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Journal articles on the topic 'PBI membrane'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Jiang, Junqiao, Erli Qu, Min Xiao, Dongmei Han, Shuanjin Wang, and Yuezhong Meng. "3D Network Structural Poly (Aryl Ether Ketone)-Polybenzimidazole Polymer for High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." Advances in Polymer Technology 2020 (August 14, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4563860.

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Poor mechanical property is a critical problem for phosphoric acid-doped high-temperature proton exchange membranes (HT-PEMs). In order to address this concern, in this work, a 3D network structural poly (aryl ether ketone)-polybenzimidazole (PAEK-cr-PBI) polymer electrolyte membrane was successfully synthesized through crosslinking reaction between poly (aryl ether ketone) with the pendant carboxyl group (PAEK-COOH) and amino-terminated polybenzimidazole (PBI-4NH2). PAEK-COOH with a poly (aryl ether ketone) backbone endows superior thermal, mechanical, and chemical stability, while PBI-4NH2 serves as both a proton conductor and a crosslinker with basic imidazole groups to absorb phosphoric acid. Moreover, the composite membrane of PAEK-cr-PBI blended with linear PBI (PAEK-cr-PBI@PBI) was also prepared. Both membranes with a proper phosphoric acid (PA) uptake exhibit an excellent proton conductivity of around 50 mS cm-1 at 170°C, which is comparable to that of the well-documented PA-doped PBI membrane. Furthermore, the PA-doped PAEK-cr-PBI membrane shows superior mechanical properties of 17 MPa compared with common PA-doped PBI. Based upon these encouraging results, the as-synthesized PAEK-cr-PBI gives a highly practical promise for its application in high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs).

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2

Jheng, Li-Cheng, Cheng-Wei Cheng, Ko-Shan Ho, Steve Lien-Chung Hsu, Chung-Yen Hsu, Bi-Yun Lin, and Tsung-Han Ho. "Dimethylimidazolium-Functionalized Polybenzimidazole and Its Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Membranes for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 2864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172864.

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A quaternized polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane was synthesized by grafting a dimethylimidazolium end-capped side chain onto PBI. The organic–inorganic hybrid membrane of the quaternized PBI was prepared via a silane-induced crosslinking process with triethoxysilylpropyl dimethylimidazolium chloride. The chemical structure and membrane morphology were characterized using NMR, FTIR, TGA, SEM, EDX, AFM, SAXS, and XPS techniques. Compared with the pristine membrane of dimethylimidazolium-functionalized PBI, its hybrid membrane exhibited a lower swelling ratio, higher mechanical strength, and better oxidative stability. However, the morphology of hydrophilic/hydrophobic phase separation, which facilitates the ion transport along hydrophilic channels, only successfully developed in the pristine membrane. As a result, the hydroxide conductivity of the pristine membrane (5.02 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 80 °C) was measured higher than that of the hybrid membrane (2.22 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 80 °C). The hydroxide conductivity and tensile results suggested that both membranes had good alkaline stability in 2M KOH solution at 80 °C. Furthermore, the maximum power densities of the pristine and hybrid membranes of dimethylimidazolium-functionalized PBI reached 241 mW cm−2 and 152 mW cm−2 at 60 °C, respectively. The fuel cell performance result demonstrates that these two membranes are promising as AEMs for fuel cell applications.

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3

Yu, Tzyy-Lung Leon, and Hsiu-Li Lin. "Preparation of PBI/H3PO4-PTFE Composite Membranes for High Temperature Fuel Cells." Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal 3, no. 1 (February 16, 2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876973x01003010001.

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The poly(benzimidazole) (PBI)/ poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) composite membrane was prepared by impregnating a porous PTFE thin film in a PBI solution N,N’-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) solution mixed with LiCl. LiCl was used as a stabilizer to avoid aggregations of PBI molecules in the DMAc solutions. In this paper, we report a 2 mg/ml PBI/ DMAc/ LiCl solution with a [LiCl]/[BI] molar ratio of ~8.0 (i.e. the LiCl/PBI is ~ 1.1 in wt ratio, where [BI] is the concentration of benzimidazole repeat unit in the solution) has a lowest PBI polymer aggregations and thus a lowest solutions viscosity. The PBI membrane and PBI/PTFE composite membrane prepared from the PBI/DMAc/LiCl solution with a [LiCl]/[BI] molar ratio of ~8.0 were used to dop H3PO4 and prepare membrane electrode assemblies (MEA). The unit cell performances of these MEAs were carried out at 150oC. Owing to the high mechanical strength of porous PTFE, the thickness of PBI/H3PO4-PTFE composite membrane is allowed to be lower than that of a PBI/H3PO4 membrane. The lower thickness of PBI/H3PO4-PTFE membrane than that of PBI/H3PO4 membrane results in a lower resistance of PBI/H3PO4-PTFE than PBI/H3PO4. Thus the MEA prepared from PBI/H3PO4-PTFE has a better fuel cell performance than that prepared from PBI.

