Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Paysages forestiers'
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Lebrun, Réjean. "Potentiel d'utilisation des outils géomatiques pour l'aménagement visuel des paysages forestiers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0007/MQ33695.pdf.
Full textClément, Vincent. "De la marche-frontière au pays-des-bois : forêts, sociétés paysannes et territoires en Vieille-Castille, XIe-XXe siècle /." Madrid : Casa de Velázquez, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40034955t.
Full textGobeil, Jean-François. "Perméabilité de paysages forestiers aux mouvements d'oiseaux de la forét mixte boréale." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ62583.pdf.
Full textBamba, Issouf. "Anthropisation et dynamique spatio-tamporelle de paysages forestiers en République démocratique du Congo." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210051.
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Théberge, Sylvain. "Détermination de la sensibilité de différents indices spatiaux par la caractérisation de mosaïques forestières naturelles." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28393.
Full textPresently, Landscape indices (LIs) are increasingly used to quantify various aspects of different landscapes. In using a more holistic approach to landscape management, forest management is also taking this direction. Indeed, by controlling the spatial structure of forest mosaics, this type of management takes different forest values into account. For land managers, LIs represent an objective means to compare a landscape at different times or under different management strategies. However, it is presently difficult to use LIs to determine when two landscapes are “significantly” different because the theoretical distributions of LIs have not been determined. Hence one can say if a given landscape has a greater/lesser “fragmentaion” (for example), but one cannot say whether the fragmentation is significantly more/less in one landscape or another. In this study, the distributions of ten LIs widely used with categorical maps were determined empirically. This involved examining three landscape sizes on six different landscapes (forest mosaics) that were identified as being different by three different forest companies. The distributions of LIs were developed and tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic to determine 1) if the LIs detected spatial differences among the six landscapes and 2) if the results conformed to a gaussian distribution. The results show that eight of the ten LIs tested can detect spatial pattern differences between “real” landscapes. However, they must be used at a specific scale to provide useful results. The analysis confirms also that landscape comparison using the selected LIs must be performed at a constant scale. Among the eight LIs for which the optimal “scale-LI” conditions were determined, only three provided normal distributions. These conclusions show that LIs could be part of a simple and robust methodology to characterise spatially forest mosaics and highlight their potential for uses in forest resources management.
Lalanne, Arnault. "Système sylvicole, exploitation forestière : impacts respectifs sur l'état de conservation d'habitats forestiers planitiaires atlantiques." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MNHN0009.
Full textThe European “Habitats” directive urges EU state members to evaluate the state of conservation of their habitats listed in the Annex I, which form in France the so-called “Natura 2000” network. In France, the “Office National des Forets” is in a leader position, being in charge of 20% of all Natura 2000 sites. However, there is a concern about the compatibility of forest management practices commonly performed by this institution and the protective rules edicted by EU. In particular the maintenance of a good state of conservation of forest habitats can be questioned. The purpose of the present thesis was first to define a good state of conservation for forests of the Paris Basin, then to see, through several examples, whether their state of conservation was impacted by forest management. Herbs and humus/soil dwelling mosses were used as indicators, according to the phytosociological approach, as well as humus forms, using Humus Index and depth of holorganic horizons. Sampling was done in different management units, describing the forest cycle (synchronic approach) in homogeneous site conditions. For the habitat “Acidophilic atlantic beech-oak forest” (DH 9120), we showed an example of conversion of coppices-with-standards to full-grown stands, with sessile oak as a target timber species, and an example of an acidophilic beech forest where sylviculture was made more dynamic. For the habitat “Beech forest of the Asperulo-Fagion type” (DH 9130), our study was performed in three forests belonging to the same phytosociological syntaxon but located in three different climatic regions. In this case, too, we measured the effects of a more dynamic sylviculture. As a general rule, species richness increases under the influence of new sylvicultural practices. However, such an increase was not shown by mosses as well as by higher plants typically living in woodland. One explanation is the surface state of forest soils, which is strongly affected by exploitation traffic, mainly through soil compaction. Soil compaction disfavours geophytes, which are the main component of typical forest vegetation. Another explanation lies in the more dynamic sylviculture. The decreasing standing crop imposes a change in climate conditions, with more light and less humidity. This disfavours typical forest species, which commonly live in a shady and moist environment. Another important result concerns changes in humus forms under the new sylviculture. The Humus Index indicates a more rapid humification and mineralisation of topsoil organic matter. We hypothesize that soil biological processes are activated by more light arriving at the ground surface. At last, we want to highlight the importance of the geograhical range over which our results can be considered valid. The example of neutrocline beech forests shows that the appropriate scale for extrapolating our results is that of the natural (climatic) region
Zullo, Anthony. "Analyse de données fonctionnelles en télédétection hyperspectrale : application à l'étude des paysages agri-forestiers." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30135/document.
Full textIn hyperspectral imaging, each pixel is associated with a spectrum derived from observed reflectance in d measurement points (i.e., wavelengths). We are often facing a situation where the sample size n is relatively low compared to the number d of variables. This phenomenon called "curse of dimensionality" is well known in multivariate statistics. The mored increases with respect to n, the more standard statistical methodologies performances are degraded. Reflectance spectra incorporate in their spectral dimension a continuum that gives them a functional nature. A hyperspectrum can be modelised by an univariate function of wavelength and his representation produces a curve. The use of functional methods allows to take into account functional aspects such as continuity, spectral bands order, and to overcome strong correlations coming from the discretization grid fineness. The main aim of this thesis is to assess the relevance of the functional approach in the field of hyperspectral remote sensing for statistical analysis. We focused on the nonparametric fonctional regression model, including supervised classification. Firstly, the functional approach has been compared with multivariate methods usually involved in remote sensing. The functional approach outperforms multivariate methods in critical situations where one has a small training sample size combined with relatively homogeneous classes (that is to say, hard to discriminate). Secondly, an alternative to the functional approach to overcome the curse of dimensionality has been proposed using parsimonious models. This latter allows, through the selection of few measurement points, to reduce problem dimensionality while increasing results interpretability. Finally, we were interested in the almost systematic situation where one has contaminated functional data. We proved that for a fixed sample size, the finer the discretization, the better the prediction. In other words, the larger dis compared to n, the more effective the functional statistical methodis
Boulogne, Marine. "Vulnérabilité des paysages forestiers dans le parc de Ranomafana (Madagascar) : dynamiques environnementales et trajectoires agroforestières." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU018/document.
