Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pb éléments traces métalliques'
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Lopareva-Pohu, Alena. "Intérêt de la phytostabilisation aidée pour la gestion des sols pollués par des éléments traces métalliques (Cd, Pb, Zn)." Littoral, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DUNK0296.
Full textSustainable management of contaminated soils with trace elements (TE) is a real challenge, more particularly around the former lead smelter Metaleurop Nord, in Northern France. This in situ study aimed at evaluating the long-term efficiency of aided phytostabilisation on former agricultural soils highly contaminated with cadmium, lead and zinc. Soils were amended with two fly ashes (Fas) : a silico-aluminos (FA1) and sulfo-calcic FA (FA2). Nine years after experiment start, the trees development induced a progressive shift of land use from agriculture field to forest ecosystem. Taking in account plant development and TE accumulation, data suggested that, among studied species, Alnus glutinosa, Acer pseudoplatanus and Robinia pseudoacacia were suitable for phytostabilisation of the experimental site. The afforestation induced soil physico-chemical parameters’ modifications. In particular, an increase of organic matters contents and a beginning of acidification were observed. This alteration of soils parameters could modify TE mobility and bioavailability. Our results indicated that the two studied FA buffered natural soil acidification, through a huge input of carbonates. This limited TE mobility and their accumulation in the studied above ground plant organs. Sulfo-calcic ash (FA2) is more efficient in decreasing TE soil mobility and accumulation by plants than silico-aluminous ash (FA1). In consequence, soil amendment with FA2 appears to be the wisest option to manage the contaminated soils surrounding the former smelter. Before recommending this aided phytostabilisation on larger polluted areas, further research is needed to answer several questions raised by this work
Manouchehri, Nastaran. "Contribution à l'étude de la disponibilité des éléments traces métalliques (Pb,Cu, Cd) des sols à l'aide du réactif EDTA." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077137.
Full textThe risk related to the presence of trace metals in soil could be estimated by determining the "speciation" of these metals in both soil solid phase and soil solution. In this work the availability of three trace metals (cadmium, copper and lead) in the two phases and under two aspects, kinetics and thermodynamic, was studied for 15 soils of Burgundy. The thermodynamic study enabled us to achieve a better knowledge about the reactivity of soil trace metals as well as the influence of the major cations on trace metal extractability in presence of EDTA which is a reagent commonly used in soil sciences. This study has shown that trace metal extractability decreases in soils with high level of calcium carbonates. With regard to the kinetic study, the principal aim was to determine the limiting stage, from the kinetic point of view, in the transfer of metal from the soil solid phase towards the plants. For this purpose, the kinetic constants of metal extraction from both solid and liquid phases were calculated. The metal transfer was also simulated by the simplified soil-EDTA-resin model for 15 soil samples. The application of this model and the comparison between the kinetic constants, the results obtained from the model and the metal contents in the plants cultivated in the studied soils permitted us to identify the stage limiting the transfer of the trace metal from the soil towards the plant. Three different typologies were observed for the kinetics transfer of lead, copper and cadmium from the soil solid phase towards the plant
Muschitz, Aurélie. "Réponses physiologiques des végétaux supérieurs aux stress métalliques. Caractérisation du rôle des parois cellulaires dans les statégies défensives des cellules de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) face aux éléments traces métalliques )." Thesis, Artois, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ARTO0408/document.
Full textThe aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb) on tomato(Solanum lycopersicum, L.) suspension-cultured cells. The main objective was to demonstrate thattomato cells subjected to metal stress react by modifying their cell walls as they can do in responseof a pathogen attack.In the first chapter, cell parameters were characterized with both quantitative(growth, water content) and qualitative (viability, enzymatic activities) aspects to highlightdeleterious effects of heavy metal (HM) when added in the culture medium during exponential cellgrowth. In addition to growth reducing (growth break, turgor pressure loss and cell death), tomatocells have showed higher tolerance capacity to Zn compared to Cd and Pb.The second chapter demonstrated that tomato cells were able to protect themselvesagainst HM stress by increasing their cell wall biomass and also the HM amount retained by cellwall polymers. Cell walls appeared to assume important roles in HM accumulation (Cd>Zn>Pb)and could therefore limit their influx into the cells. Our results also suggested that HM fixation bycell walls was not only due to an increase in cell wall biomass but also to an improvement of itsbinding capacity.The last chapter, devoted to study the osidic composition of tomato primary cell walls forthe lowest Zn doses, has provided original data particularly about pectins. Results have beendiscussed in order to understand the binding capacity of cell walls in function of Zn treatments.Then, an hypothetical structure of tomato cell wall of cultured cells has been proposed.Finally, this work has answered to the initial question and has constituted a preparativestudy for next phytoremediation projects
Caboche, Julien. "Validation d'un test de mesure de bioaccessibilité : application à quatre éléments traces métalliques dans les sols : as, Cd, Pb et Sb." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL049N/document.
Full textThe management of contaminated soil is based on the assessment of exposure of pollutants. The review shows that the direct routes of exposure, including soil ingestion for children, generate the highest risk levels. Currently, based on the total pollutant concentration in soil, risk assessment tends to be overestimate because only a fraction of the substance may penetrate into the body. The aim of the study is to demonstrate that in vitro UBM test (Unified Method Barge) is relevant to estimate the bioavailable fraction of metals in the soil by estimating the bioaccessible fraction. For this, it is necessary to show that the solubilization of contaminants in the gastrointestinal tract is a limiting step in oral bioavailability process and that bioaccessibility is correlated to bioavailability. For 15 soils selected on three different sites, the study shows that bioavailability is highly variable for lead (8% to 82%), cadmium (12% to 91%) and arsenic (3 % to 78%). For antimony, the relative bioavailability and bioaccessibility values are very low independently of the different soil characteristics (values <20%). Thus, these conditions do not allow to validate in vitro test for antimony. The results of correlations, for the three other contaminants, show that bioaccessibility is the limiting step in the bioavailability process and that UBM test is relevant to estimate the bioaccessibility. Our study also highlights the impact of the soil matrix on the variation of bioaccessibility values. Thus, it was shown that the distribution of contaminants in the different bearing phases of soil is a major and robust parameter to explain the variations of bioaccessibility for all soils studied. The results of the study highlight that the in vitro UBM test is a promising alternative to in vivo investigations to measure the exposure levels of metals after soil ingestion
Barkouch, Yassir. "Etude du transfert des éléments traces métalliques (Al, Cd, Cu, Pb, Se et Zn) dans une chaîne alimentaire d'une zone minière de la région de Marrakech – Maroc." Nantes, 2007. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=94e74876-89f6-4559-9b82-3dec10a7b079.
Full textLike any mining industry, the exploitation of the mineral resources (extraction and valorization) in the region of Haouz-Marrakech, generated probably at all the stages a certain number of environmental impacts and undermined the various elements of the environment by its direct and indirect effects. Our study aimed to study the incidence of the still active mining center of Drâa Lasfar (13 km to the North-West of Marrakech city in Morocco) on the environment. It concerned, on one hand, the diagnosis of the current state of surface and the major harmful effects caused by mining, and on the other hand, the evaluation of the level of contamination cased by the toxic metallic trace elements (ETM) of treatment residues and water rejected by the mine, surface and underground water, the sediments, the grounds, the plants, the animals and the human population living sedentarily around the mine. The study made it possible to highlight the high degree of metal pollution of water and of the residues of treatment rejected by the mine and consequently constitute the principal source of metal pollution and harmful effect in this zone. The diffusion of this metal pollution towards water of the Tensift Wadi, being the principal source of water for irrigation, constitutes a starting point of the transfer of ETM through the grounds (irrigated) polluted towards the links of the trophic chains to finally reach the Man living sedentarily in this area via the animal and vegetable foodstuffs. In our study, we tried to facilitate the comprehension of these transfers between the various food chain links via the establishment of mathematical relations connecting the various concentrations in ETM from a trophic level to another
Albert, Quentin. "Sélection de souches fongiques performantes dans la biosorption de 3 éléments traces métalliques (Cd, Cu et Pb) et étude de leur spéciation minéralogique en microcosme de sol." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC202/document.
