Relevant bibliographies by topics / PBI

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'PBI'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "PBI"

1

Ling, Cheng, Miao, Zhang, Zhang, and Zhu. "Synthesis and Photocontrolled Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Azobenzene-Functionalized Perylene Bisimide Derivatives." Polymers 11, no. 7 (2019): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11071143.

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Azobenzene (Azo) units were successfully introduced into perylene bisimide (PBI) structures in order to realize the photocontrolling of the morphology of the supramolecular assembly of PBI by a photoisomerization process. A total of three Azo-functionalized perylene bisimide derivatives (PBI1, PBI2, and PBI3) with different alkyl chain lengths were designed and synthesized by imidization of 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride with the corresponding amines. The structures of these compounds were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The photoisomerization behaviors of Azo units in PBIs were investigated using ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) absorption spectroscopy, which were obviously effected by solvents and the alkyl chain length. Furthermore, the photoisomerization of Azo units has the obviously regulatory effect on the morphology of supramolecular assembly of PBIs, especially for the medium-length alkyl chain-linked Azo-functionalized PBI derivative (PBI2). This research realized the photocontrolling of the morphology of the supramolecular assembly of PBI derivatives by photoisomerization of Azo units.
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Adedayo, Sosina. "Need Assessment of Farmers in Crop-Livestock Production Systems in Ido Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria." International Journal of Agricultural Extension 7, no. 2 (2019): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/ijae.007.02.2730.

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Agricultural projects and programmes funded by governments and donor agencies often failed to achieve the desired set objective(s) at the system levels. The study tries to assess the existing production practices with a view of coming up with a consensus farmer need in a crop-livestock production system at Ido Local Government Area (LGA). The study used a three-stage-sampling technique to elicit information from 225 respondents. Ido Local Government Area was purposively selected for the study. Three cells were randomly selected for the research, three villages were randomly selected in each cell and twenty-five farmers were selected using the snowball selection technique. The data obtained from the Participatory Rural Appraisal were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The pairwise ranking tool helped in determining the importance of the identified problems from the FGD in the study area. The researcher identified the following problems (Pb) from the focus group discussion; inadequate capital for livestock production (Pb1), poor housing for livestock (Pb2), inadequate nutrition for livestock (Pb3), diseases of crops (Pb4), livestock and predatory attack on crops (Pb5). The pairwise comparison of percentage of Pb1 versus (vs) Pb2 was 80/20%, Pb1 vs Pb3 was 68/32%, Pb1 vs Pb4 was 80/20%, Pb1 vs Pb5 was 12/88%, Pb2 vs Pb3 was 68/32%, Pb2 vs Pb4 was 20/80%, Pb2 vs Pb5 was 20/80%, Pb3 vs Pb4 was 32/68%, Pb3 vs Pb5 was 20/80%, vs Pb4 vs Pb5 was 20/80% respectively. The ultimate farmers’ problem in crop-livestock production systems (CLPS) that needs immediate intervention and technical assistance was inadequate capital as perceived from the responses of the farmers.
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Mendoza-Wilson, Ana María, and René Renato Balandrán-Quintana. "Effect of Constituent Units, Type of Interflavan Bond, and Conformation on the Antioxidant Properties of Procyanidin Dimers: A Computational Outlook." Journal of Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3535148.

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Procyanidin (PC) dimers are powerful antioxidants, abundant in plant tissues, and also bioavailable. However, the role of the molecular structure of PCs on their antioxidant properties is still a controversial and not fully understood issue that needs to be addressed in a more specific way. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of the constituent units, type of interflavan bond, and conformation on the antioxidant properties of PC dimers including PB3, PB4, PB5, PB6, PB7, and PB8, using the density functional theory (DFT) computational method. The analysis was performed in function of parameters that allow determining the ability of the molecules to transfer or to capture electrons, among which the chemical potential, bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE), gap energy, Fukui indices, and charge distribution of HOMO-LUMO orbitals. The factors that showed the most notable effects on the antioxidant properties of the PC dimers were the type of interflavan bond and the conformation. The antioxidant ability of the dimers PB3 and PB4 containing the interflavan bond C4–C8, in their Compact conformation, was very similar to each other but greater than those of dimers PB5, PB6, PB7, and PB8 containing the C4–C6 interflavan bond. PB8 showed the lowest antioxidant ability.
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Zhao, Zhen, Zhi Li, Qi Wang, and Ji-Long Qi. "First-principles study on the structures and electronic properties of the PbnI and PbnI2 (n = 1–6) clusters." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 23 (2018): 1850259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218502594.

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To investigate the configurations and the electrical performance of the Pb–I films, the geometries and electronic properties of the Pb[Formula: see text]I and Pb[Formula: see text]I2 (n = 1–6) clusters are calculated by density functional theory at the GGA/PBE functional. The results reveal that I atoms prefer to occupy the symmetrical positions which are far from the centers of the Pb[Formula: see text] clusters. The Pb2I2 clusters are more structurally stable than the neighbors by the average binding energy. The PbI, Pb3I, PbI2, Pb4I2 and Pb6I2 clusters are more dynamically stable than their neighbors by the HOMO–LUMO gaps. The adsorption capacity of an I atom on the Pb2 cluster is the strongest compared to those of the other Pb[Formula: see text] (n = 1–6) clusters. NBO analysis reveals that the 5p orbital of I atoms in the Pb–I clusters acquires more electrons than the 5s orbital loses.
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Burkitt, L. L., P. W. G. Sale, and C. J. P. Gourley. "Soil phosphorus buffering measures should not be adjusted for current phosphorus fertility." Soil Research 46, no. 8 (2008): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr06126.