Full textIn the context of currents environmental changes, and deal with anthropogenic pressures, the preservation of tropical forest has become a major issue. In this context, Madagascar island has implemented a new forest policy since 1990, having garnered the creation of protected areas. Ranomafana National Park has been created in 1991 and classify as World heritage in 2007. The establishment of a landscape dynamics monitoring at the local level, using remote sensing, allow analysis of forest changes faces anthropogenic pressures, taking into account the specificities of the study area. This monitoring allows to observe past and crurrent pressures on forest and point landscape trajectories. In addition, the forest bioclimatic activity monitoring examines the impact of climatic conditions and land use change on vegetation dynamics. The trend is the global reduction of forest cover mainly of lowland forest. Forest degradation rate during these past 25 years is estimated at 0,62%/year. These variations are different depending on the distance to the Park. Furthermore, analysis of photosynthetic activity reveals a general decline in values over the study period, regardless of the plant community type studied.Keys-words : Madagascar, remote sensing, tropical forests, Land-use change
Buridant, Jérôme. "Les espaces forestiers laonnois : début XVIIe-début XIXe siècle : hommes, environnement et paysages à l'époque pré-industrielle." Paris 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040173.
Full textTurcotte, Yves. "Structure du paysage et écologie comportementale des oiseaux forestiers en hiver." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/23015/23015.pdf.
Full textOver the last few decades, many researchers have addressed the impacts of forest loss on forest bird abundance. However, most of these works were conducted during the breeding season. The aim of my research was to document the effects of deforestation on bird populations during winter. Using an experimental approach, I also wanted to assess the effect of behavioral mechanisms potentially affecting population dynamics and spatial distribution of forest birds. Field work was conducted during three winters in Kamouraska County. The structure of 24 landscapes (500-m radius) was described from a satellite image. These landscapes represented a broad gradient of deforestation (forest cover 8–88 %). In half of these landscapes, we provided an unlimited source of food. I evaluated the effects of landscape structure 1) on the spatial distribution of the forest bird community, 2) on the fattening strategies, and 3) the anti-predator behavior of the Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus). Forest integrity (a composite of forest cover and edge density) was positively associated with chickadee abundance and species richness in landscapes that were supplemented. However, in control landscapes, chickadee abundance and species richness tended to decrease with an increase in forest integrity. This suggests that the more forested control landscapes facilitated winter emigration when conditions deteriorated. Conversely in highly deforested and fragmented control landscapes, birds became “gap-locked”. Landscape structure did not affect chickadees’ energetic condition. However, food-supplementation improved it and affected the pattern of daily fattening as well. In the more deforested control landscapes, chickadees showed more willingness and ventured farther into the open despite a likely increase in the risk of predation. However, where ad libitum food was available prior to the experiment, chickadees always remained close to the forest edge, regardless of the level of deforestation.
Labrue, Claire. "L' enfermement de l'habitat par la forêt : exemples du plateau de Millevaches, des Maures et des Vosges du Nord." Limoges, 2009. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/c6feaf02-8fcc-413a-a3fa-47dae0508ae1/blobholder:0/2009LIMO2008.pdf.
Full textWith the advancement of the forest, which has characterized landscapes throughout the 20th century, particularly those of the middle mountains, the interfaces of habitat / forest have multiplied, going as far as the development of a new type of glade or clearing. This new type of glade is defined by an objective closing of the countryside and by a true feeling of enclosure or entrapment by its residents. The enclosure is a “phenomenon” which occurs from the moment in which one or several individuals live the experience. We have concentrated our work on the “entrapment of habitations,” taking into consideration a definition of habitation which includes not only the construction but the act of living in the space—that is to say—the inhabitants and their lived experiences, especially those which concern the surrounding daily countryside. The forest is without a doubt appreciated by Occidental society which has become urban; it is often sought out for the green, lush setting it provides. But regional variants exist regarding the ways in which forestry landscapes are perceived, and one such experience is that of enclosure of the forest upon habitations through forestry advancement. On a French scale, a comparative study of the Plateau de Millevaches, Maures and the North Vosges demonstrates that the acculturation of the forest is a determining factor in the lived experience of the forest as an element contributing to a feeling of entrapment. To conduct this study, our methodology is based on two approaches that we attempt de render complimentary. The first measures the spatial-temporal enclosing caused by the proximity of the forest based on the glade, which is the spatial form of the enclosure. The second approach is based on interviews and questionnaires gathered from local actors and inhabitants of the selected forested regions in an attempt to nuance the first approach and to take into consideration psycho-socio-cultural elements. The enclosure of the forest cannot be simply reduced to a large geographic scale, that of the outskirts, but it also extends onto the small scale which therefore reveals the functionality of territories
Bas, Yves. "Décomposition des effets des changements des paysages et des pratiques d'exploitation sur la biodiversité des milieux agricoles et forestiers." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066339.
Full textBeguin, Julien. "Analyse spatiale, sélection des paysages et stratégies de conservation en présence de régimes multiples de perturbation : le cas du caribou forestier en forêt boréale aménagée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30203/30203.pdf.
Full textLinking spatial patterns of species distribution and population dynamics with biotic and abiotic processes is central to inform effective conservation planning for endangered species. This thesis investigated how linking spatial patterns of boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), hereafter boreal caribou, to processes can 1) improve our understanding of landscape selection of this ecotype and 2) inform the efficiency of current land use policies in practice. I first present a new powerful numerical method that allows integrating properly spatial information present in species distribution data to make accurate statistical inference. This method uses integrated nested Laplace approximations (INLA) as an alternative to Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations. I show that, in addition of being accurate and rapid, the use of INLA with Bayesian hierarchical spatial models efficiently accounted for spatial autocorrelation in the residuals and fairly evaluated uncertainty in parameter estimates and predictions. I then used INLA to test which ecological processes, among climate and the distance to roads, drove the existence of geographical patterns in boreal caribou landscape selection. Data supported road-driven selection over a climate influence. Moreover, I show that boreal caribou avoidance of logged areas was two-fold stronger than burned areas. Together these results indicated that limiting the spread of road networks and accounting for the uneven impact of logging compared to wildfire should be integral parts of any habitat management plan and conservation measures within the range of this ecotype. Finally, I use a spatially explicit landscape simulation model to explore how spatial interactions among protected area networks, industrial forestry and fire regimes impacted the population dynamics of boreal caribou and the economic costs related to forest management. I show that the current policy of conservation planning and forest management in the Côte-Nord region in Québec is unlikely to be sustainable for either boreal caribou conservation or timber supply mainly because of current overestimated planned harvest levels. Fire increased antagonisms between current practices of forest management and habitat conservation, irrespective of the presence of salvage logging. This study illustrates that efficient conservation planning requires a better understanding of spatial interactions among population dynamics, protected area networks, forest management, and fire regimes.
