic production, conventional production causing environmental damage, or grass strips generating biodiversity. Using a two-period model, we introduce a PES in the final period, rewarding the additional grass strips provided by the farmer. We show that the additionality-based PES distorts the behavior in the initial period in order to get more payment in the final period. The second-best PES to limit this behavior equals the discounted difference of the marginal environmental benefits obtained in each period. We define the second-best value of environmental taxes in the presence of the additionality-based PES. They no longer equal the marginal damage and adjust to account for the distortions caused by PES. We then introduce market power in the organic market. Market power reduces the distortion due to the PES in the initial period but reduces the organic production quantity in the final period. The second-best PES depends on the size of both effects and environmental taxes under market power have to be amended. In any case, Chapter 4 shows that an additionality-based PES never achieves environmental efficiency, even in a competitive market framework.Chapter 5 focuses on the “no net loss principle” of a biodiversity protection policy, accompanied by the Avoid Reduce Compensate (ARC) sequence and studies the behavior of a developer facing this policy. The analysis highlights the difficulty of transposing the concepts of the ARC sequence into economic analysis. Assuming perfect information, we show that the demand for compensation does not depend on its price, unlike the supply of compensation. Under asymmetric information, the developer behaves strategically. He simultaneously defines his demand for offsets and the level of damage reduction based on the offset price. In the end, the project choice is made based on the price of the offset. Chapter 5 shows that the mitigation hierarchy is ineffective under asymmetric information
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Dal, Ben Giorgia <1995>. "The silent invasion of mobile payments: the different spread, impact and importance of digital payments in China and Italy." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/18199.
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This work aims at analysing the different spread, impact and importance that digital payments have in two specific areas: China and Italy. Starting from an overview of the historical evolution of money and the description of payment systems, the first chapter underlines how digital payments are playing a crucial role in the countries’ economic and financial environments. Nevertheless, they are developed and perceived by countries in different ways. In the second chapter, after an explanation of the evolution of the Chinese financial sector, I will investigate the development of electronic payments, from card payments to mobile payment services. In the third chapter, then, I will consider the Italian context, offering an overview of cards and mobile payments. In conclusion, as China’s mobile payment services continue to grow both domestically and globally, I will examine the spread and influence that these services have abroad, specifically in Italy. I have conducted a field survey considering an area in which Chinese presence is high and impactful in Italy, i.e. the high fashion context.
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TERESIŃSKI, Jan Karol. "Essays in macroeconomics." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/71155.
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Defence date: 03 May 2021Examining Board: Professor Ramon Marimon (European University Institute); Professor Russell Cooper (European University Institute); Professor Stephanie Schmitt-Grohé (Columbia University); Professor Pedro Teles (Católica-Lisbon Business & Economics)
In the first two chapters of this thesis we analyze the impact of an increase in transfer payments - i.e., fiscal stimulus in a form of direct payments to individuals - on budget deficits. In the first chapter we study this issue theoretically and show that in a model with the cash-in-advance constraint on consumption and downward nominal wage rigidity the transfers multiplier is positive when the economy is below its full employment level. Increasing transfers in these circumstances relaxes the cash-in-advance constraint and effectively undoes the inefficiency caused by the wage rigidity. Since this results in higher income and consumption which are both taxed, the fiscal stimulus can possibly be self-financing - it pays for itself in a form of increased tax revenue. We also perform a quantitative analysis and show that under a plausible calibration of the model when the economy is far enough from the full employment, the transfer multipliers are large enough for the tax revenue to increase sufficiently so that the fiscal stimulus largely finances itself. In the second chapter we analyze the self-financing nature of transfer payments empirically and estimate the impulse response functions of GDP, unemployment, consumption and debt to an increase in transfer payments on quarterly data from 1959Q2 to 1991Q4 using the local projection method and exogenous transfers shocks. We show that the stimulus in a form of higher transfers has more pronounced effects when unemployment is high than when it is low. Permanent transfers seem not to affect debt, while temporary transfers are estimated to reduce it after an initial increase, especially in the high unemployment regime - an increase in temporary transfers seems to be not only self-financing, but actually reducing debt when the economy recovers. The third chapter is related to a different topic: we analyze how the terms of trade (TOT) - the ratio of export prices to import prices - affect total factor productivity (TFP). We provide empirical macroeconomic evidence based on the times series SVAR analysis and microeconomic evidence based on industry level data which shows that the terms of trade improvements are associated with a slowdown in the total factor productivity growth. Next, we build a theoretical model in which terms of trade improvement results in putting more resources into physical goods production at the expense of the research and development (R&D) sector, which in turn has a negative impact on knowledge development.