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4

Cho, Hyeongrae, Henning Krieg, and Jochen Kerres. "Performances of Anion-Exchange Blend Membranes on Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." Membranes 9, no. 2 (February 17, 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9020031.

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Anion exchange blend membranes (AEBMs) were prepared for use in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFBs). These AEBMs consisted of 3 polymer components. Firstly, PBI-OO (nonfluorinated PBI) or F6-PBI (partially fluorinated PBI) were used as a matrix polymer. The second polymer, a bromomethylated PPO, was quaternized with 1,2,4,5-tetramethylimidazole (TMIm) which provided the anion exchange sites. Thirdly, a partially fluorinated polyether or a non-fluorinated poly (ether sulfone) was used as an ionical cross-linker. While the AEBMs were prepared with different combinations of the blend polymers, the same weight ratios of the three components were used. The AEBMs showed similar membrane properties such as ion exchange capacity, dimensional stability and thermal stability. For the VRFB application, comparable or better energy efficiencies were obtained when using the AEBMs compared to the commercial membranes included in this study, that is, Nafion (cation exchange membrane) and FAP 450 (anion exchange membrane). One of the blend membranes showed no capacity decay during a charge-discharge cycles test for 550 cycles run at 40 mA/cm2 indicating superior performance compared to the commercial membranes tested.

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5

Meng, Chao, Sheng Huang, Dongmei Han, Shan Ren, Shuanjin Wang, and Min Xiao. "Semi-interpenetrating Network Membrane from Polyethyleneimine-Epoxy Resin and Polybenzimidazole for HT-PEM Fuel Cells." Advances in Polymer Technology 2020 (December 29, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3845982.

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In the present work, a semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) high-temperature proton exchange membrane based on polyethyleneimine (PEI), epoxy resin (ER), and polybenzimidazole (PBI) was prepared and characterized, aiming at their future application in fuel cell devices. The physical properties of the semi-IPN membrane are characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and tensile strength test. The results indicate that the as-prepared PEI-ER/PBI semi-IPN membranes possess excellent thermal stability and mechanical strength. After phosphoric acid (PA) doping treatment, the semi-IPN membranes show high proton conductivities. PA doping level and volume swelling ratio as well as proton conductivities of the semi-IPN membranes are found to be positively related to the PEI content. High proton conductivities of 3.9 ∽ 7.8 × 10 − 2 S c m − 1 are achieved at 160°C for these PA-doped PEI-ER/PBI series membranes. H2/O2 fuel cell assembled with PA-doped PEI-ER(1 : 2)/PBI membrane delivered a peak power density of 170 mW cm-2 at 160°C under anhydrous conditions.

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6

Zeng, L., T. S. Zhao, L. An, G. Zhao, and X. H. Yan. "A high-performance sandwiched-porous polybenzimidazole membrane with enhanced alkaline retention for anion exchange membrane fuel cells." Energy & Environmental Science 8, no. 9 (2015): 2768–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ee02047f.

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Polybenzimidazole (PBI)-based membrane electrode assemblies are fabricated with a sandwiched-porous PBI as the membrane and a new catalyst structure using PBI-decorated reduced graphene oxide as the supporting material for anion exchange membrane fuel cells.

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7

Yang, Jing Shuai, Xue Yuan Li, Yi Xin Xu, Quan Tong Che, Rong Huan He, and Qing Feng Li. "Polybenzimidazole Membranes Containing Benzimidazole Side Groups for High Temprature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells." Advanced Materials Research 716 (July 2013): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.716.310.

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Polybenzimidazole (PBI) with a high molecular weight of 69,000 was first synthesized. It was afterwards grafted with benzimidazole pendant groups on the backbones. The acid doped benzimidaozle grafted PBI membranes were investigated and characterized including fuel cell tests at elevated temperatures without humidification. At an acid doping level of 13.1 mol H3PO4 per average molar repeat unit, the PBI membranes with a benzimidazole grafting degree of 10.6% demonstrated a conductivity of 0.15 S cm-1 and a H2-air fuel cell peak power density of 378 mW cm-2 at 180 °C at ambient pressure without humidification.

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8

Seng, Leong Kok, Mohd Shahbudin Masdar, and Loh Kee Shyuan. "Ionic Liquid in Phosphoric Acid-Doped Polybenzimidazole (PA-PBI) as Electrolyte Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells: A Review." Membranes 11, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100728.