Fourault-Cauët, Véronique. "Le paysage : notion théorique ou outil d'aménagement émergent pour les forêts méditerranéennes en Europe ?" Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010687.
Full textAmat, Jean-Paul. "La forêt entre guerre et paix 1870-1995 : Etude de biogéographie historique sur l'Arc meusien de l'Argonne à la Woëvre." Lille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LIL10182.
Full textJamoneau, Aurélien. "Relations entre les diversités alpha, béta et gamma de la flore vasculaire de fragments forestiers inclus dans des paysages agricoles contrastés." Phd thesis, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00495833.
Full textBarima, Yao Sadaiou Sabas. "Dynamique, fragmentation et diversité végétale des paysages forestiers en milieux de transition forêt-savane dans le Département de Tanda, Côte d'Ivoire." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210234.
Full textNos résultats ont montré que l’équilibre écologique des forêts de la zone d’étude était fortement perturbé. L’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis, l’exploitation forestière et les feux de végétation ont été identifiés comme étant les principaux agents de ces dynamiques. La matrice du paysage, qui était initialement constituée d’une couverture continue de forêt dense, a été substituée par une mosaïque de savanes, de champs et de forêts exploitées, présentant des niveaux variables de dégradations anthropiques. L’utilisation de données multi-spectrales a permis de quantifier ces dégradations. Premièrement, sur base de l’information spectrale, nous avons distingué deux sous-types de forêts, différents entre eux en termes de densité, de composition, de stratégie dominante et de niveau de dégradation. Deuxièmement, une corrélation significative a été obtenue entre la dégradation et le degré de fragmentation des forêts, quantifiable à partir d’indices structuraux basés sur le nombre de taches, la proportion de forêts et le périmètre des taches forestières dans le paysage. La fragmentation semble avoir produit deux effets distincts sur la composition forestière ;elle détermine la taille et l’isolation des fragments aussi bien que les lisières forestières. Les dynamiques temporelles de la structure et de la composition du paysage forestier dans notre région d’étude a montré que la déforestation était plus sensible dans la partie Sud de la zone d’étude, en dépit du climat favorable, alors que dans la partie Nord, proche des savanes Guinéennes, la simulation des dynamiques à partir de la chaine de Markov a montré une tendance à la reprise forestière.
En définitive, notre étude a mis en évidence que la zone de transition forêt-savane étudiée était fortement dynamique. Dans une région où aucune réserve forestière n’existe réellement et où le front forestier régresse ou se dégrade rapidement, notre approche permet de poser les bases d’une politique rationnelle de protection des forêts, en établissant des seuils structuraux minimaux des fragments nécessaires à la préservation du biotope originel.
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Doctorat en Sciences
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Jamoneau, Aurélien. "Relations entre les diversités α, β et γ de la flore vasculaire de fragments forestiers inclus dans des paysages agricoles contrastés." Amiens, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AMIE0103.
Full textWhereas habitat fragmentation is considered as one of the main cause of biodiversity loss, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this thesis I aim at identifying the main factors controlling forest species assemblages, at several spatial and temporal scales within constrasted agricultural landscapes. Vascular plant species have been surveyed in all forest patches that were present in 9 5x5km landscape windows located in the Picardy region (N-France). First, a regressive analysis of the landscape was conducted to reconstruct forest cover changes over the last three centuries ; it revealed that the forest of Picardy has become more and more fragmented. The influence of local, landscape and historical factors on species richness and composition was then analysed using structural equation modelling ; patch size was found to be the main driver, but landscape and historical factors were also influential when only forest herb species were considered. A principal coordinates neighbour matrices analysis, coupled with a redundancy analysis with variation partitioning was used to analyse beta (inter-patches) diversity along the landscape gradient. I found that diversity appeared to be controlled by local factors in the oldest, less fragmented systems (habitat selection), whereas landscape spatial configuration was more important in the most fragmented and/or recent woodlands (dispersal limitation). A "pseudo-diachronic" approach, studying species assemblages along the temporal gradient clarified the relative importance of neutral vs. Niche processes in local species assemblages. When analysing diversity at a finer scale, using a nested plot design, I showed that at the plot scale (1000m²), plant diversity was governed not only by the size of the regional species pool but also by edaphic properties ; conversely, inter-specific competition became significant at a very local scale (1m²). Finally, field sowing and transplanting experiments were conducted, which confirmed that the presence of ancient forest species was limited by their dispersal abilities, whilst the presence of recent forest species was limited by habitat quality. By clarifying the multiscalar and interactive influence of local, landscape, historical and spatial factors, this work increases our knowledge of forest plant communities organisation and of their functioning as metacommunities
Jéhin, Philippe. "Mutations des paysages forestiers dans les Vosges du Nord de la fin du Moyen Age à la veille de la Révolution." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR20035.