-- Part 1 Self-financing transfers in a cash-in-advance economy with downward nominal wage rigidity -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Models -- 1.2.1 Benchmark model - competitive business cycle model with government -- 1.2.2 Downward rigid nominal wages -- 1.3 Policy implications -- 1.3.1 Multiplier -- 1.3.2 Laffer curve -- 1.3.3 Some pleasant fiscal algebra -- 1.3.4 Transfers ensuring full employment -- 1.3.5 Optimal Ramsey policy -- 1.3.6 Alternative fiscal policies -- 1.4 Quantitative analysis -- 1.4.1 Adding capital and capital taxes -- 1.4.2 Calibration -- 1.4.3 Experiments -- 1.4.4 Benchmark model -- 1.4.5 Downward rigid nominal wages -- 1.4.6 Downward rigid nominal wages with an increase in transfers -- 1.4.7 Quantitative results -- 1.4.8 Ramsey optimal policy -- 1.5 Conclusions -- 1.6 Appendix -- 1.6.1 Some pleasant fiscal algebra with capital -- 1.6.2 Results used in subsection 1.3.5 --1.6.3 Deriving the implementability constraint -- 2 What are the effects of higher transfer payments on debt? Are transfers self-financing? -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Data -- 2.3 Estimation methodology -- 2.4 Results -- 2.5 Conclusions -- 2.6 Appendix -- 2.6.1 Impulse response functions of transfers -- 2.6.2 Structural VAR analysis -- 3 Total factor productivity and the terms of trade -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Empirical evidence -- 3.2.1 Macroeconomic evidence -- 3.2.2 Microeconomic evidence -- 3.2.3 Evidence on the relationship between R&D and the terms of trade -- 3.3 Model -- 3.3.1 Households -- 3.3.2 Exportable goods producer -- 3.3.3 Technology producer -- 3.3.4 The main mechanism -- 3.3.5 Remaining elements of the model -- 3.4 Quantitative model evaluation -- 3.4.1 Functional forms -- 3.4.2 Calibration -- 3.4.3 Model responses -- 3.5 Conclusions -- 3.6 Appendix -- 3.6.1 Tables -- 3.6.2 Growth of the technology
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Munaro, Miriam <1996>. "The Payment Services Directive 2 in the era of cryptocurrencies: analysis of their relation in the payments landscape." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20867.
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The last decades have been characterized by technological breakthroughs that have completely changed people’s lives under several aspects. As a consequence of what can be defined as Fintech, we are moving towards a cashless society, where individuals’ personal data are handled by tech giants. Under these circumstances, regulators have introduced a fundamental piece of law: the Payment Services Directive 2 (Directive (EU) 2015/2366), to harmonise the European payment landscape by protecting customers and providing rules for payment service providers. This paper examines the characteristics and the consequences of the Directive, focusing on its connection with cryptocurrencies. These entities are not regulated yet, but the European Parliament and Council created the ‘MiCAR’ proposal to overcome this legal vacuum. Nevertheless, there are new participants that escape the existing regulation, as the crypto payment gateway, which apparently performs activities that should be under the PSD2 scope. The aim of this dissertation is to examine the Payment Services Directive 2, analysing its legal role when considering cryptocurrencies, to define whether there is a relation and the possible legal consequences.
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Chadima, Antonín. "Core banking systémy." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-358802.
