Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'PBI'

Cette thèse débute par une courte introduction traitant des principes et de l'état de l'art des PEMFC dans le but de situer le contexte des travaux. Le but des travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit est de développer une nouvelle méthode de préparation de membrane pour les piles à combustible haute température (&gt; 120 °C). Le polybenzimidazole dopé à l'acide phosphorique est devenu la référence des PEM haute température. Un degré de dopage élevé est essentiel pour minimiser les pertes ohmiques dans la cellule. Malheureusement un degré de dopage élevé entraine aussi une plastification de la membrane détériorant aussi sa résistance mécanique. Il est donc essentiel d'atteindre un compromis entre conductivité protonique élevée et résistance mécanique en contrôlant le degré de dopage. Dans ce travail, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode de préparation de membrane, basée sur la gélation thermoréversible d'une solution de PBI dans l'acide phosphorique ou polyphosphorique, dans le but d'obtenir des degrés de dopage élevés. Une modification chimique a été réalisée dans l'état dopé afin d'induire une réticulation du polymère. De plus, les résistances mécaniques ont été améliorées en introduisant dans la membrane un mat de PBI réticulé obtenu par filage électrostatique. La faisabilité des approches suivies dans ces travaux a été démontrée par des tests en cellule de pile à combustible jusqu'à une température de 180 °C. Les AMEs élaborés à partir de ces membranes ont montré une stabilité satisfaisante durant 900 - 1000 heures de fonctionnement sous conditions statiques (opération continue à 0.2 A.cm-2) et sous conditions dynamiques (cyclage en tension et courant) avec une décroissance de la tension de la cellule au cours du temps de 0.7 - 0.8 µV.h-1 à 0.2 A.cm-2. Les caractéristiques I-V de ces AMEs ont été comparées à des assemblages de référence PBI/H3PO4 commerciaux et ont présenté des performances améliorées par rapport aux assemblages commerciaux<br>The thesis begins with a short overview of the principles and the current state at the art of the PEMFC in order to give a background on the specific subject of high temperature PEM fuel cell. The aim of the work presented in this thesis is to develop a new method of preparation of membrane for high temperature fuel cell (T &gt; 120 °C). Phosphoric acid doped PBI has become the reference for high temperature PEM. A high phosphoric acid content is essential to minimize the ohmic voltage loss in the fuel cell for high current density. Unfortunately high phosphoric acid content exerts a strong plasticizing effect resulting in poor mechanical properties of the membrane. Consequently the doping level of the membrane should be a compromise between the highest proton conductivity and mechanical strength. In this work we have presented a new method of preparation of membrane based on the thermoreversible gelation of a PBI solution in phosphoric or polyphosphoric acid in order to obtain high acid doping. The chemical modification of the membrane has been performed in the doped state in order to induce a chemical crosslinking. The mechanical strength of the membrane has been further improved by the introduction of PBI electrospun mat as reinforcement. The feasibility of the approaches followed in this work was demonstrated in fuel cell tests at temperature up to 180 °C. The MEA based on those membranes have shown a stability up to 900 - 1000 hours either under static (continuous operation at 0.2 A.cm-2) or dynamic (voltage and current cycling) operation with a small voltage decay of 0.7 - 0.8 µV.h-1 at 0.2 A.cm-2. The I-V characteristics of these MEA have been compared with reference commercial PBI/H3PO4 MEAs and shown improved performances

Recent developments have confirmed that in the future hydrogen demand in industrial applications will arise because of the growing requirements for H2 in chemical manufacturing, petroleum refining, and the newly emerging clean energy concepts. Hydrogen is mainly produced from the steam reforming of natural gas and water gas shift reactions. The major products of these processes are hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The selective removal of CO2 from the product gas is important because it poisons catalysts in the reactor and it is highly corrosive. Membrane separation processes for hydrogen purification may be employed as alternative for conventional methods such as adsorption, cryogenic distillation. Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are composed of an insoluble phase dispersed homogeneously in a continuous polymer matrix. They have potential in gas separation applications by combining the advantageous properties of both phases. The objective of this study is to produce neat polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes and PBI based mixed matrix membranes for separation of H2/CO2. Furthermore, to test the gas permeation performance of the prepared membranes at permeation temperatures of 35oC to 90oC. Commercial PBI supplied from both Celanese and FumaTech were used as polymer matrix. PBI was selected based on its thermal, chemical stabilities and mechanical properties and its performance as a fuel-cell membrane produced by PBI. Micro-sized Zeolite 3A and nano-sized SAPO-34 are zeolites with 0.30 nm and 0.38 nm pore size respectively have attracted considerable interest and employed as fillers in this study. Commercial Zeolite 3A and synthesized SAPO-34 by our group was used throughout the study. Membranes were prepared using N,N-dimethylacetamide as the solvent. Prepared membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of annealing procedure and operating temperature on gas separation performance of resultant neat PBI, PBI/Zeolite 3A and PBI/SAPO-34 membranes were investigated by gas permeation tests. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide gases were used for single gas permeation measurements. Two different annealing strategies were utilized namely in-line annealing and in-oven annealing. In-oven annealing was performed in an oven in nitrogen atmosphere at 120oC, 0.7 atm while in-line annealing was performed in the gas permeation set-up by feeding helium as permeating gas at 90oC and 3 bar. Neat PBI and PBI/ Zeolite 3A membranes were in-oven annealed. The in-oven annealed membranes showed better selectivities with lower permeabilities, but the performance results of these membranes had low repeatability. On the other hand, in-line annealed membranes showed much higher permeabilities and lower selectivities with stable performance. By changing the annealing method hydrogen permeability increased from 5.16 Barrer to almost 7.77 barrer for neat membranes and for PBI/Zeolite 3A mixed matrix membranes increased from 5.55 to to 7.69 Barrer at 35oC. The selectivities were decreased from 6.21 to 2.31 for neat membranes and for PBI/Zeolite 3A from 5.55 to 2.63. Effect of increasing operating temperature was investigated by using in-line annealed membranes. Increasing temperature from 35oC to 90o improved the performance of the both types of membranes and repeatable results were obtained. Besides neat PBI and PBI/Zeolite 3A, PBI/SAPO-34 membranes were prepared only via in-line annealing. The addition of nano-sized filer to the membranes provided homogeneous distribution in polymer matrix for PBI/SAPO-34 membranes. For this type of membrane hydrogen permeability increased from 8.01 to 26.73 Barrer and with no change in H2/CO2 selectivities via rising temperature. Consequently, it is better to study hydrogen and carbon dioxide separation at high temperature. For all types of membranes hydrogen showed higher activation energies. In between all membranes magnitude of activation energies were the highest for PBI/SAPO-34 membrane which is an indication of good interaction between polymer and zeolite interface. In-line annealed membranes gave the best gas permeation results by providing repeatability of measurements. Among all studied membranes in-line annealed PBI/SAPO-34 membrane exhibited the best gas permeation results.

"This thesis investigates the effect of temperature, methanol concentration, and oxidant type on the performance of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) using two versions of a commercially available polybenzimidazole (PBI)-based membrane electrode assembly (MEA): the Celtec®-P 1000 MEA of original thickness and double thickness. The PBI-based MEA’s were tested under the vapor-phase methanol concentrations of 1M, 2M, 3M, 5M, 7.5M, and 10M, temperatures of 160-180°C, and oxidants of oxygen and air. It was found that performance increased with temperature and that oxygen outperformed air as methanol concentrations increased. The double thickness PBI-based MEA, was more resistant to methanol crossover and performed better with increasing methanol concentrations. Thus, these commercial MEAs may be suitable for developing higher temperature DMFCs."

"This project investigates the effect of membrane thickness on the performance and durability of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) using a commercially available Celtec®P-1000 PBI-based membrane electrode assembly (MEA). The PBI-based membranes tested were the 100µm, the standard thickness, 200µm and 250µm thick. With various methanol feed concentrations and cathode feeds, oxygen and air, the PBI-based MEAs were operated between 160 and 180°C with vaporized methanol feed. Results showed that the DMFC performance increased with temperature and with PBI membrane thickness. The optimal concentration for the 100µm membrane was at 5M while the best performance with the 200µm membrane was obtained at 3M. The 250µm membrane looked like it could have had better performance than the 200µm, but unfortunately experimental issues didn’t allow completion of these results."

Alternative energy sources are needed if the current use of energy is to be sustained while reducing global warming. A possible alternative energy source that has significant potential is hydrogen. For hydrogen to become a serious contender for replacing fossil fuels, the production thereof has to be further investigated. One such process, the membrane–based Hybrid Sulphur (HyS) process, where hydrogen is produced from the electrolysis of SO2, has received considerable interest recently. Since H2SO4 is formed during SO2 electrolysis, H2SO4 stability is a prerequisite for any membrane to be used in this process. In this study, pure as well as high and low temperature blended polybenzimidazole (PBI), partially fluorinated poly(arylene ether) (sFS) and nonfluorinated poly(arylene ethersulphone) (sPSU) membranes were investigated in terms of their acid stability as a function of acid concentration by treating them in H2SO4 (30, 60 and 90wt%) for 120h at 1bar pressure. The high temperature blend membranes contain the basic polymer in excess (70 wt% basic PBI and 30wt% acid sPSU/sFS polymer) and require acid doping in order to conduct protons. In the doped state they are able to conduct protons up to 200°C. The low temperature blend membranes are also composed of the same PBI polymer used in the high temperature membranes, as well as the same acidic polymers with one of the membranes containing a fluorinated polymer and the other a nonfluorinated polymer (sFS or sPSU) in excess. These membranes do not require any acid doping to conduct protons but they are only stable at temperatures below 80°C. High temperature blend membranes were characterised using through–plane conductivity, GPC and IEC, whilst low temperature membranes were characterised using in–plane and through–plane proton conductivity, weight change, TGA, GPC, SEM, EDX and IEC techniques. The conductivity determination techniques (especially the in–plane technique) proved to be cumbersome, whilst all the other analysis techniques were deemed appropriate. H2SO4 exposure had a destabilising effect on the PBI membrane which presented as weight gain at the 30 and 60wt% H2SO4 concentrations due to salt formation and dissolution at the 90wt% acid treatment due to sulphonation. In the sFS membrane dissolution was observed at 30 and 60wt% as a result of oligomer loss that occurred during the post treatment washing process and partial dissolution, as a result of sulphonation, at the 90wt% treated membrane. The sPSU membrane showed great stability at 30 and 60wt%, though dissolution was observed at 90wt% because of membrane sulphonation due to a lack of fluorination. The sFS–PBI membrane blend proved to be stable with only slight degradation taking place at 90wt% treatment due to sulphonation. Similarly the sPSU–PBI blend membrane showed great stability at the 30 and 60wt% H2SO4 treatment concentrations however total dissolution occurred at 90wt% treatment again due to a lack of fluorination. Although both the low temperature blended membranes showed superb stability to H2SO4 concentrations expected in the SO2 electrolyser (30–40wt%), the low temperature blended sFS–PBI membrane seemed slightly more stable over the H2SO4 treatment concentration range (30–90wt%), due to the protective role of the fluorinated polymer. The superior acid stability of this membrane could prove vital for proper SO2 electrolysis, especially for prolonged periods of operation<br>Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