Full textThis study analyses the relationships between human activities, forests, rivers and the fauna from the 16th to the 18th century in the Northern Vosges. This study is built around three axes : - to describe the evolution of the forest-landscapes, a study based on ancient documents dealing with the natural resources (flora, fauna, hydrography) - to analyse the perception of the forest by its various users - to identify the various uses of the forest and the clashes of interests that may result from those. The different uses of the forest will be shown throughout the chronology, particularly the uses such as agriculture, hunting, fishing, industrial activities (such as metallurgy, sawmills and glassmaking) and their impacts on the forests. By the end of the Middle Ages, the Northern Vosges still remained an unknown, wild, fully-wooded area. The forest-landscapes were then attacked by archaic agricultural and industrial systems. The 30 year-war stopped the economical evolution and the forests then got respite. During the 18th century, the forests aroused the cupidity of the farmers who were looking for more fields and of the manufacturers who were interested in the wood as heating material. Forest-landscapes were then completely transformed. Faced with the anarchic and devastating forest-exploitation, the authorities issued forest-laws, but they met some resistance due to the hold of traditions. The new forest-laws have tried to reconcile vital needs of the people and manufacturers, and the preservation of the forest patrimony. The forest-landscapes are not fixed, they depend on the balance between their natural evolution, human actions and the consequences of their management in the past
Clément, Vincent. "Pays et paysages de vieille Castille (XIe-XXe s. )." Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL10232.
Full textPoette, Christopher. "La fragmentation du paysage : impact sur l'écoulement atmosphérique et la stabilité au vent des peuplements forestiers." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0387/document.
Full textAt present only the characteristics of a forest stand and its immediate environment are taken into account in calculating forest wind risk. However, it is known that the wind is strongly affected by the surfaces over which it has previously flowed. Forest edges in particular play an important role in determining the characteristics of the atmospheric flow by generating increased turbulence, triggering the formation of coherent tree scale structures. In a fragmented landscape, consisting of surfaces of different heights and roughness, the multiplicity of edges may have cumulative effects at the regional scale leading to increased forest damage during storms. Flow changes in the atmospheric boundary-layer across surface roughness changes have received extensive study in the past because of their importance in determining velocities, turbulence levels and exchange between the atmosphere and biosphere or ground. There have also been a number of studies across single forest edges both in the field, wind-tunnels and computer models. However, there have been no studies of flow across multiple forest edges or the impact of forest fragmentation on the characteristics of the boundary-layer. The only studies on multiple surface changes have been wind-tunnel examination of the flow though and across multiple wind-breaks. In this thesis we show results from a series of wind tunnel experiments on a range of levels of forest fragmentation. Five gap spacings (L = ~ 5, ~ 10, ~15, ~20, ~30h, where L is the length of the gap and h is the canopy height) were investigated using 3D laser doppler velocimetry in order to assess the effects of fragmented landscapes on mean and turbulent wind characteristics. The fragmentation was two-dimensional with the transition between forest and gaps only being along the wind direction and the forest and gaps were continuous perpendicular to the wind direction. The wind speeds and turbulence characteristics are compared against measurements from a single forest edge in the wind tunnel, which acts as a reference. No enhancement of turbulence formation at a particular level of fragmentation was observed but there was a consistent pattern of wind speed and turbulence back from the first edge of each simulation with the horizontal velocity at tree top increasing and the turbulent kinetic energy decreasing as gap size increased. We also compare mean wind speeds (U and W) and turbulence characteristics (variance in u, v, and w; skewness in U, V, and W; Reynold’s stress, and TKE) at all points in the experimental measurement domain of the wind tunnel with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) results, which allows us to confirm the validity of the LES calculations and to conduct a wider range of experiments than was possible in the wind-tunnel. The results demonstrate the importance of the frontal area index or roughness density of elements (in this case trees) in determining the nature of the flow and the effective roughness of the overall surface. They also show that as the gaps between forest blocks increases the flow transitions (at a gap size between 10 to 15 tree heights) from flow comparable to that over a continuous forest to flow across a set of isolated forest blocks
Delcourte, Debarre Marie. "Espaces forestiers et sociétés en Avesnois (XIVe - début du XVIIIe siècle) : étude du paysage." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016VALE0002/document.
Full textThe forest is not a space natural as we thought of it for a long time. By using all the services which offers him the forest, the man influences the dynamics of the forest spaces. Our objective is to analyse, in the long time, the relations between landscapes and societies, to reveal the weight of the silvicultural inheritances in the contemporary sylvo-systems, to identify the breaks and the continuities of the landscape which marked out the forest history of the Avesnois, to end what we know today. This research was led within the framework of a Cifre contract participating in the Plan Forest Regional – the objectif of which is to double the surface afforested on the whole territory- and in the Regional Plan of Ecological Coherence Green and blue Wefts. This Cifre contract in Human sciences and more particularly in History being rare, it was necessary to build an approach in the crossroads of the fundamental approach and the applied approach. Because not only it was a question of analyzing the modalities of the human actions and their impacts on the forest spaces but it was more particularly necessary to answer a demand of the actors of the current forest world, conditioning certain scientific problems. The main part in the understanding of the interactions between the man and its environnement, the crossing of the spatiotemporal scales establishes the heart of this research. The taking into consideration of the importance of the crossings of the scales of analyse, implying a crossing of sources of varied nature, led to a reflection on tools and methods to use to answer the initial questionings. While composing with the limits of the sources which he studies, the historian offers a backward movement on the spatiotemporal processes which made the forest landscape of today. This distance is necessary to bring to a successful conclusion the current environmental policies : to protect a landscape, its biodiversity, it is inevitable to resort to the past
Boussougou, Boussougou Guy Fidèle. "Vulnérabilité des paysages forestiers en relation avec les activités humaines et la variabilité climatique en Tanzanie : analyse prospective des dynamiques de l'occupation du sol des réserves forestières de Pugu et de Kazimzumbwi." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0035/document.