Full textSoil contaminations by trace metals are the second most frequent contamination in the world, counting more than 5 million polluted sites. This contamination represents a risk for the environment, the economy, the agriculture and the public health. Cd, Cu, and Pb are among the most frequent and/or toxic elements of this contamination. The hardly predictable behavior of trace metals in the soil matrix turn the remediation methods into a complex issue. Biological methods could be an economic, eco-friendly, and efficient alternative. The potential of the Fungi is more and more studied in this field.Our work aim is to evaluate the tolerance and the biosorption abilities of 28 fungi isolated from polluted soils, and to select the most efficient ones to perform microcosm's experiments of polluted soils. Thus, 3 fungal isolates have been selected. Absidia cylindrospora tolerates 1000 mg.L-1 in agar medium and biosorbs more than 50% of Cd and Pb after 3 days in liquid medium. Coprinellus micaceus biosorbs 100% of Pb in liquid medium. Finally, Chaetomium atrobrunneum biosorbs more than 50% of each metals after 3 days of exposure in liquid medium.The microcosm's experiments reveal that the colonization abilities of the isolates is crucial to enhance the influence of the fungal development on the potentially mobile metal fraction. Thus, A. cylindrospora shows the best potential among the tested isolates in bioaugmented microcosms in order to decrease the potentially mobile fraction of the metals. After 20 days, this isolate decrease the potentially mobile fraction of Cd and Cu respectively by 5 and 7%. Complementary experiments are needed to improve the process (longer experiment, higher fungal biomass) and to better understand the transfers of the metals in presence of fungal organisms
Brunel, Célia. "Dynamique des éléments traces métalliques (Pb, Zn, Cd) sur un petit bassin versant amont contaminé par des déchets miniers - cas du bassin versant amont du Lez (Ariège, Pyrénées)." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30025.
Full textOn the orphan Sentein mining district (Pyrénées), the Zn, Cd and Pb dynamics is studied at the scale of the Lez upstream catchment, with geochemical and mineralogical approaches. From the primary and natural mineralization, mining exploitation has lead to the redistribution of metal into several secondary sources (contaminated soils, extraction wastes and tailings). Tailings are the main storage compartment of metals. Submitted to erosion, they constitute the principal source. In this carbonated context, the metal exportation under dissolved form is limited by the formation of secondary minerals. Runoff and erosion are dominant processes for metal mobilization. At the catchment outlet, particulate dispersion is dominant specially, during storm events. The contribution of this mining site to Garonne metal fluxes is assessed
Sivry, Yann. "Utilisation des isotopes stables de Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni et Pb pour quantifier le compartiment échangeable des éléments trace métalliques et de δ66Zn pour tracer les contaminations polymétalliques." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00375351.
Full textSivry, Yann. "Utilisation des isotopes stables de Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni et Pb pour quantifier le compartiment échangeable des éléments trace métalliques et de delta66Zn pour tracer les pollutions polymétalliques." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/471/.
Full textA multi-elementary spiking method has been is developpeddeveloped in order to simultaneously quantify and caracterizecharacterize simultaneously the labile pools fraction of Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu and Pb in contaminated soils. This method is has been validated by comparison with 1) radioactive Cd spiking data,g Cd and of2) chemical extractions results. In additionFurthermore, an integrated study of Zn isotopic signatures (d66Zn) in various compartments pools of two contaminated ecosystems (zinc smelting sites of Viviez-Decazeville, S. -W. Of France and of Kempen, N. -E of Belgium) has been performed allowing the identification of various allows to assume a coherent scheme of Zn isotopic fractionations during associated to the metallurgical processes. The differents d66Zn ratio observed in between "enriched" and "residual" zinc would be a powerfull tool to identify the metallurgical contaminations origins. These results demonstrate the efficiency of stable isotopes as tracers for contamination processes and sourcescontaminations tracers
Tanguy, Virginie. "Spéciation colloïdale des éléments traces métalliques en milieu estuarien." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00708258.
Full textPoint, David. "Spéciation et biogéochimie des éléments traces métalliques dans l'estuaire de l'Adour." Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU3029.
Full textThe first part of this work involves the development of an analytical method for the speciation analysis of metals at ultratrace levels in complex matrices such as seawater and estuarine water. This analytical speciation system is composed of a first UV on-line photolysis module and a second preconcentration/matrix elimination platform employing chelating resin that allow to discriminate labile from complexed metal forms. This analytical speciation system can be directly employed for field speciation studies, or directly coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for flow injection analysis. The simultaneous application of isotope dilution technique for Cd determination is also presented. The second part of this work has allowed for the first time to study the biogeochemical cycle of trace elements in the Adour Estuary. This urban macrotidal estuary is characterized by a very low turbidity and a low time of residence for both water and particles. The study of trace metals sources demonstrate first that the anthropogenic pressure is limited under dry weather conditions compared to the upstream inputs that represent the majority metals fluxes entering the estuary. Exception can be distinguished for anthropogenic Ag and MMHg representing 28% and 9% respectively of the total inputs under low discharge conditions. Second, the detailed attention of biogeochemical processes occurring within estuarine mixing indicates important dynamic exchanges and transformations between metals forms and phases. Most of the processes are assumed to be linked to organic matter complexation properties and transformations occurring during estuarine transfer
Gavalda, David. "Devenir des éléments traces métalliques dans les boulbènes (luvi-redoxisol) après épandage de boues granulées." Toulouse, INPT, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPT007A.
Full textGelly, Romain. "Potentiel des isotopes stables de Cu et Zn comme traceurs de l'origine et des redistributions des métaux dans les sols." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/190620_GELLY_768ohv852uofd165ssnfb371qq_TH.pdf.
Full textIn this work, we studied the origin and the fate of Cu, Pb and Zn brought to soils by atmospheric emissions from an active smelter and a historical one. To investigate the redistribution of these anthropogenic Cu, Zn and Pb in the surrounding soils and vegetation, we used stable metal isotopes of Zn, Cu and Pb associated with total and extracted metal concentrations, Zn speciation (by XAS measurements) and magnetic susceptibility.By coupling these techniques, we demonstrated the presence in soils of Pb and Zn originating from the smelters. Anthropogenic metals were concentrated in soil surface horizons and for Zn reached up to 15 and 35 times the geochemical background at resp. the active and historical metallurgical sites. We identified the presence of anthropogenic Pb and Cu in the deepest soil horizons which migrated either as solid (Pb) or solubilized (Cu) forms. Contribution of anthropogenic Pb to total Pb was estimated to be at least 72% at depth in the soils nearby the Escalette former smelter. Anthropogenic Zn was found, at both sites, to be immobilized in soil surface horizons due to its precipitation as Zn-LDH or bonding with Fe. We showed that anthropogenic Pb and Zn solubility was low and that it contrasted with Cu mobility. Therefore, anthropogenic metals appeared to be poorly or not bioavailable to the nearby vegetation. In addition, we highlighted the specific behavior of Mediterranean plants regarding Cu isotopes fractionation, as we measured isotopic enrichment (i.e. in 65Cu) in aerial parts, not observed, so far, in the literature
Garneau, Cyril. "Modélisation du transfert des éléments traces métalliques dans les eaux de surface." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2711/.