The present study defines the concepts of Economic Growth and Poverty. The main objective of the study is to identify the relationship between these macroeconomic variables in Peru during the period 2001-2016. During the process of analysis of the variables, the evolution of Economic Growth and Poverty is described. The methodology used is descriptive and correlational, the source of data for the study was obtained from the INEI, the variables used were PBI. PBI pc and Poverty. Product of the study carried out determines the significant link that economic growth has in the reduction of poverty. Finally, it is determined that sustained economic growth in the country is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the eradication of poverty.

<p>Under det senaste 10-15 åren finns ett ökande inslag av särskilda förband och enheter för inhämtning av information och underrättelser från mänskliga källor i de insatsområden som Sverige skickar trupp till. Dessa förband kan vara av typen Field Humint Teams (FHT) eller National Intelligence Cells (NIC). Ökningen av denna typ av förband samt ökningen av det militära behovet av att agera i miljöer som präglas av kontakter med människor har skapat en ökad användning av det engelska uttrycket HUMINT (Human Intelligence) i den svenska militära vokabulären.  HUMINT och Personbaserad inhämtning (PBI) är det två begrepp som i Sverige används för att beskriva inhämtningen av information och underrättelser från mänskliga källor. I Försvarsmaktens Underrättelsehandbok - Förhandsutgåva (FM UndH Fu) från 2006 används begreppet HUMINT trots sitt engelska ursprung och ingen tydlig svensk översättning är där gjord. De övriga underrättelsedisciplinerna är dock översatta till en svensk benämning. Begreppet personbaserad inhämtning nämns inte en enda gång i boken. </p><p>Inom Försvarsmakten finns det dessutom olika uppfattningar om vad som är HUMINT och PBI eller vad det inte är. Dessa två begrepp används ibland lite slarvigt och jämställs ibland med varandra.</p><p>Det övergripande syftet med denna uppsats är att pröva hypotesen att de i Sverige vedertagna begreppen HUMINT och PBI uppfattas och värderas olika av individer och organisationer. Dessutom syftar uppsatsen till att jämföra de svenska definitionerna med andra försvarsmakter, organisationer och enskilda författares tolkningar av begreppen i syfte att utröna om dessa skiljer sig åt. Avslutningsvis syftar uppsatsen till att diskutera huruvida det har någon betydelse att begreppen tolkas olika.</p>

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor<br>Desarrolla una nueva ruta de síntesis del complejo polimérico sacarinato plata (I), [Ag(sac)]n, y la síntesis del complejo 2-(2-piridil)bencimidazol sacarinato plata(I), [Ag(pbi)(sac)]. La caracterización de ambos compuestos se realiza a través de los métodos de amperometría, análisis elemental, análisis por XPS, espectroscopía de IR, UV-Visible, 1H-RMN y 13C-RMN.<br>Tesis

This article focuses on the different ways in which the concepts of teaching and learning are conceived. It also defines the conception on which the educational view of the PBL is based, and how it determines its learning goals. Likewise, it shows how evaluation strategies are bonded to each of the stages in the PBL process, noting their features and the relation with learning goals of the methodology.<br>El artículo discute las diferentes concepciones acerca de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje, caracterizando aquellas que constituyen el fundamento de la visión educativa del ABP y que condicionan sus metas de aprendizaje. De acuerdo a ello, las estrategias de evaluación se plantean vinculadas con cada una de las etapas del proceso ABP, destacando sus características y su relación con las metas de aprendizaje de la metodología

Neste trabalho, um polímero eletrólito derivado do poli(indeno) (PInd) foi desenvolvido como componente de membranas poliméricas a base de polibenzimidazol (PBI) para célula a combustível de média temperatura. Foi investigado o método de síntese, envolvendo a reação de fosfonação pelo método de Friedel-Crafts assistido por catalisador ácido de Lewis AlCl3. O polímero poli(indeno) fosfonado (PPInd) foi comparado com seu análogo sulfonado, o poli(indeno) sulfonado (SPInd), e usados nas blendas com 5, 7,5 e 10% em peso com o PBI. Os polímeros precursores foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de infravermelho, espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear, espectroscopia de energia dispersiva, espectrometria de espalhamento Rutherford, análise termogravimétrica acoplada com espectrometria de massas e calorimetria exploratória diferencial. As blendas PPInd/PBI e SPInd/PBI foram caracterizadas por análise termogravimétrica, grau de dopagem e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. A modificação realizada pelo método de Friedel-Crafts permitiu a obtenção do poli(indeno) fosfonado parcialmente solúvel em solventes orgânicos e água, com grau de modificação de 81%. Houve convergência dos teores de modificação encontrados pelas análises termogravimétrica, espectrometria de espalhamento Rutherford e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva. O polímero PPInd apresentou estabilidade química na temperatura de operação da célula a combustível de média temperatura, passando por processos de degradação típicos de sua estrutura aromática fosfonada. A degradação dos polímeros PInd, PPInd e SPInd ocorreu majoritariamente com cisão de unidades monoméricas de indeno não funcionalizado. A inserção dos polímeros modificados PPInd e SPInd no PBI resultou no aumento da condutividade iônica, tendo a blenda com 10% de PPInd apresentado o maior valor de condutividade protônica (0,015 S.cm-1), a 25 oC. O uso do poli(indeno) modificado com grupos ácido fosfônico visa aumentar a gama de eletrólitos para células a combustível de média temperatura.<br>In this work a polymer electrolyte derivated from the poly(indene) (PInd) was developed to be used as polymer electrolyte membrane in medium-temperature fuel cells. The modification method, based on the AlCl3 assisted Friedel-Crafts reaction, was investigated as fosfonation strategy. The phosphonated poly(indene) was compared to its similar sulphonated poly(indene) and they were used in blends of 5, 7.5 and 10wt% in polybenzimidazole (PBI). Pristine polymers were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry and differential scanning calometry. The PPInd/PBI and SPInd/PBI blends were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, doping level and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The modification by Friedel-Crafts reaction produced phophonated poly(indene) with degree of phosphonation of 81%, partially soluble in organic solvent and water. It was found convergence on the results for degree of phosphonation calculated by thermogravimetric analysis, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and energy dispersive spectroscopy. PPInd presented chemical and thermal stabilities within the fuel cell operating temperature, passing by typical degradation processes of macromolecules made of phosphonated aromatic structures. The degradation of PPInd and SPInd occurred mainly by cleavage of monomeric units of non-funcionalized indene. Addition of modified polymers PPInd and SPInd resulted in increase of PBI’s ionic conductivity. 10PPInd/PBI blend presented the highest ionic conductivity (0.015 S.cm-1) at 25 oC. The use of phosphonated poly(indene) on PBI membranes enlarges the variety of available polymer electrolyte membranes for medium-temperature fuel cells.

La presente tesis pretende demostrar que un programa de entrenamiento basado en prácticas breves de mindfulness, respiración coherente y compasión (como prácticas principales) y así como también, acceder a un estado “mindful” de consciencia a través de “prácticas informales” en la vida cotidiana, produce cambios significativos en la disminución de síntomas de ansiedad, depresión estrés y burnout y en el aumento de las capacidades de mindfulness, descentramiento y autocompasión, así como también produce un incremento de la HRV en los participantes. Para demostrar esto, se presenta el diseño del protocolo M-PBI y dos estudios: En el protocolo se describe el programa y las diferentes prácticas que se realizan, en el primer estudio piloto (pre-post) no controlado, con una muestra de 74 participantes, se pudieron observar las diferencias estadísticamente significativas del efecto del programa M-PBI entre las medidas previas a la intervención y una vez finalizado el programa, en cuanto a ansiedad, depresión, estrés y capacidades de mindfulness y descentramiento, tanto para personas que estaban en tratamiento psicológico al momento de iniciar el programa 25% de la muestra), como en población no clínica (75% de la muestra); el segundo estudio se realizó en un entorno laboral, con una muestra de 40 sujetos, y consistió en un estudio intervencionista, aleatorizado y controlado con un grupo en lista de espera, evaluando el efecto del programa M-PBI sobre el estrés, burnout, HRV, mindfulness, descentramiento y autocompasión. Se pudo concluir que el Programa de entrenamiento en Mindfulness y Compasión basado en Prácticas Breves Integradas (M-PBI) se ha mostrado eficaz en la reducción de síntomas de estrés y burnout, y en el aumento de la capacidad de mindfulness, descentramiento y autocompasión. Se ha observado también un aumento de la HRV de los participantes, así como también, cambios significativos en la disminución de síntomas de ansiedad y depresión (pre vs. post entrenamiento). Se requieren estudios posteriores, con un tamaño muestral más grande, para confirmar estos resultados.<br>The present thesis aims to demonstrate that a training program based on brief practices of mindfulness, coherent breathing and compassion (as main practices) and also, access to a "mindful" state of consciousness through "informal practices" in life produces significant changes in the reduction of symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress and burnout and in the increase of the abilities of mindfulness, decentralization and self-compassion, as well as also an increase of the HRV in the participants. To demonstrate this, the design of the M-PBI protocol and two studies are presented: The protocol describes the program and the different practices that are performed in the first uncontrolled (pre-post) pilot study with a sample of 74 Participants, it was possible to observe the statistically significant differences in the effect of the M-PBI program between the measures prior to the intervention and at the end of the program, in terms of anxiety, depression, stress and mindfulness and decentralization capacities, both for people who were In psychological treatment at the time of starting the program 25% of the sample), as in non-clinical population (75% of the sample); The second study was performed in a work environment with a sample of 40 subjects, and consisted of an interventionist, randomized and controlled study with a waiting list group, evaluating the effect of the M-PBI program on stress, burnout, HRV , Mindfulness, decentering and self-compassion. It was concluded that the Mindfulness and Compassion Training Program based on Integrated Brief Practices (M-PBI) has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of stress and burnout, and in increasing the capacity for mindfulness, decentration and self-pity. An increase in participants' HRV has also been observed, as well as significant changes in the decrease in anxiety and depression symptoms (pre vs. post training). Further studies, with a larger sample size, are required to confirm these results.