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This diploma thesis deals with the topic of core banking systems. The main objective is to analyze the implementation of the SEPA payments into the payment module. The theoretical part defines the concept of core banking systems and its history. It also compares conventional approaches to core banking systems with Islamic ones. The theoretical part also includes chapters about implementation approaches, the most common challenges in implementation and architecture of core banking systems. Next part of thesis is about the basic modules of core banking systems. The practical part is about the analysis of requirements on core banking systems. Especially the requirements that are mandatory from legislation perspective. These are SEPA payments, PSD2 and instant payments. Gap analysis is used as the main method. We chose SEPA payment implemetation as the requirement that we will analyse. There are two possible solutions that can be used. The first one is the customization of the current payment module and the second solution is implementation of the payment hub. The conclusion of the thesis focuses on the best solution for each of two types of bank institutions. The main acquisition of the thesis is the recommended solution for two different types of banks. And second of all, the conclusions which was founded in this thesis should be used for another requirements such as PSD2, the introduction of instant payments, and more.
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Randa, Jakub. "Systém pro integraci platebních terminálů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-412896.
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This master's thesis describes the process of integration of electronic payment terminals into another technological solutions and eventually enabling the opportunity to make electronic payments using these solutions. It analyses the current situation on the field of electronic payments and the possibilities of own solution for these payments. It discusses the security aspects of payment operations and terminals and it also describes current legal situation involving the electronic payments in Czech Republic. It describes the process of implementation of the application for payment terminal integration and analyses the results of testing.
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Karlberg, Christoffer, and Jennie Persson. "Mobile Payments in Burkina Faso : - A Quantitative Study of University Students’ Attitudes and Perceptions towards Mobile Payments in Burkina Faso." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-108081.
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Паньків, Надія, and Nadiia Pankiv. "Cooperation of Ukraine and IMF: pros and cons." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/43561.
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Today, Ukraine is facing huge challenges not only with the COVID-19 pan-demic, but also the slowdown in the global economy, the escalation of trade, econom-ic and price wars, and the unfolding global financial and economic crisis. If in January of this year the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine attracted 1.25 billion euros of credit at just under 4.375% per annum, then a month later foreign investors started to leave Ukraine. Currently, our country can receive loans from the IMF, the World Bank and the European Union.
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Al-Oufi, Saleh Abdullah. "Legal control of illegal payments by multinational corporations." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5182.
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Jalan, Abhimanyu. "Control of accommodation payments made by transnational corporations." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6729.
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This dissertation attempts to shed light on illegal and questionable payments made by the transnational corporations. It commences with a definition of the kinds of payments to be considered, discusses the various elements involved in the making of such payments, and identifies the various parties involved in such transactions. It then goes on to analyze the effects of such payments in detail, highlighting their economic and socio-political impact, in an effort to provide a justification for controlling such payments. Thereafter, the dissertation discusses the benefits of an international code as a means to control such payments and provides a detailed discussion of the international efforts made to date by various international organisations like the United Nations and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The dissertation then outlines the problems which hamper the successful implementation of these international efforts. This section contains a discussion as to the impediment created by the conflicting stance taken by the developed and the developing countries on the matter. After taking all this into consideration, the dissertation focuses on the problems encountered by nations which unilaterally attempt to curb the practice of making illegal and questionable payments, and the experience of the United States of America is discussed in detail. Finally, the dissertation suggests means which might help in controlling and more effectively restraining the transnational corporations and all the parties involved from resorting to illegal or questionable payments in international commercial transactions in the near future.
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Amaya, de la Pena Ignacio. "Fraud detection in online payments using Spark ML." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-219916.