Full textTrace Metals (TM) are a class of pollutant found in surface waters that can reach important levels. However, modelling tools available to simulate TM in rivers are rare and very specialized. These works propose a modelling approach to simulate transport of TM in rivers subject to dynamic and complex hydrology and physico-chemistry. Therefore, four processes have been modeled: the hydraulics, the transport of dissolved and particulate suspended elements with transient storage, the erosion - sedimentation of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and the sorption - desorption of TM onto the SPM. The developed model was applied to an 87 km reach of the Garonne River in its middle course. Available data were taken in various sampling campaigns under contrasted hydrological conditions. Three TM were used to assess the model ability to simulate their fate. The arsenic and copper were selected for their highly dissolved nature and the lead for its highly particulate nature. The Modelo Hidrodinâmico (MOHID) model provided the hydrodynamic model, using the full St-Venant equations in one dimension for the hydraulics of the river, the advection - dispersion equations for the transport of dissolved and particulate suspended elements and the Partheniades equations for the erosion - sedimentation of the SPM. The One-dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage (OTIS) model was added to account for the transient storage of dissolved and particulate elements. Two chemical model of sorption - desorption were coupled to MOHID. The first one uses a constant separation coefficient of the dissolved and particulate phase of TM, the so-called Kd, while the second is the Windermere Humic Acid Model (WHAM), which computes a variable Kd based on the physico-chemistry and the SPM composition. With the help of modelling hypothesis, the resulting hydro-geo-chemical model was calibrated on the study case and each parameter was either validated or explained by direct or indirect observations. These modelling approaches highlighted the importance of a very good description of the SPM dynamics under a variable hydrological context to simulate TM transport. Furthermore, the transport of a particulate TM such as lead is well represented with a simple sorption model (fixed Kd) while a dissolved TM such as copper is better represented with a variable sorption model. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of the model showed that the Kd was very sensitive to the pH. Moreover, the average Kd proved to be sensitive to physico-chemical factors while its variation was mostly influenced by hydrodynamic factors (Manning coefficient and erosion - sedimentation parameters). These works open new insights on the formalism of TM transfer at larger scale
Lévèque, Thibaut. "Biomonitoring environnemental et sanitaire des sols pollués par les éléments traces métalliques." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0093/document.
Full textIn a context where environmental health concerns are globally increasing. Improve understanding of the mechanisms and bioavailability (eco) toxicity of persistent metals pollutants is a priority, especially because of their observed omnipresence in ecosystems in relation to their compartmentation and speciation. The earthworm is used to assess soil quality; moreover this soil organism through its bioturbation activities affects biogeochemical cycles. Ecotoxicity tests under controlled circumstances on earthworms have been conducted with different soils and worms’ species. Then an impact study on earthworms’ communities was conducted on a polluted site showing a concentration gradient. The influence of earthworms’ bioturbation on phytoavailability of pollutants was studied through experiments in mesocosms and Rhizotest. Finally, in vitro measures of pollutants bioavailability were performed on polluted soils and plants in different contexts: brownfields, gardens, sports field. The objective is to study the link between bioavailability for humans, soil characteristics, context of pollution and toxicity. Two complementary approaches have been developed: scientific research related to the mechanisms and development of tools, practical procedures which could be used by managers and risk assessors. Ecotoxicity of metals and metalloid (denoted ETM) on earthworms is not simply governed by their total concentrations, but strongly depends on the physico-chemical characteristics of soils. Furthermore, analysis of earthworm communities from a contaminated site can evaluate the quality of soil since seen an impact on the abundance, diversity and rate of juvenile worms. In addition, earthworms’ bioturbation significantly increases the bioavailability of ETM for vegetable plants such as lettuce. Finally, the human bioaccessibility of ETM is governed by many factors, in particular the context of pollution. The bioaccessible fraction of ETM is directly responsible for their cytotoxicity on intestinal cells. These results were complemented by mechanistic studies (IR, EXAFS, XANES, μ-XRF)
Latrille, Christelle. "Localisation des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols. Application au fonds géochimique naturel." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10057.
Full textVinit-Dunand, Florence. "Phytotoxicité et transfert sol-plante des éléments traces métalliques : influence de l'alimentation minérale." Besançon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BESA2047.
Full textThe first aim of this work was to improve the knowledge of copper excess effects on photosynthesis and growth of plants. Growth inhibition of cucumber plants by low copper excess induce photosynthesis inhibition. By strong copper contamination the photosynthesis and the growth are directly altered. The storage of metals in the roots seems to be a shoots protection strategy for plants. An other aim of this work was to bring about the influence of sulphur supply on phytotoxicity and soil to plant copper transfers. A sufficient sulphur nutrition gives a slight protection for leaf expansion of cucumber contaminated by low copper excess. This positive influence is not linked with modification of soil to plant copper transfers. The hypothesis would be that the mechanisms of protection and detoxification such as ascorbate-glutathion cycle or phytochelatins could be involved
Bertrand, Didier. "Etude des conditions d'analyse des traces de fer, cobalt, nickel et cuivre dans les verres fluores zblan." Le Mans, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LEMA1013.
Full textQasim, Bashar Hussein. "Détermination, spéciation et biodisponibilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols contaminés et technosols." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2069/document.
Full textThis thesis dealt with the determination and study of the ecodynamics of trace metals in technosols highly contaminated in metals and metalloids in the context of natural revegetalisation or phytoremediation. Two sequential extraction schemes were used jointly with selective extractions in parallel with the determination of the total metals concentration in soils, the total dissolved metals concentration in the soil pore water, the metals labile pool (DGT) and germination tests with dwarf beans to investigate the speciation, mobility and phytoavailability of (Zn, Pb, Cd, As and Sb) for technosols of two post-mining (La Petite Faye) and industrial (Mortagne du Nord) sites. Additionally, young plants of P. euramericana Dorskamp were cultivated in rhizobox on Mortagne du Nord technosols to investigate the rhizospheric effect on the mobility of metals. Moreover, the effect of nitrogen addition under nitrate and ammonium on the behavior of these metals has been investigated for P. euramericana Dorskamp for the same soils. Despite the high total metals and metalloids concentration in the La Petite Faye soils, the mobility of these potentially toxic elements is limited because of their association with the residual fraction. The phytoavailability is also limited and correlated with the labile pool of technosols. The culture of P. euramericana Dorskamp generated a rhizospheric effect characterized by an increase of the pH and concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the soil pore water and a decrease in the total dissolved concentration of metals (Zn, Pb et Cd) in the soil pore water. The addition of nitrogen under nitrate or ammonium respectively increased and decreased the soil pore water pH and in the case of ammonium the DOC also increased and stabilized metals in the rhizosphere in comparison to control soils
Devallois, Valérie. "Transferts et mobilité des éléments traces métalliques dans la colonne sédimentaire des hydrosystèmes continentaux." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX11046.
Full textLerat, Antoine. "Dynamique des éléments traces métalliques à l’interface ville-estuaire : métaux classiques et terres rares." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0005.
Full textControl of urban pollutants is a major issue, especially in coastal areas, in a context of rapidly growing urbanization and the emission of emerging potentially highly toxic contaminants, such as Rare Earth Elements (REEs). This study is a part of the REGARD project and aims at understanding the dynamics of “conventional” trace metals (Tms) and REEs in the Jalle River, the main urban hydrosystem draining the Bordeaux Metropole and to assess its influence on the Garonne section of the Gironde estuary after having characterized two major urban sources: domestic wastewater and stormwater runoff draining the Bordeaux Highway. Due to its use as a contrast agent for MRIs and its low removal in WWTPs, gadolinium (Gd) is an excellent tracer of the domestic/hospital urban source in the Jalle River. With an annual flux estimated at 27 kg.yr-1 (23 mg.hab-1.yr-1) of dissolved Gdantrh in the Garonne River, the Bordeaux Metropole contributes nearly 25% of the Gd in the main branch of the Gironde Estuary. This flux have probably evolved like those of the Garonne at its outlet (before Bordeaux Metropole) which have doubled over the past two decades (2003: 32 kg.yr-1; 2017: 75 kg.yr-1) due to the increase in MRIs on the Garonne watershed. The high temporal analysis of a major summer rainstorm showed that the relative contributions of the daily TM fluxes of the Jalle River ranged from: 5 %(Sr) - 40%(Cu) for dissolved phases and 30% (As) – 88% (Cu) for particulate phases. The first forty minutes of the event (<17% of time) accounted for 65% of the SPM flux (and associated particulate TMs) exported by the stormwater runoff because of the first-flush of road dust. If Cu and Zn fluxes had significant contribution for the Jalle River, they are not good tracers of traffic-related source because of their ubiquitous uses. Although cerium anomalies are still weak, it should be a future good tracer with higher traffic density and technological development in catalytic converters. Using a 2-year monitoring along the Jalle continuum, this study demonstrated the upstream watershed strongly influences the geochemical composition of the Jalle River for many majors and TMs (e.g. Al, Fe, REEs) and that it contributes the bulk of dissolved TM fluxes (Al: 96%; REEs: 96 - 99%). The domestic source, via the WWTP loads, continuously affects the quality of the Jalle waters by significantly increasing dissolved Ni, Sn, Cu, Ag and Gd concentrations, mainly during low water conditions due to lower dilution by the upstream Jalle River. Conversely, the traffic-related (highway) source influences the Jalle River only more intermittently with regard to dissolved and particulate Cu, Zn, Sb during major summer rainstorm. Finally, further works on geochemical cycles of TMs at the urban-estuarine interfaces will be essential to reduce dispersion of TMs in urban systems, in order to limit impacts on natural environmental systems and to develop methods for the recovery and recycling of technology-critical elements
Nguyen, Thanh Nho. "Dynamiques des éléments traces métalliques dans un estuaire tropical à mangroves (Can Gio, Vietnam)." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NCAL0006.