Operation of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) at high temperature with vapor feed can avoid many of the issues of conventional low temperatures DMFC, such as crossover, low efficiency and high catalyst loading. Here we investigate the behavior of a PBI-phosphoric acid membrane based DMFC. This project has two goals. The first goal is to investigate the effect of temperature and methanol concentration on the performance of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC). The second goal is to investigate the effect of temperature and methanol on its oscillatory behavior under constant current or constant voltage operation. In this project, we use a commercial polybenzimidazole (PBI)-phosphoric acid based membrane electrode assembly (MEA), namely, Celtec-P 1100 from BASF. The Celtec-P 1100 MEA is actually designed for high temperature operation with referenced hydrogen. This kind of MEA operates at temperatures between 140℃ to 180℃, tolerating high concentrations of carbon monoxide and running independently of humidification. This study uses different vaporized concentration methanol instead of hydrogen at the anode and oxygen at the cathode. We tested in different conditions, the concentration of methanol from 1M to 10M and the operating temperature from 160℃ to 180℃. Results show that the performance of fuel cell increases with temperature up to 180℃ and the effect of methanol concentration is small. Further, oscillatory behavior is observed and reported for the first time. The oscillation is not significantly affected by the temperature and methanol concentration, current density or voltage. However, the oscillation is in special region in different condition.

El presente trabajo analiza el efecto de la descentralización fiscal sobre las disparidades regionales en el Perú. Para realizar el análisis se usa un panel de datos de los 24 departamentos más la provincia constitucional del Callao para el periodo del 2007 al 2018. El modelo es estimado por el método generalizado de momentos (GMM) bajo el estimador de Arellano-Bond y Arellano-Bover. Los resultados empíricos muestran la existencia de una relación inversa entre las variables bajo estudio, es decir la descentralización fiscal ayuda a reducir las disparidades regionales. Este resultado está acorde con el Teorema de Descentralización y el Teorema de Tiebout. Asimismo, las variables de control PBI per cápita y gasto público son significativas bajo las especificaciones estudiadas. Sin embargo, la introducción de la variable gobernabilidad como un proxy del nivel de institucional, no resulta significativa para explicar las disparidades regionales.<br>This paper analyzes the effect of fiscal decentralization on the regional disparities of Peru. For this, a data panel is constructed with the 24 departments and the constitutional province of Callao during the period from 2007 to 2018. The model is estimated using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) with the Arellano-Bond and Arellano-Bover estimator. The empirical results confirm the inverse relationship between variables studied. In other words, fiscal decentralization reduced regional disparities. This is supported by the Decentralization Theorem and the Tiebout Theorem. Moreover, the control variables of GDP per capita and public spending are significant. However, the introduction of the governance variable as a proxy for the institutional level is not significant to explain regional disparities.<br>Trabajo de investigación

La presente investigación tiene como finalidad determinar los principales factores que contribuyeron al incremento de las exportaciones peruanas de uva fresca a Estados Unidos durante los años 2002- 2017. Específicamente, determinar si es que la producción nacional, el precio FOB de las exportaciones peruanas a Estados Unidos y el PBI de Estados Unidos fueron factores determinantes para el incremento de las exportaciones peruanas de uva fresca a Estados Unidos durante los años 2002 - 2017. La metodología utilizada es análisis cuantitativo de tipo correlacional, ya que se pretende determinar la significancia estadística de las variables y conocer si existe o no relación entre estas. Todo esto con la finalidad de brindar información clara y real acerca de los factores que influyen en este rubro a los exportadores y todos los relacionados directa o indirectamente con este sector y sectores similares.<br>The purpose of the following research is to discover the main factors that determine the peruvian exports of fresh grapes between the years 2002 - 2017. Specifically, if the national production, the FOB price of the peruvian exports and the US GDP were determining factors for the increase in the peruvian export of fresh grapes between the years 2002 - 2017. The methodology used was a quantitative study with a correlational analysis, because we are trying to determine the statistical significance of the variables and to know if there is a relationship between them. All of this with the intention of giving clear and real information about the determining factors that influence this sector to the exporters and everyone that is directly or indirectly related to this sector or similar ones.<br>Tesis

Bei der Stippelung handelt es sich um eine Oberflächenstruktur des Gingivaepithels, die der Gingiva ein orangenschalenartiges Aussehen verleiht. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Stippelung der Gingiva von Kindern zu untersuchen und deren Merkmale sowie Prävalenz zu charakterisieren. Material und Methode: Für diese Querschnittsuntersuchung wurden insgesamt 274 Kinder untersucht (148 Jungen, 126 Mädchen; Durchschnittsalter 4,98 Jahre) und dabei der Zahnbefund, der Mundhygienezustand (API), der Entzündungszustand (PBI) und die ethnische Herkunft aufgenommen. Die Stippelung wurde photographisch und mit Abformung aus niedrig viskösem additionsvernetzenden Silikon dokumentiert. Die davon hergestellten Modelle wurden unter einem Stereomikroskop mit einer Kamera digitalisiert. Das Programm analySIS 3.0 diente zur Bildanalyse. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt zeigten 187 Kinder (68,2%) Stippelung (Jungen 67,2%, Mädchen 69%). Sie trat ab einem Alter von einem Jahr auf. Geschlecht, ethnische Herkunft, Karieserfahrung, API und PBI hatten keinen Einfluss auf die Häufigkeit. Sie kam signifikant häufiger im Wechselgebiss vor, ebenso im Oberkiefer und im Frontzahnbereich. Im Seitenvergleich konnte keine symmetrische Verteilung festgestellt werden. Die Tüpfelung kam bis auf eine Ausnahme ausschließlich auf der befestigten Gingiva vor und war dabei bevorzugt interradikulär, danach radikulär und zuletzt im subpapillären Bereich zu finden. Die Auswertung der Photographien und Replikas ergab eine durchschnittliche Dichte von 2,54 Stippel/mm2 bei einer Höhe von 0,10 mm bzw. einer Breite von 0,09 mm je Vertiefung. Ältere Kinder wiesen eine höhere Dichte der Tüpfelung auf. Alter und Geschlecht keinen Einfluss auf die morphometrischen Daten. Anzahl, Höhe und Breite der Stippelung waren im Oberkiefer und im Frontzahnbereich größer als im Unterkiefer bzw. im Seitenzahnbereich. Schlussfolgerung: Als alleiniges Kriterium zur Beurteilung des klinischen Entzündungszustandes der Gingiva bei Kindern ist die Stippelung nicht geeignet, da das Fehlen von Stippelung nicht immer mit dem Vorhandensein von gingivaler Entzündung übereinstimmt. Für eine korrekte Diagnose müssen vielmehr weitere Kriterien wie Farbe, Dicke, Festigkeit, Kontur der Gingiva, die Sondierungstiefe und Sondierungsblutung einbezogen werden.<br>Background: The aim of this study was to examine the gingival stippling in children and to characterize it. The prevalence of stippling was a special interest. Stippling is a structure of the gingival epithelium, which causes an orange peel like appearance of the gingiva. Material and methods: In this cross-sectional study 274 children (148 boys and 126 girls; average age 4.98 years) were examined. Oral status, approximal plaque index (API), papillary bleeding index (PBI) and race were noted. Photographs or replicas with a silicone impression material of low viscosity were taken if stippling was found. The replicas were used to make stone casts, which were scanned by a video camera. The obtained pictures were analysed with the software analysis 3.0. Results: 68.2% of the children showed stippling, in 67.2% of the boys and 69.0% of the girls. It was evident from an age of one year. Sex and race did not show any influence on prevalence. There was also no relation between stippling and caries, oral hygiene or gingival inflammation. Stippling was more frequent in mixed dentition than in deciduous dentition. The children showed more stippling in the upper jaw and in the anterior region. It was not spread symmetrically. Usually, it was localized to the attached gingiva with the highest frequency in the interradicular area, followed by the radicular area, and subpapillar area. Only one child showed stippling in the free gingiva, too, but this seemed to be an exception from the rule. The data obtained from photographs and replicas showed a density of 2,54 stipples per mm2, a height of 0.10 mm and a width of 0.09 mm. Older children showed a higher density. Height and width were neither influenced by sex nor by age. But stippling in upper arch and anterior region had a higher density and a larger height and width than in lower arch or posterior region. Conclusion: Gingival Stippling is not a major criterion in clinical assessment of gingival or periodontal inflammation, because missing stippling does not always coincide with presence of gingival inflammation. For a correct diagnosis more criteria, e.g. colour, contour, thickness, consistency, pocket depth and bleeding on probing, have to be considered, too.

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica<br>Integrally skinned asymmetric polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes suitable for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) were prepared via phase inversion and several changes were implemented in the dope solutions in order to control their molecular weight cut-off (MWCO). Initially, uncrosslinked membranes with different polymer concentrations were tested to investigate their impact on membrane performance. On a second approach, several co-solvents were added in the dope solutions of PBI membranes. Coupling this methodology with chemical crosslinking, using an aromatic bi-functional crosslinker, provided solvent stable membranes with several MWCOs in the nanofiltration range and high permeance. Further variation of membrane dope parameters was tested in order to study membrane formation impact on membrane performance. Total solubility parameters of the chosen co-solvents were calculated, and a correlation between this tool and membrane performance was studied. Even though it was not possible to withdraw conclusions on a fundamental level, from the correlation of the total solubility parameters with membrane performance, this work demonstrates the possibility of developing PBI OSN membranes using different co-solvents and opens up future possibilities for controlling the MWCO of these membranes. A post-treatment study was also conducted in order to examine its impact in membrane performance.

