Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Paysage méditerranéen'
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Clairet, Sophie. "Paysage, identite régionale : les représentations télévisuelles des territoires dans l'arc méditerranéen." Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01944102.
Full textSirami, Clélia. "Abandon des terres et avifaune : dynamiques spatiales et temporelles d’un paysage méditerranéen." Montpellier, ENSA, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENSA0018.
Full textLand abandonment, less studied than agricultural intensification, affects an increasing number of regions. The slow rate of the vegetation dynamics it triggers makes its perception diffuseand the diagnosis of its effects on plants and animal communities uneasy. It is also a natural experiment for studying the ability of animals to respond to change. We analysed the consequences of land abandonment on the temporal and spatial dynamics of bird species in a Mediterranean landscape and the mechanisms involved. We used data on the avifauna collected between 1978 and 2003 in an area north of Montpellier (France). We confronted it with a detailed study of aerial photographs assessing temporal vegetation changes after cessation of the land use practices in place in the early XXth century. We confirmed an increase in occurrence of forest species, a decline in open habitat species and a progressive habitat closure through colonisation by ligneous plants. Some numerically stable species showed distribution shifts over time consistent with shifts in vegetation distribution and a potential for future population decline. For open habitat species, local extinction or colonisation depended on different spatial scales: plot scale for extinction and landscape scale for colonisation. Species responses to vegetation changes were linked to cumulative effects of a small number of biological characteristics: habitat selected (type and structure), habitat breadth, migratory behaviour, and type of geographical distribution. An open habitat species, with a narrow habitat breadth, migratory, and with a southern distribution range was more likely to be negatively affected by abandonment. A forest species with a broad habitat breadth, sedentary, and with a more northerly range was likely to benefit from it. Our results allow a better prediction of species sensitivity to land use changes and suggest appropriate scales for mitigation measures
Alcaraz, Françoise. "Les terrasses méditerranéennes, entre terroirs et paysages (nord-ouest du bassin méditerranéen)." Toulouse 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU20001.
Full textCoreau, Audrey. "Dialogue entre des chiffres et des lettres : imaginer et construire des futurs possibles en écologie." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20190.
Full textStudying and predicting possible futures for ecological systems has become an objective of ecological research, particularly because of a growing awareness of the consequences of global changes. We propose here that the methods and concepts developed by the academic field of futures studies could be useful to enlarge ecological knowledge. Building model predictions has been the main method used by ecologists to study futures, whereas more qualitative methods are common in futures studies. We therefore adopted a reflexive viewpoint and conducted detailed interviews with ecologists to analyse the reasons for their limited application to ecological problems. The use of a reductionist approach to deal with complex systems and the lack of acknowledgement of futures' specificities appear as the major reasons for the continued preference for predictive approaches. We built conjectures based mainly on narratives to study possible futures for a Mediterranean landscape and showed that one can imagine several ecological futures. Incomplete knowledge, contingent events and the coexistence of several theories, play an important role in understanding possible future dynamics. By using numerical simulations of possible future changes in this Mediterranean landscape, we also illustrated the complementarities between prediction and narration. This study opens interesting perspectives for (i) ecological research, here we underline the importance of interactions and contingency to understand possible futures, (ii) futures studies, by going further in our understanding of the concepts of ‘conjectural problematic', and ‘diachronisation' and (iii) the link between these two disciplines
Portanier, Elodie. "Parasitisme et structuration génétique et spatiale : exemple chez le mouflon méditerranéen, Ovis gmelini musimon x Ovis sp." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG038/document.
Full textUsing as a case study the Mediterranean mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon × Ovis sp.), we aimed at better understanding how are linked genetic diversity, individual behaviour, gene flows and parasitic dynamic. Using population and landscape genetics approaches, we showed that the spatial genetic structure of the studied population was determined by its introduction history, its socio-spatial structure and the landscape in which it evolves. Given the impact of these elements on mouflon gene flow, we expected them to also determine parasite transmission in the population. Our results nevertheless evidenced that parasite are better dispersed than mouflon genes. Finally, we showed that host resistance to parasites depends on neutral and adaptive genetic diversity, and more specifically on heterozygosity at a immunity-linked locus. Our results precisely describe genetic variability spatial distribution and its link with sanitary risks in the studied population, bringing crucial information for wild sheep population management and conservation in the current context of global changes and disease reemergence
Zeidan, Nina. "Un instrument de la planification traditionnelle urbaine et durable : le 'Hawch' hérité dans le paysage méditerranéen : le cas de Beyrouth." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENH022.
Full textThe "Hawch" is an inherited element in Beirut urban planning. It is a dense grouping of traditional habitat, surrounded by an enclosure wall and accessible from a "Zoukak" –a narrow service street-. It contains in its interior a community life identical to that of Lebanese society around a structuring green space. By its peripheral location to Beirut's Downtown that's being rebuilt, the “Hawch” is subject to stress conditions. The first is an external pressure: first, in an economic order that is due to land and property speculation, the second in terms of urban densification and sprawl. The second is an internal tension coming first by the community fallback presented by its inner society facing Beirut's trend towards individualization and Westernization and secondly the "competence of the owner" to modify the space at the expense of the "Hawch"'s ecological microclimate balance. The "Hawch" comes as a response to the discourse on today's urban policy. Three intrinsic components: social, spatial and environmental landscape corresponding to the three sustainable development pillars meet the challenges of the modern city of Beirut. The potentialities of living together in the social dimension, urban spatial ecology of the spatial dimension and the environmental dimension microclimate as landscape predisposes it to persist in the contemporary city of Beirut as "Hawch" Revisited that we call the "Neo-Hawch "
Roucaute, Emeline. "Une histoire des zones palustres en milieu méditerranéen entre bas Rhône et basse Durance (XIVe siècle-début XIXe siècle)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX10117.