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Increasing world energy demand and the rapid depletion of fossil fuels has initiated explorations for sustainable and green energy sources. High-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) are viewed as promising materials in fuel cell technology due to several advantages, namely improved kinetic of both electrodes, higher tolerance for carbon monoxide (CO) and low crossover and wastage. Recent technology developments showed phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole (PA-PBI) membranes most suitable for the production of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, drawbacks caused by leaching and condensation on the phosphate groups hindered the application of the PA-PBI membranes. By phosphate anion adsorption on Pt catalyst layers, a higher volume of liquid phosphoric acid on the electrolyte–electrode interface and within the electrodes inhibits or even stops gas movement and impedes electron reactions as the phosphoric acid level grows. Therefore, doping techniques have been extensively explored, and recently ionic liquids (ILs) were introduced as new doping materials to prepare the PA-PBI membranes. Hence, this paper provides a review on the use of ionic liquid material in PA-PBI membranes for HT-PEMFC applications. The effect of the ionic liquid preparation technique on PA-PBI membranes will be highlighted and discussed on the basis of its characterization and performance in HT-PEMFC applications.

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9

Deng, Yuming, Gang Wang, Ming Ming Fei, Xin Huang, Jigui Cheng, Xiaoteng Liu, Lei Xing, Keith Scott, and Chenxi Xu. "A polybenzimidazole/graphite oxide based three layer membrane for intermediate temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells." RSC Advances 6, no. 76 (2016): 72224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra11307a.

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PBI/GO/PBI composite membrane exhibited acceptable proton conductivity and fuel cell performance at 150 °C. The graphite oxide as proton conductor layer enhanced the mechanical strength and reduced the swelling ratio of electrolyte at intermediate temperature.

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10

Lee, Sangrae, Ki-Ho Nam, Kwangwon Seo, Gunhwi Kim, and Haksoo Han. "Phase Inversion-Induced Porous Polybenzimidazole Fuel Cell Membranes: An Efficient Architecture for High-Temperature Water-Free Proton Transport." Polymers 12, no. 7 (July 19, 2020): 1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071604.

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To cope with the demand for cleaner alternative energy, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have received significant research attention owing to their high-power density, high fuel efficiency, and low polluting by-product. However, the water requirement of these cells has necessitated research on systems that do not require water and/or use other mediums with higher boiling points. In this work, a highly porous meta-polybenzimidazole (m-PBI) membrane was fabricated through the non-solvent induced phase inversion technique and thermal cross-linking for high-temperature PEMFC (HT-PEMFC) applications. Standard non-thermally treated porous membranes are susceptible to phosphoric acid (PA) even at low concentrations and are unsuitable as polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs). With the porous structure of m-PBI membranes, higher PA uptake and minimal swelling, which is controlled via cross-linking, was achieved. In addition, the membranes exhibited partial asymmetrical morphology and are directly applicable to fuel cell systems without any further modifications. Membranes with insufficient cross-linking resulted in an unstable performance in HT-PEMFC environments. By optimizing thermal treatment, a high-performance membrane with limited swelling and improved proton conductivity was achieved. Finally, the m-PBI membrane exhibited enhanced acid retention, proton conductivity, and fuel cell performance.

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11

Herranz, Daniel, Roxana E. Coppola, Ricardo Escudero-Cid, Kerly Ochoa-Romero, Norma B. D’Accorso, Juan Carlos Pérez-Flores, Jesús Canales-Vázquez, Carlos Palacio, Graciela C. Abuin, and Pilar Ocón. "Application of Crosslinked Polybenzimidazole-Poly(Vinyl Benzyl Chloride) Anion Exchange Membranes in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells." Membranes 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10110349.

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Crosslinked membranes have been synthesized by a casting process using polybenzimidazole (PBI) and poly(vinyl benzyl chloride) (PVBC). The membranes were quaternized with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) to obtain fixed positive quaternary ammonium groups. XPS analysis has showed insights into the changes from crosslinked to quaternized membranes, demonstrating that the crosslinking reaction and the incorporation of DABCO have occurred, while the 13C-NMR corroborates the reaction of DABCO with PVBC only by one nitrogen atom. Mechanical properties were evaluated, obtaining maximum stress values around 72 MPa and 40 MPa for crosslinked and quaternized membranes, respectively. Resistance to oxidative media was also satisfactory and the membranes were evaluated in single direct ethanol fuel cell. PBI-c-PVBC/OH 1:2 membrane obtained 66 mW cm−2 peak power density, 25% higher than commercial PBI membranes, using 0.5 bar backpressure of pure O2 in the cathode and 1 mL min−1 KOH 2M EtOH 2 M aqueous solution in the anode. When the pressure was increased, the best performance was obtained by the same membrane, reaching 70 mW cm−2 peak power density at 2 bar O2 backpressure. Based on the characterization and single cell performance, PBI-c-PVBC/OH membranes are considered promising candidates as anion exchange electrolytes for direct ethanol fuel cells.

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12

Kim, Sung-Kon. "Polybenzimidazole and Phosphonic Acid Groups-Functionalized Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Composite Electrolyte for High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2954147.

