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1
Dr., Prashant Kumar Patra, and Lochan Pradhan Padma. "Proposed AES Java Coding Dynamically Optimizing The Risk On Operating System-I." International Journal of Programming Languages and Applications ( IJPLA ) 3, no. 1 (2020): 21–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3975500.
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The increased of the use of computer & communications system by IT industries has increased the risk of theft of proprietary information. Advanced Encryption Standard (Encryption) is a primary method of protecting system resources. AES is inversely proportional to the Risk( C=K/R) & mean while control is directly proportional to the quality of standard( S ). AES Control will be optimize the risk as well as improve the IS standard. Control is directly proportional to mitigation & mitigation is directly proportional to standard. Encryption Key length(AES-E) is inversely proportional to the Risk. This paper contributes to the development of an optimization method that aims to determine the optimal cost to be invested into security method, model & mechanisms deciding on the measure component of operating system resources(i.e. Processor, Memory, Encryption). Further more, the method & mechanism optimize the cost, time & resources is supposed to reduce the system risks. Java based codeing would be update the value of Processor, Memory & Encryption key dynamically as per business requirement and availability of technology & resources. Proposed Java based program is going to be optimizing risk and maximizing the performance.
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Kusmardi, Kusmardi, Elvan Wiyarta, Numlil Khaira Rusdi, Andi Muh Maulana, Ari Estuningtyas, and Hadi Sunaryo. "The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1." F1000Research 10 (September 8, 2021): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.55385.1.
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Background: Research in natural substances for their anticancer potential has become increasingly popular. Lunasin, a soybean protein, is known to inhibit cancer progression via various pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Lunasin Extract (LE) on the expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and epithelial cadherins (E-Cadherin) in breast cancer. Methods: In this true-experimental in vivo study, 24 Sprague-Dawley rats that were induced by 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), were used. Based on the therapy given, the groups were divided into, normal, positive control (PC), negative control (NC), adjuvant, curative, and preventive. Lunasin was extracted from soybean seeds of the Grobogan variety in Indonesia. Tissue samples were obtained, processed, stained with anti-ICAM-1 and anti-E-Cadherin antibodies, examined under a microscope, and quantified using H-score. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, which was then followed by Duncan's test. Results: Statistically significant difference in ICAM-1 expression was observed between the following groups: adjuvant and NC, normal and NC, PC and NC, adjuvant and preventive, normal and preventive, PC and preventive, adjuvant and curative, normal and curative, PC and curative. E-Cadherin expression was significantly different between preventive and NC, adjuvant and NC, PC and NC, normal and NC, adjuvant and curative, PC and curative, normal and curative, normal and preventive. Significant negative correlation was found between ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin [-0.616 (-0.8165; -0.283)] with p = 0.001. Conclusion: Preventive dose of LE was able to reduce ICAM-1 expression while increasing E-Cadherin expression.
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Coffeng, Luc E., Matthew Graham, Raiha Browning, et al. "Improving the Cost-efficiency of Preventive Chemotherapy: Impact of New Diagnostics on Stopping Decisions for Control of Schistosomiasis." Clinical Infectious Diseases 78, Supplement_2 (2024): S153—S159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciae020.
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Abstract Background Control of schistosomiasis (SCH) relies on the regular distribution of preventive chemotherapy (PC) over many years. For the sake of sustainable SCH control, a decision must be made at some stage to scale down or stop PC. These “stopping decisions” are based on population surveys that assess whether infection levels are sufficiently low. However, the limited sensitivity of the currently used diagnostic (Kato-Katz [KK]) to detect low-intensity infections is a concern. Therefore, the use of new, more sensitive, molecular diagnostics has been proposed. Methods Through statistical analysis of Schistosoma mansoni egg counts collected from Burundi and a simulation study using an established transmission model for schistosomiasis, we investigated the extent to which more sensitive diagnostics can improve decision making regarding stopping or continuing PC for the control of S. mansoni. Results We found that KK-based strategies perform reasonably well for determining when to stop PC at a local scale. Use of more sensitive diagnostics leads to a marginally improved health impact (person-years lived with heavy infection) and comes at a cost of continuing PC for longer (up to around 3 years), unless the decision threshold for stopping PC is adapted upward. However, if this threshold is set too high, PC may be stopped prematurely, resulting in a rebound of infection levels and disease burden (+45% person-years of heavy infection). Conclusions We conclude that the potential value of more sensitive diagnostics lies more in the reduction of survey-related costs than in the direct health impact of improved parasite control.