El documento busca analizar el posible impacto del Fondo de Estabilización de los Precios de los Combustibles derivados del petróleo (FEPC) en variables macroeconómicas de interés, como el PBI, la inflación y la Deuda Pública. El punto fundamental del análisis es debido a la inestabilidad que generan las volatilidades de los precios internacionales del petróleo en economías dependientes del recurso, como la es el Perú. Además, de identificar si las herramientas de estabilización, como lo es el fondo, son ejecutadas de manera eficiente sin generar efectos adversos que puedan perjudicar otras aspectos de la economía. En el documento se encontraron evidencias empíricas sobre la finalidad de la estabilización de precios en diversos aspectos, así como el nacimiento de la necesidad de estos dependiendo de la situación del país frente a los recursos extractivos. Se hizo uso de un modelo de vectores de autocorrección (VAR), para estimar el efecto que poseen los diversos tipos de combustibles, haciendo uso de los precios internacionales y los establecidos por el FEPC. Se usaron datos mensuales para realizar la estimación, del periodo 2008-2018 y fueron extraídos del Banco Central de Reserva del Perú y del Organismo Supervisor de la Inversión en Energía y Minería. La síntesis de la investigación indico que el FEPC cumple con su función principal de ejecutar una estabilización de los precios de los combustibles, suavizando los choques externos a la economía peruana; sin embargo, se requieren realizar modificaciones en el fondo debido a efectos colaterales que lo hacen insostenible en el tiempo.<br>The developed document examines the impact of the Stabilization Fund for the prices of petroleum-derived fuels (FEPC, in Spanish) in macroeconomic variables of interest, such as GDP, inflation and public debt. The main reason for this study is due for the instability generated by volatilities in international oil prices in resource dependent economies, such as Peru. In addition, to identify if the stabilization tools, such as the fund, are executed efficiently without generating adverse effects that could harm other aspects of the economy. The document found empirical evidence on the purpose of price stabilization in various aspects, as well as the birth of their need depending on the country's situation with respect to extractive resources. A model of autocorrect vectors (VAR) was used to estimate the effect of various types of fuels, using international prices and those established by the FEPC. Monthly data were used to make the estimate, for the period 2008-2018 and were extracted from the Central Reserve Bank of Peru and the Supervisory Agency for Investment in Energy and Mining. The synthesis of the investigation indicated that the FEPC fulfills its main function of executing a stabilization of fuel prices, softening external shocks to the Peruvian economy, however, modifications to the fund are required due to collateral effects that they make it unsustainable over time.<br>Trabajo de investigación

Com o aumento da população mundial, o desenvolvimento de novas fontes e conversores de energia tornou-se uma necessidade. As células a combustível mostram-se como uma alternativa viável devido principalmente a duas razões, sua alta eficiência e a utilização de combustíveis renováveis. No presente trabalho se estuda a influência da temperatura de operação e o conteúdo de álcali no combustível sobre a densidade de potencia para uma célula a combustível de glicerol direto. Como combustível foi utilizado uma solução de glicerol:KOH (1M:xM, x=0, 1, 3, 5), como membranas foram utilizados filmes de polibencimidazol impregnado com ácido fosfórico (PBI/H3PO4, relação molar 1:11) ou 1-hexil-3-metilimidazol trifluorometanosulfonato (PBI/HMI-Tf relação molar 1:1.5), e finalmente, nano partículas de Pt suportadas em carbono (60% w/w) como catalizador no ânodo e no cátodo. Em geral, o incremento da temperatura e conteúdo de álcali no combustível mostra um efeito favorável na densidade de potencia do sistema. Numa célula a combustível unitária de glicerol direto utilizando membranas de PBI/ H3PO4 e PBI/HMI-Tf foram obtidas densidades de potencia de 0.54mW.cm-2 a 175°C e 0.599mW.cm-2 a 130°C, respectivamente, para uma solução de glicerol de (1M); enquanto que, para uma solução com um conteúdo maior de álcali, glicerol:KOH (1M:5M), foram obtidas densidades de potencia maiores, 44.1mW.cm-2 a 175°C e 29mW.cm-2 a 130°C, respectivamente. O efeito combinado do incremento da temperatura e concentração de álcali no combustível mostra um efeito maior em relação ao efeito só da temperatura.<br>With the increasing world population, the development of new energy sources or energy converters has become a necessity. Fuel cells show up as a viable alternative due mainly to two reasons, their high efficiency and the use of renewable fuels. In the present work we study the influence of operating temperature and alkali content in the fuel on the power density for a direct glycerol fuel cell. A glycerol:KOH (1M: xM, x = 0, 1, 3, 5) solution was used as fuels, as membranes were used polibencimidazol films impregnated with phosphoric acid (PBI/H3PO4, molar ratio of 1:11) or 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (PBI/HMI-Tf), and finally, Pt nanoparticles supported on carbon (60% w / w) as catalyst in the anode and cathode. In general, increasing the temperature and alkali content in the fuel shows a favorable effect in the system power density. In a direct glycerol fuel cell using PBI/H3PO4 and PBI /HMI-Tf membranes were obtained power density of 0.54mW.cm-2 at 175°C and 0.599mW.cm-2 at 130°C, respectively, for a 1M glycerol solution; while for a glycerol solution with a higher content of alkali, glycerol:KOH (1M: 5M), were obtained higher power densities, 44.1mW.cm-2 at 175 ° C and 29mW.cm-2 at 130 ° C, respectively. The combined effect of increased temperature and alkali concentration in the fuel shows a greater effect compared to the effect of temperature only.

Trabajo de suficiencia profesional<br>En el presente trabajo de investigación se realiza una evaluación empírica de la relación entre el producto bruto interno (PBI), la tasa activa en moneda nacional (TAMN), y la cantidad de liquidez del sistema financiero (LIQ) como determinantes de la demanda de crédito bancario privado (DBP) en la economía peruana para el periodo 2000-2012. Dada la naturaleza de las series, el análisis econométrico se fundamenta en la estimación de un modelo vectorial de corrección de errores (modelo VEC o VECM), a partir de la cual se establece la existencia de una relación dinámica entre las variables (series). Esto, en un escenario donde las bajas tasas de intereses tanto locales como internacionales buscan fomentar el crédito bancario y existen una gran cantidad de cajas y bancos que prestan sus servicios en diferentes condiciones. Los resultados muestran la relación inversa entre la DBP y la TAMN, pero directa entre la DBP y la LIQ. El PBI, explicado mediante el ciclo o “shock económico” influencia de manera directa en la DBP en el corto plazo.

En el presente trabajo de investigación se realiza una evaluación empírica de la relación entre el producto bruto interno (PBI), la tasa activa en moneda nacional (TAMN), y la cantidad de liquidez del sistema financiero (LIQ) como determinantes de la demanda de crédito bancario privado (DBP) en la economía peruana para el periodo 2000-2012. Dada la naturaleza de las series, el análisis econométrico se fundamenta en la estimación de un modelo vectorial de corrección de errores (modelo VEC o VECM), a partir de la cual se establece la existencia de una relación dinámica entre las variables (series). Esto, en un escenario donde las bajas tasas de intereses tanto locales como internacionales buscan fomentar el crédito bancario y existen una gran cantidad de cajas y bancos que prestan sus servicios en diferentes condiciones. Los resultados muestran la relación inversa entre la DBP y la TAMN, pero directa entre la DBP y la LIQ. El PBI, explicado mediante el ciclo o “shock económico” influencia de manera directa en la DBP en el corto plazo.

