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Journal articles on the topic 'PC-Crash'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Hoxha, Gezim, Ahmet Shala, and Rame Likaj. "Vehicle Speed Determination in Case of Road Accident by Software Method and Comparing of Results with the Mathematical Model." Strojnícky casopis – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 67, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scjme-2017-0017.

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AbstractThe paper addresses the problem to vehicle speed calculation at road accidents. To determine the speed are used the PC Crash software and Virtual Crash. With both methods are analysed concrete cases of road accidents. Calculation methods and comparing results are present for analyse. These methods consider several factors such are: the front part of the vehicle, the technical feature of the vehicle, car angle, remote relocation after the crash, road conditions etc. Expected results with PC Crash software and Virtual Crash are shown in tabular graphics and compared in mathematical methods.
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2

Lim, Sanghyeon, and Jungwoo Park. "Case Study of EDR Analysis Using PC-Crash and PDOF." Transaction of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 29, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7467/ksae.2021.29.5.427.

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3

Kim, Jong-Duck, and Jun-Kyu Yoon. "Reliable Study on the Collision Analysis of Traffic Accidents Using PC-Crash Program." Journal of the Institute of Webcasting, Internet and Telecommunication 12, no. 5 (October 31, 2012): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7236/jiwit.2012.12.5.115.

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4

Shen, Jiajun, and Guangchuan Yang. "Crash Risk Assessment for Heterogeneity Traffic and Different Vehicle-Following Patterns Using Microscopic Traffic Flow Data." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 9888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239888.

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This paper investigates the impacts of heavy vehicles (HV) on speed variation and assesses the rear-end crash risk for four vehicle-following patterns in a heterogeneous traffic flow condition using three surrogate safety measures: speed variation, time-to-collision (TTC), and deceleration rate to avoid a crash (DRAC). A video-based data collection approach was employed to collect the speed of each individual vehicle and vehicle-following headway; a total of 3859 vehicle-following pairs were identified. Binary logistic regression modeling was employed to assess the impacts of HV percentage on crash risk. TTCs and DRACs were calculated based on the collected traffic flow data. Analytical models were developed to estimate the minimum safe vehicle-following headways for the four vehicle-following patterns. Field data revealed that the variation of speed first increased with HV percentage and reached the maximum when HV percentage was at around 0.35; then, it displayed a decreasing trend with HV percentage. Binary logistic regression modeling results suggest that a high risk of rear-end collision is expected when HV percentage is between 0.19 and 0.5; while, when HV percentage is either below 0.19 or exceed 0.5, a low risk of rear-end collision is anticipated. Analytical modeling results show that the passenger car (PC)-HV vehicle-following pattern requires the largest minimum safe space headway, followed by HV-HV, PC-PC, and HV-PC vehicle-following patterns. Findings from this research present insights to transportation engineers regarding the development of crash mitigation strategies and have the potential to advance the design of real-time in-vehicle forward collision warnings to minimize the risk of rear-end crash.
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Avramović, Zoran, Milorad Cvijan, and Emir Smailović. "The reliability estimate of throw pedestrian using traditional and computer methods." Tehnika 75, no. 4 (2020): 504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2004504a.

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The development of information technology has created conditions for development and implementation of software for the simulation of traffic accidents. Among large number software tools which are being used in Europe, software PC Crash stand out. In this paper comparative analysis of distance throw of pedestrian using the traditional and contemporary methods was realized. The distance throw of pedestrian using the software PC Crash, depending on the height and weight of pedestrian is showed. By using of statistical methods difference between traditional and contemporary methods was researched.
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6

Zhang, Jie, Hong Yun Chen, and Ye Wen Gao. "Throw Distance Model and Contact Force of Bicyclist in Traffic Accident Based on PC-CRASH." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 1368–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.1368.

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Computer simulations, such as PC-CRASH, were used in this paper to develop simulation model of car-bicycle/bicyclist crash. The change law of throw ditance which belongs to the first falling point and final falling point of bicyclist were studied on. Through researching the parameters obtained in the process of computer simulation, we concluded the stress size on the important part such as head, chest and knee of bicyclist in different accident modality. This research result provides a good idea in car-bicycle/bicyclist crash reconstruction.
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7

Zhang, Yong Gang, Jian Min Xu, Tie Fang Zou, and Yu Liu. "A Method for Reconstructing Vehicle - Vehicle Impact Accidents Based on Pc-Crash." Applied Mechanics and Materials 641-642 (September 2014): 799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.641-642.799.

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To reconstruct accident succinctly and scientifically, four steps of vehicle-vehicle impact accident reconstruction based on Pc-Crash were discussed, including accident scene reconstruction, vehicle modeling, accident reconstruction, result analysis and verification. Three accident scene reconstruction methods were proposed. Key attention was paid to methods which can reduce difficulties of accident reconstruction, such as drive model, equivalent energy speed (EES) database and collision optimizer. Finally, a case study was conducted, which confirmed that the proposed four steps can simplify vehicle-vehicle accident reconstruction while maintaining satisfying objectivity and reliability. This paper can contribute to the better application of Pc-Crash to traffic accident reconstruction.
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8

Park, Jongchan, Jonghyuk Kim, Wontaek Oh, Jihun Choi, and Jongjin Park. "Reliability Evaluation of EDR Data Using PC-Crash & Vbox." Transactions of The Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 25, no. 3 (May 1, 2017): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7467/ksae.2017.25.3.317.

