Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Paysages forestiers – Gestion'
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Lalanne, Arnault. "Système sylvicole, exploitation forestière : impacts respectifs sur l'état de conservation d'habitats forestiers planitiaires atlantiques." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MNHN0009.
Full textThe European “Habitats” directive urges EU state members to evaluate the state of conservation of their habitats listed in the Annex I, which form in France the so-called “Natura 2000” network. In France, the “Office National des Forets” is in a leader position, being in charge of 20% of all Natura 2000 sites. However, there is a concern about the compatibility of forest management practices commonly performed by this institution and the protective rules edicted by EU. In particular the maintenance of a good state of conservation of forest habitats can be questioned. The purpose of the present thesis was first to define a good state of conservation for forests of the Paris Basin, then to see, through several examples, whether their state of conservation was impacted by forest management. Herbs and humus/soil dwelling mosses were used as indicators, according to the phytosociological approach, as well as humus forms, using Humus Index and depth of holorganic horizons. Sampling was done in different management units, describing the forest cycle (synchronic approach) in homogeneous site conditions. For the habitat “Acidophilic atlantic beech-oak forest” (DH 9120), we showed an example of conversion of coppices-with-standards to full-grown stands, with sessile oak as a target timber species, and an example of an acidophilic beech forest where sylviculture was made more dynamic. For the habitat “Beech forest of the Asperulo-Fagion type” (DH 9130), our study was performed in three forests belonging to the same phytosociological syntaxon but located in three different climatic regions. In this case, too, we measured the effects of a more dynamic sylviculture. As a general rule, species richness increases under the influence of new sylvicultural practices. However, such an increase was not shown by mosses as well as by higher plants typically living in woodland. One explanation is the surface state of forest soils, which is strongly affected by exploitation traffic, mainly through soil compaction. Soil compaction disfavours geophytes, which are the main component of typical forest vegetation. Another explanation lies in the more dynamic sylviculture. The decreasing standing crop imposes a change in climate conditions, with more light and less humidity. This disfavours typical forest species, which commonly live in a shady and moist environment. Another important result concerns changes in humus forms under the new sylviculture. The Humus Index indicates a more rapid humification and mineralisation of topsoil organic matter. We hypothesize that soil biological processes are activated by more light arriving at the ground surface. At last, we want to highlight the importance of the geograhical range over which our results can be considered valid. The example of neutrocline beech forests shows that the appropriate scale for extrapolating our results is that of the natural (climatic) region
Boulogne, Marine. "Vulnérabilité des paysages forestiers dans le parc de Ranomafana (Madagascar) : dynamiques environnementales et trajectoires agroforestières." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU018/document.
Full textIn the context of currents environmental changes, and deal with anthropogenic pressures, the preservation of tropical forest has become a major issue. In this context, Madagascar island has implemented a new forest policy since 1990, having garnered the creation of protected areas. Ranomafana National Park has been created in 1991 and classify as World heritage in 2007. The establishment of a landscape dynamics monitoring at the local level, using remote sensing, allow analysis of forest changes faces anthropogenic pressures, taking into account the specificities of the study area. This monitoring allows to observe past and crurrent pressures on forest and point landscape trajectories. In addition, the forest bioclimatic activity monitoring examines the impact of climatic conditions and land use change on vegetation dynamics. The trend is the global reduction of forest cover mainly of lowland forest. Forest degradation rate during these past 25 years is estimated at 0,62%/year. These variations are different depending on the distance to the Park. Furthermore, analysis of photosynthetic activity reveals a general decline in values over the study period, regardless of the plant community type studied.Keys-words : Madagascar, remote sensing, tropical forests, Land-use change
Labrue, Claire. "L' enfermement de l'habitat par la forêt : exemples du plateau de Millevaches, des Maures et des Vosges du Nord." Limoges, 2009. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/c6feaf02-8fcc-413a-a3fa-47dae0508ae1/blobholder:0/2009LIMO2008.pdf.