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Frauds in online payments cause billions of dollars in losses every year. To reduce them, traditional fraud detection systems can be enhanced with the latest advances in machine learning, which usually require distributed computing frameworks to handle the big size of the available data. Previous academic work has failed to address fraud detection in real-world environments. To fill this gap, this thesis focuses on building a fraud detection classifier on Spark ML using real-world payment data. Class imbalance and non-stationarity reduced the performance of our models, so experiments to tackle those problems were performed. Our best results were achieved by applying undersampling and oversampling on the training data to reduce the class imbalance. Updating the model regularly to use the latest data also helped diminishing the negative effects of non-stationarity. A final machine learning model that leverages all our findings has been deployed at Qliro, an important online payments provider in the Nordics. This model periodically sends suspicious purchase orders for review to fraud investigators, enabling them to catch frauds that were missed before.Bedrägerier vid online-betalningar medför stora förluster, så företag bygger bedrägeribekämpningssystem för att förhindra dem. I denna avhandling studerar vi hur maskininlärning kan tillämpas för att förbättra dessa system. Tidigare studier har misslyckats med att hantera bedrägeribekämpning med verklig data, ett problem som kräver distribuerade beräkningsramverk för att hantera den stora datamängden. För att lösa det har vi använt betalningsdata från industrin för att bygga en klassificator för bedrägeridetektering via Spark ML. Obalanserade klasser och icke-stationäritet minskade träffsäkerheten hos våra modeller, så experiment för att hantera dessa problem har utförts. Våra bästa resultat erhålls genom att kombinera undersampling och oversampling på träningsdata. Att använda bara den senaste datan och kombinera flera modeller som ej har tränats med samma data förbättrar också träffsäkerheten. En slutgiltig modell har implementerats hos Qliro, en stor leverantör av online betalningar i Norden, vilket har förbättrat deras bedrägeribekämpningssystem och hjälper utredare att upptäcka bedrägerier som tidigare missades.
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Pearson, Charlotte. "Money talks? : direct payments and competing policy discourses." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3737/.
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Implementation of the Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1996 in April 1997 enabled local authorities to make cash payments to service users under the age of 65 with physical and sensory impairments, learning difficulties and mental health problems. This gave users control over money spent on meeting their community care needs rather than receiving services arranged for them by the local authority. The policy is often represented as a victory for the disability movement and as a push towards independent living and social justice. However, direct payments also need to be understood as part of a wider market discourse prominent in the restructuring of welfare. Therefore, a growing culture of localised care markets led by local authorities with increasing ideological diversity may ultimately erode the scope for independent living, choice and control. This thesis examines the impact of these policy discourses informing the planning constructions and user experiences of direct payments in two contrasting areas - one in England and one in Scotland. A third authority - also in Scotland - is examined where direct payments have yet to be implemented and an indirect payment scheme remains in place. In the English authority - 'East Anglia' - findings show direct payments promoted both as part of a wider marketisation of community care and development of independent living services. Implementation has seen a relatively rapid promotion of policy but this is found to be located within wider New Right confines of cost efficiency and accountability. Like East Anglia, the Scottish authority - 'East Scotland' - has also demonstrated a long-term commitment to independent living services and has worked in partnership with the local disability movement to establish a momentum for policy change. However, wider policy use is shown to be restricted by a more dominant anti-market discourse. Similarly for the second Scottish authority in the study - 'West Scotland' - planning fears of service privatisation coupled with limited disability activism and a chaotic aftermath of service reorganisation has resulted in non-implementation of direct payments. By focusing on the impact of these discourses alongside wider controls made by central government, this research examines user experiences of direct payments in East Anglia and East Scotland and indirect payments in West Scotland through a series of semi-structured interviews. Additional information is generated through a discourse analysis of key policy documents and discussions with planners. Whilst findings highlight an overall enthusiasm for both direct and indirect payments, user experiences are shown to be strongly influenced by market and independent living discourses in each area. This has implications not only for individual user constructions of independence but draws more widely on an understanding of collective disability identities.
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Jackson, Sarah. "Comparative legal frameworks for payments for ecosystem services." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2018. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/97061758-c1d2-4101-97b1-3f90b0ed55c4.