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Bisanzio, Donal, Antonio Montresor, Michael French, et al. "Preventive chemotherapy for the control of strongyloidiasis in school-age children: Estimating the ivermectin need." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 4 (2021): e0009314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009314.
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Background Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil-transmitted helminth (STH) that affects approximately 600 million people worldwide. Interventions targeting S. stercoralis have not been implemented yet. Specific treatment (ivermectin) could be included in already ongoing preventive chemotherapy (PC) campaigns targeting other STHs. The aim of this study was to estimate the quantity of ivermectin needed for an integrated STH/S. stercoralis control program. Methododology/Principal findings Our study estimates the number of school- age children (SAC) (the main focus of STH deworming campaigns) in need of PC with ivermectin. The normal approximation of the binomial distribution was adopted to calculate the hypothetical prevalence distribution in each endemic country. Considering prevalence thresholds for PC equal to 10%, 15%, and 20%, we estimated the number of SAC in need of treatment. We adjusted the estimates accounting for ivermectin distributed in lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis elimination programs and excluded from our calculation areas where Loa loa is endemic. The global number of SAC that should be targeted in PC campaigns was estimated at 283.9 M (95% CI: 163.4–368.8), 207.2 M (95% CI: 160.9–380.7), and 160.7 M (95% CI: 86.6–225.7) when the threshold for intervention was set to 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. India, China, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Nigeria accounted for about 50% of the global SAC would have to be covered by PC intervention. Conclusions/Significance Our analysis may support endemic countries to evaluate the ivermectin quantity needed for integrating strongyloidiasis in the existing STH programs. These estimates might also show to generic drug manufacturers the size of the potential market for ivermectin and encourage its production.
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Coffeng, Luc E., Veronica Malizia, Carolin Vegvari, et al. "Impact of Different Sampling Schemes for Decision Making in Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Control Programs." Journal of Infectious Diseases 221, Supplement_5 (2019): S531—S538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz535.
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Abstract Starting and stopping preventive chemotherapy (PC) for soil-transmitted helminthiasis is typically based on the prevalence of infection as measured by Kato-Katz (KK) fecal smears. Kato-Katz-based egg counts can vary highly over repeated stool samples and smears. Consequentially, the sensitivity of KK-based surveys depends on the number of stool samples per person and the number of smears per sample. Given finite resources, collecting multiple samples and/or smears means screening fewer individuals, thereby lowering the statistical precision of prevalence estimates. Using population-level data from various epidemiological settings, we assessed the performance of different sampling schemes executed within the confines of the same budget. We recommend the use of single-slide KK for determining prevalence of moderate-to-heavy intensity infection and policy decisions for starting and continuing PC; more sensitive sampling schemes may be required for policy decisions involving stopping PC. Our findings highlight that guidelines should include specific guidance on sampling schemes.
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Ciciriello, Allan M., Jessica K. Fairley, Emma Cooke, et al. "Safety of integrated preventive chemotherapy for neglected tropical diseases." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 9 (2022): e0010700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010700.