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Soil phosphorus (P) sorption is an important and relatively stable soil property which dictates the equilibrium between sorbed and solution P. Soil P sorption measures are commonly adjusted for the effect of current P fertility on the amount of P a soil sorbs. In the case of highly fertilised agricultural soils, however, this adjustment is likely to be inappropriate as it may mask changes in a soil’s capacity to sorb P, which could affect future P fertiliser applications. A study was undertaken to compare adjusted or unadjusted methods of measuring P sorption using 9 pasture soils sampled from southern Victoria which had previously received P fertiliser and lime. The P sorption assessment methods included: P sorption isotherms, P-buffering capacity (PBC) measures (slope between equilibrium P concentration of 0.25 and 0.35 mg P/L), and single-point P-buffering indices (PBI), with methods either adjusted or unadjusted for current P fertility. A single application of 280 kg P/ha, 6 months before sampling, resulted in a general negative displacement of unadjusted P sorption isotherm curves, indicating reduced P sorption on 8 of the 9 soils. Adding the Colwell extractable P concentration to the amount of P sorbed before calculating the slope (PBC+ColP), tended to negate this fertiliser effect and, in 2 of the 9 soils, resulted in a significant increase in PBC+ColP values. Increasing rates of P fertiliser application (up to 280 kg P/ha) resulted in a consistent trend to decreasing PBI values (unadjusted for Colwell P), which was significant at 4 of the 9 sites after 6 months. However, only minimal changes in PBI values were determined when PBI was adjusted for current P fertility (PBI+ColP). Phosphorus sorption properties appeared reasonably stable over time, although 2 soils, both Ferrosols, indicated significant linear increases in PBI values when these sites remained unfertilised for 30 months. Lime significantly increased both PBI and PBI+ColP values at all sites 6 months after application, but the effect generally diminished after 30 months, suggesting PBI measurements should not be taken immediately after liming. These results demonstrate that unadjusted measures of P sorption are more likely to accurately reflect changes in soil P sorption capacity following P fertiliser applications and suggest that the unadjusted PBI be used in commercial soil testing rather that the currently adjusted PBI+ColP.
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Sosina, A. O., and O. J. Babayemi. "Assessment of farmers' needs in Ibarapa East Local Government area of Oyo State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 5 (2020): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i5.1352.

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Government and non-government organizations (NGOs) interventions to local farmers in the recent past had not yielded the desired result because these interventions were not tailored towards the needs of farmers. However, most information on the needs of target farmers have been very scanty thus, the need to use a bottom top approach to assess farmers' needs in Ibarapa East, Oyo state. A three-stage sampling technique was used to purposively select about 225 respondents. Parameters measured were household characteristics, farm sizes, farm labor availability, seasonal pattern and need to be assessed using a participatory rural appraisal approach comprising of focus group discussion (FGD) and structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed descriptively and the need assessed using the pair-wise ranking and simple matrix. Of challenges listed in FDG among crop-livestock farmers, only five (5) were prioritized as follows; wastage of agricultural products (Pb1), bad road network (Pb2), high cost of agricultural inputs (Pb3), lack of potable water (Pb4) and animal invasion (Pb5). The pairwise comparison of the percentage of Pb1 versus (vs.) Pb2 was 80/20%, Pb1 vs. Pb3 was 90/10%, Pb1 vs. Pb4 was 70/30%, Pb1 vs. Pb5 was 20/80%, Pb2 vs. Pb3 was 70/30%, Pb2 vs Pb4 was 30/70%, Pb2 vs. Pb5 was 10/90%, Pb3 vs. Pb4 was 20/80%, Pb3 vs. Pb5 was 10/90%, vs. Pb4 vs Pb5 was 30/70%, respectively. There were proffered solutions to the problem(s) itemized by the FGD. The animal invasion was ranked highest as farmers' need assessed for possible intervention in Ibarapa East. Governments and NGO funds should be addressing animal invasion for desirable project impact assessment. Les interventions des gouvernements et des organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) auprès des agriculteurs locaux dans un passé récent n'avaient pas donné le résultat souhaité car ces interventions n'étaient pas adaptées aux besoins des agriculteurs. Cependant, la plupart des informations sur les besoins des agriculteurs cibles ont été très rares, ce qui nécessite d'utiliser une approche ascendante pour évaluer les besoins des agriculteurs de l'est d'Ibarapa, dans l'État d'Oyo. Une technique d'échantillonnage en trois étapes a été utilisée pour sélectionner environ 225 répondants. Les paramètres mesurés étaient les caractéristiques des ménages, la taille des exploitations, la disponibilité de la main-d'oeuvre agricole, le profil saisonnier. Ils doivent être évalués à l'aide d'une approche d'évaluation rurale participative comprenant des discussions de groupe et un questionnaire structuré. Les données ont été analysées de manière descriptive et le besoin évalué en utilisant le classement par paires et une matrice simple. Parmi les défis énumérés dans le 'FDG' chez les agriculteurs et les éleveurs, seuls cinq (5) ont été classés comme suit; gaspillage des produits agricoles (le 'Pb' 1), mauvais réseau routier (le 'Pb' 2), coût élevé des intrants agricoles (le 'Pb' 3), manque d'eau potable (le 'Pb' 4) et invasion animale (le 'Pb' 5). La comparaison par paire du pourcentage de 'Pb' 1 versus (vs) 'Pb' 2 était de 80/20%, Pb1 vs Pb3 était de 90/10%, Pb1 vs Pb4 était de 70/30%, Pb1 vs Pb5 était de 20/80% Pb2 vs Pb3 était de 70/30%, le 'Pb' 2 vs le 'Pb4' était de 30/70%, le 'Pb' 2 vs le 'Pb' 5 était de 10/90%, le 'Pb' 3 vs. le 'Pb' 4 était de 20/80%, le 'Pb' 3 vs. le 'Pb' 5 etaient 10/90%,vs le 'Pb' 4 vs le 'Pb'5 était respectivement de 30/70%. Des solutions ont été proposées au (x) problème (s) détaillé (s) par le FGD. L'invasion animale a été classée au premier rang des besoins des agriculteurs évalués pour une éventuelle intervention à l'Estd'Ibarapa. Les gouvernements et les fonds d'ONG devraient s'attaquer à l'invasion animale pour une évaluation de l'impact souhaitable du projet.
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Hendrie, Colin A., Katja S. Van Driel, Janet C. Talling, and Ian R. Inglis. "PBI creams." Physiology & Behavior 74, no. 4-5 (2001): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00604-7.