Full textWith the advancement of the forest, which has characterized landscapes throughout the 20th century, particularly those of the middle mountains, the interfaces of habitat / forest have multiplied, going as far as the development of a new type of glade or clearing. This new type of glade is defined by an objective closing of the countryside and by a true feeling of enclosure or entrapment by its residents. The enclosure is a “phenomenon” which occurs from the moment in which one or several individuals live the experience. We have concentrated our work on the “entrapment of habitations,” taking into consideration a definition of habitation which includes not only the construction but the act of living in the space—that is to say—the inhabitants and their lived experiences, especially those which concern the surrounding daily countryside. The forest is without a doubt appreciated by Occidental society which has become urban; it is often sought out for the green, lush setting it provides. But regional variants exist regarding the ways in which forestry landscapes are perceived, and one such experience is that of enclosure of the forest upon habitations through forestry advancement. On a French scale, a comparative study of the Plateau de Millevaches, Maures and the North Vosges demonstrates that the acculturation of the forest is a determining factor in the lived experience of the forest as an element contributing to a feeling of entrapment. To conduct this study, our methodology is based on two approaches that we attempt de render complimentary. The first measures the spatial-temporal enclosing caused by the proximity of the forest based on the glade, which is the spatial form of the enclosure. The second approach is based on interviews and questionnaires gathered from local actors and inhabitants of the selected forested regions in an attempt to nuance the first approach and to take into consideration psycho-socio-cultural elements. The enclosure of the forest cannot be simply reduced to a large geographic scale, that of the outskirts, but it also extends onto the small scale which therefore reveals the functionality of territories
Jéhin, Philippe. "Mutations des paysages forestiers dans les Vosges du Nord de la fin du Moyen Age à la veille de la Révolution." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR20035.
Full textThis study analyses the relationships between human activities, forests, rivers and the fauna from the 16th to the 18th century in the Northern Vosges. This study is built around three axes : - to describe the evolution of the forest-landscapes, a study based on ancient documents dealing with the natural resources (flora, fauna, hydrography) - to analyse the perception of the forest by its various users - to identify the various uses of the forest and the clashes of interests that may result from those. The different uses of the forest will be shown throughout the chronology, particularly the uses such as agriculture, hunting, fishing, industrial activities (such as metallurgy, sawmills and glassmaking) and their impacts on the forests. By the end of the Middle Ages, the Northern Vosges still remained an unknown, wild, fully-wooded area. The forest-landscapes were then attacked by archaic agricultural and industrial systems. The 30 year-war stopped the economical evolution and the forests then got respite. During the 18th century, the forests aroused the cupidity of the farmers who were looking for more fields and of the manufacturers who were interested in the wood as heating material. Forest-landscapes were then completely transformed. Faced with the anarchic and devastating forest-exploitation, the authorities issued forest-laws, but they met some resistance due to the hold of traditions. The new forest-laws have tried to reconcile vital needs of the people and manufacturers, and the preservation of the forest patrimony. The forest-landscapes are not fixed, they depend on the balance between their natural evolution, human actions and the consequences of their management in the past
Fourault-Cauët, Véronique. "Le paysage : notion théorique ou outil d'aménagement émergent pour les forêts méditerranéennes en Europe ?" Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010687.
Full textBeguin, Julien. "Analyse spatiale, sélection des paysages et stratégies de conservation en présence de régimes multiples de perturbation : le cas du caribou forestier en forêt boréale aménagée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30203/30203.pdf.
Full textLinking spatial patterns of species distribution and population dynamics with biotic and abiotic processes is central to inform effective conservation planning for endangered species. This thesis investigated how linking spatial patterns of boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), hereafter boreal caribou, to processes can 1) improve our understanding of landscape selection of this ecotype and 2) inform the efficiency of current land use policies in practice. I first present a new powerful numerical method that allows integrating properly spatial information present in species distribution data to make accurate statistical inference. This method uses integrated nested Laplace approximations (INLA) as an alternative to Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations. I show that, in addition of being accurate and rapid, the use of INLA with Bayesian hierarchical spatial models efficiently accounted for spatial autocorrelation in the residuals and fairly evaluated uncertainty in parameter estimates and predictions. I then used INLA to test which ecological processes, among climate and the distance to roads, drove the existence of geographical patterns in boreal caribou landscape selection. Data supported road-driven selection over a climate influence. Moreover, I show that boreal caribou avoidance of logged areas was two-fold stronger than burned areas. Together these results indicated that limiting the spread of road networks and accounting for the uneven impact of logging compared to wildfire should be integral parts of any habitat management plan and conservation measures within the range of this ecotype. Finally, I use a spatially explicit landscape simulation model to explore how spatial interactions among protected area networks, industrial forestry and fire regimes impacted the population dynamics of boreal caribou and the economic costs related to forest management. I show that the current policy of conservation planning and forest management in the Côte-Nord region in Québec is unlikely to be sustainable for either boreal caribou conservation or timber supply mainly because of current overestimated planned harvest levels. Fire increased antagonisms between current practices of forest management and habitat conservation, irrespective of the presence of salvage logging. This study illustrates that efficient conservation planning requires a better understanding of spatial interactions among population dynamics, protected area networks, forest management, and fire regimes.