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Background Preventive chemotherapy (PC) is a central strategy for control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Increased emphasis has been given to “integration” of NTD programs within health systems and coadministration of NTD drugs offers significant programmatic benefits. Guidance from the World Health Organization (WHO) reflects current evidence for safe drug coadministration and highlights measures to prevent choking of young children during PC. Methodology To understand how coadministration of NTD drugs might affect PC safety, we reviewed literature on choking risk in young children and safety of coadministered NTD drugs. To understand current practices of drug coadministration, we surveyed 15 NTD program managers and implementing partners. Principal findings In high-income countries, choking on medication is an infrequent cause of death in young children. In low-resource settings, data are limited, but age-appropriate drug formulations are less available. During PC, fatal choking, although infrequent, occurs primarily in young children; forcing them to swallow tablets appears to be the major risk factor. The WHO currently recommends 6 drugs and 5 possible drug combinations for use in PC. Of 105 nations endemic for the 5 PC-NTDs, 72 (68.6%) are co-endemic for 2 or more diseases and could benefit from drug coadministration during PC. All 15 survey respondents reported coadministering medications during PC. Reported responses to a child refusing to take medicine included: not forcing the child to do so (60.0%), encouraging the child (46.7%), bringing the child back later (26.7%), offering powder for oral suspension (POS) for azithromycin (13.3%), and having parents or community members intervene to calm the child (6.7%). Conclusions Coadministration of NTD drugs during PC appears to be increasingly common. Safety of coadministered PC drugs requires attention to choking prevention, use of approved drug combinations, and increased access to age-appropriate drug formulations.
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Xu, Huiwen, En Takashi, Jingyan Liang, Yajie Chen, Yuan Yuan, and Jianglin Fan. "Effect of Heat Shock Preconditioning on Pressure Injury Prevention via Hsp27 Upregulation in Rat Models." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16 (2022): 8955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23168955.
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Pressure injury (PI) prevention is a huge industry and involves various interventions. Temperature and moisture are important factors for wound healing; however, the active mechanism by which “moist heat” affects PI prevention has not yet been clarified. Thus, we explored the protective and therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy on PI based on the preconditioning (PC) principle, which might be useful for clinical practice. This study aimed to investigate the preventive mechanisms of heat shock preconditioning on PIs in rat models. The experiment was performed in the basic medical laboratory of Nagano College of Nursing in Japan. Ten rats were divided into two groups, with five rats in each group. Rats in the control group were not bathed. Rats in the preconditioning group (PC group) were bathed with hot tap-water. Bathing was conducted thrice a week. After bathing for 4 weeks, the PI model was constructed on the rats’ dorsal skin. The skin temperature, skin moisture, and area of ulcers were compared between the two groups. In vitro, we investigated the expression of heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) in 6, 12, and 24 h after the PI model was constructed through Western blot analysis. Ulcers occurred in the control group 24 h after the PI model constructed, wheras the PC group exhibited ulcers after 36 h. The ulcer area was larger in the control group than that in the PC group after 24 h (all p < 0.05). The temperatures of PI wounds in the control group decreased and were lower than those in the PC group after 1, 6, 12, 36, and 48 h (all p < 0.05). However, the skin moisture levels of PI wounds increased in the control group and were higher than those in the PC group at the same time (all p < 0.05). Using Western blot analysis, hydrotherapy preconditioning showed the potential to increase Hsp27 expression after pressure was released (p < 0.05). We determine that heat shock preconditioning had a preventive effect on PIs in rat models, a result that may be associated with their actions in the upregulation of Hsp27.
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Manfriani, Chiara, Giovanni Gualdani, Marco Fioravanti, and Maria Gloria Roselli. "Conservazione preventiva al Museo di Antropologia e Etnologia dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze." Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia 152 (November 1, 2022): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/aae-2364.
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Preventive Conservation (PC) is the sum of the activities needed to protect cultural heritage from damage. Among PC activities, climate monitoring and control are especially necessary for anthropologic and ethnographic collections, which are highly hygroscopic. Knowledge of collection objects and their conservation needs, together with their housing characteristics, is at the base of efficient PC strategies, including the evaluation of potential changes in the environmental parameters. An approach based on international standards is required to make museum indoor climate control activities objectives needs-based, and more economically, environmentally, and energetically sustainable. This approach was implemented for the PREMUDE research project, with the collaboration of DAGRI Department of University of Florence, Sistema Museale di Ateneo (SMA) and Opificio delle Pietre Dure (OPD). In this context, national and international norms, standards and museum guidelines were examined and used to apply innovative technologies of the Internet of Things (IoT) for monitoring and climate control of case studies from the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnology of Florence.
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Stroffolini, Giacomo, Francesca Tamarozzi, Andrea Fittipaldo, et al. "Impact of preventive chemotherapy on Strongyloides stercoralis: A systematic review and meta-analysis." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 7 (2023): e0011473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011473.