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Nabiilah, Laila, Elvinawati, and I Nyoman Candra. "Model PBI." ALOTROP 7, no. 2 (2023): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/alo.v7i2.31153.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penerapan model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) terhadap kemampuan analisis siswa pada materi larutan penyangga. Penelitian dilakukan di SMAN 4 Kota Bengkulu dengan sampel kelas XI IPA 3 yang berjumlah sebanyak 36 orang siswa
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Petross, Chisomo, Shannon McMahon, Julia Lohmann, Rachel P. Chase, Adamson S. Muula, and Manuela De Allegri. "Intended and unintended effects: community perspectives on a performance-based financing programme in Malawi." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 4 (2020): e001894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001894.

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BackgroundSeveral performance-based financing (PBF) evaluations have been undertaken in low-income countries, yet few have examined community perspectives of care amid PBF programme implementation. We assessed community members’ perspectives of Support for Service Delivery Integration - Performance-Based Incentives (‘SSDI-PBI’), a PBF intervention in Malawi, and explored some of the unintended effects that emerged amid implementation.MethodsWe conducted 30 focus group discussions: 17 with community leaders and 13 with mothers within catchment areas of SSDI-PBI implementing facilities. We analysed data using the framework approach.ResultsCommunity leaders and women had mixed impressions regarding the effect of SSDI-PBI on service delivery in facilities. They highlighted several improvements (including improved dialogue between staff and community, and cleaner, better-equipped facilities with enhanced privacy), but also persisting challenges (including inadequate and overworked staff, overcrowded facilities and long distances to facilities) related to services in SSDI-PBI-implementing facilities. Further, respondents described how four targeted service indicators related to maternal risk factor management, antenatal care (ANC) in the first trimester, skilled birth attendance and couple’s HIV testing sparked unintended negative effects as experienced by women and communities. The unintended effects included women returning home for delivery, women feeling uncertain about their pregnancy status, women feeling betrayed or frustrated by the quality of care provided and partnerless women being denied ANC.ConclusionPBF programmes such as SSDI-PBI may improve some aspects of service delivery. However, to achieve system improvement, not only should necessary tools (such as medicines, equipment and human resources) be in place, but also programme priorities must be congruent with cultural expectations. Finally, facilities must be better supported to expect and then address increases in client load and heightened expectations in relation to services.
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Yu, Tzyy-Lung Leon, and Hsiu-Li Lin. "Preparation of PBI/H3PO4-PTFE Composite Membranes for High Temperature Fuel Cells." Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal 3, no. 1 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876973x01003010001.

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The poly(benzimidazole) (PBI)/ poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) composite membrane was prepared by impregnating a porous PTFE thin film in a PBI solution N,N’-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) solution mixed with LiCl. LiCl was used as a stabilizer to avoid aggregations of PBI molecules in the DMAc solutions. In this paper, we report a 2 mg/ml PBI/ DMAc/ LiCl solution with a [LiCl]/[BI] molar ratio of ~8.0 (i.e. the LiCl/PBI is ~ 1.1 in wt ratio, where [BI] is the concentration of benzimidazole repeat unit in the solution) has a lowest PBI polymer aggregations and thus a lowest solutions viscosity. The PBI membrane and PBI/PTFE composite membrane prepared from the PBI/DMAc/LiCl solution with a [LiCl]/[BI] molar ratio of ~8.0 were used to dop H3PO4 and prepare membrane electrode assemblies (MEA). The unit cell performances of these MEAs were carried out at 150oC. Owing to the high mechanical strength of porous PTFE, the thickness of PBI/H3PO4-PTFE composite membrane is allowed to be lower than that of a PBI/H3PO4 membrane. The lower thickness of PBI/H3PO4-PTFE membrane than that of PBI/H3PO4 membrane results in a lower resistance of PBI/H3PO4-PTFE than PBI/H3PO4. Thus the MEA prepared from PBI/H3PO4-PTFE has a better fuel cell performance than that prepared from PBI.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "PBI"

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Cuba, B. Elmer. "Estimación del PBI potencial y de la brecha del PBI: Perú 1970-1995." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117258.

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Lee, Jeong Kyu. "Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Membranes from Polymer Blends." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1134316195.

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Kreisz, Aurélien. "Membranes PBI pour pile à combustible haute température." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT224.