Full textBenjelloun, Badr. "Diversité des génomes et adaptation locale des petits ruminants d’un pays méditerranéen : le Maroc." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV011/document.
Full textRecent technological developments allow an unprecedented access to the whole genome variation and would increase our knowledge on genome diversification using population and landscape genomics. This work is based on the analysis of Whole Genome Sequence data (WGS) with the purpose of characterising genetic diversity in small ruminants (sheep and goats) and exploring genetic bases of local adaptation.First, we addressed a methodological aspect by investigating the accuracy and possible bias in the widely used genotyping approaches to characterize genetic variation in comparison with WGS data. We highlighted strong bias in conventional approaches (SNP chips and exome capture) and also in low-coverage whole genome re-sequencing (1X and 2X), and we suggested effective solutions based on sampling panels of random markers over the genome depending the purpose of the study (assessing neutral diversity, linkage disequilibrium, selection signatures). The various datasets produced allowed assessing genetic resources in various domestic (Moroccan and Iranian indigenous breeds and industrials) and wild populations (bezoars and Asiatic mouflons). We identified a very high diversity in indigenous and wild populations. They constitute a reservoir of alleles allowing them to play a possible key role in the preservation of these species in the context of global changes. The deep study of Moroccan goats showed a high diversity that is weakly structured in geography and populations, and highlighted numerous genomic regions showing signatures of selection. These regions identified different putative adaptive mechanisms according to the population (e.g. panting/sweating to adapt to warm/desert environment).Then, we explored genetic bases of local adaptation to the environment in sheep and goats using a landscape genomics framework. We scanned genomes of 160 sheep and 161 goats representing the eco-climatic Moroccan-wide diversity. We identified numerous candidate variants and genes, which allowed for identifying physiological pathways possibly underlying local adaptation. Especially, it seems that respiration and cardiac process have key roles in the adaptation to altitude. Our results suggest dissimilar adaptive mechanisms for the same environment in sheep and goats. However, we highlighted several cases of common metabolic pathways in different species. Moreover, we characterized some patterns for the variation of genetic differentiation in some candidate genomic regions over environmental gradients. This allowed us to visualise different adaptive reaction depending genes. This work points the way towards a better understanding of some mechanisms underlying local adaptation
Lavorel, Sandra. "Structure spatiale, perturbations, et dynamique de la coexistence des espèces végétales : de l'expérimentation à la modélisation : l'exemple de friches méditerranéennes." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20006.
Full textMárquez, Thomas Claudia. "Les oliveraies de montagne de la Sierra de Cadix (Andalousie occidentale, Espagne) : évolution récente (1956-2001) et enjeux de conservation d'un paysage agraire méditerranéen traditionnel." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC281.
Full textMountain olive groves are analyzed as traditional Mediterranean agrarian landscape in crisis, halfwa) between a "marginal" agriculture and a secondary forest formation. The study was conducted in the Sierra de Càdiz, and seeks to understand the olive grove's landscape dynamics of recent decades, and their current place in the management of the territory. The approach, interdisciplinary, articulates a diachronie mapping, a floristic study of farms and interviews on practices / representations of the actors. Between 1956 and 2001 the area shows a stable olive-grove cover, explained by agricultural specialization and by a resilient dynamic of "round - trip" between olive parcels abandoned and those recultured during opportunity periods, thanks to the non-professional dominant profile, the small property and the plasticity of tree crops on cleared-forest land. Olive groves have a strong spatial heterogeneity - at the landscape scale and intra-plot - and a strong floristic diversity (Mediterranean fora refuge); aspects reinforced by extensive olive growing with productive, aesthetic and heritage interesting characteristics. Yet, dominates the discourse of the actors a quite a negative image of it. Logic of productivity seeking their standardization, or the perception of an olive out of place - representations constructed by comparing the specialized areas - point to the need of their valorisation by local managers and growers to consider them otherwise in the co-management of this space
Masson, Solène. "Du paysage à la population : impacts des changements d’usages et de la restauration face à la colonisation d’une espèce envahissante (Rubus ulmifolius Schott.) dans un écosystème sub-steppique méditerranéen." Thesis, Avignon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AVIG0665/document.