Brun, Stéphane Hotyat Micheline Arnould Paul. "De l'erg à la forêt." Paris : Université Paris Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2007. http://www.theses.paris4.sorbonne.fr/brun/paris4/2006/brun/html/index-frames.html.
Full textMonot, Alexandra. "Les politiques paysagères dans l'espace périurbain : les bois et les forêts d'Ile-de-France." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010520.
Full textBrun, Stéphane. "De l'erg à la forêt : dynamique des unités paysagères d'un boisement en région littorale : forêt des dunes de Menzel Belgacem, Cap Bon, Tunisie." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.paris-sorbonne.fr/brun/paris4/2006/brun/html/index-frames.html.
Full textIn the Cap Bon peninsula, located in the north-eastern Tunisia, the forestation of the Menzel Belgacem's dunes constitutes one of the first attempt of forest creating during the French protectorate. From 1930, sands have been gradually stabilized and today the new forest came over the sand deposits. The Dar Chichou's forest, more than 6000 adjoining hectares, represents an striking example of Mediterranean dunal forest. Before all this study seek to draw up the balance sheet of the interventions conducted by the forest services from the beginning of the 20th century. The approach is based on the use of remote sensing data, compared with field information, for the build-up of a landscape units map. The Northern area of the Cap Bon, where the stamp of the coast is omnipresent, is characterized by a fast evolution of the natural habitat and by heavy landscapes changes. Many projects are planned and the society expectations are becoming insistent and often contradictory. Thus our thesis aim to analyse the changes assigned to the landscapes features. The comparison of georeferenced and multidate data allows to follow up the evolution of the rural landscape in the northern Cap Bon from 1900. It shows a sensitive change of the landscapes which illustrate itself by the progressive forestation of the large dunal sling of Dar Chichou. We endeavour to demonstrate the interest of such a methodology in reaching recommendation of new terms management able to fit the various functions of the forest habitat
Fedele, Giacomo. "Stratégies de gestion des terres dans les réponses aux aléas climatiques en Indonésie." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0021.
Full textEcosystems play an important role in strategies for facing climate change because they address both its causes and effects through the delivery of ecosystem services. Ecosystems act as safety nets for rural livelihoods and as buffers against damages by supplying provisioning services (e.g., food and timber) and regulating services (e.g., water regulation and erosion control). In addition, carbon sequestration by ecosystems contributes to mitigate climate change. Land management affects ecosystem services in diverse ways and, because of trade-offs, can enhance the supply of one ecosystem service of interest at the expense of others. For example, the conversion of forests to agriculture to increase food production may degrade water regulation. Although trade-offs are recognized, knowledge on how changes in land management affect ecosystem services and their beneficiaries is still limited. This research aims to increase our understanding of how land management changes impact the resilience of local communities to climate hazards and the provision of ecosystem services at regional and global level. We combined multi-disciplinary and participatory methods to analyze changes in the management of forests and trees in the responses of local communities to climate hazards. Across four rural communities affected by floods and droughts in tropical forest landscapes in Indonesia, we inventoried forests, surveyed households, discussed with focus groups, and analysed satellite images. To analyse how ecosystem services are affected by changes in land management, we developed a conceptual framework to account for the multiple human contributions in the delivery of ecosystem services. The findings showed how communities used ecosystems in their responses to climatic impacts and how changes in land management affected the supply of ecosystem services. In the study sites with least forests, communities had the highest needs for forest ecosystem services to help them adapt to drought. Between 5 and 45% of the households reported at least one coping strategy based on products from forests and trees, for example harvesting timber or collecting leaves, rubber, and wild vegetables. Several anticipatory strategies at the community level aimed to protect or restore forests to reduce the impacts of droughts and floods on soil and water. Communities were not passive beneficiaries of ecosystem services but actively contributed to their delivery in multiple ways. They managed land, mobilized human and human-made assets (e.g. skills, fertilizers), allocated benefits, and appreciated their contribution to well-being. Such actions determined who benefited from ecosystems and how. The human contributions in the delivery of ecosystem services depended on community rules (e.g. logging restrictions or taxes), assets (e.g. access to transportation or irrigation systems), values (e.g. perception of environmental degradation), and spatial factors (e.g., location of houses and crops in disaster prone areas). The land management strategies of local communities in response to climate hazards also affected the delivery of ecosystem services at regional and global scales, through changes in biodiversity, water regulation, and carbon sequestration. An improved understanding of human inputs and trade-offs in the delivery of ecosystem services can inform the design of sound ecosystem-based solutions for strengthening the resilience of local people to climate hazards while providing other global benefits for sustainable development
Rochel, Xavier Husson Jean-Pierre. "Gestion forestière et paysages dans les Vosges d'après les registres de martelages du XVIIIe siècle Essai de biogéographie historique /." Nancy : Université Nancy 2, 2004. http://cyberdoc.univ-nancy2.fr/htdocs/docs_ouvert/doc222/2004NAN21030.pdf.
Full textRochel, Xavier. "Gestion forestière et paysages dans les Vosges d'après les registres de martelages du XVIIIe siècle : essai de biogéographie historique." Nancy 2, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/NANCY2/doc222/2004NAN21030.pdf.
Full textPre-19th Century forest management in the French mountains is still largely unknown, even as the issue has been well documented as concerns low-altitude forests. A systematic study of 18th Century registres de martelages, in which forest operations were registered daily and exhaustively, has been carried with the purpose of reconstructing past landscapes, understanding forestry practices, and assessing the impact of these practices on forest composition
Redon, Mathilde. "Biodiversité potentielle dans les forêts du Vercors : une approche hiérarchique pour la conservation des espaces forestiers." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00682041.
Full textAdra, Walaa. "Influence des indicateurs paysagers et de leur échelle d'intégration sur l'habitat d'une espèce avienne : conséquences sur la modélisation de la qualité d'habitat de la Gélinotte dans une perspective de gestion conservatoire." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00858353.
Full textPercel, Gwendoline. "Réponse des espèces lignicoles à la disponibilité des habitats en forêt tempérée : approche multi-échelles du micro-habitat au paysage." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2055/document.
Full textIntensive forestry induces a simplification of forest stand structure, composition, and dynamics, resulting in a decrease of density and diversity of old-growth forest attributes (deadwood and tree-related microhabitats). These elements represent critical habitats for lignicolous species. At the landscape scale, forest management planning create a spatial discontinuity of these microhabitats, which can be perceived as a fragmentation process for many species. Although habitat fragmentation is currently recognized as one of the major threats to biodiversity, its impact on species in managed temperate forest are still poorly understood. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of microhabitat availability (quantity and configuration) on species communities and populations, at multiple spatial scales, in order to provide evidence-based recommendations regarding the spatial arrangement of conservation strategies. We proposed a statistical methodology to predict the microhabitats distribution within the complex of the Compiègne forest (France). Based on this predictive mapping, we showed that different guilds of saproxylic beetles, defined according to their life history traits related to dispersal abilities, respond to the landscape structure at different spatial scales. Modelling metapopulation dynamics of an epixylic bryophyte (Dicranum viride) has highlighted the importance of dispersal on colonization/extinction processes that underlie the species’ occurrence patterns observed at the forest scale. Our results emphasize the key role of deadwood and tree-related microhabitats, which can be considered as relevant management leverage. Increase their quantity and optimize their spatial arrangement within and between forest stands, appears to be essential for persistence of the lignicolous species within managed forests
Duceppe-Lamarre, François. "L'homme et la nature au Moyen Âge : naissance de l'écologie en Europe occidentale (Xe-XVIe siècles) : étude d'archéologie du paysage des milieux forestiers des comtés médiévaux d'Artois, d'Avesnes, de Flandre et d'Hainaut." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010678.