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Cette thèse débute par une courte introduction traitant des principes et de l'état de l'art des PEMFC dans le but de situer le contexte des travaux. Le but des travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit est de développer une nouvelle méthode de préparation de membrane pour les piles à combustible haute température (&gt; 120 °C). Le polybenzimidazole dopé à l'acide phosphorique est devenu la référence des PEM haute température. Un degré de dopage élevé est essentiel pour minimiser les pertes ohmiques dans la cellule. Malheureusement un degré de dopage élevé entraine aussi une plastification de la membrane détériorant aussi sa résistance mécanique. Il est donc essentiel d'atteindre un compromis entre conductivité protonique élevée et résistance mécanique en contrôlant le degré de dopage. Dans ce travail, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode de préparation de membrane, basée sur la gélation thermoréversible d'une solution de PBI dans l'acide phosphorique ou polyphosphorique, dans le but d'obtenir des degrés de dopage élevés. Une modification chimique a été réalisée dans l'état dopé afin d'induire une réticulation du polymère. De plus, les résistances mécaniques ont été améliorées en introduisant dans la membrane un mat de PBI réticulé obtenu par filage électrostatique. La faisabilité des approches suivies dans ces travaux a été démontrée par des tests en cellule de pile à combustible jusqu'à une température de 180 °C. Les AMEs élaborés à partir de ces membranes ont montré une stabilité satisfaisante durant 900 - 1000 heures de fonctionnement sous conditions statiques (opération continue à 0.2 A.cm-2) et sous conditions dynamiques (cyclage en tension et courant) avec une décroissance de la tension de la cellule au cours du temps de 0.7 - 0.8 µV.h-1 à 0.2 A.cm-2. Les caractéristiques I-V de ces AMEs ont été comparées à des assemblages de référence PBI/H3PO4 commerciaux et ont présenté des performances améliorées par rapport aux assemblages commerciaux<br>The thesis begins with a short overview of the principles and the current state at the art of the PEMFC in order to give a background on the specific subject of high temperature PEM fuel cell. The aim of the work presented in this thesis is to develop a new method of preparation of membrane for high temperature fuel cell (T &gt; 120 °C). Phosphoric acid doped PBI has become the reference for high temperature PEM. A high phosphoric acid content is essential to minimize the ohmic voltage loss in the fuel cell for high current density. Unfortunately high phosphoric acid content exerts a strong plasticizing effect resulting in poor mechanical properties of the membrane. Consequently the doping level of the membrane should be a compromise between the highest proton conductivity and mechanical strength. In this work we have presented a new method of preparation of membrane based on the thermoreversible gelation of a PBI solution in phosphoric or polyphosphoric acid in order to obtain high acid doping. The chemical modification of the membrane has been performed in the doped state in order to induce a chemical crosslinking. The mechanical strength of the membrane has been further improved by the introduction of PBI electrospun mat as reinforcement. The feasibility of the approaches followed in this work was demonstrated in fuel cell tests at temperature up to 180 °C. The MEA based on those membranes have shown a stability up to 900 - 1000 hours either under static (continuous operation at 0.2 A.cm-2) or dynamic (voltage and current cycling) operation with a small voltage decay of 0.7 - 0.8 µV.h-1 at 0.2 A.cm-2. The I-V characteristics of these MEA have been compared with reference commercial PBI/H3PO4 MEAs and shown improved performances
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Basdemir, Merve. "Development Of Pbi Based Membranes For H2/co2 Separation." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615473/index.pdf.

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Recent developments have confirmed that in the future hydrogen demand in industrial applications will arise because of the growing requirements for H2 in chemical manufacturing, petroleum refining, and the newly emerging clean energy concepts. Hydrogen is mainly produced from the steam reforming of natural gas and water gas shift reactions. The major products of these processes are hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The selective removal of CO2 from the product gas is important because it poisons catalysts in the reactor and it is highly corrosive. Membrane separation processes for hydrogen purification may be employed as alternative for conventional methods such as adsorption, cryogenic distillation. Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are composed of an insoluble phase dispersed homogeneously in a continuous polymer matrix. They have potential in gas separation applications by combining the advantageous properties of both phases. The objective of this study is to produce neat polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes and PBI based mixed matrix membranes for separation of H2/CO2. Furthermore, to test the gas permeation performance of the prepared membranes at permeation temperatures of 35oC to 90oC. Commercial PBI supplied from both Celanese and FumaTech were used as polymer matrix. PBI was selected based on its thermal, chemical stabilities and mechanical properties and its performance as a fuel-cell membrane produced by PBI. Micro-sized Zeolite 3A and nano-sized SAPO-34 are zeolites with 0.30 nm and 0.38 nm pore size respectively have attracted considerable interest and employed as fillers in this study. Commercial Zeolite 3A and synthesized SAPO-34 by our group was used throughout the study. Membranes were prepared using N,N-dimethylacetamide as the solvent. Prepared membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of annealing procedure and operating temperature on gas separation performance of resultant neat PBI, PBI/Zeolite 3A and PBI/SAPO-34 membranes were investigated by gas permeation tests. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide gases were used for single gas permeation measurements. Two different annealing strategies were utilized namely in-line annealing and in-oven annealing. In-oven annealing was performed in an oven in nitrogen atmosphere at 120oC, 0.7 atm while in-line annealing was performed in the gas permeation set-up by feeding helium as permeating gas at 90oC and 3 bar. Neat PBI and PBI/ Zeolite 3A membranes were in-oven annealed. The in-oven annealed membranes showed better selectivities with lower permeabilities, but the performance results of these membranes had low repeatability. On the other hand, in-line annealed membranes showed much higher permeabilities and lower selectivities with stable performance. By changing the annealing method hydrogen permeability increased from 5.16 Barrer to almost 7.77 barrer for neat membranes and for PBI/Zeolite 3A mixed matrix membranes increased from 5.55 to to 7.69 Barrer at 35oC. The selectivities were decreased from 6.21 to 2.31 for neat membranes and for PBI/Zeolite 3A from 5.55 to 2.63. Effect of increasing operating temperature was investigated by using in-line annealed membranes. Increasing temperature from 35oC to 90o improved the performance of the both types of membranes and repeatable results were obtained. Besides neat PBI and PBI/Zeolite 3A, PBI/SAPO-34 membranes were prepared only via in-line annealing. The addition of nano-sized filer to the membranes provided homogeneous distribution in polymer matrix for PBI/SAPO-34 membranes. For this type of membrane hydrogen permeability increased from 8.01 to 26.73 Barrer and with no change in H2/CO2 selectivities via rising temperature. Consequently, it is better to study hydrogen and carbon dioxide separation at high temperature. For all types of membranes hydrogen showed higher activation energies. In between all membranes magnitude of activation energies were the highest for PBI/SAPO-34 membrane which is an indication of good interaction between polymer and zeolite interface. In-line annealed membranes gave the best gas permeation results by providing repeatability of measurements. Among all studied membranes in-line annealed PBI/SAPO-34 membrane exhibited the best gas permeation results.
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(UPC), Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas. "Macroeconomía (AP26 U1 MTA1): macroeconomía, PBI y crecimiento económico." Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/274038.