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In recent decades, the concept of ecosystem services has deepened our appreciation of the myriad benefits provided by ecosystems, and the risks to human societies posed by ecosystem degradation. There is a growing realisation that problems traditionally considered to be outside the environmental policy arena are in truth strongly connected to the environment: ecosystems underlie issues spanning climate, energy, food, water, urban planning, human health, economic development, social justice, and national security. Payments for ecosystem services (PES) create positive financial incentives for the protection and restoration of ecosystems, and represent one way to better represent the value of ecosystem services across a range of sectors. PES schemes are gaining traction in climate mitigation and biodiversity protection strategies, and most of all in the water sector. PES is complementing traditional approaches to water management and helping to address deteriorating water quality, declining water flows, and flooding. This thesis takes a legal perspective, examining the role of legal frameworks in the design and administration of PES. It focuses on PES aimed at protecting freshwater ecosystem services, and considers how legal frameworks can incorporate PES into strategies for drinking water provision. It examines an emerging body of law relating directly to PES, and provides an opportunity to consider some of the leading examples of the ES concept being reflected in law. It distinguishes three broad categories of legal frameworks that establish, regulate or enable PES. A comparative methodology is applied to an analysis of case studies of legal frameworks for PES from: Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, New York, England and Ontario. This analysis draws out conclusions about how the law relates to key policy issues around ES and PES, and different approaches to developing legal frameworks to guide PES, depending on different contexts and policy objectives.
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Bladon, Annabelle Jade. "Conservation payments in data-poor, developing-world fisheries." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/39288.
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Effective fisheries management is limited in the developing world by weak institutions, inadequate financing and a lack of reliable data. Conservation payments are a novel concept in fisheries management. In this thesis I take a multidisciplinary approach to explore whether they could help to address gaps in traditional fisheries management, using the Bangladesh hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) fishery and its ongoing payment scheme as a case study. I develop a qualitative frame of reference against which current or potential hilsa management interventions could be evaluated, demonstrating that – even in data-limited fisheries – counterfactuals can be developed and used to guide management. In the absence of data for formal evaluation, I then investigate the scope for additionality in hilsa management by assessing the evidence for and against a reconstructed theory of change. Although the potential for overall additionality is equivocal, my findings demonstrate scope for individual elements of the management package to have had additionality, and provide some support for the use of conservation payments. As is common in artisanal fisheries management, hilsa management is focused on the protection of juveniles. Through population modelling, I demonstrate that size selectivity is much less important than catch volume, in terms of effect on overall hilsa population biomass. This analysis suggests that the targeting of payments would benefit from a more rigorous ecological foundation. Through statistical modelling of household survey data, I find a strong spatial pattern in payment distribution that reflects the political economy of Bangladesh rather than the official social goals of the scheme. I also find evidence of strong trade-offs between social and ecological goals. Finally, I investigate the potential for Conservation Trust Funds (CTFs) to enhance the sustainability of payments. Developing-world fisheries pose challenges to the translation of conservation payments from concept to reality. I find that CTFs can support and catalyse the development of enabling conditions for sustainable payment institutions, but only if best practice standards are followed.
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Chen, Bangdao. "Using human interactive security protocols to secure payments." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f73a0165-410f-4a69-a56c-b6f004253ba3.
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We investigate using Human Interactive Security Protocols (HISPs) to secure payments. We start our research by conducting extensive investigations into the payment industry. After interacting with different payment companies and banks, we present two case studies: online payment and mobile payment. We show how to adapt HISPs for payments by establishing the reverse authentication method. In order to properly and thoroughly evaluate different payment examples, we establish two attack models which cover the most commonly seen attacks against payments. We then present our own payment solutions which aim at solving the most urgent security threats revealed in our case studies. Demonstration implementations are also made to show our advantages. In the end we show how to extend the use of HISPs into other domains.
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Emms, Martin J. "Contactless payments : usability at the cost of security?" Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3304.