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9

Sokolovskij, Edgar. "COMPUTER MODELING OF THE PROCESS OF OVERTURNING OF THE AUTOMOBILE." TRANSPORT 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2007): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2007.9638090.

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The article deals with investigation of the possibilities of the program PC CRASH, meant for the computer modeling of the movement of vehicles. The computer modeling of the process of overturning of the automobile with the help of the program PC CRASH is introduced. The cross profile of the road, the height of the centre of gravity of the automobile and the other parameters are evaluated while modeling. The influence of the introduced parameters upon the computer modeling results is investigated. The possibilities of application of the computer modeling programs in the expert assessment of the traffic accidents are considered, the items on reliability of the results of modeling and the requirements, raised towards the experts, who work with such programs, are analyzed.
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10

Sakamoto, Hidetoshi, Tetsuya Hiwatashi, Kensuke Sato, and Toshihiko Yamaguchi. "Influence of Collision Velocity and Angle on Bullet Deformation Investigated by Reconstruction and FEM Analysis." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 667–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.667.

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In this paper, the effects of collision velocity and collision angle on bullet deformation were discussed and performance of protection board made of PC (polycarbonate) plate was estimated. After gun firing experiments, the shape of the bullet and PC were measured using three dimensional measurement machine and deformed the bullet and PC plate shapes were reconstructed by using 3D-CAD as digital data. Furthermore, crash simulation of the bullets were performed by FEM analysis code “LS-DYNA”, and the results of simulation and measurement were discussed.
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11

Zhao, Chang Li. "Simulation on the Vehicle Frontal Collision Based on the PC-Crash." Advanced Materials Research 940 (June 2014): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.940.103.

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The probability of frontal collision is the highest in the vehicle collision accidents, and crew injury mechanism of frontal collision is an attractive research subject. Based on the multi-rigid-body dynamics, a “vehicle-crew-belt” dynamics model is introduced, and software Pc-crash is used to simulate dynamic responses of this multi-rigid-body model by referencing basic parameters of FMVSS law. Dynamic response characteristics between the vehicle and the crew body are analyzed so as to expound the link between the vehicle movement and human-body injury. The result shows that a reliable evaluation of frontal collision is achieved, which provides a theory basic and practical reference for the research of accident injury.
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12

Lim, Sanghyeon, Wontaek Oh, Jihun Choi, and Jongchan Park. "Estimation Collision Speed of Vehicle by Using PC-CRASH Collision Optimizer." Transaction of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 27, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 911–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7467/ksae.2019.27.12.911.

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13

Lim, Sanghyeon, Wontaek Oh, Jihun Choi, and Jongchan Park. "Analysis of Vehicle Rollover Accident Simulation Using EDR and PC-Crash." Transaction of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 28, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7467/ksae.2020.28.4.255.

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14

Wang, Shenchao, Yubin Qian, and Xianguo Qu. "Reconstruction of Car-Electric Bicycle Side Collision Based on PC-Crash." Journal of Transportation Technologies 04, no. 04 (2014): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jtts.2014.44032.

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15

Li, Hai Bin, and Jiang Jiang Li. "The Analysis of Cars and Pedestrians Collision Based on the PC-Crash Program and MADYMO Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 1949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.1949.

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Based on the coupling of PC-Crash program and MADYMO software, thekinematics laws of pedestrian in the contact process for automobile-pedestrian collision are analyzed through modeling and simulation by establishing vehicle model and pedestrian model, and selecting main influencing factors on contact phase as independent variables for simulation tests.
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16

ZIOŁA, Artur. "VERIFICATION OF ROAD ACCIDENT SIMULATION CREATED WITH THE USE OF PC-CRASH SOFTWARE." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 98 (March 30, 2018): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2018.98.20.

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17

Martínez, Francisco, Javier Páez, Arturo Furones, and Samuel Sánchez. "Pedestrian-Vehicle Accidents Reconstruction with PC-Crash®: Sensibility Analysis of Factors Variation." Transportation Research Procedia 18 (2016): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.12.016.

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18

Liu, Xian, Jian Lu, Zeyang Cheng, and Xiaochi Ma. "A Dynamic Bayesian Network-Based Real-Time Crash Prediction Model for Urban Elevated Expressway." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (May 13, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5569143.

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Traffic crash is a complex phenomenon that involves coupling interdependency among multiple influencing factors. Considering that interdependency is critical for predicting crash risk accurately and contributes to revealing the underlying mechanism of crash occurrence as well, the present study attempts to build a Real-Time Crash Prediction Model (RTCPM) for urban elevated expressway accounting for the dynamicity and coupling interdependency among traffic flow characteristics before crash occurrence and identify the most probable risk propagation path and the most significant contributors to crash risk. In this study, Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) was the framework of the RTCPM. Random Forest (RF) method was employed to identify the most important variables, which were used to build DBN-based RTCPMs. The PC algorithm combined with expert experience was further applied to investigate the coupling interdependency among traffic flow characteristics in the DBN model. A comparative analysis among the improved DBN-based RTCPM considering the interdependency, the original DBN-based RTCPM without considering the interdependency, and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) was conducted. Besides, the sensitivity and strength of influences analyses were utilized to identify the most probable risk propagation path and the most significant contributors to crash risk. The results showed that the improved DBN-based RTCPM had better prediction performance than the original DBN-based RTCPM and the MLP based RTCPM. The most probable risk influencing path was identified as follows: speed on current segment (V) (time slice 2)⟶V (time slice 1)⟶speed on upstream segment (U_V) (time slice 1)⟶Traffic Performance Index (TPI) (time slice 1)⟶crash risk on current segment. The most sensitive contributor to crash risk in this path was V (time slice 2), followed by TPI (time slice 1), V (time slice 1), and U_V (time slice 1). These results indicate that the improved DBN-based RTCPM has the potential to predict crashes in real time for urban elevated expressway. Besides, it contributes to revealing the underlying mechanism of crash and formulating the real-time risk control measures.
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19

Dascăl, A., and M. Popa. "The 3D reconstruction of a road accident used the specialized program PC Crash 12.1." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1781, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1781/1/012052.