Full textStudying an ecological phenomenon require to consider it in its entirety in order to apprehend all the causes and consequences. In the Plain of La Crau, a sub-steppic ecosystem in southeastern France, habitat fragmentation, loss of biodiversity and land-uses changes have fostered the encroachment by a species of brambles Rubus ulmifolius Schott of the original steppic patches. Using a multiscale analysis, the aims of the thesis are to highlight the main drivers, to assess the consequences on the plant community and to test restoration techniques by evaluating their effects on plant community and on bramble population. The presence of high proportions of irrigated habitats and formely fallows around invaded plots correspond to the largest cover rates of brambles. At community scale, water infiltrations have also a great impact on the steppe plant community by favoring the dynamic of an herbaceous competitor species: Brachypodium phoenicoïdes (L.) Roem. & Schult. Among the different disturbance regimes tested (scrub-clearing and / or grazing), crossed with the presence or the absence of sol draining, none could restore in the short-term (3 years), the integrity of the steppe reference. A significant increase in species richness and diversity was only measured for drained, scrub-cleared and annually grazed plots. At bramble population scale, the effects of the different treatments change depending on the year, the season and the time of the day. However, disturbance regimes (clearing and / or grazing) have more impact on eco-physiological and morphological traits of the bramble than the water resources limitation. Our results highlight the difficulty controlling short-term dynamics of an invasive species. They question the objectives of conservation and / or restoration of plots which can then be considered as degraded ecosystems or as "novel ecosystems" whose potential patrimonial values are still unknown
Faivre, Nicolas. "Quelle pyrodiversité pour quelle biodiversité ? Une étude comparative multi-échelle de deux écosystèmes méditerranéens." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30013.
Full textAim and Background. Fire is an integral component of Mediterranean type ecosystems and other fire-prone systems worldwide but the perception of fire as an ecological disaster remains a widely-held view among human societies. Understanding whether and to what extent fire is beneficial or detrimental to biodiversity is a current research priority for conservation management in fire-prone systems. My research has attempted to quantify the multi-scale effects of fire on various facets of vegetation diversity, including landscape diversity, taxonomic diversity and functional diversity from a landscape ecology perspective. We used two contrasted Mediterranean study cases i.e., south-eastern France and south-western Australia in order to distinguish from their differences common ecological patterns.Methods. Fires and their effects on vegetation are normally studied as single and localized events. Here, we considered landscape-scale fire mosaics resulting from the compilation of fire events that occurred among time and space in a given landscape. The diversity of those fire mosaics has been quantified and permitted to define a new parameter i.e., pyrodiversity. This research proposes a conceptual and practical methodology for the objective characterization of pyrodiversity based on the comparison of two Mediterranean environments: south-west of Western Australia and southern France. Fire patterns were analyzed retrospectively over a 50-year period while vegetation, habitats and species diversity were quantified at the landscape scale using a monitoring protocol developed within the EBONE EU-project. Using the same geographical scale for fire and vegetation patterns permitted to cross the information on biodiversity and pyrodiversity. The relationship between pyrodiversity and biodiversity was examined at the community level (i.e., habitat) and landscape level (mosaic of habitats) with considering successively habitat diversity, taxonomic diversity and functional diversity.ResultsThis study provides evidence that high pyrodiversity (i.e., spatio-temporal diversity of fire patterns) is associated to various successional trajectories of vegetation and thereby maximizes the diversity of habitats at landscape scale. The results indicate that fire significantly contributes with environmental factors and land management to determine the composition of habitats across a landscape and spatial heterogeneity of landscape mosaics. Whether considering the effects of a single fire event on plant species or on plant functional traits, I found that plant diversity varies with fire frequency according to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis at the habitat level. At the landscape level, the pyrodiversity-biodiversity relationship verified the heterogeneous disturbance hypothesis i.e., maxima of alpha and beta diversity are associated to fire mosaics of high spatiotemporal heterogeneity. At the regional scale, pyrodiversity enhances habitat diversity (gamma diversity) within the landscape until a certain threshold. The two studies areas display contrasting profiles of pyrodiversity due to their different fire management strategies but also exhibit taxonomically unrelated floras. Hence, the two Mediterranean biomes were characterized by different ecosystem resilience and resistance to fire. Despite these differences, the two Mediterranean biomes show convergence trends in their ecological response to the gradient of pyrodiversity.Conclusion. This study tackled the Pyrodiversity-Biodiversity paradigm and demonstrated that Mediterranean-type ecosystems need pyrodiversity to maintain the variety of habitats and species at both habitat and landscape levels. Fire effects on vegetation cannot be interpreted directly from a local perspective with considering a single fire event
Fourault-Cauët, Véronique. "Le paysage : notion théorique ou outil d'aménagement émergent pour les forêts méditerranéennes en Europe ?" Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010687.
Full textPardo, Corinne. "DU RURAL À L'URBAIN. INTÉGRATIONS, USAGES ET GESTIONS DE L'ARBRE DANS LES PAYSAGES DE LA MÉDITERRANÉE NORD-OCCIDENTALE." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00370852.
Full textHarfouche, Romana. "Histoire des paysages méditerranéens au cours de la protohistoire et de l'antiquité : aménagements et agriculture." Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX10097.
Full textBossu, Angèle. "Rôle des jardins privatifs dans l'homogénéisation et la connectivité des paysages urbanisés méditerranéens." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4758/document.