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Here, we report composite membrane consisting of poly[2,2′-(m-phenylene)-5,5′-(bibenzimidazole)] (PBI) and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane functionalized with phosphonic acid groups (PO(OH)2-POSS) for high temperature proton exchange membrane. ~7 phosphonic acid groups are incorporated into the phenyl rings of POSS via bromination in a high yield (~93%), followed by substitution of the bromine elements by phosphonate ester groupsviaa Pd(0) catalyzed P–C coupling reaction. Phosphonic acid groups are formed by the hydrolysis of the phosphonate ester groups in hydrobromic acid solution. At a 50 wt% of PA content in the membranes, PBI/PO(OH)2-POSS composite membrane shows larger proton conductivity of 3.2 × 10−3 S cm−1than 2.8 × 10−3 S cm−1of PBI membrane at 150°C and anhydrous conditions, owing to the multiple phosphonic acid groups of PO(OH)2-POSS that can function as proton transport medium at high temperature and low humidity conditions.

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13

Escorihuela, Jorge, Óscar Sahuquillo, Abel García-Bernabé, Enrique Giménez, and Vicente Compañ. "Phosphoric Acid Doped Polybenzimidazole (PBI)/Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework Composite Membranes with Significantly Enhanced Proton Conductivity under Low Humidity Conditions." Nanomaterials 8, no. 10 (September 29, 2018): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8100775.

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The preparation and characterization of composite polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes containing zeolitic imidazolate framework 8 (ZIF-8) and zeolitic imidazolate framework 67 (ZIF-67) is reported. The phosphoric acid doped composite membranes display proton conductivity values that increase with increasing temperatures, maintaining their conductivity under anhydrous conditions. The addition of ZIF to the polymeric matrix enhances proton transport relative to the values observed for PBI and ZIFs alone. For example, the proton conductivity of PBI@ZIF-8 reaches 3.1 × 10−3 S·cm−1 at 200 °C and higher values were obtained for PBI@ZIF-67 membranes, with proton conductivities up to 4.1 × 10−2 S·cm−1. Interestingly, a composite membrane containing a 5 wt.% binary mixture of ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 yielded a proton conductivity of 9.2 × 10−2 S·cm−1, showing a synergistic effect on the proton conductivity.

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14

Zhang, Jin, David Aili, Shanfu Lu, Qingfeng Li, and San Ping Jiang. "Advancement toward Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells at Elevated Temperatures." Research 2020 (June 8, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/9089405.

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Elevation of operational temperatures of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) has been demonstrated with phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole (PA/PBI) membranes. The technical perspective of the technology is simplified construction and operation with possible integration with, e.g., methanol reformers. Toward this target, significant efforts have been made to develop acid-base polymer membranes, inorganic proton conductors, and organic-inorganic composite materials. This report is devoted to updating the recent progress of the development particularly of acid-doped PBI, phosphate-based solid inorganic proton conductors, and their composite electrolytes. Long-term stability of PBI membranes has been well documented, however, at typical temperatures of 160°C. Inorganic proton-conducting materials, e.g., alkali metal dihydrogen phosphates, heteropolyacids, tetravalent metal pyrophosphates, and phosphosilicates, exhibit significant proton conductivity at temperatures of up to 300°C but have so far found limited applications in the form of thin films. Composite membranes of PBI and phosphates, particularly in situ formed phosphosilicates in the polymer matrix, showed exceptionally stable conductivity at temperatures well above 200°C. Fuel cell tests at up to 260°C are reported operational with good tolerance of up to 16% CO in hydrogen, fast kinetics for direct methanol oxidation, and feasibility of nonprecious metal catalysts. The prospect and future exploration of new proton conductors based on phosphate immobilization and fuel cell technologies at temperatures above 200°C are discussed.

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15

Zay Ya, Kyaw, Pascal Nbelayim, Wai Kian Tan, Go Kawamura, Hiroyuki Muto, and Atsunori Matsuda. "Effects of cesium-substituted silicotungstic acid doped with polybenzimidazole membrane for the application of medium temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells." E3S Web of Conferences 83 (2019): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198301008.

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Inorganic-organic composite membranes were prepared by using partly cesium-substituted silicotungstic acid (CHS-WSiA) and polybenzimidazole (PBI, MRS0810H) for medium temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells (MT-PEFCs). Cesium hydrogen sulfate (CsHSO4, CHS) and silicotungstic acid (H4SiW12O40, WSiA) were milled to obtain 0.5CHS-0.5WSiA composites by dry and wet mechanical millings. N,Ndimethylacetamide (DMAc) was used as a disperse medium in the preparation of the inorganic solid acids by wet mechanical milling and also a casting agent for fabrication of membrane. Finally, flexible and homogeneous composite membranes with several phosphoric acid doping levels (PADLs) were obtained. The wet mechanical milling using DMAc was found to effectively promote good substitution of H+ ion in WSiA by Cs+ ion of CHS and promoted the formation of smaller grain sizes of composites, compared with dry milling. A high maximum power density of 378 mWcm-2 and a good constant current stability test were obtained from a single cell test using the PBI composite membrane containing 20 wt% of 0.5CHS-0.5WSiA from wet milling and phosphoric acid doping level (PADL) of 8 mol, at 150 °C under an anhydrous condition. Wet milling CHS-WSiA crystallites were highly dispersed in PBI to give homogenized membranes and played a significant role in the enhancemance of acidity by increasing the number of proton sites in the electrolyte membrane. After the addition of CHS-WSiA into PBI membrane, the acid and water retention properties were improved and incorporated as new proton conduction path by adsorbing phosphoric acid in these composite electrolyte membranes. These observations suggest that composite membranes with 8 mol of PADL are good promising PA dopedmembranes with effective electrochemical properties for the medium temperature fuel cells.