Full textThe objective of this work is on one hand to show the vulnerability of forest landscapes in relation to climate variability at the scale of Tanzania and on the other hand to analyze forest dynamics in order to carry out a prospective study of the dynamics of land use in the forest reserves of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi. Analysis of the TRMM data over the period from 2001 to 2013 has allowed revealing a seasonal and inter-annual variability in precipitation across the country. The inter-annual precipitation maps have made it possible to distinguish the years with low rainfall (2003, 2005, 2012 ), the years of high rainfall (2002, 2007, 2006, 2011) and the years of intermediate rainfall (2001, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013). It has also help to distinguish 11 types of rainfall regimes marked by different patterns of seasonal variability at the scale of Tanzania. There are oppositions between the rainfall regimes of the central savannah region on one hand marked by low annual heights over an important period of seven dry months, also more affected by inter-annual variability, and the northern, southern and eastern forest regions are more humid and presenting low deficits of heights inter-annual rainfall. The sensitivity of plant phenology to rainfall variability has been analyzed by the examination of the spatio-temporal relationships between the standardized vegetation index NDVI-MODIS and rainfall (rain TRMM). The rain / NDVI correlation maps show an opposition between the dry regions of the center marked by savannah landscapes highly vulnerable to rainfall variability and the southern regions of moist forests, mountains and coastal regions, mangrove forests Reacting poorly to this rainfall variability. In the savannah regions of the center, the intensity of rain / NDI dependence is measured by a correlation coefficient of 0.70. A monitoring of the analysis of human pressures on forest reserves was carried out using the example of the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forests during the period 1995-2015 using SPOT 6 (high resolution) and LANDSAT imagery. The land use classifications were realized from the object oriented method. The forest review shows that in 2015 (55% of which 32% is dense forest), from the two reserves only the reserve of Pugu still preserves nearly the half of its surface in forest while the reserve forest of Kazimzumbwi contains only 5% of its area. Over the entire period studied, the sub-period 2009-2014 was the most critical in terms of forest loss. In fact, within five years the forest reserves of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi have almost lost the double of their area. Based on the increased vulnerability of human pressures in the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forest reserves and their periphery, a multicriteria analysis has made it possible to identify areas of high and low human pressures. The most vulnerable areas remain those located close to the communication axes and cities. Consequently forest reserves are more vulnerable in their eastern parts, close to major roads and major urban centers such as Pugu and Kazimzumbwi. The use of a model for prospective modeling in 2050 has required the integration of the explanatory variables of the observed changes and the land use maps of 1995 and 2014. The model is validated from a predicted map and a real map. The result shows an exact simulation at 72%, based on this hypothesis of an increase in anthropogenic human pressures on the two forest reserves over time; we have predicted the land use map of 2050 under the effect of explanatory variables. This prospective modeling therefore envisages, by 2050, an expansion and densification of artificial surfaces, notably at the north-eastern periphery of the reserve of Pugu and on the south in the kazimzumbwi reserve. This growth in artificial surfaces will result in a significant decline in existing forest areas within reserves
Brun, Stéphane Hotyat Micheline Arnould Paul. "De l'erg à la forêt." Paris : Université Paris Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2007. http://www.theses.paris4.sorbonne.fr/brun/paris4/2006/brun/html/index-frames.html.
Full textMcCullough, Vincent. "Modèle pour estimer les coûts d'approvisionnement en matière ligneuse basé sur les indices de paysage dans un contexte de dispersion des aires de coupe." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25149/25149.pdf.
Full textTerracol, Pascal. "Le paysage, vecteur d'hybridation économique et culturelle d'un territoire : le plateau de Millevaches." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010697.
Full textVan, Halder Inge. "Conservation des communautés de papillons de jour dans les paysages forestiers hétérogènes : effets de la qualité, de la diversité et de la fragmentation des habitats." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0001/document.
Full textWhile the area of plantation forests continues to increase worldwide, their contribution to theconservation of biodiversity is still controversial. The aim of this thesis is to identify key habitat andlandscape factors that drive butterfly diversity in mosaic landscapes dominated by pine plantations.Butterfly communities were sampled at edges and interiors of five successional stages of pine stands,in firebreaks, riparian forests and in deciduous woodlands varying in fragment size and isolation.Biological and ecological traits of butterflies were related to habitat patch attributes and tolandscape composition and configuration.The results highlighted the critical importance of semi-natural habitats for butterfly conservation inpine plantation mosaics, i.e. deciduous woodlands, firebreaks and edges. Riparian forests wereespecially rich in forest butterfly species, harboring specialized species with both narrow habitat andthermal ranges. Firebreaks had twice as many species as other habitat types and were ofconservation value for several threatened butterfly species. Our results also showed that pine standswere not ‘free of butterflies'. Habitat quality, particularly the presence of host plants, was the mostimportant driver of butterfly community composition. Landscape composition and configuration alsoinfluenced butterfly diversity. Many species used more than one distinct habitat type, suggestingthat resource complementation and supplementation are important mechanisms of butterflydiversity persistence in pine plantation mosaics
Lemus-Lauzon, Isabel. "Écologie historique d'un paysage forestier de la région de Nain, Nunatsiavut (Canada)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27298.
Full textIn this research, we used a multidisciplinary research approach that included methods from both the social and natural sciences to study the history and transformation of a forest landscape on the central-north coast of Labrador (Canada). This study aimed more precisely at: 1) documenting the history and vegetation during the middle and late Holocene in relation to climate change and human activities; 2) identifying the impacts of human land use on the composition and structure of the forest and 3) highlighting the economic and cultural importance of the forest for an Inuit community. The results obtained through pollen and plant remain analysis allowed for the reconstruction of plant community changes on a wide temporal scale. These results represent an important contribution to terrestrial paleoecology in Labrador, by providing a 5000 year record of vegetation history and correlating it with a regional climatic context. In particular, changes in plant assemblages showed the decline of spruce at the end of the 18th century, which was soon followed by the increased presence of larch. This pattern appears to be related to the paludification of the milieu. These ecological changes occurred at the time of European settlement on the Labrador coast and can be explained by the increase in the demand for local wood for fuel and lumber. Furthermore, dendroecological results documented the history and impacts of wood harvesting during the 20th century. Wood cutting altered the forest age structure, which is characterised by the absence of old and dead trees. Growth release events were recorded by surviving trees, testifying of the chronic nature of cutting activities. The latter were more intensive near the community, but were also taking place around former small establishments in the region. Wood harvesting practices were analysed in their historical and cultural context through the ethnographic component of the study. Thus, interviews conducted with local experts provided insight on wood use patterns and the place of this resource in the subsistence economy of the Inuit of Nain. Wood is still today a key resource for residents, who harvest it mainly during winter for their heating needs. This research contributes a new perspective to the historical ecology of the Nain region by emphasizing the connections between ecological and socio-economic changes and the way they transformed the forest landscape.
Laflamme, Jason. "Comparaisons des paysages forestiers préindustriels (1804 – 1864) et actuels (1982 – 2006) sur la base de la classification écologique dans la vallée de la rivière Gatineau, Québec, Canada." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29362/29362.pdf.