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Pajvani, Mehulkumar. "Universal celebrity endorser and interaction between perceived celebrity image (PCI) And perceived brand image(PBI) across national boundaries." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511170.

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Knox, Daniel. "Performance Characteristics of PBI-based High Temperature Direct Methanol Fuel Cells." Digital WPI, 2012. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/956.

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"This thesis investigates the effect of temperature, methanol concentration, and oxidant type on the performance of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) using two versions of a commercially available polybenzimidazole (PBI)-based membrane electrode assembly (MEA): the Celtec®-P 1000 MEA of original thickness and double thickness. The PBI-based MEA’s were tested under the vapor-phase methanol concentrations of 1M, 2M, 3M, 5M, 7.5M, and 10M, temperatures of 160-180°C, and oxidants of oxygen and air. It was found that performance increased with temperature and that oxygen outperformed air as methanol concentrations increased. The double thickness PBI-based MEA, was more resistant to methanol crossover and performed better with increasing methanol concentrations. Thus, these commercial MEAs may be suitable for developing higher temperature DMFCs."
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Suarez, Matthew. "The Effect of Membrane Thickness on the Performance of PBI-Based High-Temperature Direct Methanol Fuel Cells." Digital WPI, 2013. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1131.

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"This project investigates the effect of membrane thickness on the performance and durability of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) using a commercially available Celtec®P-1000 PBI-based membrane electrode assembly (MEA). The PBI-based membranes tested were the 100µm, the standard thickness, 200µm and 250µm thick. With various methanol feed concentrations and cathode feeds, oxygen and air, the PBI-based MEAs were operated between 160 and 180°C with vaporized methanol feed. Results showed that the DMFC performance increased with temperature and with PBI membrane thickness. The optimal concentration for the 100µm membrane was at 5M while the best performance with the 200µm membrane was obtained at 3M. The 250µm membrane looked like it could have had better performance than the 200µm, but unfortunately experimental issues didn’t allow completion of these results."
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Padenko, Eugen [Verfasser], and Ulf [Akademischer Betreuer] Breuer. "PBI-Hochleistungsbeschichtungen für verschleißbeanspruchte Funktionsflächen / Eugen Padenko ; Betreuer: Ulf Breuer." Kaiserslautern : Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1203624697/34.

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Schoeman, Johannes Gerhardus. "H2SO4 stability of PBI–blend membranes for SO2 electrolysis Schoeman / H." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7567.

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Alternative energy sources are needed if the current use of energy is to be sustained while reducing global warming. A possible alternative energy source that has significant potential is hydrogen. For hydrogen to become a serious contender for replacing fossil fuels, the production thereof has to be further investigated. One such process, the membrane–based Hybrid Sulphur (HyS) process, where hydrogen is produced from the electrolysis of SO2, has received considerable interest recently. Since H2SO4 is formed during SO2 electrolysis, H2SO4 stability is a prerequisite for any membrane to be used in this process. In this study, pure as well as high and low temperature blended polybenzimidazole (PBI), partially fluorinated poly(arylene ether) (sFS) and nonfluorinated poly(arylene ethersulphone) (sPSU) membranes were investigated in terms of their acid stability as a function of acid concentration by treating them in H2SO4 (30, 60 and 90wt%) for 120h at 1bar pressure. The high temperature blend membranes contain the basic polymer in excess (70 wt% basic PBI and 30wt% acid sPSU/sFS polymer) and require acid doping in order to conduct protons. In the doped state they are able to conduct protons up to 200°C. The low temperature blend membranes are also composed of the same PBI polymer used in the high temperature membranes, as well as the same acidic polymers with one of the membranes containing a fluorinated polymer and the other a nonfluorinated polymer (sFS or sPSU) in excess. These membranes do not require any acid doping to conduct protons but they are only stable at temperatures below 80°C. High temperature blend membranes were characterised using through–plane conductivity, GPC and IEC, whilst low temperature membranes were characterised using in–plane and through–plane proton conductivity, weight change, TGA, GPC, SEM, EDX and IEC techniques. The conductivity determination techniques (especially the in–plane technique) proved to be cumbersome, whilst all the other analysis techniques were deemed appropriate. H2SO4 exposure had a destabilising effect on the PBI membrane which presented as weight gain at the 30 and 60wt% H2SO4 concentrations due to salt formation and dissolution at the 90wt% acid treatment due to sulphonation. In the sFS membrane dissolution was observed at 30 and 60wt% as a result of oligomer loss that occurred during the post treatment washing process and partial dissolution, as a result of sulphonation, at the 90wt% treated membrane. The sPSU membrane showed great stability at 30 and 60wt%, though dissolution was observed at 90wt% because of membrane sulphonation due to a lack of fluorination. The sFS–PBI membrane blend proved to be stable with only slight degradation taking place at 90wt% treatment due to sulphonation. Similarly the sPSU–PBI blend membrane showed great stability at the 30 and 60wt% H2SO4 treatment concentrations however total dissolution occurred at 90wt% treatment again due to a lack of fluorination. Although both the low temperature blended membranes showed superb stability to H2SO4 concentrations expected in the SO2 electrolyser (30–40wt%), the low temperature blended sFS–PBI membrane seemed slightly more stable over the H2SO4 treatment concentration range (30–90wt%), due to the protective role of the fluorinated polymer. The superior acid stability of this membrane could prove vital for proper SO2 electrolysis, especially for prolonged periods of operation<br>Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Books on the topic "PBI"

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Institute, Pennsylvania Bar. CSI at PBI. Pennsylvania Bar Institute, 2012.