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16

Parrondo, Javier, Chitturi Venkateswara Rao, Sundara L. Ghatty, and B. Rambabu. "Electrochemical Performance Measurements of PBI-Based High-Temperature PEMFCs." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/261065.

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Acid-doped poly(2,2′-m-phenylene-5,5′-bibenzimidazole) membranes have been prepared and used to assemble membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) with various contents of PBI (1–30 wt.%) in the gas diffusion electrode (GDE). The MEAs were tested in the temperature range of140∘C–200∘C showing that the PBI content in the electrocatalyst layer influences strongly the electrochemical performance of the fuel cell. The MEAs were assembled using polyphosphoric acid doped PBI membranes having conductivities of 0.1 Scm−1at180∘C. The ionic resistance of the cathode decreased from 0.29 to 0.14 Ohm-cm2(180∘C) when the content of PBI is varied from 1 to 10 wt.%. Similarly, the mass transfer resistance or Warburg impedance increased 2.5 times, reaching values of 6 Ohm-cm2. 5 wt.% PBI-based MEA showed the best performance. The electrochemical impedance measurements were in good agreement with the fuel cell polarization curves obtained, and the optimum performance was obtained when overall resistance was minimal.

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17

Leykin, Alexey Y., Oksana A. Shkrebko, and Michail R. Tarasevich. "Ethanol crossover through alkali-doped PBI membrane." Fuel Cells Bulletin 2009, no. 2 (February 2009): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-2859(09)70162-2.

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18

Donzel, N., N. Sephane, A. Kreisz, J. Bernard d'Arbigny, D. J. Jones, and J. Roziere. "Catalyst Coated PBI Membrane High Temperature Assemblies." ECS Transactions 50, no. 2 (March 15, 2013): 1263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/05002.1263ecst.

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19

Zhou, Zhengping, Oksana Zholobko, Xiang-Fa Wu, Ted Aulich, Jivan Thakare, and John Hurley. "Polybenzimidazole-Based Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for High-Temperature Fuel Cells: Current Status and Prospects." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010135.

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Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) expect a promising future in addressing the major problems associated with production and consumption of renewable energies and meeting the future societal and environmental needs. Design and fabrication of new proton exchange membranes (PEMs) with high proton conductivity and durability is crucial to overcome the drawbacks of the present PEMs. Acid-doped polybenzimidazoles (PBIs) carry high proton conductivity and long-term thermal, chemical, and structural stabilities are recognized as the suited polymeric materials for next-generation PEMs of high-temperature fuel cells in place of Nafion® membranes. This paper aims to review the recent developments in acid-doped PBI-based PEMs for use in PEMFCs. The structures and proton conductivity of a variety of acid-doped PBI-based PEMs are discussed. More recent development in PBI-based electrospun nanofiber PEMs is also considered. The electrochemical performance of PBI-based PEMs in PEMFCs and new trends in the optimization of acid-doped PBIs are explored.

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20

Xia, Zi Jun, Hong Xu, Xiao Xia Guo, and Jian Hua Fang. "Synthesis and Properties of Sulfonated Polyimide/Polybenzimidazole Cross-Linked Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 2516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.2516.

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A series of cross-linked proton exchange membranes with the ion exchange capacities (IECs) of 0.70 - 1.52 meq/g have been prepared via the reaction of the anhydride-terminated sulfonated polyimide oligomers (SPI-3, SPI-5 and SPI-7, here the figure refers to the averaged block length) and the polybenzimidazole with pendant amino groups (H2N-PBI) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) during the membrane cast process. The prepared cross-linked membranes showed high tensile strength (55 - 80 MPa) and good water stability (> 2 months in deionized water at 100 °C). Fenton’s test revealed that all the cross-linked membranes displayed significantly better radical oxidative stability than the corresponding pure SPIs. This is attributed to the presence of the highly oxidative-stable PBI component in the cross-linked membranes. The proton conductivities of the cross-linked membranes increased with increasing temperature and relative humidity. The cross-linked membrane prepared from the longest oligomer (SPI-7) displayed the highest proton conductivity which is comparable to that of Nafion 117.

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21

Ahn, Su Min, Hwan Yeop Jeong, Jung-Kyu Jang, Jang Yong Lee, Soonyong So, Young Jun Kim, Young Taik Hong, and Tae-Ho Kim. "Polybenzimidazole/Nafion hybrid membrane with improved chemical stability for vanadium redox flow battery application." RSC Advances 8, no. 45 (2018): 25304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03921f.