Full textSamalens, Jean-Charles. "Stratégies d'échantillonnage des dommages forestiers à l'échelle du paysage : application aux forêts cultivées de pin maritime (Pinus pinaster, Aït.)." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR12361/document.
Full textForest ecosystem health assessment relies on long-term and multiple scales sampling strategies. Neither European networks of permanent plots developed empirically, nor local observation protocols can produce reliable estimates of forest damages over areas ranging from a few hundred to several thousands of hectares. Little attention has been paid to the development of robust sampling designs at the landscape scale, which is however the operational one for forest management. Three criteria were considered to optimize the performance of forest damage sampling: landscape features, variability estimates at different spatial scales and logistics costs of observations. Intensive monitoring was performed on two landscapes of maritime pine plantation forests. Nonparametric statistics (bootstrap, geostatistical simulations) and spatial statistics were used to optimize allocation of sampling effort within nested sampling designs. Firstly, the monitoring of all types of forest damage (biotic or abiotic) was investigated through the optimization of sampling schemes currently applied at the national scale (European Network - ICP forest level I and National Forest Inventory). Then, specific sampling strategies were developed for two insect pests (the defoliator Thaumetopoea pityocampa and the bark beetle Ips sexdentatus), taking into account the spatial distribution of their damage. Increasing the sampling density of national plot networks up to 1/700 ha would be necessary for forest damage survey at the landscape scale. The optimal configuration of inventory plots lies in the observation of about 25 trees, selected without discrimination of social status and partly integrating trees at stand edges (20%). At a large scale, only populations of T. pityocampa showed a spatial structure over several kilometers. A systematic sampling plan, with a square grid between 2 km and 3 km, seems to be a good compromise for estimation and mapping of its nest density. However, systematic plot networks are inadequate for assessing rare and spatially clustered phenomenon such as damage caused by bark beetles damages. A retrospective post-storm 1999 survey of I.sexdentatus damages emphasizes the effectiveness of an adaptive roadside sampling method to monitor this type of damage. The use of forest edges as "sentinel trees" seems promising and its practical applications are proposed for forest health monitoring at the landscape scale
Larouche, Catherine. "Effet du patron de répartition des coupes et des variables du milieu sur les pertes par chablis dans les lisières : cas de la sapinière à bouleau blanc de l'Est." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22450/22450.pdf.
Full textNasr, Tania. "Perception et appréciation du paysage forestier : le cas du plateau de Millevaches." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0061.
Full textThis work, which focuses on Plateau de Millevaches, located in the French province of Limousin, aims to study the social perception of landscape. During the XXth century, this area faced a major change stemming from a massive forestation policy intended at bringing economic dynamism. The changes so introduced impacted as much on social issues as on territory. First, some peasants not owning lands had to migrate to urban areas. Then, those owning forests, often former landowners, formed a new social class, known as the “foresters. ” The forest progressively extended and now covers about 50% of highlands. This extension raised many issues and even led to disputes. While some of the inhabitants criticize forest for destroying the traditional landscape, others praise it. To them, forest spurred economic activity and therefore reduced migrations of locals. It appears that territorial strategies of the inhabitants are underlying opposite perceptions of what forest actually means to Plateau de Millevaches. This work hopes to bring an insight into how landscape is appreciated by competing groups of a population, especially relative to territorial projects
Bourque, Julie. "Déterminants comportementaux de la répartition spatiale des oiseaux dans les forêts fragmentées." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22611/22611.pdf.
Full textYelle, Véronique. "Des coupes à blanc socialement acceptables : mission possible ou impossible?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23945/23945.pdf.
Full textFruchart, Catherine. "Analyse spatiale et temporelle des paysages de la forêt de Chailluz (Besançon, Doubs) de l'Antiquité à nos jours." Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA1022/document.
Full textToday Besancon has the highest percentage of green space per inhabitant among France’s largest cities. 3/4 of it are made up by the Forêt de Chailluz, a large forest which has maintained its present day extents for over six centuries. Scientific research reporting on the nature and value of its heritage was still to do. One objective of this thesis is to detect, identify and document the history and heritage of this forest, ultimately aiming to its preservation and to inform a large audience about its value. This thesis is also a contribution to a collective thinking worked out in several research programs that develop methods for processing high-resolution altimetry data (LiDAR) to analyze landscape changes over the long term (LIEPPEC), that develop advanced concepts and methods for a better knowledge of socio-environmental dynamics over the long term (ModeLTER) and that explore territorial dynamics at regional scale to transmit results and knowledge to local stakeholders, giving advice on innovative and sustainable actions to support (ODIT). Within this collective framework, my PhD research is a contribution to the development of methods and knowledge for a better understanding of long term interactions between man and its environment. My interdisciplinary study combines archeology, history, geography and forestry and consists in analyzing LiDAR datasets and collecting and synthesizing written and graphical historical archives and recent documents. It also involved extended archaeological field surveys. Thesis provides a global historic perspective on the forest and on the use of wood, as attested by ancient texts or archeological evidence. It exposes diverse viewpoints and concepts carried out about woodland – diversity of uses through time and diversity of viewpoints about forest today. It also outlines specific historic data relating to the Forêt de Chailluz and details the current literature: previously known archaeological data, geographical and environmental information. It describes methodologies chosen to process the research and the main steps of LiDAR data analysis. Study focuses then on a spatial analysis of archeological features that includes factors influencing conservation and visibility of features to the soil surface. Thesis describes the method used for field surveys and methodology for georeferencing ancient maps. Eventually, results obtained are detailed, features organization and functions identified (features relating to cultivation and inhabitation, roads and tracks, charcoal burning platforms, limekilns and quarries). Dissertation ends with an interpretive synthesis of Forêt de Chailluz land use over time (Roman, Medieval and Modern periods)
Gautreau, Pierre Glon Éric Simon Laurent Marchesi Eduardo. "Géographies d'une "destruction" des forêts uruguayennes récits de crise et résilience forestière dans les campos uruguayens (XVIIIe - XXe siècles) /." Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2007. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/1045.