Introdução: É consenso entre os psicanalistas e psicoterapeutas psicanalíticos que a transferência é um elemento central em qualquer forma de psicoterapia. O conceito de transferência, ao longo do tempo, vem se desenvolvendo e mudando. Atualmente ele se refere aos pensamentos, sentimentos, motivações e comportamentos que emergem na relação terapêutica e refletem a personalidade e o funcionamento interpessoal do paciente. A maneira com que o indivíduo se relacionou na infância com pessoas significativas cria modelos de relacionamento que são internalizados e ficam povoando seu mundo interno, servindo de modelo para as relações futuras com o mundo externo. Processos inconscientes do paciente transferem para os outros (incluindo psicoterapeutas) sentimentos e atitudes originalmente associados às figuras importantes do início da sua vida. O estudo da associação entre o modo com que a criança percebeu e vivenciou a relação com seus pais na infância e a maneira com que ela se relaciona atualmente com outras pessoas poderia esclarecer o impacto das relações precoces no desenvolvimento da personalidade e suas implicações no comportamento do sujeito. Objetivos: Este estudo tem como objetivo geral investigar a associação entre o vínculo parental percebido pelo paciente e a transferência realizada com o terapeuta em uma amostra de pacientes em psicoterapia psicanalítica do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brasil. Os objetivos específicos são avaliar a freqüência dos diferentes tipos de vínculo parental e realizar análise fatorial confirmatória do Parental Bonding Instrument para verificar se esta escala mede dois ou três fatores, já que há uma ampla discussão na literatura sobre diferentes fatores estruturais do PBI. Método: Foram incluídos neste estudo todos pacientes adultos (maiores de dezoito anos), em tratamento psicoterápico no Programa de Psicoterapia Psicanalítica do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) durante o ano de 2005 e primeiro semestre de 2006. A avaliação diagnóstica foi realizada pelos terapeutas através de entrevista clínica por ocasião de ingresso no programa. As entrevistas clínicas foram supervisionadas por médicos psiquiatras, psicoterapeutas com experiência de 15 anos em psicoterapia psicanalítica. Para medir o fator em estudo, o vínculo parental, foi aplicado o Parental Bonding Instrument- PBI e para medir o desfecho, transferência, foi aplicado o Relationship Patterns Questionnaire – RPQ. As variáveis para controle de interesse deste estudo foram variáveis sociodemográficas e variaveis clínicas: tempo e frequência de tratamento psicoterápico, tratamento psicoterápico prévio, sintomas não psicóticos, mecanismos de defesa (medidos pelo DSQ-40), gênero da dupla terapêutica e diagnóstico clínico (DSM-IV). O tamanho da amostra foi calculado, para assegurar um poder estatístico de 80% (n= 63) para detectar correlações fracas a moderadas (r>0,3). A análise dos dados foi feita no programa estatístico SPSS14 e as correlações foram analisadas pelo teste de Pearson. As variáveis que apresentaram um valor de p ≤ 0.2 em relação ao desfecho foram controladas em um modelo de regressão linear. A análise fatorial confirmatória do PBI foi feita com uma amostra de 257 mulheres adultas realizada pelo programa Amos 5.0.1 software. Destas, 139 eram pacientes recrutadas de diferentes Ambulatórios do Serviço de Psiquiatria do HCPA e 118 controles, selecionados entre funcionários do HCPA e estudantes de medicina ou de psicologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). O método de máxima verossimilhança foi utilizado para comparar cinco diferentes estruturas fatoriais do PBI em termos de ajuste do modelo, seguindo modelo de estudo realizado por Sato et al (1999). Resultados: Em relação aos objetivos específicos verificou-se que o tipo de vínculo parental mais freqüente, segundo Parker, tanto para pai como para mãe foi o tipo 3, (vínculo com controle, sem afeto) e os resultados da análise fatorial do PBI sugeriram que o modelo estrutural de três fatores é preferível em relação ao de dois fatores. Já que, os valores do x2 para o modelo de dois fatores proposto por Parker foram significativamente maiores do que os dos quatro modelos de três fatores utilizados na comparação e o modelo Parker obteve também o menor valor de GFI (goodness-of-fit index) tanto para pai como para mãe (GFI= 0.740, GFI=0.771). Como resultado principal encontrou-se associação estatisticamente significativa somente entre o vínculo paterno e alguns padrões de transferência: amor, submissão e imposição. Quanto mais o paciente percebe seu pai como afetivo maior é o comportamento amoroso com o terapeuta (p=0,048; b=,252); também observouse correlação inversa estatisticamente significativa entre a escala de imposição e o afeto paterno, ou seja, quanto mais o paciente percebe seu pai como afetivo menor é sua percepção de comportamento impositivo do terapeuta com ele (p=0,049; b=- ,251) e quanto mais o paciente percebe seu pai como alguém que o encoraja a ter comportamento de liberdade menor é sua percepção de que o terapeuta reage de maneira submissa à ele (p=0,010; b=-,351). Conclusões: A análise fatorial do PBI, embora realizada em uma amostra apenas de pacientes mulheres, forneceu resultados semelhantes aos descritos na literatura, colaborando para melhor entendimento sobre a estrutura do instrumento em nosso meio. Foram realizadas pesquisas no Pubmed e no PsychInfo e não encontrou-se nenhum estudo quantitativo de associação entre o vínculo parental e a transferência. Os resultados encontrados reforçam a importância da qualidade do vínculo com o pai na infância na construção de padrões de relacionamentos, especialmente na relação terapêutica. A importância da identificação do terapeuta com a função paterna poderia auxiliar na compreensão da transferência-contratransferência e em um entendimento mais acurado do paciente.<br>Introduction: It is of consensus among psychoanalysts and psychotherapists that transference is a central element in any kind of psychotherapy. The concept of counter transference has been developing as well as changing over time. Transference is currently understood as something that refers to thoughts, feelings, motivations and behaviours that emerge during the course of the therapeutically relationship. Trasferential feelings reflect both the personality and the interpersonal behaviour of the patient towards. The way individuals related to important figures during their childhood creates models of relationship that are internalized and become part of the internal world of those individuals; patterns which will serve as models in future relationships established with the outside world. Unconscious processes Feelings and attitudes that were originally associated to important figures of the patients early years are transferred to other people – including psychotherapists- through unconscious processes. The study of the correlation between the way a child has perceived and lived his/her relationship with his/her parents during childhood and the way this person now relates to others may clarify the impact of relationships established at an early age on the development of one’s personality and its implications on ones behaviour. Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between the parental bonding perceived by the patients and the transference related to the therapist in a patients sample who were assessed by the Programme on Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy from Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brazil. Specifics aims are evaluating the frequency of different types of parental bonding and performing a confirmatory factor analysis of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in our environment through a confirmatory factor analysis. We wish to verify whether this scale measures two or three factors given that there is wide discussion on the different structural factors of the PBI. Methods: Adult patients (above eighteen years of age) undergoing psychotherapy at the Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy Programme at Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) during 2005 and the first half of 2006 were included in this research. The diagnostic evaluation was made by therapists through clinical interviews once the patients joined the programme at the HCPA. The interviews were supervised by psychiatries, psychotherapists with at least 15 years of experience. The instrument used to measure parental bond was the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), and Relationship Patterns Questionnaire (RPQ) was used to measure transference. The other controlled variables were sociodemographic variables and clinical variables as follows: length and frequency of the treatment, previous psychotherapeutic treatment, non-psychotic symptoms, defense mechanisms (DSQ-40), gender of the therapeutic dyad, and diagnosis (DSM-IV). The size of the sample was chosen in order to guarantee statistical power of 80% (n = 63) and the ability to detect weak and moderate correlations (r>0,3). The analysis of the data was performed using the SPSS14 software and the correlations were analyzed using the Pearson’s test. The variables that presented a p value ≤ 0.2 regarding the outcome (transference) were controlled in a linear regression model. The confirmatory factorial analysis of the PBI was made on a sample of 257 adult women. Among them, 139 were patients who were recruited from different ambulatories from the Psychiatric Service of HCPA and 118 were controls who were selected among employees of the HCPA, medical students and students of psychology. The method of maximum likelihood was used to compare five different factorial structures of the PBI, according to Sato’s study (1999). Results: The most frequent parenting style, according to Parker et al. (1979), either for father or mother, was type 3 (control without affection) and the results of the factor analysis of the PBI suggest that the structural model of three factors is preferable if compared to the structural model of two factors only. This is so for a number of reasons. First, because the values found for x2 for the two factors model proposed by Parker were significantly higher than the values found in the four models of three factors which were used in order to establish a comparison. Three factor models have also obtained the lower GFI value (goodness- of –fit index) for both fathers and mothers (GFI = 0.740, GFI=0.771). As main aim meaningful association has been found only amongst paternal bonding and some other patterns of transference such as love, submission and imposition. The more the patient perceives his/her father as affectionate, the more affectionate is his/her behavior towards the therapist (p=0.048; b=.252). A significant inverse correlation between the imposition scale and paternal affection has also been noticed. That means that the more affectionate one thought his/her father was , the less likely he/she was to perceive the impositive behaviour of the therapist towards him/her (p = 0.049; b =-.251). The more one thinks of his/her father as someone who encourages him/her to behave freely, the less likely is the patient to perceive that his/her therapist reacts in a submissive manner toward him/her (p= 0,010; b= - .351). Conclusions: Even though the factorial analysis of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) was only performed in women patients it has provided similar results to those found in the literature, leading, therefore, to a better understanding of the tool. Searches on PubMed and PsychoInfo were not able to find any quantitative study that related transference to parental bond. In the present study, we tried to find an association between the patient’s parenting style and the transference developed during the therapeutic relationship. The results found make us reflect on the importance of the quality of the bond one experiences with one’s father at childhood and its impact on the construction of relationship patterns, specially the relationships established on the therapeutic setting. Therefore, the ability of the therapist to identify with the paternal role may be help him/her when it comes to understanding transference and counter transference. It may also lead to a more accurate understanding of the patient.

Video elaborado por la Facuñtad de Comunicaciones - UPC TV.<br>El decano de la Facultad de Economía de la UPC Carlos Adrianzén analiza la actual situación económica del país, la guerra comercial entre Estados Unidos y China y su impacto en la economía nacional. Además, indica que el país necesita una tasa de inversión equivalente al doble o más del porcentaje del PBI para poder tener un mejor futuro. También en esta edición, el docente del curso de Historia del Cine de la UPC analiza el contenido y la temática de series y películas emblemáticas. Y a propósito del estreno de Retablo, da un vistazo a la filmografía y corpus relacionados con el tema de la violencia política del país.

Ce projet porte sur l’étude de l’effet de trois facteurs environnementaux, la température, l’humidité et le rayonnement lumineux, sur les propriétés d’un tissu en mélange Kevlar®-PBI couramment utilisé dans la fabrication des habits de protection contre le feu. Des traitements de vieillissement accéléré ont entraîné une perte significative de performance mécanique, mise en évidence par une diminution de la force de rupture d’un minimum de 50% au bout d’un mois d’exposition continue. Des tests de diffraction des rayons X (XRD) menés sur des échantillons du tissu vieillis thermiquement ont reflété une augmentation de la cristallinité du tissu. La disparition de lignes spectrales en spectroscopie Raman indiquait plutôt une perte de cristallinité suite au vieillissement thermique. Afin d’expliquer ces résultats en apparence contradictoires, une hypothèse a été avancée. Cette hypothèse soutient que deux phénomènes simultanés ont lieu suite à l’exposition aux températures élevées : d’une part les cristaux augmentent dans la direction parallèle aux fibres, ce qui est mis en évidence par les tests de diffraction; et d’une autre l’écart entre les lamelles cristallines se creuse, un événement qui entraîne une diminution de la cristallinité et qui est relevé par les analyses Raman. Les résultats des mesures de spectroscopie diélectrique réalisées sur des échantillons vieillis thermiquement ont confirmé le changement de la morphologie du Kevlar® suite au vieillissement thermique. Aucun indice d’une possible modification de la structure chimique du Kevlar® n’a été repéré. Des analyses thermiques différentielles ont révélé, par contre, une diminution de la température de transition vitreuse de l’autre composant du mélange, à savoir le PBI, un fait qui suggère que ce matériau a subi une diminution de sa masse molaire. Des analyses ATR menées sur des échantillons soumis à des traitements de vieillissement par humidité ont permis d’identifier l’hydrolyse de la liaison amide du Kevlar® catalysée par un acide comme étant le mécanisme de dégradation responsable de la perte de performance mécanique suite au vieillissement par humidité. La progression de la réaction d’hydrolyse a été modélisée mathématiquement au moyen de l’évolution de la concentration de groupements acide carboxylique. Dans le cas des traitements de vieillissement photochimique accéléré, le mécanisme de dégradation a été déterminé à l’aide des analyses ATR. Ce mécanisme correspond à une photo-oxydation amorcée par la thermolyse de la liaison amide du Kevlar®. L’accumulation de produits Photo-Fries, un sous-produit de la photo-oxydation, pendant le vieillissement photochimique est soupçonnée d’entraîner un ralentissement de la réaction de photo-oxydation, mis en évidence par la superposition des courbes de force de rupture. Des modèles basés sur la loi d’Arrhenius ont été proposés pour modéliser le vieillissement thermique et hydrolytique, tandis qu’un modèle tenant compte autant du niveau de flux énergétique que de la température a été formulé pour décrire le vieillissement par rayonnement lumineux. Un modèle inspiré de la théorie linéaire d’accumulation d’endommagement de Palmgren-Miner a été proposé pour exprimer l’endommagement global entrainé par l’ensemble des trois facteurs de vieillissement.