Full textMangroves are considered as efficient barriers between land and sea, being sinks for trace metals and protecting coastal water from pollutions. However this ability may depend on sediment characteristics and hydrology. The fate of trace metal is complex due to various biogeochemical processes across the intertidal zone. Because of their toxicity to mangrove biodiversity and also to human health, the trace metal cycling is a serious question addressed by many scientists during the last few decades and nowadays. In contrast to the rest of the world, trace metal distribution in Viet Nam’s mangrove forest has received little attention. The aim of this research was to characterize some trace metals dynamics in the Can Gio mangrove, which is located in the Southern Viet Nam, being situated at the edge of a densely populated megacity – Ho Chi Minh City (i.e. almost 10 million inhabitants) and the South China Sea. Along the Can Gio estuary, trace metals, which mainly originated from upstream lateritic soils, were transported mostly associated with suspended solids, mainly oxihydroxides forms. After being deposited in mangrove sediments, the oxihydroxides were dissolved by bacteria during organic matter decay processes under suboxic condition, releasing trace metals in pore-waters. The enrichment of mangrove derived-OM from the mudflat to the Rhizophora stand played a key role in controlling diagenetic processes. Dissolved metals were then reprecipitated with new bearing phases such as organometallic complexes, suphides, carbonate etc. depending on the redox condition and on metal characteristics. Furthermore, part of these dissolved metals were available for biota uptake or export to tidal creek by pore-water seepage. Consequently, this PhD thesis also demonstrated that mangrove ecosystems can be sources of trace metals for adjacent ecosystems
Le, Coustumer Sébastien-Maël. "Colmatage et rétention des éléments traces métalliques dans les systèmes d'infiltration des eaux pluviales." Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2008ISAL0068/these.pdf.
Full text. . . This thesis has examined two issues of particular importance: the pollutant removal capabilities of the systems, and the potential for clogging that leads to a decrease in hydraulic conductivity and system performance. It was undertaken within the framework of two major research projects, the Field Observatory for Urban Water Management in France and the Facility for Advancing Water Biofiltration in Australia. Field scale experiments have been conducted initially by assessing the performance of 37 biofiltration systems built on the east coast of Australia, and then by monitoring continuously over a three and half year period a large infiltration basin in Lyon. Laboratory experiments have also been conducted on large experimental columns in order to explore the influence of design on the performance of the systems, and to provide a basis for understanding field measurements. One of the specific aims of this work was to evaluate the performance of stormwater filtration systems over an extended period of time, in order to assess their real sustainability. . .
Rigaud, Sylvain. "Dynamique et biodisponibilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les sédiments de l'étang de Berre." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30054.
Full textThe industrialization of the Berre lagoon in the 20th century was accompanied by large releases trace metals, which were partially accumulated in sediments and are now likely to be remobilized to the water column or be integrated into the food chain and cause an ecotoxicological risk.The reconstruction of the temporal and spatial trends of sediment contamination shows that current levels of contamination of surface sediments have been the lowest for decades in agreement with the effectiveness of regulations on industrial releases set up in the years 1970. These levels are low to moderate in surface but very high contamination exist a few centimeters below the sediment surface.The role of Fe and Mn oxy-hydroxides and sulfides in controlling the mobility of ETM in the sediment and fluxes at the water/sediment interface has been demonstrated through the modeling of transport and reactions of chemical compounds and trace metals in the pore waters, their concentration profiles in the reactive fraction of the particulate phase and experiments under controlled laboratory conditions. The oxygenation of the water column is the main parameter influencing the mobility and fluxes and the influence of reoxygenation of bottom water column in the Grand Etang is discussed.Finally, the bioavailability of trace metals and adverse effects they may constitute for a target benthic organism, the polychaete Nereis succinea, were evaluated by estimating the potentially bioavailable fraction in sediments (chemical extractions and Diffusive Gradient in Thin-films), by measuring bioaccumulated concentrations and by the use of biomarkers (metallothioneins and genotoxicity assays). Some highly bioaccumulated trace metals pose a potential risk and might be involved in the degradation of the benthic macrofauna
Lacercat-Didier, Laurence. "Filtration biologique pour la réduction des éléments traces métalliques dans la biomasse du peuplier." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0077/document.
Full textPhytostabilization is a gentle management option for sites polluted by trace elements (TE). Mycorrhizal fungi could assist plants in stabilizing pollutants by increasing the soil-prospected volume and by immobilizing MTE in their hyphae. Within the BIOFILTREE project, several approaches were used to select fungal strains that could be used for enhancing the phytostabilization process. Firstly, the mycorrhizal status of roots of three poplar clones from a TE-polluted site and the fungi associated with the roots were analyzed. The roots were colonized by endomycorrhizal, ectomycorrhizal, and endophytic fungi. Our data also revealed some specific trends, i.e. Hebeloma species was not associated with all poplar genotypes. Secondly, several fungal strains were isolated from polluted sites and their in vitro tolerance to TE was tested. There was a strong inter- and intra-specific variation in metal tolerance. In a greenhouse study, two poplar clones were inoculated with an endomycorrhizal inoculum and grown on a TE-polluted soil. A slight modification in TE accumulation in shoots was observed. In parallel, the role of ZIP (Zrt-Irt- like Proteins) and CDF (Cation Diffusion Facilitator) proteins in TE homeostasis/tolerance was also studied in the ectomycorrhizal model fungus Laccaria bicolor. The corresponding proteins were functionally characterized by the use of different approaches (yeast complementation, GFP-chimeric proteins, transcript analyses, cell metal content analyses). This study allowed us to better understand the mechanisms underlying zinc uptake and compartmentation in the hyphae of this fungus
Blain, Stéphane. "Application de polyamines immobilisées à la préconcentration de traces métalliques en milieu marin." Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2020.
Full textPonthieu, Marie. "Spéciation des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols et les solutions des sols : du modèle au terrain." Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX30059.
Full textNowadays, environmental problems related to soil pollution with heavy metals are numerous, therefore, it is important to understand metals behavior in soils and to appreciate their transfer. The fate of the metals in the environment is closely related to their interactions with the major reactive soil compartments (organic matter, iron and manganese oxides, clays). The objective of this work is to develop an approach based on the combination of several model to study metal ion speciation in the soil and the soil solution. Models used to describe the interactions of metals with the main reactive phases in the soil are CD-MUSIC (amorphous and crystallized iron oxides), NICA-Donnarf (organic matter and manganese oxides), cationic ion exchange model (clays). First, this work implies the definition of generic parameters to describe the interactions of the studied metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) with iron and manganese oxides, a part of this information is missing in the literature. Then, after the validation of the approach by comparison with analytical results, this multi-surface model is applied to two contaminated soils located in the North of France (atmospheric deposits) and in Brittany (intensive pig manure applications)
Farrier, Léa. "Culture de l’alpiste roseau et du panic érigé sur un sol contaminé en éléments traces métalliques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/70385.