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22

Yamazaki, Y., M. Y. Jang, and T. Taniyama. "Proton conductivity of zirconium tricarboxybutylphosphonate/PBI nanocomposite membrane." Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 5, no. 4 (January 2004): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stam.2004.02.005.

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23

Peach, Retha, Henning Krieg, Andries Kruger, Dmitri Bessarabov, and Jochen A. Kerres. "PBI-Blended Membrane Evaluated in High Temperature SO2Electrolyzer." ECS Transactions 85, no. 10 (April 10, 2018): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/08510.0021ecst.

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24

Suvorov, Alexander P., John Elter, Rhonda Staudt, Robert Hamm, Gregory J. Tudryn, Linda Schadler, and Glenn Eisman. "Stress relaxation of PBI based membrane electrode assemblies." International Journal of Solids and Structures 45, no. 24 (December 2008): 5987–6000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2008.07.017.

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25

Escorihuela, Jorge, Abel García-Bernabé, and Vicente Compañ. "A Deep Insight into Different Acidic Additives as Doping Agents for Enhancing Proton Conductivity on Polybenzimidazole Membranes." Polymers 12, no. 6 (June 18, 2020): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061374.

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The use of phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes for fuel cell applications has been extensively studied in the past decades. In this article, we present a systematic study of the physicochemical properties and proton conductivity of PBI membranes doped with the commonly used phosphoric acid at different concentrations (0.1, 1, and 14 M), and with other alternative acids such as phytic acid (0.075 M) and phosphotungstic acid (HPW, 0.1 M). The use of these three acids was reflected in the formation of channels in the polymeric network as observed by cross-section SEM images. The acid doping enhanced proton conductivity of PBI membranes and, after doping, these conducting materials maintained their mechanical properties and thermal stability for their application as proton exchange membrane fuel cells, capable of operating at intermediate or high temperatures. Under doping with similar acidic concentrations, membranes with phytic acid displayed a superior conducting behavior when compared to doping with phosphoric acid or phosphotungstic acid.

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26

Lee, Jin-Woo, Kwangin Kim, Sher Bahadar Khan, Patrick Han, Jongchul Seo, Wonbong Jang, and Haksoo Han. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermal and Proton Conductivity Evaluation of 2,5-Polybenzimidazole Composite Membranes." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/460232.

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In this contribution, composite membranes (CM-D and CM-S) of 2,5-polybenzimidazole (PBI) were synthesized by adding inorganic heteropoly acids (IHA-D and IHA-S). IHA-D and IHA-S were synthesized by condensation reaction of silicotungstic acid with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in the absence and presence of mesoporous silica (SiO2), respectively. The synthesized composites were structurally and morphologically characterized and further investigated the functional relationships between the materials structure and proton conductivity. The proton conductivity as well as thermal stability was found to be higher for composite membranes which suggest that both properties are highly contingent on mesoporous silica. The composite membrane with mesoporous silica shows high thermal properties and proton conductivity. IHA-D shows proton conductivity of almost1.48×10-1 Scm−1while IHA-S exhibited2.06×10-1 Scm−1in nonhumidity imposing condition (150°C) which is higher than pure PBI. Thus introduction of inorganic heteropoly acid to PBI is functionally preferable as it results in increase of ion conductivity of PBI and can be better candidates for high temperature PEMFC.

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Salehi Artimani, Javad, Mehdi Ardjmand, Morteza Enhessari, and Mehran Javanbakht. "Polybenzimidazole/BaCe0.85Y0.15O3-δ nanocomposites with enhanced proton conductivity for high-temperature PEMFC application." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 97, no. 7 (July 2019): 520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2018-0306.

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The present work reports the synthesis of polybenzimidazole (PBI)/BaCe0.85Y0.15O3-δ nanocomposite membrane. The obtained membranes were investigated to use as novel electrolytes in high-temperature proton exchange fuel cells. The PBCYx membranes were prepared with dispersing BaCe0.85Y0.15O3-δ into the polyimidazole membrane by solution casting method. The obtained membranes were used as novel proton conductors. The thermal stability and structural properties were investigated. The conductivity and morphology of the obtained materials were studied using impedance spectroscopy AC (IS) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The maximum phosphoric acid adsorption (175%) and protonic conductivity (0.092 S/cm at 180 °C under dry conditions) were observed for all of the PBI nanocomposite membranes containing 5 wt.% of BaCe0.85Y0.15O3-δ in the membrane matrix. The polarization and power density curves were studied at 150 and 180 °C operating temperatures. The power density of about 0.42 W/cm2 and current density of about 0.84 A/cm at 0.5 V and 180 °C were achieved under dry conditions. The data obtained from our studies showed that the physicochemical properties of the novel nanocomposites were enhanced for using in the high-temperature proton transfer fuel cells.