Full textIncreasing urbanization in recent decades requires a thorough understanding of the dynamics of urban biodiversity to aid in the establishing of urban development policies to promote the biodiversity. This doctoral work evaluated the taxonomic homogenization and functional composition of spontaneous flora communities along a gradient of urbanization taking as the unit of study the private garden, and the genetic structure of a plant species, Parietaria judaica.Taxonomic homogenization varies along the urbanization gradient. The private gardens of the centers studied cities are less rich but would enhance taxonomic diversity in terms of species composition of communities through their exposure, planning and practices.The study of traits communities highlights changes in the functional composition along the urbanization gradient. High built-up density areas filter traits, in particular linked to the dispersion and persistence of species. The endozoochorie could allow the crossing of built around the gardens.Finally, the lack of genetic structure of Parietaria judaica at local scale suggests genetic exchange regardless of the built-up density, while a significant genetic structure was observed at the regional level between the three sites.The private gardens, which like the other green patchs in urban areas, have plant communities that can participate in the dynamics of urban vegetation
Levavasseur, Florent. "Structure du paysage et fonctionnement hydrologique : application aux réseaux de fossés en zone viticole méditerranéenne." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSAM0021/document.
Full textThe impact of ditch networks on runoff, soil erosion and pollutant transfer is well known at local scale. However, the spatio-temporal variability of ditch networks and the impact of this variability on hydrological processes has not been quantified. The aim of this thesis is thus to quantify the relation between the spatial configuration of ditch networks and the hydrological functioning of Mediterranean vineyards.First, the variability of ditch network density and the extent to which this density depends on the landscape attributes are analyzed. Then, a network simulator is used with a hydrological model to quantify the impact of ditch network density on runoff. In relation to the role of ditch networks in the interception of runoff on hillslopes, the protection against soil erosion procured by ditch networks is studied thanks to geomorphological indicators.Secondly, the spatio-temporal evolution of vegetation covers in ditch networks and its impact on the transfer of pesticides is analyzed. The ditch management regimes and their impact on ditch vegetation are simulated. Thanks to several indicators, it is shown that current management regimes are not optimal in view of pesticide retention.This thesis shows the interest in using a landscape structure model and a landscape functioning model. This allowed to quantify the impact of ditch networks on hydrological processes
D'Ercole, Maria Cecilia. "Importuosa Italiae litora : la côte Adriatique entre le Biferno et l'Ofanto : le paysage et les échanges à l'époque archai͏̈que." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010746.
Full textThis thesis studies commercial and cultural relationships between the native people of south italy's adriatic coast in the archaic period. The dissertation is divided in three sections. The first, relates to the historical and archaeological researches on this subject (chapter one). The second, concerns the reconstruction of the ancient coastal landscape ( chapter two) and the topography of the ancient coastal settlements ( chapter three ). The third, examines to the commercial relationships and the circulation of goods in this adriatic district, mostly ambers (chapter four), metals (chapter five), imported vessels (chapter six), exported vessels (chapter seven), some perishable goods, like corn and salt (chapter eight). Chapter nine examines the ship models represented in local sculptures. The concluding chapter analyses the nature of exchanges, the distribution of commercial networks, and the social effects of trade relationship
Desbordes, Emmanuel. "Les paysages de terrasses agricoles dans le bassin méditerranéen septentrional : étude comparée des Alpes-Maritimes et de la Ligurie." Limoges, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LIMO2002.
Full textIn the south-east of france and in some regions of italy, the terrace cultivation represents the traditional support of an old valorization of steeply sloping hillsides. Terraces are the conjunction of several components met in an agricultral society in the past very widely autarkic (high demographic pressures, self-sufficiency policy and harsh topography). And as they proved to be very efficient, some of them still used. Their solidity and resistance to erosive agents demostrate the high quality of the structures and the permanent care caried through the centuries. However, how terrace cultivation is still viable in modern economy and in case of positive answer, in which conditions ? which solutions can be considered in order not to remove terraces from the landscape ? all these questions prove that the agricultural terrace civilisation is, still nowadays, a fascinating object of studies. Through a comparative analysis of the different ways of exploiting steep slopes, we have identified the different potentials brought by slope farming systems in the alpes-maritimes and liguria. Then, we have tried to identify the conditions in which the proposed solutions would be applicable. A voluntary approach of the protection and the development of these terraces is essential to their survival. This move leads to find out criteria which could justify a new perception of agricultural benchterraces : not only as an agricultural farming system but as a centuries-old remarkable architectural landscape patrimony which is worth being protected and preserved. Many efforts are being made in order to preserve this patrimony in which the whole knowledge of builders and the current economic necessities come close. Terraces can then become grounds whose advantages have to be exploited in new way and consequently, can become ideal supports to develop new activities such as tourism and culture, that could be integrated in the rural life and environment. The safeguard of the built slop soils is inherent to the success of the economical project
Choisnet, Guillaume. "Approche phytosociologique et symphytosociologique des végétations et des paysages du Bas-Vivarais (nord du Bassin méditerranéen français)." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0008/document.