Full textTrace metal elements (TME) are the second most important contaminant just after hydrocarbons. They represent 34% of contaminated sites in Canada and 46% in Quebec, respectively. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soil contamination by Cu, Zn and Pb on switchgrass and reed canarygrass crops. From 56 sampling points, contaminated (CZ, n = 21) and uncontaminated zones (UCZ, n = 35) were assigned. From 2016 to 2018, multiple sampling of above-ground biomass plant and soil properties was performed to assess the effect of the presence of TME on crops yield and to determine whether the uptake differs according to plant species. Yields varied between 3.2 and 6.8 T ha-1 for switchgrass and 1.9 and 2.7 T ha-1 for reed canarygrass. No significant differences in yield were observed between the two zones, except for switchgrass in 2016 where it was 1.5 T ha-1 higher in the CZ. For both crops, Cu concentrations were similar between the two zones. For Zn and Pb, they were higher in the CZ than in the UCZ. Total soil metal concentrations generally decreased from 2016. Correlations between TME concentrations in plant and total concentrations in soil are weak. Total TME soil concentrations, Mehlich-3 and DTPA-TEA-CaCl2 (pH 7,3) extracted concentrations are strongly correlated with each other. We conclude that the cultivation of those two crops on metal-contaminated soils is possible without significant crop yield loss compared to uncontaminated soils. Since the uptake differed among the TME, additional studies are needed to conclude that contaminated sites with TME can be use to cultivate switchgrass and reed canarygrass as plant biomass for energy purposes.
Robert, Sébastien. "Bilan géochimique des éléments traces métalliques dans l'estuaire de la Gironde : réactivité interne et anthropisation." Toulouse, INPT, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPT047H.
Full textLarrose, Aurélie. "Quantification et spatialisation de la contamination en éléments traces métalliques du système fluvio-estuarien girondin." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14285/document.
Full textThe Gironde estuarine system is impacted by historic polymetallic pollution due to mining and smelting activities in the upper watershed. Based on a high spatial resolution sampling strategy, wepropose the first maps of trace element (TE) contamination in the surface sediment at the estuarine scale. The highest TE concentrations occurred in the North Channel in the downstream estuary and inthe island zone in the upper estuary. Estimation of potentially releasable TE fraction, of enrichment factors and a comparison between measured TE concentrations and sediment quality guidelines allow us to class a major part of the estuary as a low to medium priority zone in terms of potential toxicityfor aquatic organisms.The TE contamination in the intra-estuarine watersheds included in a project of water quality management of the Gironde estuary (SAGE), was assessed for 57 watersheds by coupling into GIS,typological characteristics of the watersheds and geochemical analyses of stream sediments. Highest anomalies were found for urban watersheds for which urban tracers were identified as Ag, Cd, Cu, Hg,Sb and Zn, and for vineyard watersheds with Cu. A study of temporal and spatial variations of TEconcentrations in two small agricultural watersheds lead us to identify inputs from point and diffusive sources, especially for Ag, As, Cu and U related to anthropogenic activities. Marsh areas also play an important role in TE reactivity mainly due to organic matter transformations. In laboratory experiments simulating the transportation of TE from agricultural soils to aquatic systems and the maturing process of soil particles in the stream help us to identify processes responsible for TE release in the environment. Long term release of copper was mainly attributed to organic colloid transformation which implies an increase in the mobility, and consequently, the potential bioavailability/toxicity of Cu for aquatic organisms
Lesven, Ludovic. "Devenir des éléments traces métalliques au sein du sédiment : un compartiment clé de l'environnement aquatique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10112/document.
Full textThe pollution of aquatic ecosystems by trace metals (TM) is one of the major problems to which is faced our present society. These metals pass in transit through the water column and are finally trapped in sediments. From then on, they are involved in several biogeochemical reactions that likely modify more or less significantly their speciation and therefore their (bio)availability for the whole trophic chain. My researches are involved in this environmental topic and take part in the European Program INTERREG-III, Stardust. Three cross-border sites between France and Belgium have mainly been considered for this thesis: Scheldt, Lys and Spierre rivers. Trace metal analysis in the three sites sediments have pointed out high contamination by cadmium. However the metals (mainly Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) are mostly trapped in the reduced sulphur pool in these sediments. Conversely, Co and Ni are less trapped in these sediments due to their higher availability. Several sediment and porewater quality indexes have been used and shown that Spierre sediments seem to have a low toxicity according to the high AVS concentrations whereas interstitial waters are more polluted because of the low water hardness. Furthermore, the DGT -AgI technique used for the determination of dissolved sulphides has been deployed successfully in the North Sea sediment core to emphasize the sëasonal effect on the sulphides production. ln the same way, our work on gold microelectrodes results finally in the monitoring on line of Zn and Pb concentration in Deùle river, and sorne preliminary measurements directly in the Deûle sediments
Parat, Corinne. "Effets à long terme de l'apport répété de déchets organiques sur l'évolution de la matière organique et des éléments traces métalliques dans un sol sableux acide (Couhins, 33)." Dijon, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01556412.
Full textDubuis, Simon. "Développement d’un verre à base d'oxydes de métaux lourds pour applications dans l'infrarouge." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67762.
Full textOptical telecommunications require the development of new materials to increase information exchange. Among the materials regularly used, glass occupies an important place. Its transparency allows signals to be sent over long distances. Its low cost and simple manufacture make it usable on a large scale. Common oxide glasses such as phosphates (1200 cm⁻¹), silicates (1100 cm⁻¹) or borates (1400 cm⁻¹) have a limited transmission in the mid-IR region due to their high phonon energy. On the other hand, oxide-free glasses with low phonon energy and high transparency in the mid-IR are characterized by low thermal stability. To fill these gaps, glass based on barium, germanium and gallium oxide (BGG) is studied, characterized by low phonon energy, wide transmission window, high thermal stability, and good chemical and mechanical properties. The master’s project explores its thermal, optical and structural properties with the aim of developing a new optical fiber for infrared applications. The first part of this master’s thesis determines an optimal glass composition. The transmission window is maximized, the thermal stability is high, and the composition must support purification. Among the various compositions, the composition 40GeO₂ - 20Ga₂O₃ - 40BaO was selected to carry out the study of bismuth and thulium doping. The second part studies 40GeO₂ - 20Ga₂O₃ - 40BaO glass as a host matrix for the doping of these two ions. Doping with bismuth exhibits a remarkably wide photoluminescence band in the spectral range of 1000-1600 nm. XPS analysis shows that the Bi³⁺ is responsible for this issue. Finally, the first optical fiber tests carried out with samples of BGG show its potential for the manufacture of optical fibers.
Audry, Stéphane. "Bilan géochimique du transport des éléments traces métalliques dans le système fluvial anthropisé Lot-Garonne-Gironde." Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12703.