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Rakernas, Partai Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Indonesia. Rakernas V PBI, Jakarta, 15-16 Desember 2002. Sekretariat Partai Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Indonesia, 2002.

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Partai Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Indonesia. Rakernas. Rakernas IV PBI, Makassar, 16-18 Januari 2002. Sekretariat, Partai Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Indonesia, 2002.

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Bértola, Luis. El PBI uruguayo 1870-1936 y outras estimaciones. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Programa de Historia Económica y Social, 1998.

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Institute, Pennsylvania Bar. Forensics for the criminal practitioner: CSI at PBI. Pennsylvania Bar Institute, 2011.

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Bértola, Luis. El PBI uruguayo 1870-1936 y otras estimaciones. Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Programa de Historia Económica y Social, 1998.

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Partai Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Indonesia. Rakernas (3rd : Jakarta, Indonesia). Rakernas III PBI, Jakarta, 15-16 November 2000. Partai Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Indonesia, 2000.

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L, Suthar J., and Langley Research Center, eds. Characterization of polybenzimidazole (PBI) film at high temperatures. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1992.

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Priyonggo, Suseno, Sudarsono Heri, Indonesia, and Indonsia, eds. Undang-undang (UU), peraturan Bank Indonesia (PBI), dan surat keputusan direksi BI (SK-Dir) tentang perbankan syariah. Kerjasama UII Press [dan] P3EI, 2004.

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Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.) and Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories, eds. Statistical aspects of the precipitation regimes at Miami International Airport (MIA) and Palm Beach International Airport (PBI): 1961-1990. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "PBI"

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Gooch, Jan W. "PBI." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_8477.

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Steiner, G., and C. Zimmerer. "Polybenzimidazole (PBI)." In Polymer Solids and Polymer Melts – Definitions and Physical Properties I. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32072-9_77.

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Kuske, Robert R. "PBI: Brachytherapy Techniques." In Breast Surgical Techniques and Interdisciplinary Management. Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6076-4_69.

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Linares, José J., Liliane C. Battirola, and Justo Lobato. "PBI-Based Composite Membranes." In High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17082-4_13.

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Henkensmeier, Dirk, and David Aili. "Techniques for PBI Membrane Characterization." In High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17082-4_6.

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Spires, Hiller A., Andrea Gambino, Marie Himes, and Lili Wang. "Project-Based Inquiry (PBI) Global." In Critical Perspectives on Global Literacies. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003320142-20.

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Fishel, Kayley, Guoqing Qian, and Brian C. Benicewicz. "PBI Membranes Via the PPA Process." In High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17082-4_10.

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Hol, Sandra, and Isabelle Mollaert. "Treatment Planning for Boost/SIB/PBI." In Breast Cancer Radiation Therapy. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91170-6_25.

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Molleo, Max, Thomas J. Schmidt, and Brian C. Benicewicz. "Polybenzimidazole Fuel Cell polybenzamidazole (PBI) fuel cell Technology." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_143.

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Franco, Pierfrancesco, and Philip Poortmans. "Target Volume Definition and Delineation Boost/PBI/SIB." In Breast Cancer Radiation Therapy. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91170-6_20.

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Conference papers on the topic "PBI"

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Dwiggins, C. F., D. R. McIntyre, and E. Alvarez. "Chemical Resistance of Molded PBI for Oil and Gas Production and Chemical Process Applications." In CORROSION 1989. NACE International, 1989. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1989-89230.

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Abstract Polybenzimidazole (PBI) polymers are known for their outstanding thermal and chemical stability. PBI is now available in molded form. The physical and thermal properties of this material are briefly described. The chemical resistance of molded PBI, which was evaluated after immersion in a wide range of materials at various temperatures for up to 30 days, is also described. Molded PBI offers excellent resistance to most of the chemicals tested. Exceptions are hot solvents for the base polymer and hot aqueous strong acids. No effect was observed upon exposure to common oil and gas production environments. The excellent chemical and thermal resistance of molded PBI was confirmed in actual field trials, where it has out performed a variety of other high temperature materials.
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Tulenbergenov, T., B. Chektybaev, M. Skakov, et al. "Measurement of plasma parameters at a PBI using Langmuir probe." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icops58192.2024.10625907.

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Cheng, Ruoxi, Yizhong Ding, Shuirong Cao, et al. "PBI-Attack: Prior-Guided Bimodal Interactive Black-Box Jailbreak Attack for Toxicity Maximization." In Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Trustworthy NLP (TrustNLP 2025). Association for Computational Linguistics, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.trustnlp-main.3.

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Alanazi, S. G., P. Sellin, S. Alghamdi, C. Crean, and J. Ghosh. "X-ray response of (BA)2PbI4 Polycrystalline Perovskite X-ray Detectors." In 2024 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium (NSS), Medical Imaging Conference (MIC) and Room Temperature Semiconductor Detector Conference (RTSD). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nss/mic/rtsd57108.2024.10658020.