Bakgrund: Det är idag en väl etablerad sanning att bröstbevarande operation medefterföljande helbröstbestrålning är ett patientsäkert alternativ till att operera bort hela bröstet(mastektomi) vid primär bröstcancer. Det är fortfarande rutin att föreslå strålbehandling tillalla kvinnor som genomgått bröstbevarande operation även om vi vet att nyttan avstrålbehandlingen är individuell. Medan nyttan varierar är biverkningarna mera generella. Devanligaste biverkningarna drabbar hjärtat och lungorna. För att minimera biverkningarna kanman antingen bara stråla en del av bröstet (PBI) eller helt avstå strålbehandling.Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka och se om äldre kvinnor opererade medbröstbevarande operation för lågrisk bröstcancer har nytta av strålbehandling och i så fall ivilken grad.Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie med PubMed som vald databas för att samla relevantapublicerade artiklar. Relevanta sökord som användes var; breast cancer, breast conservingsurgery, radiotherapy, low risk, omitting och partial breast irradation Resultat: Totalt inkluderades 10 artiklar efter att ha identifierat 65 abstrakt varav 21 artiklarlästes i fulltext. Studier som jämför helbröst strålbehandling mot inget visar en statistisktsignifikant ökad risk för lokalt recidiv om man avstår strålbehandling, men i absoluta tal ärskillnaden liten och försämrar inte överlevnaden. Studier som jämför delbröst mot helbröststrålbehandling visar att delbröst strålbehandling i direkt anslutning till bröstbevarandeoperation inte ökar risken för lokalt recidiv och försämrar inte överlevnaden.Slutsats: För kvinnor &gt;45 år är PBI i direkt anslutning till bröstbevarande operation ett säkertalternativ till helbröst strålbehandling. För äldre kvinnor (&gt;65–70 år) med hormonkänsliglågrisk bröstcancer är det ett alternativ att helt avstå strålbehandling.

Nous avons étudié l'auto-adhésion de polymères semi-cristallins de taux de cristallinité variable, par un test de fracture des interfaces formées entre leur température de fusion, Tf, et leur température de transition vitreuse, Tg, dans le but de définir le rôle de la cristallinité sur l'adhésion. Nous avons utilisé des copolymères de polybutylène(téréphthalate-co-isophthalate). Pour les polymères pré-cristallisés, l'énergie de fracture, Gc, diminue fortement avec la température de contact (pour Tcontact

El crecimiento y desarrollo de una economía depende en gran medida de su sistema financiero y estabilidad crediticia. En las últimas décadas, el crédito bancario se consolidó como una herramienta fundamental para la inversión privada, además de ser fuente de financiamiento de proyectos públicos y del gasto familiar. Sin embargo, la relación entre el crédito y el crecimiento del PBI es aún ambigua, es por ello que en este trabajo se busca estudiar esta relación. La hipótesis central propone que el impulso crediticio, el cual se define como la primera diferencia de la tasa de crecimiento anual del crédito en función al PBI, tiene impacto positivo en la tasa de crecimiento del PBI y esta puede ser usada por la política monetaria como variable predictiva para países emergentes como Perú, Chile y Uruguay durante el periodo 1998-2018. Para la investigación se siguen los trabajos de Biggs, Mayer y Pick del 2009, y el de Lahura y Vega del 2011. Se toma la justificación teórica del primero, mientras que la metodología del segundo, esta última consiste en un modelo VECM individual para cada país de estudio. En los hechos estilizados se observa una dinámica semejante entre las variables de crédito y la tasa de crecimiento del PBI, y las tablas de correlación nos muestran una relación bastante importante entre ellas. Finalmente se concluye que en función a los hechos estilizados parece haber una fuerte relación entre la tasa de crecimiento del PBI y el impulso crediticio, por lo que en adelante tendrá que aplicarse métodos econométricos para definir la verdadera conexión.<br>Trabajo de investigación

El crecimiento y desarrollo de una economía depende en gran medida de su sistema financiero y estabilidad crediticia. En las últimas décadas, el crédito bancario se consolidó como una herramienta fundamental para la inversión privada, además de ser fuente de financiamiento de proyectos públicos y del gasto familiar. Sin embargo, la relación entre el crédito y el crecimiento del PBI es aún ambigua, es por ello que en este trabajo se busca estudiar esta relación. La hipótesis central propone que el impulso crediticio, el cual se define como la primera diferencia de la tasa de crecimiento anual del crédito en función al PBI, tiene impacto positivo en la tasa de crecimiento del PBI y esta puede ser usada por la política monetaria como variable predictiva para países emergentes como Perú, Chile y Uruguay durante el periodo 1998-2018. Para la investigación se siguen los trabajos de Biggs, Mayer y Pick del 2009, y el de Lahura y Vega del 2011. Se toma la justificación teórica del primero, mientras que la metodología del segundo, esta última consiste en un modelo VECM individual para cada país de estudio. En los hechos estilizados se observa una dinámica semejante entre las variables de crédito y la tasa de crecimiento del PBI, y las tablas de correlación nos muestran una relación bastante importante entre ellas. Finalmente se concluye que en función a los hechos estilizados parece haber una fuerte relación entre la tasa de crecimiento del PBI y el impulso crediticio, por lo que en adelante tendrá que aplicarse métodos econométricos para definir la verdadera conexión.<br>Trabajo de investigación

I arbetet undersöks behovet av ökad kontroll i stålbyggnadskonstruktioner med avseende på utförandefel. Riksdagen beslutade 1 juni 1994 att förändra Plan- och bygglagen (PBL) där förändringen trädde i kraft 1995 och bland annat innebar att hela ansvaret för en byggnads uppförande och kontroll lades på byggherren. Efter vintrarna 2009/10 och 2010/11 där flera tak rasade av snötyngden uppdagades en rad dimensionerings- och utförandefel. Under examensarbetet undersöktes vad som händer med säkerheten i byggnadskonstruktioner i stål som genomgår förändringar under dess livslängd och en jämförelse mot gällande regelverk genomfördes. En fältstudie och flera intervjuer genomfördes där fokus låg på utförandefel och hur förändringar av regelverk lett fram till dagens egenkontrollsystem som påverkat antalet utförandefel. Arbetets resultat visar att det kan finnas ett behov av att se över dagens kontrollsystem och att antalet allvarliga utförandefel i fallstudieobjektet ökat efter 1995.<br>In the work the need of increased inspections of steel structures with respect to errors of execution was examined. On 1 June 1994, the Swedish parliament decided to change the Planning and Building Act (PBL) and the changes came into force in 1995, where the entire responsibility for the construction and control of a building was placed on the developer. After the winters of 2009/10 and 2010/11, when several roofs collapsed by the snow weight, a number of design and execution faults were discovered. During the thesis work it was investigated what happens to the safety of building structures in steel that undergo changes during its lifetime and a comparison with current regulations was made. A field study and several interviews were conducted where the focus was on execution errors and how changes in regulations led to today's self-control systems that affect the number of execution errors. The results of the work show that there may be a need to review the current control system and that the number of serious execution errors in the case study object increased after 1995.

El trabajo de investigación se basa en modelos económicos utilizados por distintos autores para medir el impacto económico que le generaría realizar juegos olímpicos al país anfitrión. Este modelo de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios es replicado en el escenario de juegos panamericanos. Los estudios existentes sugieren que juegos de esta magnitud pueden generar un aumento del empleo; sin embargo, alcanzan poco consenso sobre la magnitud o duración de ese impacto. El propósito de este estudio es determinar si el hecho de ser sede de un juego panamericano impacta positivamente en el PBI per cápita y la tasa de desempleo del país anfitrión. Para evaluar el impacto económico, las naciones anfitrionas no solo serán analizadas en sí mismas, sino que también se las comparará con las naciones que quedaron en el proceso de licitación.<br>The research work is based on economic models used by different authors to measure the economic impact that the Olympic Games would generate for the host country. This model of ordinary least squares is replicated in the Pan American Games stage. Existing studies suggest that the Olympics may lead to increased employment, but they reach little consensus on the size or length of that impact. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of hosting the Pan American Games through GDP and unemployment. To assess the economic impact, host nations will not only be analyzed in and of itself, but will also be compared to runner-up nations in the bidding process.<br>Tesis