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20

Gëzim, Hoxha, Shala Ahmet, Likaj Ramë, and Bajrami Xhevahir. "Mathematical Model for Velocity Calculation of Three Types of Vehicles in the Case of Pedestrian Crash." Strojnícky casopis – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 68, no. 3 (November 1, 2018): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2018-0029.

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AbstractThis paper treats influencing factors in the determination of vehicles speed on the pedestrian crash moment according to pedestrian throw distance and formulates a mathematical model for vehicle speed determination. Vehicle speed is one of the highest causes of accidents. The mathematical model formulation (as the target of this paper) for velocity calculation, in the case of pedestrian accidents, presents great help and guidance to experts of this field when dealing with accident analysis that through accurate determination of this parameter to find other circumstances as close as possible to the technical process of pedestrian accidents. The target of this paper is to define a mathematical model formulation for vehicle velocity calculation in pedestrian crash moment depending on relevant parameters. For the purpose of model formulating, we have selected three cases of real accidents that involved vehicles (“Peugeot 307”, “VW Golf ” and “Mercedes E 220”) with different geometrical parameters of the front profile and pedestrians with different heights and weights. For regression analysis we used “R” and “SPSS” software, which enables the statistical analysis of the data and mathematical model formulation. Also, for analysis of impact of relevant factors, model formulation and model testing have used “Virtual Crash” and “PC Crash” software, which enables pedestrian-vehicle crash simulation using vehicles with real technical characteristics and various pedestrian characteristics. Inductive, comparative, and deductive methods are part of the research methods in this paper.
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21

Stanivuk, Tatjana, Mimo Drašković, and Neven Kralj. "Analysis of Traffic Accident Dynamics at Semaphored Crossroads – a Case Study." Transactions on Maritime Science 5, no. 1 (April 20, 2016): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v05.n01.002.

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The paper deals with the analysis of dynamics of a traffic accident involving two vehicles and having happened at the semaphored crossroads in the afternoon hours i.e. when the traffic lights at the crossroads were functioning according to the programmed system and on the second programme. To prove the causes of the traffic accident, in analysing all the possible variants of the participants’ motions through the semaphored crossroads, the 3D display was also used. The value of EES (Energy Equivalent Speed) represents the starting parameter for calculation of vehicle’s speed in the instant of crash. Since the dynamics, or better to say motion of the participants in the traffic accident depends on properly working traffic lights, it is of great importance to present the work schedule of the traffic lights of the mentioned intersection, before we analyse the traffic accident itself. The control of all the results gained was carried out using computer programme package PC Crash 9.0 to simulate the crash. Great attention was also paid to the time intervals of vehicles’ motions. Also, the possibility of having avoided the accident in question was analysed.
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22

Cao, Yi, Hui Zhi Xu, and Zhong Yi Zuo. "Applicability Analysis for the Reconstruction Model of Automobile Two-Dimensional Eccentric Collision Accidents." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 747–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.747.

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In order to provide a theory algorithm for simulation and reconstruction analysis of automobile two-dimensional eccentric collision accidents, the applicability problems of the traditional dynamics model and trajectory model in this kind of accident were analyzed in theory respectively. Using PC-Crash software and the traditional models, a real accident case was reconstructed and analyzed. The comparative study between the reconstruction analysis results and the vehicles traces remained in the accident scene was conducted. According to the comparative study, reliabilities of the traditional models were verified.
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23

Ionut Radu, Alexandru, Corneliu Cofaru, Bogdan Tolea, and Dragoş Dima. "Study regarding the influence of airbag deployment time on the occupant injury level during a frontal vehicle collision." MATEC Web of Conferences 184 (2018): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818401007.

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The aim of this paper was to analyse the influence of airbag deployment delay upon the head of the occupant in the case of frontal collision using simulations in PC Crash and MADYMO dummy as the occupant. The study will also take into account the pretension delay of the seat-belt which is activated along with the airbag. Frontal airbags on both the passenger and the driver were analysed including the occupant kinematics during the collision. Also, to validate the simulation, a comparison was done with a real crash test. We predict that by increasing the delay of deployment, the head acceleration will increase due to the fact the head travels close to the instrument panel/steering wheel, and the force of the airbag will generate a significant acceleration upon the head. To better assess the potential injury of the occupant, the head injury criteria (HIC) will be calculated and correlated with the Abbreviated injury scale (AIS) code.
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24

Voevodin, Evgeniy Sergeevich, Kristina Vyacheslavovna Baklanova, Nikolay Viktorovich Shadrin, Andrey Mikhaylovich Askhabov, and Andrey Sergeevich Polyakov. "Audit of road traffic safety on federal roads of Krasnoyarsk Territory." Transport of the Urals, no. 1 (2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/1815-9400-2020-1-57-62.