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Verma, Aniket, Nikhil Shrivastav, and Jaya Madan. "Towards Sustainable Energy: Reducing Interface Defect Density in PCBM/CH3NH3PbI3/AgSCN Perovskite Solar Cells." In 2025 IEEE International Students' Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/sceecs64059.2025.10940854.

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Verma, Aniket, Nikhil Shrivastav, and Jaya Madan. "Optimizing Charge Transport and Recombination in CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells Through Donor Density and Thickness Control." In 2024 4th International Conference on Emerging Frontiers in Electrical and Electronic Technologies (ICEFEET). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icefeet64463.2024.10866388.

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Frank, Olawale, and Frederick Pessu. "Effect of Zn2+ and Pb2+ on the Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Sulphide Scale Forming H2S – Containing Environments." In CONFERENCE 2024. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-20765.

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Abstract The kinetics of sulphides forming species such as Zn2+, Pb2+ and Fe2+ encountered in geothermal energy systems has the potential to influence the overall corrosion behaviour; uniform and pitting, of carbon steel used in technical equipment. This project investigates the effect of the Zn2+, Pb2+ and Fe2+ within the bulk brine chemistry, on the evolution and surface deposition of sulphide scales; ZnS, PbS and/or FeS at 80°C. The effect of surface deposition of sulphide scales on corrosion product formation, and the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel was investigated over 48 hours. In-situ electrochemical techniques such as LPR was combined with SEM-EDX, and XRD techniques to characterise the electrochemical responses, the composition and morphology of sulphide scales and corrosion product respectively. The extent of pitting corrosion damage on the metal surface was also investigated using white light interferometry. The results shows that bulk precipitation of ZnS &amp; PbS and its subsequent surface deposition directly lowers the bulk pH of the corrosion environment. This was observed to have a direct impact on the overall corrosion characteristics of the corroding interface of carbon steel; this includes effect on FeS morphology, formation kinetics and uniform and pitting corrosion characteristics.
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Lin, Hsiu-Li, Chih-Ren Hu, Po-Hao Su, Yu-Cheng Chou, and Che-Yu Lin. "Proton Exchange Membranes Based on Blends of Poly(Benzimidazole) and Butylsulfonated Poly(Beznimidazole) for High Temperature PEMFC." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33031.

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Phosphoric acid doped poly(benzimidazole) (PBI) is one of excellent candidates of proton exchange membranes for high temperature (150–180°C) proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, the strong inter-polymer hydrogen bonds cause low elongation and brittleness of PBI membranes. In this work, we synthesize poly(benzimidazole) (PBI) and butylsulfonated poly(benzimidazole) (PBI-BS), in which around 22 mole% of imidazole –NH groups of PBI are grafted with sulfonated butyl groups. We show the elongation, phosphoric acid doping level, and proton conductivity of PBI can be improved by blending ∼ 20 wt% of PBI-BS in the PBI membrane, and the membrane electrode assembly prepared from PBI/PBI-BS (8/2 by wt) blend membrane has a better PEMFC performance at 140°C ∼ 180°C than that prepared from PBI membrane. It is believed that the crosslink interactions of imidazole -NH and -N=C-groups with side chain –C4H8−SO3H groups of PBI-BS reduces the inter-PBI hydrogen bonds and increases the free volume of polymers, which leads to the enhancements of the membrane toughness and phosphoric acid doping level and the PEMFC performance.
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Yu, Tzyy-Lung Leon, Shih-Hao Liu, Hsiu-Li Lin, and Po-Hao Su. "Nafion/PBI Nanofiber Composite Membranes for Fuel Cells Applications." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33025.

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The PBI (poly(benzimidazole)) nano-fiber thin film with thickness of 18–30 μm is prepared by electro-spinning from a 20 wt% PBI/DMAc (N, N′-dimethyl acetamide) solution. The PBI nano-fiber thin film is then treated with a glutaraldehyde liquid for 24h at room temperature to proceed chemical crosslink reaction. The crosslink PBI nano-fiber thin film is then immersed in Nafion solutions to prepare Nafion/PBI nano-fiber composite membranes (thickness 22–34 μm). The morphology of the composite membranes is observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mechanical properties, conductivity, and unit fuel cell performance of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of the composite membrane are investigated and compared with those of Nafion-212 membrane (thickness ∼50 μm) and Nafion/porous PTFE (poly(tetrafluoro ethylene)) composite membrane (thickness ∼22 μm). We show the present composite membrane has a similar fuel cell performance to Nafion/PTFE and a better fuel cell performance than Du Pont Nafion-212.
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Wasowicz, T. J., R. Drozdowski, and J. Kwela. "Investigation of hyperfine structure of several major lines in PbI and PbII." In Jurata, Poland, edited by Jerzy Kwela, Ryszard Drozdowski, and Tomasz J. Wasowicz. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.629472.

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Reports on the topic "PBI"

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Shumway, Dean A., Kimberly S. Corbin, Magdoleen H. Farah, et al. Partial Breast Irradiation for Breast Cancer. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer259.