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EMV (Europay, MasterCard, Visa), commonly termed “Chip & PIN”, is becoming the dominant card based payment technology globally. The EMV Chip & PIN transaction protocol was originally designed to operate in an environment where the card was physically inserted into the POS terminal/ATM and used a wired connection to communicate. The introduction of EMV contactless payments technology raises an interesting question “has usability been improved at the cost of security?”. Specifically, to make contactless payments more convenient/usable, a wireless interface has been added to EMV cards and PIN entry has been waived for contactless payments. Do these new usability features make contactless cards less secure? This PhD thesis presents an analysis of the security of the EMV contactless payments. It considers the security of the EMV contactless transaction protocols as stand-alone processes and the wider impact of contactless technology upon the security of the EMV card payment system as a whole. The thesis contributes a structured analysis methodology which identifies vulnerabilities in the EMV protocol and demonstrates the impact of these vulnerabilities on the EMV payment system. The analysis methodology comprises UML diagrams and reference tables which describe the EMV protocol sequences, a protocol emulator which implements the protocol, a Z abstract model of the protocol and practical demonstrations of the research results. Detailed referencing of the EMV specifications provide a documented link between the exploitable vulnerabilities observed in real EMV cards and the source of the vulnerability in the EMV specifications. Our analysis methodology has identified two previously undocumented vulnerabilities in the EMV contactless transaction protocol. The potential existence of these vulnerabilities was identified using the Z abstract model with the protocol emulator providing experimental confirmation of the potential for real-world exploitation of the vulnerabilities and test results quantifying the extent of the impact. Once a vulnerability has been shown to be exploitable using the protocol emulator, we use practical demonstrations to show that these vulnerabilities can be exploited in the real-world using off-the-shelf equipment. This presents a stronger impact message when presenting our research results to a nontechnical audience. This has helped to raise awareness of security issues relating to EMV contactless cards, with our work appearing in the media, radio and TV.
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Wells, Kirstin E. "The social costs of paper and electronic payments." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07112009-040441/.
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ANDERSSON, ALEXANDER, and KARL ESSUNGER. "Physical or Digital Payments : Towards a Dominant Design?" Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-236483.
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Rapid digitalisation development has been stampeding widely across today’s societies, and not least in the payment industry. Though, the digitalisation in the payment industry has been very deviating, even between similar well-developed countries, and while there are positive and negative effects with both digital- and physical payment means, there is little knowledge that highlights the influencing factors and accompanied problems. This study therefore explore swhich, and how, different factors influence a country’s degree of digital payments, and creates further understanding of where the payment markets are heading in the future. It is done through a case study of four different industrialised countries, Sweden, Italy, Canada, and Switzerland which involves mapping the countries’ payment markets, as well as potential factors influencing a population’s payment habits, through a perspective of innovation theory in terms of dominant designs and technological discontinuities. Theory of network externalities and two-sided platforms are further used to explain and discuss how a two-sided market, likethe payment market, is affected by changes and other circumstances in different ways.Conclusions are then drawn from the used theories together with a comparison of the findings,and identifies certain influencers to a country’s distribution of payments, as well as provides indications of where the different payments markets are heading in the future. Data is mainly gathered through written material and credible databases, but also from semi-structured interviews.Den snabba digitaliseringen har slagit sig fram i dagens samhällen, och inte minst i betalningsindustrin. Dock har digitaliseringen i betalningsindustrin varit mycket avvikande mellan liknande välutvecklade länder, och medan det finns positiva och negativa effekter med både digitala och fysiska betalningsmedel, finns det inte mycket kunskap om påverkandefaktorer och medföljande problem. Denna studie undersöker därför vilka, och hur, olika faktorer påverkar ett lands grad av digitala betalningar, och vidare skapar ytterligare förståelse för var betalningsmarknaderna är på väg framöver. Detta görs genom en fallstudie av fyra olika industrialiserade länder, Sverige, Italien, Kanada och Schweiz, som innebär en kartläggning av ländernas betalningsmarknader, och av potentiella faktorer som påverkar befolkningens betalningsvanor, genom ett perspektiv från innovationsteori i form av dominerande design och tekniska diskontinuiteter. Teori om nätverksexternaliteter och tvåsidiga plattformar används vidare för att förklara och diskutera hur en tvåsidig marknad som betalningsmarknadenpåverkas av förändringar och andra omständigheter. Slutsatser dras sedan från de användateorierna tillsammans med en jämförelse av resultaten och identifierar påverkande faktorer tillett lands betalningsdistribution, samt ger indikationer på var de olika betalningsmarknaderna är på väg framöver. Data samlades huvudsakligen in genom skriftligt material och från tillförlitliga databaser, men även från semistrukturerade intervjuer.