A presente Dissertação de Mestrado consiste de um capítulo introdutório na qual são apresentados os quatro eixos que formam a estrutura teórica de dois estudos empíricos apresentados em forma de artigos. Os estudos foram realizados no Presídio Central de Porto Alegre e contaram com uma amostra de 50 prisioneiros sem condenação prévia com idades entre 18 e 35 anos. No primeiro estudo foram utilizados dois instrumentos: O Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) e a Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Buscou-se verificar a qualidade dos vínculos afetivos entre os presidiários e seus pais, assim como avaliar os principais quadros psiquiátricos que acometem esta população. Para análise dos dados foram realizadas análises estatísticas com o Teste t e o Teste Qui-quadrado. Os resultados desse estudo revelaram a presença de diversos transtornos psiquiátricos e problemas no vínculos afetivos entre pais e filhos. Houve alta incidência de uso/dependência de drogas sendo a maconha e o crack as mais consumidas. Aqueles prisioneiros que apresentavam um Transtorno Antissocial de Personalidade (TASP) também apresentavam fracasso biparental. Independentemente do diagnóstico psiquiátrico os crimes mais freqüentes foram os contra o patrimônio. O segundo estudo procurou investigar a relação entre uso de álcool e drogas e comportamento sexual de risco para HIV/AIDS. Neste estudo o Addiction Severity Index (ASI6) foi o instrumento utilizado para avaliar gravidade de dependência e comportamento sexual. Os resultados indicaram que com o advento do crack houve uma redução no número de usuários de drogas injetáveis (UDI). Apesar disso, foi verificado que o risco para a contaminação com o vírus do HIV ainda é alto entre os prisioneiros. Duas são as possíveis razoes: um descuido geral em relação à saúde, e o sexo ter-se tornado uma moeda de troca por drogas. Ambos os estudos têm relevância uma vez que revelaram aspectos pouco conhecidos sobre a realidade daqueles que se encontram aprisionados.<br>The present Master's Dissertation consists of an introductory chapter in which four axes are presented. They constitute the theoretical structure involving two empirical studies presented in article format. The studies were carried out at the Presídio Central in Porto Alegre. The sample comprised 50 inmates, ranging from 18 to 35 years old. In the first study, two instruments were used: The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). It attempted to verify the quality of affective bonds between the inmates and their parents as well as to assess the main psychiatric histories which affected this population. For the data statistical analysis, the t Test and the Chi-square Test were used. The results revealed the presence of several psychiatric disorders and problems involving the affective bonds between parents and their sons. There was a high incidence of the use/dependency of drugs, with marijuana and crack being the most used. Those inmates who presented Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) also presented biparental failure. Independently from the psychiatric diagnosis, the most frequent crimes are the ones against the patrimony. The second study investigated the relation between the use of drugs and the risky sexual behavior for HIV/AIDS. In this study, the Addiction Severity index (ASI6) was the instrument used to assess the severity of dependency and sexual behavior. The results showed that, with the advent of crack, there was a decrease in the number of injecting drug users (IDU). Nevertheless, it was found that the risk for contamination with the HIV virus is still high among the inmates. There are two possible reasons for this to happen: a general disregard with health and the fact that sex became a certain kind of currency to be exchanged for drugs. Both studies are relevant since they demonstrate some unknown aspects about the reality of those inmates.

La presente investigación busca establecer que a pesar de que el sector agrícola, es uno de los que menos aporta al PBI nacional e inclusive el país cuenta con una diversificación biológica que este no ha podido explotar; este tiene muchos productos que se encuentran en un crecimiento sostenido en los últimos años, este es el caso de la uva, la cual cuenta con ventajas competitivas, es más este en la actualidad es considerado como uno de los productos con mayores exportaciones en el rubro de no tradicionales en el Perú, según el Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego(MINAG). No obstante, se analizará los posibles componentes que permitió que este producto se encuentre en ascenso, lo que puede dar pautas metodológicas para futuras investigaciones que se ocupan sobre otros productos agrícolas, que se puedan desempeñar de la misma manera; estos daría como resultado el crecimiento del sector agrícola. El objetivo general es el analizar por qué el sector agrícola representa un porcentaje tan bajo del PBI Nacional en comparación de otros sectores, a pesar de que hay productos como la uva que se encuentran en ascenso, se analiza este producto en el periodo del 2007 al 2012. Sé empieza analizando las exportaciones de uva a EEUU y China , a fin de evaluar las condiciones para exportar a mediano y largo plazo, que conlleva a un crecimiento sostenido de las exportaciones de uva; tomando en consideración la variable inversión nacional que fomentan una mayor tecnología e innovación.<br>Trabajo de investigación

Background: Food allergy affects an estimated 8% of children and 3% of adults in the United States. Food‐allergic individuals increasingly use the web for medical information. We sought to determine the educational quality of food allergy YouTube videos. Methods: We performed a YouTube search using keywords “food allergy” and “food allergies”. The 300 most viewed videos were included and analyzed for characteristics, source, and content. Source was further classified as healthcare provider, alternative medicine provider, patient, company, media, and professional society. A scoring system (FA‐DQS) was created to evaluate quality (−10 to +34 points). Negative points were assigned for misleading information. Eight reviewers scored each video independently. Results: Three hundred videos were analyzed, with a median of 6351.50 views, 19 likes, and 1 dislike. More video presenters were female (54.3%). The most common type of video source was alternative medicine provider (26.3%). Alternative treatments included the following: water fast, juicing, Ayurveda, apple cider, yoga, visualization, and sea moss. Controversial diagnostics included kinesiology, IgG testing, and pulse test. Almost half of the videos depicted a non‐IgE‐mediated reaction (49.0%).Videos by professional societies had the highest FA‐DQS (7.27). Scores for videos by professional societies were significantly different from other sources (P < .001). There was a high degree of agreement among reviewers (ICC = 0.820; P < .001). Conclusion: YouTube videos on food allergy frequently recommend controversial diagnostics and commonly depict non‐IgE‐mediated reactions. There is a need for high‐quality, evidence‐based, educational videos on food allergy.

<p> Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are required in the synthesis of the cell wall of bacteria. In Bacillus subtilis, PBPs play important roles in the life cycle, including both vegetative growth and sporulation, and contribute to the formation of the different structures of vegetative cell wall and spore cortex. The B. subtilis genome sequencing project revealed there were two uncharacterized genes, ykuA and yrrR, with extensive sequence similarity to class B PBPs. These two genes are renamed and referred to henceforth as pbpH and pbpI, respectively. </p><p>A sequence alignment of the predicted product of pbpH against the microbial protein database demonstrated that the most similar protein in B. subtilis is PBP2A and in E. coli is PBP2. This suggested that PbpH belongs to a group of the genes required for maintaining the rod shape of the cell. Study of a pbpH-lacZ fusion showed that pbpH was expressed weakly during vegetative growth and the expression reached the highest level at the transition from exponential phase to stationary phase. The combination of a pbpA deletion and the pbpH deletion was lethal and double mutant strains lacking pbpH and pbpC or pbpI (also named yrrR) were viable. The viable mutants were indistinguishable from the wild-type except that the vegetative PG of the pbpC pbpH strain had a slightly slightly lower amount of disaccharide tetrapeptide with 1 amidation and higher amount of disaccharide tripeptide tetrapeptide with 2 amidations when compared to others strains. This suggests that PbpC (PBP3) is involved in vegetative PG synthesis but only affects the PG structure with a very low efficiency. </p><p>A pbpA pbpH double mutant containing a xylose-regulated pbpH gene inserted into the chromosome at the amyE locus was constructed. Depletion of PbpH resulted in an arrest in cell growth and a dramatic morphological change in both vegetative cells and outgrowing spores. Vegetative cells lacking pbpA and pbpH expression swelled and cell elongation was arrested, leading to the formation of pleiomorphic spherical cells and eventual lysis. In these cells, cell septations were randomly localized, cell walls and septa were thicker than those seen in wild type cells, and the average cell width and volume were larger than those of cells expressing pbpA or pbpH. The vegetative PG had an increased abundance of one unidentified muropeptide. Spores produced by the pbpA pbpH double mutant were able to initiate germination but the transition of the oval-shaped spores to rod-shape cells was blocked. The outgrowing cells were spherical, gradually enlarged, and eventually lysed. Outgrowth of these spores in the presence of xylose led to the formation of helical cells. Thus, PbpH is apparently required for maintenance of cell shape, specifically for cell elongation. PbpH and PBP2a play a redundant role homologous to that of PBP2 in E. coli. </p><p>A sequence alignment of the predicted product of pbpI against the microbial protein database demonstrated that the most similar protein in B. subtilis is SpoVD and in E. coli is PBP3. This suggested that PbpI belongs to the group of the genes required for synthesis of the spore or septum PG. PbpI was identified using radio-labeled penicillin and found to run underneath PBP4 on SDS-PAGE. PbpI is therefore renamed PBP4b. Study of a pbpI-lacZ fusion showed that pbpI was expressed predominantly during early sporulation. A putative sigma F recognition site is present in the region upstream of pbpI and studies using mutant strains lacking sporulation-specific sigma factors demonstrated that the expression of pbpI is mainly dependent on sigma factor F. A pbpI single mutant, a pbpI pbpG double mutant, and a pbpI pbpF double mutant were indistinguishable from the wild-type. The sporulation defect of a pbpI pbpF pbpG triple mutant was indistinguishable from that of a pbpF pbpG double mutant. Structure parameters of the forespore PG in a pbpI spoVD strain are similar to that of a spoVD strain. These results indicate that PBP4b plays a unknown redundant role. </p><br>Master of Science

Au cours de cette thèse, j'ai abordé la première étape de l'infection dans le système E. Coli -phage T5. Mes travaux se sont focalisés sur la caractérisation du complexe formé entre pb5, la protéine de liaison au récepteur (RBP) de T5 et son récepteur FhuA à la surface d'E. Coli. J'ai montré que le complexe est très stable et identifié le domaine «bouchon» de FhuA comme un nouveau site d'interaction de pb5. La formation du complexe n'induit pas de réarrangements des structures de pb5 et/ou de FhuA. Seuls des changements de conformation subtils lors de la formation du complexe, au niveau de structures secondaires, ont été décelés et attribués à pb5. Ces derniers seraient à l'origine de la transmission du signal au reste du phage. Des cristaux 3D (8 A) et 2D (3 A) ont été obtenus. Des études de diffusion de neutrons et de rayons X aux petits angles ont permis d'obtenir une enveloppe de pb5 seule ou dans le complexe, en accord avec la structure à basse résolution de pb5 et du complexe, obtenues par microscopie électronique. Ces modèles montrent que l'interface de liaison couvre toute la section extracellulaire de FhuA. Pb5 se lie à FhuA par l'une de ses extrémités de telle manière que son grand axe et l'axe du tonneau de FhuA soient alignés. Contrairement aux différentes RBP décrites, pb5 semble composée d'un domaine unique et est présente en une seule copie au bout distal de la fibre droite de T5. Par ailleurs, je me suis intéressé à la surexpression, purification, caractérisation et structure de pb9, une protéine localisée dans la partie conique de la queue de T5. Une première carte expérimentale est obtenue et la résolution de sa structure atomique est en cours<br>This thesis approached the first step of infection in the System E. Coli - phage T5. My research has focused on the characterization of the complex formed between pb5, the receptor binding protein (RBP) of T5 and its receptor FhuA, on the surface of E. Coli. I showed that the complex FhuA-pb5 is very stable and determined the "plug" domain of FhuA as a novel interaction site of pb5. Complex formation does not induce major rearrangements of pb5 and/or FhuA. Only subtle conformational changes during complex formation, at the secondary structures level, were identified and assigned to pb5. These changes would be at the origin of the signal transmission to the phage. 3D crystals (8 À) and 2D crystals (3 À) were obtained. Small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering studies yielded a model of pb5 isolated and within the complex. These models are in agreement with the low resolution structure of pb5 and the complex, obtained by electron microscopy, and show that the binding interface covers the entire extracellular section of FhuA. Pb5 binds to FhuA by one of its ends in a way that its major axis and the axis of the FhuA barrel are aligned. Unlike the various RBPs described so far, pb5 seems composed of a single domain and is present in one copy at the distal end of the T5's straight fiber. Furthermore, I worked on the overexpression, purification, characterization and the structure of pb9, a protein that was located in the conical part of the tail of T5. The first experimental electron density map is obtained and the resolution of its atomic structure is underway