Full textMonot, Alexandra. "Les politiques paysagères dans l'espace périurbain : les bois et les forêts d'Ile-de-France." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010520.
Full textBourque, Julie. "Coupe progressive et exploitation forestière a l'echelle du paysage, influence relative sur la productivité de deux passereaux forestiers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ47255.pdf.
Full textPlante, Caroline. "Acceptabilité visuelle et émulation des feux en forêt boréale : un compromis possible?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29417/29417.pdf.
Full textPlassin, Sophie. "Élever des bovins dans des paysages éco-efficients. Comprendre et modéliser le processus d’intensification dans les fermes d’élevage d’Amazonie orientale brésilienne." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IAVF0028.
Full textAfter 50 years of agricultural expansion in Eastern Brazilian Amazon, environmental policy to reduce deforestation and a set of socio-economic drivers are putting constraints on extensive cattle ranching systems. In response, land use intensification has been gaining momentum as a way to improve livestock production in limited land areas and conserve forest. The process of land-use intensification is poorly understood in this region, particularly in its spatial dimension and in its contribution towards building eco-efficient landscapes, i.e. landscapes where practices and their spatial distribution optimize the use of natural resources. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to document and model the interactions between cattle ranchers’ decisions, landscapes and natural resources in a diversity of cattle farms.Firstly, we conducted a field research in two livestock-oriented regions of Pará state, Paragominas and Redenção. Drawing on interviews, landscape and farm trajectories analysis, we characterized six patterns of intensification, studied what perceptions cattle ranchers have on certain types of natural resources and described the effects of land-use management on such resources. Secondly, we developed an Agent-Based Model to simulate over 20 years the effects of intensive farming strategies on landscape and their natural resources, and assess the feasibility of adopting such management in various agrarian situations. We used the model to compare two scenarios of intensification: one semi-intensive solely based on improved pasture managenement and one intensive based on crop-livestock integration and irrigation.The results show that the process of intensification has led to a spatial rearrangement of land uses. Cattle ranchers prefer to intensify fields with the best biophysical conditions for forage production, as well as those closest to and most accessible from the farmstead. The intensification strategies aim at enhancing the use of multiple natural resources (topography, soil fertility, soil drainage, access to surface and groundwater for irrigation) and optimizing land-use configuration at farm scale. By contrast, during the colonization period, land-use organization was much less correlated to the spatial distribution of natural resources (except for soil fertility from forest ash and surface water), the main goal of farmers being land appropriation. Nevertheless, choice of farming practices and their spatial location differ among farms and according to the degree of heterogeneity of biophysical conditions. Moreover, simulation results show that the process of intensification can reduce the area necessary for animal production. Thus, cattle ranchers can increase herd size while sparing land for forest regeneration. However, low labor availability limits the spatial extent of land-use intensification at farm scale. In terms of landscape dynamics, cattle ranchers locate land-uses according to geomorphological units differently, which leads to various spatio-temporal dynamics of natural resources.Reconciling cattle ranching production and forest conservation in eco-efficient landscape remains an important challenge for Brazilian Amazon. The findings illustrate the importance of assessing the landscape areas most suitable for agricultural intensification and for conservation drawing on knowledge about cattle ranchers projects and the effects of their practices and spatial location on natural resources. Several opportunities and challenges are identified to tackle such challenge. New research perspectives related to decisions understanding, modeling and extension of the scale of analysis are proposed in order to take into account the influence of external factors on decisions and include more ecological and social interactions
De, Matos-Machado Rémi. "Paysages de guerre et Lidar : de la caractérisation des polémoformes à la conservation des patrimoines naturel et culturel de la forêt domaniale de Verdun (Meuse, France)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC033/document.
Full textIn 2013, an airborne LiDAR mission conducted over the Verdun battlefield has brought to light landforms from the First World War. Concealed by a large forest cover of 10,000 ha, these landforms, called polemoforms, have a significant archaeological value because they constitute artefacts from the past. They should be inventoried to improve their conservation for the sustainable management of the forest. However, at the scale of the entire site, this work is only possible if an automatised mapping method is developed. To achieve this, the methodology used is threefold: (i) It consists in extracting landforms from the digital terrain model by means of a semi-automatic algorithm; (ii) Landforms geometry is studied using a combined approach of multivariate analyses, which allows to classify similar polemoforms; (iii) Classes interpretation is carried out on the field site and supplemented by historical documents collected in ten French and German archives centres. The resulting map reveals the presence of a huge number of remaining polemoforms, approximately 600,000, in addition to more than 400 km of fire and communication trenches. Their morphological signature is rich and due to the different ways of building facilities. Their location is determined by clearly defined spatial patterns such as distance to the frontline and pre-war landscapes parameters. Beyond the reproducible nature of the method, which may contribute to the fundamental research development on other battlefields, this thesis provides operational tools for management and conservation of the historical, cultural and natural heritage of the Verdun forest. As a result, the produced iconographic and cartographic corpus will be directly used in the next forest management plan, in order to optimise the safeguarding of polemoforms and associated remnants
Brun, Stéphane. "De l'erg à la forêt : dynamique des unités paysagères d'un boisement en région littorale : forêt des dunes de Menzel Belgacem, Cap Bon, Tunisie." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.paris-sorbonne.fr/brun/paris4/2006/brun/html/index-frames.html.
Full textIn the Cap Bon peninsula, located in the north-eastern Tunisia, the forestation of the Menzel Belgacem's dunes constitutes one of the first attempt of forest creating during the French protectorate. From 1930, sands have been gradually stabilized and today the new forest came over the sand deposits. The Dar Chichou's forest, more than 6000 adjoining hectares, represents an striking example of Mediterranean dunal forest. Before all this study seek to draw up the balance sheet of the interventions conducted by the forest services from the beginning of the 20th century. The approach is based on the use of remote sensing data, compared with field information, for the build-up of a landscape units map. The Northern area of the Cap Bon, where the stamp of the coast is omnipresent, is characterized by a fast evolution of the natural habitat and by heavy landscapes changes. Many projects are planned and the society expectations are becoming insistent and often contradictory. Thus our thesis aim to analyse the changes assigned to the landscapes features. The comparison of georeferenced and multidate data allows to follow up the evolution of the rural landscape in the northern Cap Bon from 1900. It shows a sensitive change of the landscapes which illustrate itself by the progressive forestation of the large dunal sling of Dar Chichou. We endeavour to demonstrate the interest of such a methodology in reaching recommendation of new terms management able to fit the various functions of the forest habitat
Lagrée, Stéphane. "La région des "Trois Monts" : paysans, espaces, pouvoirs : stratégies politiques et paysannes, organisation de l'espace rural et dynamique des paysages dans le massif forestier de Tam Dao, province de Vinh Phuc, Nord Viêt Nam." Bordeaux 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR30063.