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The paper considers an assignment and an essence of audit of road traffic safety. As an example, the authors have determined a priority section on federal roads of Krasnoyarsk Territory for conducting the audit. On the basis of detailed analysis of road conditions that affect the risk of accidents appearance and research of road traffic accidents mechanism on that section the authors have developed measures on decreasing accident rate. Efficiency of the proposed measures are verified with the use of PC–Crash program for modeling and reconstruction of road traffic accidents.
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25

Gu, Jiangyang, Xiaoli Chao, and Xianguo Hu. "Study to the simulation for pedestrian-vehicle collision accident of the second crushing by PC-CRASH." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 887 (August 2017): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/887/1/012012.

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26

Sokolovskij, Edgar, and Šarūnas Mikaliūnas. "MODELLING OF COLLISIONS OF THE AUTOMOBILES." TRANSPORT 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2006): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2006.9638073.

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The graphic analytical modelling and the computer modelling of collisions of the automobiles are compared in this article. The examples of modelling of collisions of the automobiles are given. The computer modelling of collision of the automobiles with the help of the program PC CRASH is introduced. The possibilities and advantages of this computer program, the inserted parameters and their optimization are investigated. The possibilities of applying the computer modelling program in the experts’ examination of traffic accidents while modelling collisions of the automobiles, the items and requirements raised towards the experts, who work with such programs, on reliability of the obtained results are considered.
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27

Havaj, Peter. "The Quality and the Complete Evidence Securing during the Traffic Crime Scene Investigation and its Relevance for Evidence Completion during the Traffic Accidents." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 20, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2018.4.76-81.

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Main purpose of this paper is to point out the problems considering the modern scientific usage of methods, ways and approaches, including the crime investigation of traffic accidents-collisions. We want to show the basic need of experienced traffic crime detective, his/her deep knowledge of the whole issue - the process of the traffic accident perpetrating as a complex process with the direct impact on the traffic crime detective work, which could be used in the process of the clearance the case, the video-record output created by program PC CRASH as the virtual element of legal evidence, enabling deeper knowledge of the whole process.
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28

Choi, Yongsoon, Seongho Kim, Jongkil Jung, and Junkyu Yoon. "A Study on the Applicability of AEBS according to Radar Angle Using PC-Crash and Traffic Accident Database." Transactions of The Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 25, no. 6 (November 1, 2017): 691–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.7467/ksae.2017.25.6.691.

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29

Pei, Yu Long, Lian Zhen Wang, and Chuan Yun Fu. "Dynamics Model of Vehicle in Two-Dimensional Collision." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 2646–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.2646.

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The progress of vehicle collision can be broken into three stages: pre-collision, collision and post-collision. Although the direct collision lasts very little time, it is one of the most important stages of the whole process. On the basis of Momentum Conservation, Energy Conservation and improved Coefficient of Elastic Recovery, using Newtonian Mechanics, the paper constructs dynamics model for vehicles’ two-dimensional collisions, which can be used to calculate the velocities at the moments of before and after the collision. The paper uses the Software of PC-Crash as a comparative study, the results of which show that the proposed models are suitable for the analysis of collisions involving only two cars without second collision.
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30

Dima, Dragoş Sorin, Dinu Covaciu, and Anghel Chiru. "Validation of Simulation and Optimization Reconstruction in PС Crash with Video Recorded Sample." Applied Mechanics and Materials 822 (January 2016): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.822.497.

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In many cases we have to estimate the speed of the vehicles involved in an accident. The aim of this paper is to make a brief presentation of some cases solved on the question of speed and dynamics using different methods and presenting the estimated error obtained. So in the paper it will be taken into account the indication of tachograph diagram with pro and contra arguments assuming that this indication is only informative as far as the tachograph is not specially designed as an accident recorder device. In the paper it will be included the reconstruction of the accident using PC Crash facility in optimization method to reduce the error regarding the trajectory and rest position. For validation of this analysis we will provide also a video surveillance camera film high resolution versus simulation of the accident. Keywords: accident reconstruction, simulation, optimization.
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31

Cao, Yi, Zhong Yi Zuo, and Bo Hang Liu. "Research on Mechanical Mechanics with Trajectory Reconstruction Model of Motorcycle’s Three-Dimensional Rolling Movement." Advanced Materials Research 952 (May 2014): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.952.201.

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In order to simulate and analyze the rolling movement state of motorcycle in collision accidents, the trajectory reconstruction model was studied. The motorcycle’s centroid trajectory model during the process of rolling and the feature point trajectory model during the process of sliding are both constructed. Using the accidents reconstruction and analysis software named PC-Crash and the models constructed in this paper respectively, a real accident case was reconstructed and analyzed. The comparative study between the reconstruction analysis results and the marks remained in the accident scene was conducted. Research showed that, the analysis result reconstructed by the model was consistent with the actual accident scene. This model can be used to reconstruct and analyze the motorcycle’s rolling movement trajectory after collision occurring.
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Cao, Yi, and Zhong Yi Zuo. "Research on Mechanical Automation with Vehicle’s Reconstruction Analysis Model of Offset Collision Accidents." Advanced Materials Research 738 (August 2013): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.738.203.