Full textThe Lot-Garonne-Gironde fluvial system is affected by heavy metal pollution resulting from acid mine drainage from the Riou-Mort River, a tributary of the Lot River. Based on a 10-year data set of monthly Cd concentrations, an empiric model for estimation of Cd fluxes to the Gironde estuary is proposed. We calculated the Riou-Mort contributes up to 47 % (Cd), 20 % (Zn), 4 % (Cu) et 9 % (Pb) of the gross input of the Garonne River into the Gironde estuary. This study showed the oxydation of the mining waste sulfides is responsible for the high dissolved heavy metal concentrations found in the Riou-Mort. These concentrations are 400 (Zn) and 1200 (Cd) times higher than that of the Lot River upstream the pollution. Selective extractions showed that the particulate heavy metal speciation is dominated by the residual fraction, except for Cd, Zn and Mn which are mainly associated with the "exchangeable" fraction and thus show the highest mobilization potentiality. In the Lot and Garonne Rivers, Cd and Zn are less mobilizable as mainly associated with organic matter/sulfides and carbonates. The study of the early diagenesis processes in dam lake sediments showed that organic matter oxidation is mainly conducted by 'secondary' oxidants (nitrate, Mn and Fe oxides and sulfate). Nevertheless, we show that early diagenesis processes did not change significantly the sedimentary record of the heavy metal pollution. The particulate heavy metal concentration profiles, coupled with 137Cs geochronology, permit to follow the main changes of the industrial activity responsible for the heavy metal pollution. The present day heavy metal stock in the Lot River sediment were estimated: ~10,000 t of Zn, ~1,000 t of Pb, and ~300 t of Cu. Finally, we propose natural background values for heavy metal in the Lot-Garonne watershed (mg. Kg-1) : 57 (V), 54 (Cr), 8,6 (Co), 19 (Ni), 17 (Cu), 81 (Zn), 0,56 (Cd), 31 (Pb), 10 (Th) et 2 (U)
Gounou, Catherine. "Mobilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les sédiments : couplage et comparaison des approches chimique et microbiologique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0074/document.
Full textAntropic activities lead to the metallic contamination of river sediments. Most of trace metals are sorbed on sediments but a part of them can be released into aquatic environment when environmental conditions are modified. This is often due by the autochthonous microbial activity. Microbial activites and their consequences on the mobility of metals have been widely studied in soils. Metals are released through direct or indirect microbial mechanisms. Such studies in the case of sediments are very seldom. However, it can be usefull to understand the microbial mechanisms of metal release in sediments, and particularly for a good management of dredged sediments. In this environmental framework, the aim of this research work was to understand and to evaluate the role of the microbial and chemical mechanisms in the release of metals from river sediments in anaerobic conditions. Firstly, sediments from the Marne and Seine rivers were incubated in anaerobic conditions. A high solubilisation of iron and manganese occurred associated to the solubilisation of trace metals (Co, Cu, Ni, Pb). Meanwhile, organic acids were produced and the medium was acidified. Thus fermentation was supposed to be the main process of microbial metabolism. Furthermore these observations led us to suppose the presence of iron-reducing bacteria. In a second step, the extent of the iron-reducing activity was studied. The main iron-reducing bacteria identified in the Marne sediments belonged to the species Clostridium butyricum and Paenibacillus polymyxa. The use of a geochemical model revealed that fermentation and reduction of iron(III) were the main metabolic pathways. Finally direct (enzymatic reduction) and indirect (complexation with organic acids, acidification) impacts of iron-reducing bacteria on the release of metals were compared. Acidification and organic acids had a weak impact on metal solubility in the range of studied pH (between 6,5 and 5). Enzymatic reduction is the main mechanisms of metal release in anaerobic conditions. Indeed the metallic concentrations can be 40 times higher in the presence of iron-reducing bacteria
Levard, Clément. "Nanoparticules naturelles : imogolites et allophanes. Structure, mécanismes de croissance et capacité de rétention des éléments traces métalliques." Phd thesis, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00368753.
Full textDans un premier temps, une étude sur des composés synthétiques analogues aux aluminosilicates a permis d'approfondir nos connaissances sur la structure et les mécanismes de formation des imogolites et allophanes. La synthèse de nanotubes de type imogolite (Si-imogolite et Ge-imogolite) a pu être optimisée ouvrant ainsi les portes à de potentielles applications industrielles. Enfin, notre étude a permis de mettre en avant le rôle important des nanoparticules naturelles sur la dynamique du Ni dans un andosol de la Réunion. Ainsi, près de 80% du Ni est lié aux aluminosilicates structurés à courte distance.
Monnin, Lucie. "Changement de spéciation des éléments traces métalliques lors de la remise en suspension de sédiments de barrages." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0168/document.
Full textThe resuspension of the contaminated sediments may promote the remobilization of trace metals to the dissolved phase, threatening the water quality. The dam reservoirs sometimes need to be fully drawn down and being able to anticipate the release of the contaminants is essential to improve the management of reservoirs and assess the risk of water quality degradation. Surface sediments were collected in three contaminated dam reservoirs and aliquots of wet sediments were resuspended for a week in a reactor. The pH and the redox potential were continuously measured, dissolved samples were collected and the evolution of dissolved trace elements concentrations were measured. Depending on the elements, different temporal trends can be highlighted during the resuspension experiments. These evolutions were reproducible, regardless of the mass of sediment used from 2 to 9 g/L. 1) Cd, Cr and Zn were not released; 2) Mn, Fe, Co, Pb and As for two reservoirs, increased and then decreased during the experiments and were regulated by the Fe- and Mn-oxyhydroxides and the redox potential; 3) Al, Mo, or As for one reservoir, were still increasing at the end of the experiments, showing slower release processes and the stabilization of these elements under dissolved forms. For theses three reservoirs, As showed the greatest and the most prolonged release during resuspension. The experimental trends of dissolved metals were used in the firts calibration steps of a new chemical speciation model developped by EDF, which takes several kinetic rates into account for the exchange reactions of dissolved metal between water and three types of solid phases
Foulon, Julie. "Impact du phytomanagement de sites pollués par les éléments traces métalliques sur les micro-organismes du sol." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2090.
Full textAnthropogenic activities can cause dramatic changes in ecosystem structures and their ecological services. Phytomanagement based on the use of woody species can contribute to soil and microbial diversity restoration, while allowing the production of biomass of interest. As part of PROLIPHYT (2013-2018, ADEME), BIOFILTREE (2010-2014, ANR) and PHYTOPOP (2007-2011, ANR) projects, managed by the Chrono-environment laboratory, phytomanagement plots were installed on trace elements (TE) polluted sites to determine the growth potential of woody species and the recovery methods of biomass produced. In my PhD project, different approaches have been implemented to identify and characterize microorganisms subservient to implanted woody plants, with the aim of producing microbial resources to improve the recovery and growth of trees on polluted soil. The first approach was to study microbial communities in association with woody species by innovative high throughput sequencing approach associated with the physical and chemical analysis of soils. This method was developed and tested on three experimental sites contaminated by TE. It revealed changes in the structure and composition of microbial communities due to the nature of the vegetation cover and the soil characteristics (Zappelini et al., 2015; Foulon et al., 2016a; b). The second approach was to isolate and characterize mycorrhizal fungi and endophytes associated with poplars (Berthelot et al., 2016; Lacercat-Didier et al., 2016). These fungi are known to promote the growth of the plants they colonize but also to increase their TE tolerance. Several sampling campaigns of roots and sporocarps on different polluted sites have allowed the isolation of fungal strains tolerant to TE (like Serendipita vermifera) and enhancing growth (Phialophora sp. and Leptodontidium sp.). In a third approach, the mechanisms involved in TE resistance were studied i) in Paxillus involutus for Hg (Foulon et al. In prep) ii) by functional metatranscriptomics for Zn and Cd (Lehembre et al., 2013). In conclusion, this work allowed to i) improve our understanding of the impact of a woody cover on the structure and composition of microbial communities, and on the understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved ii) to constitute a collection of fungal strains that will be of great interest for future phytomanagement projects
Louriño, Cabana Beatriz. "Comportement des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) dans deux systèmes aquatiques soumis à des activités minières et métallurgiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10033/document.