Project-based learning (PBL) is centred on a challenging, yet meaningful, driving question and culminates in a product that students create or do to showcase their learning to a public audience. Other essential elements of a true PBL experience include: sustained inquiry, authentic tasks, opportunities for students to make decisions about their culminating product, reflection, critique, and revision (Hallermann, Larmer, & Mergendoller, 2011). A well-designed PBL combines curriculum and instructional activities to cultivate 21st century skills in students to prepare them for future success in the workforce. Two teams of Year five teachers designed a week-long PBL unit for students organised around the characteristics of the planets, which integrated science, mathematics, and English. The teachers implemented the PBL with six classes of Year five students, documenting their thoughts on planning and implementation to reflect upon the experience.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico Veterinario<br>El virus influenza A (FLUAV) ha sido ampliamente estudiado debido a su gran importancia en salud pública y animal. Una de las razones de esto es su gran variabilidad genética otorgada en gran medida por el proceso de reassorment o reordenamiento genético. Este estudio consistió en la determinación de la diversidad genética de los genes que componen el complejo polimerasa del virus, es decir, los genes que codifican para la polimerasa básica 2 (PB2), la polimerasa básica 1 (PB1) y la polimerasa ácida (PA) de virus aislados de planteles porcinos de producción intensiva en Chile y evidenciar procesos de reordenamientos genéticos independientes de dichos genes. Para esto, se analizaron 2824 muestras desde 33 planteles porcinos mediante diagnóstico viral por RT-PCR en tiempo real, aislamiento viral, amplificación de segmentos virales por RT-PCR multisegmento y secuenciación por Illumina. Se obtuvieron un total de 89 secuencias genómicas de PB2 y 92 tanto de PB1 como de PA. Luego se realizó un análisis filogenético con estas secuencias nucleotídicas, más secuencias de referencia mediante el método Maximum likelihood. Todas las secuencias para los tres genes estudiados pertenecen al linaje pandémico del 2009. Se constató además la presencia de reordenamientos de estos genes en aproximadamente un 35% de los casos. Estos resultados permitieron conocer sobre la diversidad genética de los genes que componen el complejo polimerasa de FLUAV en Chile y pesquisar fenómenos de reordenamientos de estos. Además, permitieron evidenciar posibles quiebres de bioseguridad en parte de las producciones porcinas intensivas en Chile, debido a las relaciones filogenéticas encontradas entre virus de diferentes planteles. Futuros estudios son necesarios para confirmar y entender estos hallazgos<br>The influenza A virus (FLUAV) has been extensively studied for the importance in public and animal health. The virus presented high genetic diversity, due to in part, by the reassortment events. The aim of this study it was to determinate the genetic diversity of the segments 1 (PB2), 2 (PB1) and 3 (PA) of FLUAV isolated from swine in intensive production farms in Chile and too evidence reassortment events in these genes. For this, 2824 samples were collected from 33 pig farms. Real time RT-PCR, viral isolation, and full genome sequencing were performed. A total of 89 genomic sequences of PB2 and 92 genomic sequences for PB1 and PA were obtained. Using phylogeny, we determinate that all segment belonged into the pandemic 09 cluster. The results suggest reassortment events of these genes in approximately 35% of the cases. This is the first study about the genetic diversity of the PB2, PB1 and PA, internal genes and to evidence reassortment events of them in swine population. In addition, the phylogeny suggests direct or indirect transmission between farms. Further studies are needed to better understand the viral dynamic of polymerase genes<br>FONDECYT 11170877 y ANILLO ACT 1408

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia Clínica e Cultura, 2018.<br>Às voltas com as mudanças familiares na sociedade vienense, no final do século XIX, e com a sexualidade histérica, Sigmund Freud atentou-se para a questão do pai, inserindo-a no campo da psicanálise. A propósito disso, o presente estudo consiste em uma proposta de investigação teórica sobre a questão do pai à luz da psicanálise, tendo como objetivo investigar a noção de pai, redimensionando-a no campo da psicanálise. Particularmente, buscou-se que os operadores conceituais da psicanálise fossem reconsiderados, fundamentalmente no que diz respeito à questão do pai em relação ao declínio da imago paterna e suas eventuais repercussões na constituição subjetiva. Acerca disso, percorreu-se como a noção de pai surgiu, desenvolveu-se e foi trabalhada na obra freudiana. De início, o pai foi apreendido enquanto sedutor e associado à etiologia das neuroses. Entretanto, a teoria da sexualidade infantil promoveu uma torção, deslocando o pai para o complexo de Édipo. Nesse, o pai seria o interditor do objeto de desejo e, simultaneamente, o ideal, na medida em que detém para si a mãe ao possuir o falo. Essa relação ambivalente, ou seja, de rivalidade e idealização, foi nomeada de complexo paterno, aspecto fundamental na noção de pai. Situando essa questão nas origens da humanidade, Freud formulou o mito do parricídio inaugural. O Urvater, o pai primordial, foi assassinado pelos filhos e, mesmo morto, tornou-se mais forte que se vivo estivesse. Semelhantemente, Moisés teria sido assassinado pelos judeus ao conduzi-los à terra prometida. Nas três principais versões freudianas do pai (Édipo, Urvater e Moisés), o parricídio está presente. O pai, o Um da exceção, é, a rigor, o pai morto, aquele cujo lugar ninguém está efetivamente à altura. De modo semelhante, investigou-se o declínio do pai e a problemática de suas eventuais repercussões na obra do jovem Lacan, na qual repercussões foram tributadas ao declínio da família paternalista, bem como eventuais falhas na constituição subjetiva atribuídas ao pai no seio familiar. Foi visto que essa lógica da contração familiar como prejudicial à constituição subjetiva está presente mesmo atualmente. Contrapondo-se a essa perspectiva, a problemática do pai também foi considerada em o “retorno a Freud” feito por Lacan, período no qual a noção de pai passou a ser apreendida a partir do caráter linguajeiro, sendo cunhado o conceito de Nome-do-Pai enquanto suporte da função simbólica. Distanciando-se do familialismo, é numa função lógica que o pai foi situado. Com isso, esta tese procurou investigar o que é o pai em psicanálise, essencialmente na teoria freudiana e nas (re)leituras produzidas por Lacan, contrapondo-se ao uso que se faz atualmente das noções de “enfraquecimento” ou “declínio” da função paterna, redimensionando essas questões no campo da psicanálise e defendendo a hipótese segunda a qual há uma radical distinção entre os pais, que estão sempre aquém, e a função paterna enquanto tal.<br>In view of family changes in Viennese society at the end of the nineteenth century, and with hysterical sexuality, Sigmund Freud occupied himself at the question of the father, inserting it into the field of psychoanalysis. In this regard, the present study consists of a theoretical research on the question of the father in the light of psychoanalysis, aiming to investigate the notion of father, redimensioning it in the field of psychoanalysis. Particularly, it has tried to reconsider the conceptual operators of psychoanalysis, fundamentally what it comes to the question of the father in relation to the decline of paternal imago and its possible repercussions on subjective constitution. Regarding this, it was studied how the idea of father arose, developed and was worked out in Freudian literature. At first, the father was apprehended as seductive and associated with the etiology of the neuroses. However, childhood sexuality promoted a twist, shifting the father to the Oedipus complex, in which the father would be the interdictor of the object of desire and, simultaneously, the ideal, considering that he holds for himself the mother as he possesses the phallus. This ambivalent relation, that is, of rivalry and idealization, was named paternal complex, fundamental aspect in the notion of father. Contextualizing this question in the origins of humanity, Freud formulated the myth of the inaugural parricide. Urvater, the primordial father, was murdered by his sons and, even dead, became stronger than if he were alive. Similarly, Moses have been murdered by the Jews when leading them to the promised land. In the three major Freudian versions of father (Oedipus, Urvater, and Moses), parricide is present. The father, the One of the exception, is, strictly speaking, the dead father, the one whose place no one is effectively up to. In a similar way, the present study also investigated father's decline and the problematic of its eventual repercussions in the work of young Lacan, in which repercussions were tributed to the decline of the paternalistic family, as well as possible failures in the subjective constitution attributed to the father within the family. It has been seen that this logic of family contraction as detrimental to the subjective constitution is present even today. In contrast to this perspective, the father's problematic was also considered in Lacan's "return to Freud", a period in which the notion of father became apprehended by the character of langage, and the concept of the Name-of-Father was coined as support of the symbolic function. Distancing itself from familialism, it was in a logical function that the father was placed. Thus, this thesis sought to investigate what the father is in psychoanalysis, essentially in Freud's theory and in the (re)readings produced by Lacan, in opposition to the current use of notions of "weakening" or "decline" of function paternal, redimensioning these issues in the field of psychoanalysis and defending the hypothesis according which there is a radical distinction between the fathers, who always fall short, and the paternal function.