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In order to provide a theory algorithm and a mechanical automation process for simulation and reconstruction analysis of offset collision accidents, the application limitation of traditional one-dimensional collision dynamics model was summarized, on the basis of analysis. Using the principles of classical mechanics and mechanical automation, the collision dynamics model and movement trajectory model of automobile offset collision were constructed. Using the model above and PC-Crash mechanical automation software, a real accident case was analyzed. The comparative study between the reconstruction analysis results and the vehicle’s traces remained in the accident scene was conducted. The comparative analysis showed that, the turning trajectories of automobiles were consistent with the trajectories remained in the accident scene. The model is suitable for small eccentric offset collision accidents.
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33

TOKURA, Sunao. "FEM for Researchers and Engineers. The Aspects and the Prospects for Crash and Metal Forming Analysis on EWS/PC." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 62, no. 10 (1996): 1398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.62.1398.

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34

Dmitriev, Igor K. "Determination of destructive forces in a rod-cable arch." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 15, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2019-15-3-243-248.

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The aim of research - comparison the results of the experimental data with the computer modeling the work of the strengthened brick-cable arch. Methods. Experimental and theoretical methods of research. Results. Firstly, the tests on a small desktop models were performed, for the determination the nature of destruction of the construction. During them, it was discovered, that the arch crash is taking place because of the splitting the small size timber bricks, or as the result of the breaking its steel strengthening elements. Further, the computer model of the construction was created with the help of physically and geometrically nonlinear finite elements at LIRA-SAPR PC. The generated model was load by a concentrated force at its top zone, the same one, as it had been during the experiments before. On the results of the calculation, the maximum deformation was received, which are different from the experimental one on a value less then 10%, what suggests the nearness the computer model to the real construction. The highest compressive strengths of the arch and the largest stretching forces of its steel bands were determined during the further analysis of the model. Maximum splitting and stretching forces also were calculated theoretically, according to the formulas of SP 64.13330.2017 and SP 20.13330.2016. It was determined that the timber bricks have more than 7 times reserve of strength, and the steel bands over them - only times, and during the growth of external force, the arch will crash because of its steel sprengel bands breakage. By the results of the research, the calculation algorithm of such kind constructions was generated, at the base of LIRA-SAPR PC. It was recommended first, to determine deformation of the strengthened brick-cable arch, with further checking the timber elements for splitting and steel sprengel elements for maximum permissible stretching. The problem of stability the flat form of deformation for the brickcable arch are the same as for the glued one, because of the tight connection the timber bricks, with elimination their exit from the frontal plane.
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35

Ondruš, Ján, Pavol Kohút, Rastislav Jurina, and Klaus Dieter Brösdorf. "How do Today's Modern Passenger Cars Brake?" LOGI - Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logi-2018-0010.

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AbstractThe article deals with issues of vehicle braking from different points of view. We made repeated braking tests of modern vehicles during intensive braking on various asphalt surfaces with the goal to evaluate character of this random variable. We dedicated our attention also to the accuracy attainable using various measuring methods and equipment. Within measurement of braking deceleration we used low-end measuring device (mobile smartphone) and measuring devices most used in Slovakia (XL Meter™ Pro Gamma). The collected data were processed in the software XL Vision and evaluated by SW PC-Crash 10.9. Usable result from article is mainly measurement set of braking deceleration of current modern vehicles during intensive braking on various asphalt surfaces as well as evaluation of accuracy levels with respect to various used devices.
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36

Guan, Zhi Wei, Shao Hua Wang, Wei Qiang Liang, Ming Feng Zheng, Lin Wu, Yang Liu, and Zhen Xing Li. "The Analysis of the Key Problems about Traffic Accident Speed Identification Based on Braking Traces." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 4752–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.4752.

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In order to improve the impartiality and objectivity of judicial expertise, the key problems about traffic accident speed identification are analyzed and the speed of vehicle is calculated by using the braking performance test report with reference to the national standard and automobile theory. The automobile dynamics of driver braking process is analyzed, all kinds of key problems such as the braking distance, braking coordination time, braking speed, longitudinal sliding coefficient of adhesion are combined with the braking performance test report, and the method of determining the longitudinal sliding coefficient of adhesion is proposed, the instantaneous velocity before the collision is calculated. Finally, the method is used to calculate the speed of an actual case, and simulated in the software of PC-Crash, the results are consistent, verifying that the speed identification method is correct.
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37

Choi, Yongsoon, Seryong Baek, Cheonho Kim, Junkyu Yoon, and Seongkwan Mark Lee. "Simulation of AEBS Applicability by Changing Radar Detection Angle." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 2305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052305.

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As smart cities become a global topic, interest in smart mobility, the core of smart cities, is also growing. The technology that comes closest to general users is “autonomous driving”. In particular, the successful market entry and establishment of some private companies proved that “autonomous driving” is not technology of the future but imminent reality. However, safety in autonomous vehicles that rely on sensors instead of the driver’s five senses has been the focus of attention from the beginning and continues to be so. In this study, we attempted to counter this interest. Based on the actual data of thirty traffic accidents, assuming the AEBS (Autonomous Emergency Braking System) was installed to assist the driver in safe driving, it was reinterpreted through simulation to see what changes occurred in the accident. In the computer program, PC-Crash, the results were first analyzed through simulation using Euro NCAP (New Car Assessment Program)’s AEBS test standards. Subsequently, the other variables in the AEBS were controlled and the accident was reinterpreted by changing only the angle of the radar detection sensor. As a result, it was confirmed that a total of 27 accidents out of thirty accidents could have been prevented with the AEBS. In addition, it proved that the crash avoidance rate of vehicles gradually increased as the radar angle increased.
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38

Lalin, Vladimir V., Olga N. Pertseva, Vladimir R. Kamaltdinov, Gleb V. Martynov, Daria E. Monastyreva, and Roman S. Tikhonov. "Calculation of prestressed structures for shock loading." Vestnik MGSU, no. 4 (April 2020): 482–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2020.4.482-495.