Full textGautreau, Pierre. "Géographies d'une "destruction" des forêts uruguayennes : récits de crise et résilience forestière dans les campos uruguayens (XVIIIe - XXe siècles)." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Gautreau.pdf.
Full textSoularue, Jean-Paul. "Évolution de la phénologie des arbres à l'échelle d'un paysage forestier." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14724/document.
Full textTiming of bud burst (TBB) is a key adaptive trait affected by temperature variations. Predicting the evolution of natural forests undergoing environmental variations requires to understand the evolutionary dynamics that have resulted in the strong patterns of differentiation characterized for this trait. It has been shown experimentally that the TBB was strongly correlated with the timing off lowering. This suggests that trees having similar TBB tend to mate preferentially, making assortative mating at TBB the default reproduction regime within tree species. Clinal patterns of genetic differentiation have been mostly interpreted as resulting from divergent selection, however, few studies have considered the peculiar features of timing of bud burst. Through a modelling approach based on quantitative genetics models, we first demonstrate here that the sole interaction between assortative mating at TBB and pollen flow can induce a clinal differentiation among populations without any selection pressure. In a such theoretical context, assortative mating filters pollen flow in presence of environmental gradients and progressively shifts the genetic values of populations. Then, we demonstrate that assortative mating amplifies the adaptive response of populations to co-gradient selection, and constrains it in the case of countergradient selection. Finally, we show that assortative mating differentiates populations even in the case of uniform selection
Penot, Eric. "Stratégies paysannes et évolution des savoirs : l'hévéaculture agro-forestière indonésienne." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier I, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007513.
Full textorientations techniques mise en oeuvre par les petits planteurs sous la forme des “jungle rubber”, systèmes agroforestiers hévéicoles traditionnels. La production qui en est issue a
rapidement dépassé celle les grandes plantations (dès 1935) confirmant ainsi la très forte adaptation de l'agriculture familiale aux aléas des marchés et de la production. Le rôle des
pouvoirs publics et des prix ont pu partiellement un temps expliquer cette évolution, mais d'autres facteurs sont intervenus.
Les systèmes agroforestiers hévéicoles, traditionnels ou améliorés, semblent réunir en effet trois atouts économiques et écologiques majeurs : la minimisation des risques et des
investissements, l'utilisation optimale des ressources disponibles (travail , capital , biodiversité, environnement...) et une très forte capacité d'adaptation et de reproduction.
Après en avoir défini les fondements et identifié les principales étapes à travers une périodisation (Partie I), cette thèse s'attache à montrer que la continuité des systèmes de
culture et de production et la permanence des pratiques agroforestières reposent sur une véritable recomposition des savoirs portée par une évolution des stratégies paysannes (Partie
II) . La période contemporaine pose cependant le problème de la reproduction à terme des formes d'organisation collectives et la remise en cause des systèmes économiques et sociaux qui les ont jusqu'à présent portées.
Bélisle, Marc. "Influence de la composition et de la configuration du paysage sur le mouvement des oiseaux forestiers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0018/NQ54000.pdf.
Full textBailey, Samantha. "Quelle est la contribution des lisières forestières à la structuration des assemblages d’abeilles sauvages dans les paysages agricoles ?" Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2056/document.
Full textMore diverse and abundant assemblages of wild pollinators should provide a more stable and effective pollination service for a wider range of crops. The disruption of the balance between semi-natural and manmade environments in the mosaic landscape is often invoked to explain the decline of pollinators. The survival of wild bees is highly dependent on the availability, within species dispersal radius, of both floral resources and nesting and wintering micro-habitats. In a literature review, we analyzed the effect of proximity to the forest or the proportion of forest in the landscape on both ecosystem services (pollination and pest control) and dis-services (pests) provided by arthropods to crops. Our own work provides the first in-depth demonstration of the interest of forest edges for bees pollinating crops in temperate regions. At the scale of oilseed and apple crops, we demonstrated that forest edges (i) are the nesting / mating sites for many spring species, (ii) provide a diversity of favorable floral resources at early spring, and (iii) have a season-dependent interest for bee guilds. The diversity of wild bees decreases within the field with distance from the edge, depending on the bee flight abilities. In light of our results, we suggest an agro-ecological management of agricultural land incorporating forest edges in a woody network in favour of wild bees
Gonzalez, Maya. "Diversité des plantes ligneuses de fragments forestiers dans les côteaux de Gascogne : importance des facteurs locaux et du contexte paysager." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30103.
Full textThe woody plants of the forest fragments in agricultural zone partly condition the presence and the diversity of other forest organisms. This work is centred on the study of the diversity of woody species and its determinants on three levels of organization: the wood, the stand and the micro-site of regeneration. On the level of wood, the richness of woody species is mainly related to the surface of wood. Late-successionnal species are sensitive to the distance to wood sources. At stand level, the richness and the composition are connected to the soil quality and the exposure. On the level of regeneration micro-site, the identity of the reproducers and the distance to the edge determine the diversity of woody species under cover. The found relations are improved by using regroupings of species based on their life history traits. The diversities found on these three scales are dependent on the successionnal state of the stands
Rochel, Xavier. "Gestion forestière et paysages dans les Vosges d'après les registres de martelages du XVIIIe siècle : essai de biogéographie historique." Nancy 2, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/NANCY2/doc222/2004NAN21030.pdf.
Full textPre-19th Century forest management in the French mountains is still largely unknown, even as the issue has been well documented as concerns low-altitude forests. A systematic study of 18th Century registres de martelages, in which forest operations were registered daily and exhaustively, has been carried with the purpose of reconstructing past landscapes, understanding forestry practices, and assessing the impact of these practices on forest composition