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Ahmad, N. A., C. P. Leo, M. U. M. Junaidi, and A. L. Ahmad. "PVDF/PBI membrane incorporated with SAPO-34 zeolite for membrane gas absorption." Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 63 (June 2016): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.02.023.

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Wang, Yan, Michael Gruender, and Tai Shung Chung. "Pervaporation dehydration of ethylene glycol through polybenzimidazole (PBI)-based membranes. 1. Membrane fabrication." Journal of Membrane Science 363, no. 1-2 (November 2010): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.07.024.

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Cheddie, Denver, and Norman Munroe. "Mathematical model of a PEMFC using a PBI membrane." Energy Conversion and Management 47, no. 11-12 (July 2006): 1490–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2005.08.002.

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Ahmad, N. A., C. P. Leo, A. L. Ahmad, and A. W. Mohammad. "Separation of CO2 from hydrogen using membrane gas absorption with PVDF/PBI membrane." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 8 (March 2016): 4855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.11.054.

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32

Escorihuela, Jorge, Jessica Olvera-Mancilla, Larissa Alexandrova, L. Felipe del Castillo, and Vicente Compañ. "Recent Progress in the Development of Composite Membranes Based on Polybenzimidazole for High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Applications." Polymers 12, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 1861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12091861.

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The rapid increasing of the population in combination with the emergence of new energy-consuming technologies has risen worldwide total energy consumption towards unprecedent values. Furthermore, fossil fuel reserves are running out very quickly and the polluting greenhouse gases emitted during their utilization need to be reduced. In this scenario, a few alternative energy sources have been proposed and, among these, proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are promising. Recently, polybenzimidazole-based polymers, featuring high chemical and thermal stability, in combination with fillers that can regulate the proton mobility, have attracted tremendous attention for their roles as PEMs in fuel cells. Recent advances in composite membranes based on polybenzimidazole (PBI) for high temperature PEM fuel cell applications are summarized and highlighted in this review. In addition, the challenges, future trends, and prospects of composite membranes based on PBI for solid electrolytes are also discussed.

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Sun, Guohua, Jiacong Guo, Hongqing Niu, Nanjun Chen, Mengying Zhang, Guofeng Tian, Shengli Qi, and Dezhen Wu. "The design of a multifunctional separator regulating the lithium ion flux for advanced lithium-ion batteries." RSC Advances 9, no. 68 (2019): 40084–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra08006f.

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Lin, Hsiu-Li, T. Leon Yu, Wei-Kai Chang, Chien-Pang Cheng, Chih-Ren Hu, and Guo-Bin Jung. "Preparation of a low proton resistance PBI/PTFE composite membrane." Journal of Power Sources 164, no. 2 (February 2007): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.11.036.

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Perry, Kelly A., Glenn A. Eisman, and Brian C. Benicewicz. "Electrochemical hydrogen pumping using a high-temperature polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane." Journal of Power Sources 177, no. 2 (March 2008): 478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.11.059.

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Schmidt, Thomas J., and Jochen Baurmeister. "Development Status of High-Temperature PBI-based Membrane Electrode Assemblies." ECS Transactions 16, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2981861.

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37

Sadeghi, Morteza, Homayoon Moadel, Somaieh Khatti, and Behnam Ghalei. "Dual-Mode Sorption of Inorganic Acids in Polybenzimidazole (PBI) Membrane." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B 49, no. 6 (October 9, 2010): 1128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222341003641412.

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38

Wu, X., and K. Scott. "A H2SO4 Loaded Polybenzimidazole (PBI) Membrane for High Temperature PEMFC." Fuel Cells 12, no. 4 (May 23, 2012): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fuce.201100145.

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39

Chung, Tai-Shung, and Paul N. Chen. "Film and membrane properties of polybenzimidazole (PBI) and polyarylate alloys." Polymer Engineering and Science 30, no. 1 (January 1990): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760300102.

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40

Ubong, Etim U., Diana Phillips, and Matt Gieseke. "CO Poisoning of Pt Electrode in PEM-PBI Based Membrane." ECS Transactions 26, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3428995.

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41

Krüger, Andries J., Patrizia Cichon, Jochen Kerres, Dmitri Bessarabov, and Henning M. Krieg. "Characterisation of a polyaromatic PBI blend membrane for SO2 electrolysis." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40, no. 8 (March 2015): 3122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.12.081.

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Daud, Nur Anati Bazilah, Ebrahim Abouzari Lotf, Saidatul Sophia Sha’rani, Mohamed M. Nasef, Arshad Ahmad, and Roshafima Rasit Ali. "Efforts to Improve PBI/Acid Membrane System for High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC)." E3S Web of Conferences 90 (2019): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199001002.