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Introduction. With the use of prestressing, coatings are made for special-purpose buildings, requiring calculations for extreme impacts. Such impacts include an airplane strike. Modeling of prestressed structures and calculation of shock loads is difficult to implement in classical calculation programs. A universal tool for solving such problems is the PC SOFiSTIK. This software complex allows you to interact with the most modern software solutions. Materials and methods. For the description of the method, special-purpose coating was selected and the strike calculation of the Learjet 23 aircraft was performed. For modeling prestressing, the SOFIPLUS interface is used. To describe the impact, the internal programming language CADINP is used. Results. The nature of the change in the coating deformations in the first seconds of the aircraft crash is presented graphically. Also, iso-ares of internal bending moments of the coating were derived for the selection of reinforcement and the diagram of the moments of the beams from the action of prestressing, taking into account tension losses. Conclusions. SOFiSTIK PC allows you to solve complex engineering problems with a high degree of automation. Thanks to the open source code, it becomes possible to calculate atypical extreme effects. The obtained graphs and diagrams confirm the passage of checks on the limiting states of the coating, and can also be used to design and calculate similar special-purpose structures.
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39

Lin, Qing Feng, and Guang Quan Lu. "A Simulation Study of Accident Reconstruction in Car to Electric Bicycle Side Impact Crashes." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4441.

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In order to analyze the characteristic of cyclist throw distances and head injuries in car to electric-bicycle side impact accidents, this paper presents an approach to reconstruct the car to electric-bicycle side impact accident using PC-Crash. The distribution characteristic of cyclist head impact points with the hood and windshield is analyzed and the relationships between the vehicle impact velocities and the cyclist’s head injuries are described. In addition, based on several factors including road friction coefficient, vehicle load and braking deceleration, we analyzed the relationships between the vehicle impact velocities and the cyclist throw distances. The results show that 50km/h can be regarded approximately as the threshold of impact velocity to cause the cyclist’s head injuries, meanwhile, the cyclist throw distance is less influenced by the road friction coefficient and vehicle load, and the cyclist throw distance might be larger under lower impact velocities and smaller deceleration conditions.
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40

Dudziak, Marian, Andrzej Lewandowski, and Michał Śledziński. "Analysis of the loss of vehicle motion stability in the conditions of steering control disturbance." MATEC Web of Conferences 254 (2019): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925404001.

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Disturbances in the vehicle motion may be caused by different factors and in many cases are the reason for dangerous traffic incidents. Disturbances within the human-vehicle system are particularly hazardous. An innovative method was designed for analyzing and simulating the process of loss of vehicle motion stability after interference in the steering system, e.g. by acting on the steering wheel by the passenger. The subject of the study is the theoretical and experimental analysis of the vehicle motion path kinematics together with the duration of the disturbance, driver’s reaction time and steering wheel turning angles. PC-Crash simulation software was employed for the purpose of studying the disturbance characteristics and their influence on the loss of vehicle motion stability. It is recognized that the studied issues are as yet poorly understood, the presented results expand our knowledge base in this area and can be employed for the purpose of analysis of actual traffic accidents.
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41

Wang, Xinghua, Yong Peng, Weifeng Yu, Pengpeng Xie, Honghao Zhang, Lin Hu, and Yuan Quan. "The Analyses of Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Accidents by Integrating Rigid-Body Simulation and Robust Optimization Techniques." International Journal of Computational Methods 17, no. 07 (May 7, 2019): 1950026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876219500269.

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The objective of this study is to propose an approach for improving the efficiency of accident reconstruction and obtaining the probabilistic distribution of pre-impact parameters through integrating numerical simulation and robust optimization techniques. First, the ranges and probabilistic distribution of collision parameters are determined by investigators. Then, the optimal Latin hypercube design is used to generate sample points in predefined design space and corresponding responses are obtained by PC-Crash. The radial basis functions method is used to construct the surrogate models, accuracy evaluation is conducted using the cross-validation method. Finally, a robust optimization is completed to obtain the probabilistic distribution of collision parameters. Furthermore, a real-world vehicle-to-pedestrian accident is reconstructed to specifically explain and validate the method. The results show that the numerical simulation coupled with robust optimization technique is an effective means of obtaining the probabilistic distribution of pre-impact inputs. The proposed approach will help the traffic accident to scientifically conduct the traffic accident identification.
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42

Wang, Qiu Cheng, Zhou Kai Xie, Wei Guo Liu, and Hai Tao Xiao. "Research on Simulation and Reconstruction of Vehicle-Pedestrian Collision Based on Multi-Body Dynamics." Advanced Materials Research 487 (March 2012): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.487.307.

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Vehicle-pedestrian collision is a major type traffic accident in China, which has been attracted close attention by people because of its high fatality rate. However, it is difficult for traffic management department to reconstruct such kind of accident. In this paper, a methodology for simulation of vehicle-pedestrian accidents based on the multi-body dynamics is presented. A multi-body dummy pedestrian model is established based on PC-CRASH programs, the features that represent the different parts of the pedestrian are defined such as geometry, mass, contact stiffness and coefficients of friction. And more the model is introduced to simulate the collision in a real case of vehicle-pedestrian accident in Hangzhou. Different impact speeds are discussed to predict the different throwing distance of the pedestrian. The relation curves and equations between pedestrian’s throwing distance and vehicle impact speed are established from regression analyses of the simulation data. Finally, the impact speed is estimated with correspond to the exact pedestrian throwing distance.
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43

Prentkovskis, Olegas, Edgar Sokolovskij, and Vilius Bartulis. "INVESTIGATING TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS: A COLLISION OF TWO MOTOR VEHICLES." TRANSPORT 25, no. 2 (June 30, 2010): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2010.14.