Full textOccupying about 1800 km², the Bas-Vivarais Region corresponds to the sedimentary part of the Ardèche department, located on the south-eastern edge of the Massif Central. Due to varied lithology and geomorphology features, to a climatic context forming part of a latitudinal mediterranean gradient, and despite an apparent homogeneity, the vegetation appears to be very diversified and original, compared to the vegetation of the rest of the Mediterranean Basin.The study of plant communities and complexes communities was undertaken following the principles of the Braun-Blanqueto-Tüxenian phytosociology and on the methodology of the French-Spanish (geo)synphytosociology. The analysis of 2.619 relevés and 388 synrelevés allows to highlight 144 syntaxa of association level among which 58 units appear new, 54 synassociations and hypogeosynassociations.The phytosociological study allows to increase the knowledge about Mediterranean vegetations and proposes a analysis framework based on synecological and structural and synchorological criteria that can be transposed to the entire Mediterranean basin.In the Bas-Vivarais, the study of the complexes (groups) of communities following the French-Spanish methodology, shows the limits of community complexes study based on a purely phytodynamic and serial approach. It obliges to come back to the fundamentals of integrated inductive landscape phytosociology, (TÜXEN 1973, 1979), that is to say the causal description of ecologically homogeneous synassociations through the demonstration of repetitive combinations of communities. Methodological recommendations are therefore proposed for the in situ delineation of communities complexes and the characterization of homogeneous units both at synecological and physiognomic levels
Westerberg, Vanja. "Evaluation économique des changements des paysages littoraux : le cas du développement des parcs éoliennes dans la Mer Méditerranée." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSAM0033/document.
Full textThe French government has committed itself to an ambitious target of boosting the offshore wind power capacity to reach 6 GW by 2020. Wind turbines onshore as well as offshore are highly contested on visual grounds. Affected stakeholders, ranging from business and property owners, fishermen and elected municipal planners, fear significant negative economic impacts on their ‘business' or their ‘property'. In the French Mediterranean region of the Languedoc Roussillon, the expectation is that the tourist industry will be chagrined in the presence of an offshore wind farm – giving a windy and cemented image of the region. Since talks began about 10 years ago, on the potential for ‘harvesting' the winds of the Mediterranean Sea, many postulates have been made with regard to the impact on coastal tourism. In particular, resistance mounted when plans to include the Languedoc Roussillon in the 2011 tender for the construction of 2 GW wind power capacity were materialising. In this light, it was considered of pertinence to investigate how offshore wind farms, installed at realistic distances from the coast (5, 8 or 12 km), would affect coastal tourism. Additionally, it was considered of interest to help define strategies that coastal community resort may adopt to boost visiting numbers or profit margins with or without wind farms. To answer these questions a full-scale choice experiment valuation survey with over 350 tourists was undertaken in the summer of 2010 on Languedoc beaches.Our survey results show (in chapter 3) that average visual disamenity costs tends to zero, when an offshore wind farm is installed somewhere between 8 and 12 km from the shore. We also find that there is considerable demand for “sustainable” coastal community resorts that favours local produce, bicycling, public transport, energy and water saving devices. Thus, our estimates show that a wind farm installed 8 km from the shore could be ‘compensated for' through the simultaneous ‘greening' of the coastal community resort. If in addition a wind farm is associated with artificial reefs and recreational user access, our results point to an actual rise in tourist related revenues when the wind farm is located min. 5 km from the coast. The policy recommendation is thus two fold: Everything else equals, a wind farm located 12 km offshore will have no negative incidence on tourism. With simultaneous application of a coherent environmental policy and wind farm associated recreational activities, wind farm siting can be conceived from 5 km and outwards.In a latter stage (chapter 5) we explicit account for the well-established fact that humans' over-estimate losses compared with equal-sized gains, in our econometric estimations. By incorporating so-called gain-loss asymmetry in the utility function, we observe that the WTP to remove wind farms had they already been installed is half the compensation required to accept their presence during a vacation. The disamenity costs associated with wind farm installation are thus of a significantly smaller magnitude had the wind farms already been installed. On the other hand, the welfare benefits associated with eco-efficiency and wind farm associated recreational activities are larger had they already been invigorated. The verdict is that asymmetry should be accounted for, or at least recognised in stated preference valuation studies that simultaneously use utility increasing and utility decreasing attributes
Mezinski, Zenon. "Les chemins du paysage : quatre artistes voyageurs autour de la Méditerranée (1780-1840). Jérôme-René Demoulin, Jacques Moulinier, François Liger, Antoine-Laurent Castellan." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON30077/document.
Full textBetween 1780 and 1830 the conception of landscape, changed radically. At the turn of XVIIIth and XIXth centuries a brotherhood of artists were in Rome who had a new concept of the relationship between architecture and nature. The aesthetic journeys undertaken by these four Frenchmen of the same generation, Jérôme-René Demoulin (1758-1799), Jacques Moulinier (1757-1828), François Liger (1757-?) and Antoine-Laurent Castellan (1772-1838) are the subject of this study. Whilst following their profession as artists, travellers and making long journey across Europe in time of war, they maintained their link with the city of Montpellier. Involved at the heart of scientific investigations or making journeys in pursuit of the picturesque, these men made a harvest of designs from Madrid to Constantinople. The object of this study is firstly torediscover the individual journeys and drawings of each one and to come close to their individual aesthetic. The musee Fabre at Montpellier holds a large proportion of the drawings made during their travels within its collections. Thus in order to complete a definitive catalogue for each of these artists, 4 new catalogues from a total of 450 designs, a great deal of exacting research was necessary. Secondly to analyse each body of work to discover the place each one held in contemporary artistic trends more exacting study was required. These men form neither a group or a sample study. By their works and travels they represent a fragment of the landscape work of their time. Inheritors of their ideas in the XIXth century from the picturesque views of Jacques Moulinier, to the intuition of Antoine-Laurent Castellan, who made his studies in the forest of Fontainebleau from 1819, prefigure the future concepts of landscape
Riviere-Honegger, Anne. "Regards sur les paysages de l'eau. Evolution des usages de l'eau, dynamiques du territoire et mutations paysagères en Méditerranée occidentale." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833563.