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Background Strongyloides stercoralis is a neglected soil-transmitted helminth (STH) that leads to significant morbidity in endemic populations. Infection with this helminth has recently been recognised by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a major global health problem to be addressed with ivermectin preventive chemotherapy, and therefore, there is now, the need to develop guidelines for strongyloidiasis control that can be implemented by endemic countries. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of ivermectin preventive chemotherapy (PC) on S. stercoralis prevalence in endemic areas to generate evidence that can inform global health policy. Methodology/Principal findings This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and LILACS for literature published between 1990 and 2022 and reporting prevalence of S. stercoralis before and after PC with ivermectin, administered either at school or at community level. The search strategy identified 933 records, eight of which were included in the meta-analysis. Data extraction and quality assessment were carried out by two authors. Meta-analysis of studies based on fecal testing demonstrated a significant reduction of S. stercoralis prevalence after PC: prevalence Risk Ratio (RR) 0.18 (95% CI 0.14–0.23), I2 = 0. A similar trend was observed in studies that used serology for diagnosis: RR 0.35 (95% CI 0.26–0.48), I2 = 4.25%. A sensitivity analysis was carried out for fecal tests where low quality studies were removed, confirming a post-intervention reduction in prevalence. The impact of PC could not be evaluated at different time points or comparing annual vs biannual administration due to insufficient data. Conclusions/Significance Our findings demonstrate a significant decrease of S. stercoralis prevalence in areas where ivermectin PC has taken place, supporting the use of ivermectin PC in endemic areas.
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Eliovich, I. G., A. V. Meltser, I. Sh Iakubova, et al. "IMPROVEMENT OF SOCIO-HYGIENIC MONITORING AT WORKER’S OCCUPATIONAL CONDITIONS WITH THE USE OF PRODUCTION CONTROL." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 4 (2019): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-4-339-343.
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Introduction the aim of the study. The implementation of risk-oriented model organization of the control and supervision activities of Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing with the assessment system of potential dangerous objects requires the creation of multiannual reliable database about the occupational working conditions which must include results of the production control for enterprises of all industries of the national economics of the Russian Federation. The aim of the study was to study the effectiveness of the use of the production control (PC) results of working conditions for the provision of sanitary - epidemiological wellbeing of the population. Material and methods. The study was conducted on materials of Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing on the Leningrad region, Petrostat for 2009-2012. In analysis there were included software and PC results of working conditions in 420 industrial enterprises of various branches of the Leningrad region industry. To develop a regional model of PC program planning based on critical control points there was chosen the major refinery in the Leningrad region - Limited Liability Company “Production Association” Kirishinefteorgsintez “(LLC “PA “KINEF”). 3960 protocols of laboratory and instrumental investigation results of working conditions were made for the purpose of PC control on LLC “PA “Kinef” and 1921 protocols of PC results - on 420 industrial enterprises of the Leningrad region were analyzed. Results. The performed analysis revealed a number of problems to the application of PC results for the aim of working conditions optimization of employees, planning disease prevention program and the assessment of object’s sanitary-hygienic wellbeing. The method of critical control points (CCPs) in the planning of PC programs on the large industrial enterprises is proposed to use. On the example of “Kinef” there was shown the efficiency of the use of CCPs in order to optimize the PC programs. There was developed and implemented the regional model of the use of PC programs which allows to solve the problem of the significant increase of preventive orientation and efficiency of PC program at enterprises of all sectors of the national economy of the Russian Federation as an important element of the management of sanitary - epidemiological population wellbeing regarding to the maintenance of healthy and safe working conditions. Conclusions. Existing legal regulatory and methodological framework regulating the organization and performance of PC control and social - hygienic monitoring in the Russian Federation requires significant changes and additions what allow to increase the reliability of the objects classification on groups of sanitary-epidemiological wellbeing and to realize a risk-oriented approach to control and oversight activities.
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BG, Ranganath. "Lymphatic Filariasis: Progress Towards Elimination." JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 06, no. 2 (2016): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.58739/jcbs/v06i2.10.