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The global expansion of industry and technology has brought various environmental issues especially in atmospheric pollution and global warming. These resulted in various R&D activities on renewable energy resources and devices. Developing high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) is one of them. Over the past decades, this research has been received the most attention for various stationary and transportation applications. This is due to inherent advantages of operation above 100 °C including improved tolerance toward CO poisoning, enhanced electrode kinetics, easier heat dissipation and water management as well as better thermodynamic quality of the produced heat. Poly (benzimidazoles)-phosphoric acid (PBI/PA) is the well-established membrane for HT-PEMFC applications replacing perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes, which operate in the temperature range of below 100 °C. Nevertheless, there have been concerns on the durability and stability of such PEMFC, which negatively affected their widespread commercialization. In this paper, problems regarding this acid-base complex membrane system and modifications as well as some techniques used to overcome these issues will be outlined.

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Maurya, Sandip, Sung-Hee Shin, Ju-Young Lee, Yekyung Kim, and Seung-Hyeon Moon. "Amphoteric nanoporous polybenzimidazole membrane with extremely low crossover for a vanadium redox flow battery." RSC Advances 6, no. 7 (2016): 5198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra26244e.

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44

Li, Tianyu, Wenjing Lu, Zhizhang Yuan, Huamin Zhang, and Xianfeng Li. "A data-driven and DFT assisted theoretic guide for membrane design in flow batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 25 (2021): 14545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta02421c.

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45

Perea-Cachero, Adelaida, Miren Etxeberría-Benavides, Oana David, Adam Deacon, Timothy Johnson, Magdalena Malankowska, Carlos Téllez, and Joaquín Coronas. "Pre-combustion gas separation by ZIF-8-polybenzimidazole mixed matrix membranes in the form of hollow fibres—long-term experimental study." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 9 (September 2021): 210660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210660.

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Polybenzimidazole (PBI) is a promising and suitable membrane polymer for the separation of the H 2 /CO 2 pre-combustion gas mixture due to its high performance in terms of chemical and thermal stability and intrinsic H 2 /CO 2 selectivity. However, there is a lack of long-term separation studies with this polymer, particularly when it is conformed as hollow fibre membrane. This work reports the continuous measurement of the H 2 /CO 2 separation properties of PBI hollow fibres, prepared as mixed matrix membranes with metal-organic framework (MOF) ZIF-8 as filler. To enhance the scope of the experimental approach, ZIF-8 was synthesized from the transformation of ZIF-L upon up-scaling the MOF synthesis into a 1 kg batch. The effects of membrane healing with poly(dimethylsiloxane), to avoid cracks and non-selective gaps, and operation conditions (use of sweep gas or not) were also examined at 200°C during approximately 51 days. In these conditions, for all the membrane samples studied, the H 2 permeance was in the 22–47 GPU range corresponding to 22–32 H 2 /CO 2 selectivity values. Finally, this work continues our previous report on this type of application (Etxeberria-Benavides et al . 2020 Sep. Purif. Technol. 237 , 116347 ( doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116347 )) with important novelties dealing with the use of ZIF-8 for the mixed matrix membrane coming from a green methodology, the long-term gas separation testing for more than 50 days and the study on the membrane operation under more realistic conditions (e.g. without the use of sweep gas).

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Kumar B., Satheesh, Balakondareddy Sana, G. Unnikrishnan, Tushar Jana, and Santhosh Kumar K. S. "Polybenzimidazole co-polymers: their synthesis, morphology and high temperature fuel cell membrane properties." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 5 (2020): 1043–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01403a.

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Polybenzimidazole (PBI) random co-polymers containing alicyclic and aromatic backbones were synthesized using two different dicarboxylic acids (viz., cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid and terephthalic acid) by varying their molar ratios.

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Lobato, Justo, Pablo Cañizares, Manuel A. Rodrigo, Diego Úbeda, and F. Javier Pinar. "A novel titanium PBI-based composite membrane for high temperature PEMFCs." Journal of Membrane Science 369, no. 1-2 (March 2011): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.11.051.

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Mamlouk, M., and K. Scott. "Phosphoric acid-doped electrodes for a PBI polymer membrane fuel cell." International Journal of Energy Research 35, no. 6 (April 7, 2011): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.1708.

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Wu, X., M. Mamlouk, and K. Scott. "A PBI-Sb0.2Sn0.8P2O7-H3PO4 Composite Membrane for Intermediate Temperature Fuel Cells." Fuel Cells 11, no. 5 (September 5, 2011): 620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fuce.201100089.

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50

Zhai, Zhen Yu, Ying Gang Shen, Bin Jia, and Yan Yin. "Surface Morphology Studies on PBI Membrane Materials of High Temperature for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." Advanced Materials Research 625 (December 2012): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.625.239.

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Compare with the conventional proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) have more advantages such as higher CO tolerance of catalyst, easier water management and higher catalyst activity. As the core component of the HT-PEMFC, proton exchange membrane should have excellent flexibility , thermal stability and high proton conductivity at high operation temperature and anhydrous environments. By atomic force microscope (AFM) technology, the surface topography image and lateral force image of the untreated and treated polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane are investigated.

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