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Traffic safety may be ensured by normal operation of all elements of the system, including the driver, a motor vehicle and transportation medium. Insufficient safety of some particular elements of this system (the lack of discipline of the participants of traffic, poor technical state of a motor vehicle or road, etc.) are the main causes of traffic accidents. Statistical data on traffic accidents in 2000–2009 in Lithuania is presented. Collisions of motor vehicles in 2009 make one of the largest proportion of all traffic accidents ‐ 33.4%. In 2009 drivers, were the main traffic accident perpetrators ‐ 73.6%. The paper considers some major aspects of motor vehicle collision simulation based on the application of PC‐CRASH software, allowing researchers to analyze the changes in the direction of motor vehicle motion in the case of a collision and the influencing factors. This type of traffic accident simulation consists in studying the circumstances of collision, reconstructing the processes, calculating the pre‐impact speed of motor vehicles and deter‐ mining various parameters of motor vehicles’ movement at different stages of traffic accident development.
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44

Cheng, Rui, Guozhu Cheng, Yulong Pei, and Liang Xu. "Calculation of the Roadside Clear Zone Width along Highways Based on the Safe Slope." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (June 8, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9998503.

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International crash data indicate that roadside characteristics contribute to more than half of all roadside accidents involving serious injury or death. Therefore, research on roadside safety is urgently needed. Based on the vehicle departure speed, pavement height (i.e., the difference between pavement elevation and ground elevation), slope gradient, and horizontal curve radius, this study uses PC-Crash simulation software to carry out tests of trucks and cars exiting a road. A chi-squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID) decision tree is used to explore the causative mechanism of vehicle rollover, and the concept of a “safe slope” to ensure that vehicles do not roll over is proposed. Aiming at straight and curved sections, discriminant functions of vehicle rollover and nonrollover are fitted through Bayesian discriminant analysis, and safe slope calculation models for trucks and cars are then constructed. Based on the obtained safe slope models, calculation methods for the safe slope and the roadside clear zone width involving different traffic compositions are proposed by calibrating the lateral distance from the final position of nonrollover vehicles to the road edge. The results show that the factors affecting vehicle rollover are, in descending order of importance, the slope gradient, pavement height, vehicle type, departure speed, and horizontal curve radius. For a section with a large proportion of cars, the slope gradient should not be steeper than 1:3.5. The horizontal curve radius should not be less than 600 m for a section with a large proportion of trucks and a slope gradient steeper than 1:3.5 or shallower than 1:2.5. Additionally, for a section with a pavement higher than 0.5 m and a slope gradient steeper than 1:2.5, the operating speed limit should be lower than 60 km/h. These research results have theoretical value and practical significance to improve the driving safety level and reducing the risk of roadside accidents.
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45

Dirnbach, Igor, Tibor Kubjatko, Eduard Kolla, Ján Ondruš, and Željko Šarić. "Methodology Designed to Evaluate Accidents at Intersection Crossings with Respect to Forensic Purposes and Transport Sustainability." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 1972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051972.

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Currently, there are quite a lot of incorrect procedures and mistakes that occur in the forensic area, which lacks analytical approaches toward solving the causes of accidents using s–t diagrams (distance–time diagrams) combined with the software simulation applications. When analyzing accidents, the correct information is of key importance. The aim of this article is to define a new specific technical and analytical approach toward handling expert’s reports on traffic accidents in road transport at intersections, with respect to the traffic lights. A simulation program application is used as a progressive means of accident evaluation. This procedure must become a standard in the methods of modern traffic accident analysis. The application of this methodology with simulation tools for accident reconstruction enables one to perform a very precise analysis of traffic accidents. Mutual space and time relationships of vehicles’ movements have been evaluated here, depending upon the intersection signal plan. To demonstrate the methodology, a real case is used here, reconstructed by means of the complex analytical simulation software PC-Crash. A procedure processed by these means can be beneficial for forensic traffic accident analysis.
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46

Saulić, Nenad, Zoran Papić, and Zoran Ovcin. "Pedestrian Throw Distance Prediction from Vehicle Damage Intensity." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 32, no. 3 (May 10, 2020): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v32i3.3312.

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One of the main points to be addressed when analysing vehicle-pedestrian collisions is the vehicle impact speed. If the traffic accident is not recorded on camera, and there are no skid marks nor tachograph in the vehicle, the parameter is determined on the basis of empirical models. All empirical models for ascertaining vehicle speed are based on the pedestrian throw distance, which is not always known because of an unidentified vehicle-pedestrian collision point or the final rest position of the pedestrian after collision. This paper shows a description of a vehicle damage recorded in an ordinal scale and determines the pedestrian throw distance prediction model from the vehicle damage established in such a way. If the accident scene is documented by photographs, the damage can be classified, and by applying a validated model, the pedestrian throw distance envisaged. Then, by applying an empirical model, one can determine the speed of the vehicle at the time of collision with a pedestrian. Two databases were formed during the research. The first is based on real-life traffic accidents (expert witnessing of the professors from the Faculty of Technical Sciences). The second is based on traffic accident simulations as part of PC Crash software package.
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47

Cheng, Guozhu, Rui Cheng, Yulong Pei, and Liang Xu. "Probability of Roadside Accidents for Curved Sections on Highways." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (May 30, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9656434.