Full textMusard, Olivier. "Les pratiques subaquatiques au sein des aires marines protégées de Méditerranée française : entre paysages sous-marins, représentations et impacts : Contribution au développement d'une géographie relative aux territoires sous-marins." Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX10093.
Full textBouchouicha, Sadek. "Situation et perspective du tourisme en Algérie." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CLF20063.
Full textIf there is an economic field whose place is not very obvious in algeria, it certainly is tourism. In fact, the part played by the latter in the developing of the country has been as a whole, insignifiant compared with the one played in a number of neighbouring mediterranea countries. The purpose of this thesis is to make evident the trumps of this country and to show the reasons of the putting aside of this field of acitivities. This study is destined to contribute to the debate started by the public authorities and university personalities ; the target to accept the challenge of the diversification of the foreign financial resources of the country. Tourism can constitute an economic alternative if the people in charge in this field of activities as well as the governement of the algerian state adopt a new strategy based on the valorization of the numerous productd, if they intervene on mentalities and direct their policy towards what constitutes the originality of algeria that is to say the south able to stand easily all competition, which is not the case of seaside resort tourism. This present work also wants a demonstration mad from many surveys, from the new views on the opening out of algerian tourism
Le, Mire Pecheux Lidwine. "LandBioDiv : un nouveau modèle de prédiction de la diversité et de la composition spécifique végétale au niveau du paysage : exemple d'application en région méditerranéenne (France)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX30057.
Full textProvencal landscapes are complex and disturbed. In such a context, vegetal species richness or floristic composition modelling for a given surface area has never been attempted. This study offers a new method in order to fill this gap and the creation of a software program : LandBiodiv. It is based on concepts drawn from island biogeography (i. E. The influence of surface and formation number on species richness), and also from ecological continuum theory. LandBiodiv's framework use species-area relationships to predict species richness, and Bayesian rules to model species occurrence within landscapes. The model evaluation demonstrated that SAR are not suitable to predict the species richness of highly variable communities. However, LandBiodiv not only permits good predictions of the species composition both at the landscape (gamma diversity), and community scales (alpha diversity), but also diversity patterns can be assessed at several spatial scales according to landscape structure
Le, Garignon Christophe. "Activités pastorales et paysages agraires méditerranéens : méthodologie d'étude des liens entre facteurs humains et organisation de l'espace dans une petite vallée de la Corse : le Curtinese." Paris 10, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA100171.
Full textThis work aims for making light on the matter of relationships between agriculture and agrarian landscapes particularly Mediterranean and pastoral ones. This issue is more and more current in a background of redefinition of agriculture functions. So we built a transdisciplinary methodology, choosing on agro-geographical approach. We have supposed that pastoral activity and spatial organisation of land proper~, and cadastre are explanation factors. From an encased level hierarchical analysis of the spatial objects of agrarian' landscape, ground organisation and of the organisational objects of agriculture, we have proposed transversal concepts, connecting the watched object, landscape, and human factors. We have identified four hierarchical levels and three transversal concepts by level, whose relevance has been tested. We have chosen to work in a county of inner Corsica, Curtinese (Corti). Information has been collected by mean of aerial photograph analysis, investigation and follow up of shepherds ground inquiry. Connections appear at three levels. At the elementary level, we notice a ground recombining in order to build field paving, whose appearance depends on their technical itinerary, and fossilisation of parcel borders in the form of hedge. At second level, establish a reorganisation of land estates into pastoral territories according to technical logic, with a Von Thünen organisation of them which explains landscape modules. Cadastre modules explain morphological appearance of landscape modules. At third level, settlement nucleus and their successive extensions explain glade structure and distribution, where appear ground weft. Our results show great resemblance with other works dealing with pastoral Mediterranean landscapes and with milking goat systems of these countries. Therefore, our approach brings some inventive elements about ground and cadastre part in agrarian landscape morphology, I distinction between organisation levels, and technical factors integration. Limits of this work. I draw lines for future researches in matter of agrarian history and rural sociology
Glais, Arthur. "Interactions Sociétés-Environnement en Macédoine orientale (Grèce du Nord) depuis le début de l'Holocène. : Approche multiscalaire et paléoenvironnementale." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC002/document.
Full textEnvironmental disturbances recorded nowadays in global changes rise up society fears aboutsustainable development. Even if the responsibility of activities on contemporary changes is now wellknown,the specialists of past societies are still wondering if such environmental changes, either fromnatural or from anthropogenic origin, have not already affected societies development in last thousandsof years. This research project contributes to this debate on the base of long time study of Strymona lowvalley (northern Greece), from Early Holocene. The aim is to understand the relationships betweensocieties and environment by questioning the possibility of cultural collapses from environmentalorigin, and to examine the consequences of human activities (Neolithisation, Greek conquest, ...) onenvironment and his sustainability. To overcome case studies, we suggest a geographical andgeoarchaeological approach. Based on study of palaeoenvironmental archives which combinegeomorphological and palynological analyses of streams and wetlands. Our aim is to analyze the role ofagropastoral practices and climate events and oscillations on environmental changes, and on thedynamics of mosaic landscapes. Results will be compared with archaeological and historical researchesto understand the interactions between societies and their environment from sites to regional scale, fromthe Neolithic to Ottoman period and to take part actively to multidisciplinary discussions on this debate
Milano, Vittoria. "Effets de la mosaïque paysagère proche, de l’histoire et des pratiques de gestion locales sur les communautés taxonomiques et fonctionnelles des Collemboles du sol des parcs urbains méditerranéens : les cas de Naples (Italie) et Montpellier (France)." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30088/document.