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Meyer, Claas. "Institutional aspects of governmental payments for ecosystem services." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17330.
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Die Doktorarbeit untersucht institutionelle Aspekte von staatlichen Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES, positive Anreizinstrumente i.F.v. Zahlungen für Ökosystemleistungen) in der EU und den USA. Die Untersuchung ist zweiteilig: Zunächst werden Design und Performance von bestehenden agrarumweltpolitischen Anreizinstrumenten analysiert, welche vermehrt als PES verstanden werden. Dann wird die Relevanz des Ecosystem Services (ES) Konzeptes für die Ausgestaltung der bestehenden Instrumente identifiziert. Die generellen Forschungsfragen werden hinsichtlich institutionellem Design, institutioneller Performance und institutionellem Interplay konkretisiert und im Rahmen von fünf individuellen Veröffentlichungen beantwortet. Hinsichtlich der Anreizinstrumente werden Regeln für eine effektive Gestaltung hervorgehoben. Ferner wird herausgearbeitet, wie Anreizinstrumente mit bestehenden institutionellen Strukturen interagieren. Hinsichtlich der Politikrelevanz des ES Konzeptes wird dargelegt, dass es bisher nicht in die Umweltgesetzgebung integriert wurde, eine Integration aber fortschreitet. Der größte zukünftige Einfluss des Konzeptes wird für die Klima- und Agrarpolitik vorausgesagt, insbesondere für bestehende Zahlungsinstrumente. Generell wird aufgezeigt, dass Zielgerichtetheit und Integration von staatlichen PES wichtig sind. Für einen funktionierenden Instrumentenmix von PES und Regularien muss die jeweilige Eigentumsrechtsituation transparent gemacht werden und verschiedene Akteure müssen auf einer gemeinsamen Basis zusammenarbeiten. Demgemäß wird diskutiert, welches Potential das ES Konzept dafür bietet, die Kommunikation zwischen den Akteuren zu verbessern und neue Impulse für eine Kooperation zu geben. Schließlich wird argumentiert, dass eine systematische ES Untersuchung und Quantifizierung bessere Möglichkeiten für Zieldefinition und Monitoring bieten könnte, der Nutzen einer ökonomische Bewertung von ES aber immer sehr sorgfältig geprüft werden sollte.The doctoral thesis identifies and analyses institutional aspects of governmental Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) in the EU and US. The analysis is twofold: First, the design and performance of existing governmental agri-environmental payment schemes that are increasingly labelled as PES have been investigated. Second, the influence of the ecosystem services (ES) concept on such payments has been identified. The general research objectives are structured in terms of institutional design, performance, and interplay. Five individual research papers shed light on the raised issues. Regarding payment schemes, findings indicate certain design rule sets that can be crucial for environmentally effective governmental payments. Furthermore, scheme interactions with other institutional arrangements have been shown. In terms of ES concept driven policies, the identified design principles have hardly been included but their integration is proceeding. The greatest future ES impact on policy design is predicted regarding climate and agricultural policies, especially on existing payment schemes. In summary, effective targeting and integration of governmental PES have been outlined as important. To create and achieve a sound mix of PES with regulations and policies, the property rights situation, the reference point for application of the ‘provider-gets’ and ‘beneficiary-pays’ principles, and any deviations therefrom should be made transparent. Furthermore, different actors must collaborate on basis of common denominators. The potential of ES to enhance communication among actors and provide new impulses for cross-sectoral and cross-level cooperation in existing governmental payments schemes implementation has been discussed. Moreover, it has been argued that regarding governmental payments, systematic ES definition and quantification may offer the opportunity to enhance targeting, and economic valuation and monetarization of ES should be very carefully considered.