Full textTrace-metals behaviour had been studied in two different aquatic systems contaminated by mining and metallurgical activities. The first study site is situated in two Norwegian rivers (Raubekken and Vorma). Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations in both rivers were measured by voltammetry by means of an automatic monitoring system developed by the NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology). The most significant result of this study was the daily variability of these three metals in Vorma, with noticeable shifts of metal-content maxima detected. The second study site is situated in Deûle river, close to the ancient smelter Metaleurop. Although suspended particles and sediments were strongly contaminated by Pb, Zn and Cd, the global quality of the filtered water was found to be good. As for the water-sediment interface, the oxidation of biodegradable organic matter and the reduction of iron and manganese oxides result in an important release of trace metals in interstitial waters from surface sediments. Nevertheless, measured and calculated diffusive and benthic fluxes of trace metals from the sediment to the water column were weak with respect to daily metal-concentrations variations in the water column. During monitoring campaigns in winter, it was shown that an increase of dissolved zinc occurred in the water column a few hours after sediment resuspension events, whereas in spring this phenomenon is more dependent upon temperature variations between day and night and phytoplankton activity as key parameters of daily cycles
Abed, Charline. "Spongiaires Irciniidae de Méditerranée : chimiotaxonomie, métabolites volatils et bio-indicateurs de pollution par les éléments traces métalliques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22107/document.
Full textThe Irciniidae marine sponges from the Mediterranean Sea: secondary metabolism, volatile compounds and potential bio-indicators of a heavy metal pollutionMarine sponges of the Irciniidae family (I. oros, I. variabilis, I. dendroides, S. spinosulus and S. foetidus) collected during the french ANR program ECIMAR from eight different areas over the Mediterranean Sea: Gibraltar Straits (Ceuta - Spain), North Western basin (Costa Blanca and Estartit – Spain and Banyuls, Marseille and Corsica Island - France, and Monaco) and Eastern basin (Crete - Greece and Lebanon) were studied.We used first a chemotaxonomical approach based on 1H NMR chemical fingerprints and multivariate analysis to better characterize the species. Systematic of the Irciniidae family is still unclear, notably the status of Sarcotragus is viewed as uncertain and the distinction of some Ircinia species remains difficult. To clarify this biological classification disorder, we used a chemosystematics strategy. In the present study, we showed that Ircinia and Sarcotragus genera are chemically characterized by chemotaxonomic markers belonging to furanoterpenes and prenylated hydroquinones families respectively. We report also a comparative GC-MS analysis of the volatile components of S. spinolusus, I. oros, I. variabilis and I. dendroides using static headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). Sponges of the genus Ircinia were described to exude low-molecular-weight volatile compounds (e.g., dimethyl sulfide, methyl isocyanide, methyl isothiocyanate) that give these sponges a characteristic strong and unpleasant odor. To date, the volatile constituents of sponges of the genus Sarcotragus have not been studied, though their odor is no lighter than the associated genus Ircinia from the same family. The impact of different parameters (e.g., sample weight, fiber coating, extraction time and temperature) was evaluated to determine the best conditions of analysis. The types of compounds identified include alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes, ketones, furans, and sulfides probably produced from bacterial degradation of naturally occurring terpenoids. Finally, we performed a comparative study on metal bioaccumulation by I. oros, I. variabilis, and S. spinosulus to select the most suitable species for metal monitoring. Contamination by heavy metals has increased drastically in the coastal Mediterranean during the last 20 years. Arsenic, chromium, copper, iron and lead bioaccumulation were shown to fit an accumulation strategy, while cadmium seemed to be bio-regulated
Hamzeh, Mariam. "Dynamique, comportement et toxicité des éléments traces métalliques à l’interface eau-sédiment dans l’estuaire de la Seine." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10056/document.
Full textThe present work is a part of TOXSEINE project included in “Seine-aval IV Program”. The main focal points of the research are: study of the behavior and the toxicity of trace metals at water-sediment interface of the Seine estuary. Our work is conducted on different sites along the estuary reaching the mudflat of the river. The following study has revealed high levels of metal contamination in Seine sediment especially with Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn particularly in the upstream river. Other part of the work is devoted for the study of the disponibility and toxicity of metals by calculation of toxicity index and the use of bioessay (Microtox test). The accumulated trace metals in sediment represent a source of pollution and a potential threat to aquatic ecosystem especially during their release due to sediment resuspension caused by tide effect, traffic boat and dredging activities. For these reasons, the mobility of ETM is studied taking into consideration: adsorption phenomena, desorption, kinetics of metal release. The results have indicated an important lability of metals (Cd, Pb, Cu) and positive correlation between the chemical contamination and the biological response
Schwager-Guilloux, Julie. "Les toitures végétalisées, puits et sources d’éléments en traces métalliques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0073/document.
Full textDespite the presence of a soil and plants, green roof impact on water quality has proven to be mixed, mainly because there are not designed to purify rainwater. To make suggestions for green roofs suitable for water treatment, it is important to better understand pollutant fluxes in these structures. Dedicated to metals, this thesis is based on two complementary steps : - the study of six green roofs built in 2010 (Nancy, France), thanks to rain and roof waters, plants and materials samplings. - a laboratory characterization of these materials via microscopic scale observations, sorption and lixiviation tests. Material characteristics are mostly favorable to metal storing but several of them have been identified as sources of metals via leaching of fine particles or lixiviation of available ions. Even if they have no specific ability to store metals, plants can have direct and indirect impacts on metal retention. Several technical suggestions are drawn from these scientific results
Joubert, Antoine. "Etude de l’effet de facteurs environnementaux sur les processus biogéochimiques de mobilisation du Pb, Zn, Cd, As et Hg dans les sols : Modélisation empirique de la mobilité et phytodisponibilité des ETM." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10019/document.
Full textPollution induced by trace elements in soils is a major environmental problem because, compared to atmospheric and water pollution, the soil environment is much less resilient. Few studies have been conducted on the effect of environmental factors on trace elements mobility. The different empirical models expressing trace elements solubility and distribution coefficient in soils don’t take into account the effect of these factors. The thesis study the effect of global-change-sensitive factors on Cd, Pb, Zn, As and Hg mobility in soils, using a 24-1 fractional factorial design. Eleven soil samples representative of the 3 industrial and agricultural studied sites of the Meuse and Ebro basins have been studied in the framework of the European AQUATERRA project. As behaviour is not significatively linked to intrinsic nature of soil samples but to the temperature increase and to an anaerobic condition. These factors stimulate microbial activities involved in As solubilisation processes such as microbial dissolutive reduction of Fe oxyhydroxydes and As(V) reduction. The strong influence of microbial activity allow to model As mobility as a function of environmental factors for the whole 11 soil samples. On the contrary, Cd, Pb and above all Zn behaviour, are correlated very significatively to the nature of soil samples like soil pH. Finally, Cd, Pb, Zn and As phytoavailability have been assessed thanks to a compartment system and modelled empirically which aims to better estimate of soil-plant transfer processes
Gandois, Laure. "Dynamique et bilan des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) dans des écosystèmes forestiers français : modélisation, spéciation et charges critiques." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/810/.
Full textTrace Metals (TM: Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn) are dispersed in the atmosphere due to both natural and anthropogenic processes. Forest ecosystems can receive atmospheric inputs, even if they are located far from direct emission sources. In fact, forest ecosystems are particularly sensitive to atmospheric inputs since forest cover can interact with atmospheric pollution. Forest ecosystems are protected from TM atmospheric inputs through the definition of Critical Loads. TM impact on forest ecosystem is linked to their dynamic at the atmosphere/vegetation and soil/solution interfaces. Indeed, forest cover modifies atmospheric inputs. Moreover, it is through soil solution that TM are available to the biosphere and can reach ground and surface waters. During this work, TM content and speciation were determined in diverse compartments of the ecosystem (open field precipitation, throughfall, soil, soil solution and vegetation) on six forested catchments. TM partitioning between total and extractable content and soil solution, was studied in relation with soil parameters. PH was the most significant parameter for most TM extractability and solubility prediction. Cu and Pb solubility was also greatly influenced by complexation with organic colloids. Atmospheric inputs are moderate and regional differences reveal a stronger atmospheric influence on the North-East of France. Forest cover greatly modifies atmospheric inputs. Some fluxes (Cd, Ni, Cu and Zn) are reduced because of direct assimilation by forest canopy. Other fluxes (Pb, Cr and Sb) are increased following dry deposition accumulation on forest canopy. Elemental budget at the plot scale depend on soil type, TM solubility in soil solution and TM mobility in trees. Critical limits and loads have been evaluated and comparison with current soil solution concentration and atmospheric inputs revealed no exceedance
Truphéme-Maisonnave, Virginie. "Caractérisation des éléments traces métalliques dans les amendements et dans les complexes amendements-sols et étude des transferts." Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT015C.