Full textThough the word of ecology appears with its creator in 1866, man's relations with nature are older than that. It is in this sense that we have to understand the study of the environmental sensibility during the medieval period. Forested environment have been chosen for its biological diversity in the case of a landscape archeological research. Its geographical limits correspond to those of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, along with some inroads in the french region of Somme, Belgium and Netherlands countries, so mainly the medieval countries of Artois, Avesnois, Flandre and Hainaut. Problematic is double. First, it consists to treat the forested environment under the point of view of landscape archeology, but renewed by ecological considerations. After a valuation of its archeological characteristics, and only after, could be treated the question of management diversity, so, the plausibility of the birth of a medieval ecology. This one grows at the end of the medieval deforestation movement, elaborates itself mainly during the 13th and 14th centuries, through a succession of reflexions and managements of the abiotic and biotic components of the forested environment. Answering accurate situations, and so varying. With the time factor, medieval empirical ecology comes to light clearly at this moment for the cultural and natural heritage of Western Europe
Sanial, Elsa. "A la recherche de l'ombre, géographie des systèmes agroforestiers émergents en cacaoculture ivoirienne post-forestière." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE3058.
Full textIn Ivory Coast, where 40% of world cocoa beans are produced, most forests have been converted into cocoa plantations. After a century of expansion, this crop and its producers are facing with a new environmental situation, here called « post-forest conditions ». Firstly, forest cover has almost completely disappeared ; secondly, monocultures are showing their limits (pests attacks, productive lifelenght shortened) ; and finally recent climatic evolutions are less suitable to this crop (Bigot et al., 2005). The conjunction of these different elements has led to a « structural blockage » (Leonard and Oswald, 1996). In cocoa history, when such situation occurs another country or region would take over the area in crisis for cocoa production (Ruf, 1995). This PhD studies adaptation strategies, especially agroforestry ones, of cocoa farmers and depicts a possible bifurcation from the universal boom and busts model. It is based on botanic inventories, farmers interviews, multichronic land use maps (1956-2017) and two monographies. Farmers agroforestry practices are analysed at environmental and socio-political data crossroads on four sites representative of different stages of cocoa history (from East to West : Akoupé, Divo, Guéyo and Méagui). Main results are the following : 1.Studied cocoa plantations are very diverse from systems close to monocropping to dense and multi-stratified agroforests. In the sample studied, 22 % of the 137 studied plots have agroforestry caracteristics. 2.The assessed environmental contributions (biodiversity, aboveground carbon stocks, timber, food use, medicinal use and agronomic contributions to cocoa trees) differ from forest ones. However, farmers management of trees origins (remnant, recruited or planted) shapes agroforests capacity to provide these contributions. 3.Since a decade, there is a trend of densification and diversification of associated trees in cocoa plots. Through the comparison between speeches and practices one can consider that 67% of farmers have an attitude favorable to associated trees. 4.Farmers « post-forest » strategies are diverse, from abandoning cocoa to chemical inputs use or ecological intensification, they include several agroforestry systems and are witnesses of a general will to maintain cocoa production activities in post-forest conditions. 5.Adopting agroforestry strategies appears as an answer to land scarcity situation at household and village scale. 6.Finally, these evolutions of cocoa growing open the needs for new ressources. Governance conflicts about these ressources appropriation at local, regional and national scale are the main obstacle to agroforestry adoption and success. Through a transdisciplinary approach, this geography PhD illustrates the relationships that bounds cocoa producers and post-forest environment
Meha, Christelle. "Forêt et risque de santé publique : le cas de la borréliose de Lyme. Application à la forêt périurbaine de Sénart (Île-de-France)." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00980387.
Full textBarrette, Martin. "Caractérisation du paysage primitif de la région écologique des hautes collines du Bas-Saint-Maurice pour une gestion des écosystèmes du parc national du Canada de la Mauricie /." 2004. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=885671731&sid=19&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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