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Objectives. To evaluate the comparative effectiveness and harms of partial breast irradiation (PBI) compared with whole breast irradiation (WBI) for early-stage breast cancer, and how differences in effectiveness and harms may be influenced by patient, tumor, and treatment factors, including treatment modality, target volume, dose, and fractionation. We also evaluated the relative financial toxicity of PBI versus WBI. Data sources. MEDLINE®, Embase®, Cochrane Central Registrar of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, and various grey literature sources from database inception to June 30, 2022. Review methods. We included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies that enrolled adult women with early-stage breast cancer who received one of six PBI modalities: multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy, single-entry catheter brachytherapy (also known as intracavitary brachytherapy), 3-dimensional conformal external beam radiation therapy (3DCRT), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), proton radiation therapy, intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT). Pairs of independent reviewers screened and appraised studies. Results. Twenty-three original studies with 17,510 patients evaluated the comparative effectiveness of PBI, including 14 RCTs, 6 comparative observational studies, and 3 single-arm observational studies. PBI was not significantly different from WBI in terms of ipsilateral breast recurrence (IBR), overall survival, or cancer-free survival at 5 and 10 years (high strength of evidence [SOE]). Evidence for cosmetic outcomes was insufficient. Results were generally consistent when PBI modalities were compared with WBI, whether compared individually or combined. These PBI approaches included 3DCRT, IMRT, and multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy. Compared with WBI, 3DCRT showed no difference in IBR, overall survival, or cancer-free survival at 5 and 10 years (moderate to high SOE); IMRT showed no difference in IBR or overall survival at 5 and 10 years (low SOE); multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy showed no difference in IBR, overall survival, or cancer-free survival at 5 years (low SOE). Compared with WBI, IORT was associated with a higher IBR rate at 5, 10, and over 10 years (high SOE), with no difference in overall survival, cancer-free survival, or mastectomy-free survival (low to high SOE). There were significantly fewer acute adverse events (AEs) with PBI compared with WBI, with no apparent difference in late AEs (moderate SOE). Data about quality of life were limited. Head-to-head comparisons between the different PBI modalities showed insufficient evidence to estimate an effect on main outcomes. There were no significant differences in IBR or other outcomes according to patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics; however, data for subgroups were insufficient to draw conclusions. Eight studies addressed concepts closely related to financial toxicity. Compared with conventionally fractionated WBI, accelerated PBI was associated with lower transportation costs and days away from work. PBI was also associated with less subjective financial difficulty at various time points after radiotherapy. Conclusions. Clinical trials that compared PBI with WBI demonstrate no significant difference in the risk of IBR. PBI is associated with fewer acute AEs and may be associated with less financial toxicity. The current evidence supports the use of PBI in appropriately selected patients with early-stage breast cancer. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the outcomes of PBI in patients with various clinical and tumor characteristics, and to define optimal radiation treatment dose and technique for PBI.
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Kydd, George H., and Joan C. Marano-Goyco. Fire Tests of Polybenzimidazole (PBI) Blends. Defense Technical Information Center, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada205999.

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Corgnale, Claudio. Novel dense-PBI membranes for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2025. https://doi.org/10.2172/2556765.

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Weidert, R. S. Automated Transportation Management System (ATMS) V2.0 logistics module PBI acceptance criteria. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/39072.

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Vogel, John, and Katrina Fritz Intwala. Demonstration of Next-Generation PEM CHP Systems for Global Markets Using PBI Membrane Technology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1097545.

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Jayaweera, Indira, and Palitha Jayaweera. Development of a Pre-combustion CO2 Capture Process Using High-Temperature PBI Hollow-Fiber Membranes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1569766.

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Jayaweera, Indira, Palitha Jayaweera, Elisabeth Perea, and Milad Yavari. Development of a Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture Process Using High-Temperature PBI Hollow-Fiber Membranes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1986300.

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Krishnan, Gopala, Indira Jayaweera, Angel Sanjrujo, et al. Fabrication and Scale-up of Polybenzimidazole (PBI) Membrane Based System for Precombustion-Based Capture of Carbon Dioxide. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1050227.

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Krishnan, Gopala N., Kathryn A. Berchtold, Indira Jayaweera, et al. Fabrication and Scale-up of Polybenzimidazole (PBI) Membrane Based System for Precombustion- Based Capture of Carbon Dioxide. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1073750.

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Galindo Paliza, Luis Miguel, Bridget Hoffmann, and Adrien Vogt-Schilb. ¿Cuánto costará lograr los objetivos del cambio climático en América Latina y el Caribe? Inter-American Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004021.

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América Latina y el Caribe deben atender, simultáneamente, el desafío del cambio climático y cumplir con los otros objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. ¿Cuánto costará hacer frente a estos desafíos? Este trabajo revisa la evidencia sobre los costos del cambio climático, de la acción climática y las fuentes de financiamiento disponibles para cumplir con los objetivos del Acuerdo de Paris y del desarrollo sostenible. Su tesis principal es que la acción climática no consiste única o principalmente en un gasto adicional, sino que requiere de una reorientación masiva de flujos financieros existentes. No pueden alcanzarse los objetivos climáticos sin atender los otros objetivos del desarrollo sostenible. Avanzar hacia una economía resiliente y carbono-neutral en la región en 2050 requiere transformaciones profundas en la infraestructura, los sistemas sociales y las instituciones de la región. El beneficio que originarían estos recursos tendrá un valor superior a su costo, al contribuir a evitar los peores impactos del cambio climático y generar beneficios económicos, sociales, fiscales, y ambientales. Proveer acceso a servicios de infraestructura resilientes y descarbonizados requiere alrededor de 5% del PBI. Para cerrar los rezagos sociales, construir resiliencia social ante el cambio climático, y asegurar una transición justa se requiere un gasto anual de 5% a 16% del PBI al 2030. Lo anterior implica alinear en total entre US$340 mil millones y 1,100 mil millones en 2030 con objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, resiliente y descarbonizado. Para ello, los gobiernos pueden usar fuentes de financiación específicas, como bonos e impuestos verdes, y necesitaran reformar las políticas y regulaciones en todos los sectores para redirigir el gasto público, privado, y la inversión extranjera hacia soluciones climáticas. Estrategias climáticas de largo plazo diseñadas de manera inclusiva pueden ayudar a identificar los cambios necesarios en cada sector.
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