Full textOzaki, Shinji. "Biodiversité et fonctionnement des réseaux trophiques terrestres : application aux transferts d’éléments traces métalliques." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCD018.
Full textEffects of biodiversity on zoonotic disease transmission is one of the currently hot scientific topics about the functional roles of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning and services. High diversity in host community can increase (amplification effect) or reduce (dilution effect) the transmission of pathogens, due to context-dependent differences in life history traits between hosts. Trace metals (TMs) circulate from resources to consumers via trophic links. Given the variety of life history traits within resources, it is hypothesized that their diversity would play functional roles on the transfer of TMs to consumers. The aim of this work was to test this hypothesis and to determine the underlying mechanisms, using the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) as a model consumer. Sampling was undertaken around the former smelter Metaleurop Nord in Northern France where soils were contaminated by cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn).Analyses about mice resources’ distribution in the field (plants and invertebrates) showed that diversity was not, or slightly positively, correlated with soil TM contamination levels. Community composition of resources was also slightly modified according to soil physico-chemical properties including TM concentrations. Diversity and composition of invertebrate communities were more influenced by diversity of plants than by soil physico-chemical properties.Plant richness in the diet was positively correlated to plant richness in the field in autumn, but not in spring. The seasonal pattern was opposite for invertebrates. Some plant resources, such as Salicaceae, Sapindaceae or Adoxaceae families, were preferred by mice but with seasonal differences. Soil TM contamination reduced mice preference for Salicaceae plants in spring and also modified relationships between richness in the field and diet richness at both seasons.The type of food items consumed by mice affected their trophic exposure to TMs. Consumption of Salicaceae resources, known as TM accumulator plants, increased exposure to Cd and Zn. However, high exposure to Cd induced by Salicaceae was dampened when a large number of other resources were consumed.Concentrations of TMs in plant leaves increased along the gradient of soil TM concentrations in both Salicaceae and Sapindaceae, and concentrations of Cd and Zn in leaves were higher in Salicaceae than in Sapindaceae. Higher bioconcentration factor was observed for Cd in leaves of Salicaceae than in those of Sapindaceae. No change in bioconcentration factor was observed in relation to biodiversity.We finally demonstrated that oral exposure to Pb and accumulation of Cd in the liver and in kidneys of mice decreased along the gradient of plant richness in the field, suggesting a dilution effect. Occurrence of some resources in the field, such as Adoxaceae, Cornacae or Salicaceae families, reduced exposure to TMs, whereas occurrence of Asteraceae family increased accumulation of TMs. Occurrence of these resources was related to the gradient of plant richness.To sum up, we showed that transfer of TMs from soils to mice was controlled by a complex combination of environmental and biological factors, including soil TM contamination, life history traits of resources, and feeding behavior of wood mice. In most cases, these factors were related to biodiversity. A dilution of TMs transfer to wood mice by a high resource diversity has been shown. This work paves the way for nature-based solutions for the control of metal pollution impacts on wildlife
El, Houssainy Amonda. "Apports de géochimie sédimentaire des éléments traces métalliques dans deux zones côtières méditerranéennes urbanisées : Beyrouth (Liban) et Toulon (France)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOUL0011.
Full textMediterranean Sea (MS) is a semi-enclosed sea divided into two basins: the Occidental and the Oriental basins. The two studied Mediterranean sites in this thesis are located respectively at N-W of MS and S-E of France for Toulon Bay and at E of MS, Lebanon for St-Georges Bay. They both host high population density especially along the coast and therefore exposed to numerous anthropogenic activities (e.g. tourism, marine transport, aquaculture, wastewater discharge, and industrial activities) contaminating the surrounding environment (water column, sediment, biota …) with different contaminants such as trace metals (TM). In addition, each site is characterized by the presence of an urbanized river: le Las (France) and Beirut River (Lebanon). Sediments are considered as a secondary source of contamination due to biogeochemical processes influencing TM mobility in the sediments. In this context, the objectives of this thesis are (1) to investigate TM contamination along the rivers and in bays; (2) to elucidate the influence of early diagenesis on TM mobility; and (3) to characterize organic matter at both sites. For all the above, superficial sediments, sediment cores, superficial waters and pore waters were collected along the two rivers and at both sites during the period 2016-2018. Sediments and waters samples were analyzed for main physical parameters, nutrients, organic carbon (dissolved and particulate) and major/ trace elements. Results showed that early diagenesis processes strongly control TM mobility in the sediments. In addition, the results confirmed that Toulon bay is strongly contaminated due to the 2nd World War and the present bay activities. The Las River inputs do not contribute and affect significantly the sediments of Toulon Bay. As for St-Georges Bay, we found that it has been impacted by several activities (industrial effluents discharged without treatment, runoff from agricultural zone) transported by Beirut River and/or by direct inputs (coastal landfill)
Raous, Sophie. "Dynamique du nickel et d’autres éléments en traces métalliques (Co, Cr, Cu et Mn) dans des matériaux miniers ultramafiques." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL004N/document.
Full textA way to ensure physical and chemical stability of mining spoils heaps from nickeliferous laterites is to revegetate them using the native vegetation of the ultramafic soils. The aim of this work was to study the geochemical reactivity of nickeliferous mining spoils of Niquelândia and Barro Alto complexes (Goiás) for the further application of such a revegetation process. Mineralogy and reactivity of TME bearing phases in the spoils were determined. The influence of transport and percolating solution composition on the Ni mobilisation were then studied using saturated and unsaturated column experiments. Finally, the comparison of the composition of solution circulating in natural ultramafic soils with those circulating in experimental plots composed of typical mining ores allowed us to have a first evaluation of the adaptability of natural vegetation to spoils. Two main phases are present in the spoils: a garnieritic spoil, mainly composed of ferruginous smectites enriched in exchangeable Ni (1230 mg kg-1); and a limonitic spoil, mainly composed of goethite with little mobile Ni but very high exchangeable Cr(VI) contents (980 mg kg-1) located as outer sphere complexes at the goethite surface. Synthetic goethite and purified smectite served as model phases to refine the characterisation of main reactive mechanisms implied in Ni mobilisation (PHREEQC modelling). Besides outer (smectite, garnierite) and inner (goethite, limonite) sphere complexation reactions, we showed that the dissolution of mineral phases (phylosilicates, goethite and manganese oxides) and the adsorption of metal-citrate or metal-EDTA complexes do have an important role in the composition of the solution circulating in the spoils
Brin, Marie-Ève. "Étude de la biodisponibilité des contaminants (éléments traces métalliques et phosphore) contenus dans les sédiments du lac Saint-Augustin (Québec)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24341/24341.pdf.
Full textAffholder, Marie-cecile. "Approche des mécanismes de tolérance du romarin aux éléments traces métalliques et métalloïdes : perspectives pour une phytostabilisation des sols méditerranéens pollués." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4730/document.
Full textPast industrial activities, particularly metallurgical one, have current environmental consequences. As an example, the former lead smelter from l'Escalette (South-East Marseille, France) in the National Park of Calanques lead to an important environmental pollution of its surroundings. Thus, more than 80 years after its activity ceased, a trace metal and metalloide (TMM) diffuse pollution is still present. This PhD study aimed to contribute to the assessment of the diffuse contamination levels by TMM of the Calanque's soils around the former lead smelting factory. Aiming at identifying an adapted solution of ecological restoration of the areas with diffuse pollution located in the National Park of Calanques. Accumulation abilities and tolerance mechanisms of a native plant species, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), were studied. In order to achieve this, in situ and ex situ assays were performed. TMM concentrations in rosemary organs (leaves, stems, roots) and some stress phytometabolites were assessed. Moreover, the role of mycorrhizal symbioses in rosemary tolerance was evaluated