Full textUrbanization causes a huge diversity in landscapes, environmental conditions and green spaces history. This phenomena also induces different vegetation management practices, which may affect urban fauna. However, scarce attention has been paid to belowground communities in cities and Collembola hosted by soils of urban parks represent a neglected research topic. These taxa are very common in most soils and have been recognized as proper indicators for soil monitoring programs.The effects of diverse abiotic filters on Collembola in Naples and Montpellier public parks has been studied from both taxonomic and functional points of view. In particular, the PhD work was developed based on three principal axes, aiming to test the effects of:- the neighboring landscape context,- the park historical dynamics,- the current park management.The analyses carried out in Montpellier showed different neighboring landscape patterns to which belonged diverse species communities. Indeed, more heterogeneous landscape patterns guarantee the richest and most structured species communities.The study conducted in Naples highlighted that maintaining a specific land cover, especially a canopy cover, jointly to a litter layer on soils are the main factors assuring more structured species communities. To a less extent, park age and the previous land use of the area were also important drivers in modelling species assemblages.Finally, a functional analysis (i.e. morphological traits and microhabitat preferences) was applied to evaluate the brushwood management intensification in woody areas of both cities parks. A clear abiotic gradient was observed. By contrast, functional responses of Collembola communities to brushwood management intensification contradicted our research hypothesis based on the recent literature. Thus, it seems that brushwood removal does not cause shifts in species trait patterns in urban parks.This PhD work increased fundamental knowledge on urban park Collembola ecology, and it strives to integrate these findings in a more suitable landscaping and management of urban green spaces
Rochette, Julien. "LE TRAITEMENT JURIDIQUE D'UNE SINGULARITÉ TERRITORIALE : LA ZONE CÔTIÈRE. ÉTUDE EN DROIT INTERNATIONAL ET DROIT COMPARÉ FRANCO ITALIEN." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00172410.
Full textHoungnandan, Fabrice. "Rôle des pressions anthropiques et de l’environnement dans l’état des herbiers de posidonies de Méditerranée française." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG029.
Full textHuman activities are the main cause of global changes with adverse impacts on all biodiversity, both terrestrial and marine. In this context, many countries, including France, wish to stop this problem by improving networks for monitoring and managing ecosystems using new methods and approaches that aim, in particular, to achieve good ecological status of their water masses. This is the main objective of this thesis project, focusing on a Mediterranean sentinel ecosystem, the Posidonia oceanica seagrass. P. oceanica is an underwater plant endemic to the Mediterranean, and an indicator of the quality of its environment. By linking its spatial distribution with biological data and anthropogenic pressures, it is possible to develop new indicators that are easy to measure at the scale of the entire French coastline (1800 km).Through a multidisciplinary approach, combining participatory mapping, analysis of old images and current ecological data, we have been able to identify the location of former P. oceanica seagrass that have now disappeared and quantify the extent of the decline (70% in 66 years for example in Agde and Rochelongue). Our results also show that the indices of landscape composition and configuration reflect well the state of conservation of a P. oceanica seagrass. Using these landscape indices, we have developed a new approach to define key conservation areas for the management of P. oceanica based on the influence of environmental variables and human activities. Finally, we have also shown that by degrading the P. oceanica seagrass, human activities favour the installation of invasive exotic algae, but can also act as a barrier to invasions by modifying local environmental conditions and making them unfavourable to invasive species.These results suggest multiple applications to improve the management and monitoring of the marine environment in the French Mediterranean
Lang, Marc. "Caractérisation de l’hétérogénéité spatiale de milieux naturels à partir d’imagerie optique très haute résolution spatiale : cas d’application aux milieux méditerranéens de garrigue." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0003/document.