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To predict the probability of roadside accidents for curved sections on highways, we chose eight risk factors that may contribute to the probability of roadside accidents to conduct simulation tests and collected a total of 12,800 data obtained from the PC-crash software. The chi-squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID) decision tree technique was employed to identify significant risk factors and explore the influence of different combinations of significant risk factors on roadside accidents according to the generated decision rules, so as to propose specific improved countermeasures as the reference for the revision of the Design Specification for Highway Alignment (JTG D20-2017) of China. Considering the effects of related interactions among different risk factors on roadside accidents, path analysis was applied to investigate the importance of the significant risk factors. The results showed that the significant risk factors were in decreasing order of importance, vehicle speed, horizontal curve radius, vehicle type, adhesion coefficient, hard shoulder width, and longitudinal slope. The first five important factors were chosen as predictors of the probability of roadside accidents in the Bayesian network analysis to establish the probability prediction model of roadside accidents. Eventually, the thresholds of the various factors for roadside accident blackspot identification were given according to probabilistic prediction results.
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48

Yang, Quantao, Feng Lu, Jingsheng Wang, Dan Zhao, and Lijie Yu. "Analysis of the Insertion Angle of Lane-Changing Vehicles in Nearly Saturated Fast Road Segments." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 31, 2020): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031013.

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Vehicle lane changing in a nearly saturated fast road segment tends to increase the probability of traffic accidents in the road segment and reduce the speed of the rear vehicles in the target lane. To better analyze the relationship between the target vehicle and the front and rear vehicles in the target lane, this study focuses on the insertion angle of the target vehicle as the research object. Moreover, this study considers influencing factors, such as the longitudinal distance, transverse distance, and speed of the front and rear vehicles in the target lane. This study also adopts aerial photography to capture the flow of the main road of the Xi’an South Second Ring Road, Chang’an University segment. Information regarding the vehicle captured on video, including the speed, insertion angle, and coordinates, is extracted using the software Tracker. The coordinates correlation and speed correlation are analyzed using the software SPSS 2.0. K-means cluster analysis is applied to cluster the insertion angle of the target vehicle, and the insertion speed of the target vehicle. Of the total samples, 89.47% were inserted into the target lane at around 23° or below. The PC-Crash software was used to verify that the collision consequences gradually increased with the increase in collision angle. Therefore, when the insertion angle of the vehicle changes to lower than 23°, the overall road traffic condition is optimal, and no large losses are incurred.
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49

Zou, Tiefang, Hua Li, Hequan Wu, Lin Hu, and Ming Cai. "Design of experiment in analyzing uncertainty of simulation results in accident reconstruction." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 4 (February 6, 2018): 836–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018754663.

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In order to obtain a more accurate interval of an accident reconstruction result, two modified experiment design methods were proposed. The first is based on the orthogonal design (OD) and it is named as the orthogonal-based design (OBD), while the other is based on the uniform design (UD) and it is named as the multi-response surface-uniform design (MUD). Furthermore, some conclusions are given according to seven numerical cases: results obtained from the Latin hypercube sampling design (LHS) are the worst, while those obtained from the UD are the last but one, and all are worse than the results obtained from the OBD and the MUD. Furthermore, some conclusions about the number of simulation runs of each design of experiment (DOE) can be given: if the second order response surface model is selected, the number of simulation runs of the LHS is the same as the UD, and all are lesser than the number of simulation runs of the OBD and the MUD in most cases. As for the OBD and the MUD, the number of simulation runs of the OBD is lesser than the number of simulation runs of the MUD, but the MUD can be applied more widely than the OBD. Finally, a true vehicle-pedestrian accident case is given, Pc-Crash was used to reconstruct the accident based on all traces provided by the police, and the interval of the impact velocity of the vehicle was calculated using the OBD, results showed that the research is meaningful in practice.
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Zou, Tiefang, Liang Yi, Ming Cai, Lin Hu, and Yuelin Li. "Injury Source and Correlation Analysis of Riders in Car-Electric Bicycle Accidents." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2018 (2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3674858.

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The knowledge about the injury source and correlation of riders in car-electric bicycle accident will be helpful in the cross validation of traces and vehicle safety design. In order to know more information about such kind of knowledge, 57 true car-electric bicycle accidents were reconstructed by PC-Crash and then data on injury information of riders were collected directly from the reconstructed cases. These collected data were validated by some existing research results firstly, and then 4 abnormal cases were deleted according to the statistical method. Finally, conclusions can be obtained according to the data obtained from the remaining 53 cases. Direct injuries of the head and right leg are from the road pavement upon low speed; the source laws of indirect head injuries are not obvious. Upon intermediate and high speed, the injuries of the above parts are from automobiles. Injuries of the left leg, femur, and right knee are from automobiles; left knee injuries are from automobiles, the road pavement and automobiles, respectively, upon low, intermediate, and high speed. The source laws of indirect torso injuries are not obvious upon intermediate and low speed, which are from automobiles upon high speed, while direct torso injuries are from the road pavement. And there is no high correlation between all parts of the injury of riders. The largest correlation coefficient was the head-left femur and left femur-right femur, which was 0.647, followed by the head-right femur (0.638) and head-torso which was 0.617.
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