Full textThe preservation of biodiversity is a priority issue, both at national, European and international levels. In order to provide a better understanding of ecosystem functioning, spatial heterogeneity of natural environments is becoming one of the key components for the study of biodiversity. The Mediterranean basin is a hotspot of biodiversity for which the synergies between biodiversity and spatial heterogeneity of landscapes are particularly important. Mediterranean environments are organized into heterogeneous mosaics of four vertical strata~: bare soil, herbs, low ligneous and high ligneous. The biodiversity of these unique hotspots is now threatened by a closure of the landscape that leads to the habitat loss and landscape homogenization. The loss of heterogeneity is also leading to an increase in fire risks.This thesis aims to develop indices characterizing the spatial heterogeneity of natural landscapes in a Mediterranean context using very high spatial resolution remote sensing images. Among the various methods dedicated to the characterization of heterogeneity, the FOTO (FOurier Based Textural Ordination) method is particularly relevant because it produces uncorrelated texture gradients in an unsupervised manner, allowing continuous variations in spatial heterogeneity to be characterized at different spatial scales. Thus, the first objective of this thesis is to test the potential of texture indices derived from the FOTO method for the characterization of spatial heterogeneity relative to four vertical strata. The second objective is to test the sensitivity of our approach to technical and environmental factors, in order to ensure its replicability, and promote its use in an operational context of monitoring Mediterranean environments. Finally, based on a case study centered on the spatial distribution of bird species sensitive to vegetation heterogeneity, the last objective is oriented towards the validation of the ecological relevance of the heterogeneity indices.Combined with a vegetation index, NDVI, the texture indices derived from the FOTO method could be interpreted in terms of spatial heterogeneity and make it possible to characterize the composition and organization of the four vertical strata studied. These indices are influenced bymultiple factors, including the anthropization of landscapes showing patterns translated into surfaces such as crops, and the nature of the radiometric information of the remote sensing images processed. This pattern information impacts the apparent contrast of vegetation strata. Thus, the application of the method on a panchromatic band is more sensitive to patterns related to the alternation of bare soil and herbs while the application of the method on NDVI is more sensitive to patterns related to the alternation of ligneous strata with the herbaceous stratum. Finally, we have shown the interest of the approach developed for the prediction of several bird species with high conservation stakes. Heterogeneity indices have made it possible to highlight vegetation structures that are particularly favourable to certain bird species.The approach developed in this thesis is particularly stimulating because it allows the unsupervised production of three complementary indices characterizing several components of spatial heterogeneity related to four strata. Further efforts are needed to improve i) our understanding of the contribution of environmental and instrumental factors to the stability of the approach and ii) its automation for application in an operational context for mapping and monitoring the conservation status of natural habitats and birdlife
Josenhans, Frauke Verena. "Avant le Sud, la Provence vue par les peintres allemands (1768-1867)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3149.
Full textProvence is not a destination traditionally associated with German painting. Yet, this region has attracted painters from the eighteenth century onwards. Roman remains and the memory of Petrarch make it a stop on the Grand Tour and on the Kavalierstour. German artists, who were going to Italy in large numbers, paid increasing attention to the South of France by the end of the eighteenth century. The reasons that motivated them to undertake such a voyage were varied: for painters such as Jakob Philip Hackert, it is a station on the way to Italy that gives them a foretaste of the peninsula. Johann Georg von Dillis and Ludwig Richter go to the South of France at the beginning of the nineteenth century as part of princely travels. Then, in the middle of the century, Johann Wilhelm Schirmer makes the conscious decision of touring Provence in search of natural scenery different from Italy’s. The present study aims to establish a body of work documenting the presence of German artists in the South of France, and also to identify what motivated the journey, in order to demonstrate how their perception of Provence evolved from the eighteenth to the nineteenth century. The aim is to analyze the place of this region in artistic, cultural and literary history, and to identify the visual and literary sources that German artists could rely on during their voyage. The different case studies serve to demonstrate the evolution of the Germanic artistic gaze on Provence, and to illustrate the difficult entry of this territory into the canons of the period, which is particularly notable in the context of German painting
Pleuger, Elisa. "Evolution paléoenvironnementale du delta de la Medjerda et géoarchéologie du site d'Utique (Tunisie)." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE2017.
Full textUtica is considered, according to ancient literary tradition, as one of the fist three Phoenician foundations of the Western Mediterranean, supposedly founded in 1101 BC by Levantines from Tyre. Neverthelesss, until now, no archaeological remains date back beyond the 9th century BC. In the Phoenician and Roman periods, Utica was an important merchant coastal town, facing the sea. Over the centuries, the city has lost its access to the sea and the port has silted up. Despite more than a century of investigation, by archaeologist and associated researchers, the location of the city's harbour, dating from the Phenician and Roman periods, remains unknown, burried under several meters of sediment.Starting from this archaeological problem, our research focused on three main axes : paleogeographic, geoarchaeological and palynological. Based on the multidisciplinary study of sedimentary cores, the results showed that the strong floods of the Medjerda wadi, wich flowed south of the city during Roman times, were a major factor in the decline of Utica and the silting of its port. Indeed, at the time of its foundation, the city was located on a promontary bathed by the sea, but the sediments transported by the Medjerda gradually sealed the bay, leaving the tip of the Utica promontary 10 km in land. A major hydrological crisis was highlighted around the 4 th century AD. This correlated with an increased in sedimentation rates in the watershed, wich seems to correspond to an overall climatic degradation. The results also highlight the existence of a long maritime facade north of Utica promontary during the Phoenician and Roman eras. A deep maritime environment is attested in the ancient bay at 6th mill. BC and the depth of the water column along the north facade was still 2 m around the 4th - 3th centuries BC. Finally, the palynological study showed the existence of traces of human activities as early as the 3th mill. BC. The Phoenician and Roman occupation is characterized by a sharp drop in forest taxa, probably due a significant clearings for agriculture and pastoralism. The olive tree is increasing, as well as cereals. The erosive crisis occuring at the end of the Roman period was accompanied by a sharp increase of "Artemisia", witnessing a steppisation of the landscape.This work illustrates the contribution of geoarchaelogy to the resolution of a major archeological problem and to the understanding of the relationships between this important port city and its enviroment
Levavasseur, F. "Structure du paysage et fonctionnement hydrologique : application aux réseaux de fossés en zone viticole méditerranéenne." Phd thesis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00745506.
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