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Preventive chemotherapy (PC) is now a widely used strategy to treat populations at risk of helmin-thic diseases to prevent its transmission and to reduce morbidity among those affected by it. PC is now elim-ination/control strategies for lymphatic filariasis (LF), soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) namely, hook worm infestation, ascariasis and trichuriasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis and also trachoma a bacterial infection. Mass drug administration (MDA) and morbidity management are the major public health measures required for elimination of LF. Annual progress on elimination interventions of LF is submitted by the endemic countries to the WHO. Notable progress and achievements have been made by few countries in LF elimination. Many countries are on a path towards LF elimination by 2020. Few countries are yet to initi-ate campaigns towards elimination. Countries claiming LF elimination are to be validated by the WHO and should meet the eligible requirements. Sustenance of the claim post-elimination assessed by transmission assessment surveillance (TAS) is a challenge. For those countries that are still in the earlier phase of elimi-nation campaign, alternative faster approaches to achieve it are an immediate need and a challenge to the programme strategists. Key words: Lymphatic filariasis (LF), elimination, transmission assessment surveillance (TAS), mass drug ad-ministration (MDA), preventive chemotherapy (PC), morbidity management and disability prevention (MMDP)
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Coulibaly, Jean T., Eveline Hürlimann, Chandni Patel, et al. "Optimizing Implementation of Preventive Chemotherapy against Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis and Intestinal Schistosomiasis Using High-Resolution Data: Field-Based Experiences from Côte d’Ivoire." Diseases 10, no. 4 (2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases10040066.
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Background: Despite efforts to control neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) using preventive chemotherapy (PC), soil-transmitted helminthiases and schistosomiasis remain widely prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The current PC regimen in endemic settings is defined based on health district-level prevalence. This work aims to highlight the need for high-resolution data when elimination, rather than morbidity control, is the targeted goal. Methodology: Cross-sectional parasitological surveys were conducted from July to August 2019 and from September to October 2019, respectively, across the entire Dabou and Jacqueville health districts in southern Côte d’Ivoire. From every village, 60 school-aged children (6–15 years) were randomly selected and invited to provide one fresh stool sample, whereof duplicate Kato–Katz thick smears were prepared and read by two independent technicians. Principal Findings: 4338 school-aged children from 77 villages were screened from the Dabou (n = 2174; 50.12%, 39 villages) and Jacqueville (n = 2164; 49.88%, 38 villages) health districts. The prevalence of any soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection was 12.47% and 11.09% in the Dabou and Jacqueville health districts, respectively. Species-specific district-level prevalence remained below 10%, varying between 0.51% (hookworm in Jacqueville) and 9.06% (Trichuris trichiura in Dabou). However, when considering sub-districts or villages only, several STH infection hotspots (five sub-districts with ≥20% and four villages with more than 50% infected) were observed. Schistosoma mansoni infection was found in less than 1% of the examined children in each health district. Conclusions/Significance: We conclude that keeping health district-level prevalence as a reference for PC implementation leaves many high-risk sub-districts or villages requiring PC (≥20% prevalence) untreated. To avoid maintaining those high-risk villages as STH reservoirs by skipping control interventions and jeopardizing the successes already achieved in STH control through PC during the past two decades, precision mapping is required. Further investigation is needed to assess cost-efficient approaches to implement small-scale disease surveillance.
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Gebreyesus, Tigist Dires, Tafesse Tadele, Kalkidan Mekete, et al. "Prevalence, Intensity, and Correlates of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections after Five Rounds of Preventive Chemotherapy among School Children in Southern Ethiopia." Pathogens 9, no. 11 (2020): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110920.
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Preventive chemotherapy (PC) is a WHO-recommended strategy to control and eliminate schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). We assessed the prevalence, intensity, and correlates of schistosomiasis and STH infection after five rounds of PC in southern Ethiopia. A total of 3162 school children from four schools in Wondo Gennet and Hawella Tula districts were screened for Schistosoma mansoni and STHs infection. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 25.8% (range between schools 11.6% to 54.1%), with light (19.1%), moderate (5.3%), and heavy (1.4%) infection intensities. A total of 61.6% S. mansoni-infected children were STH co-infected. The overall prevalence of STHs infection was 54.7% (range between schools 30.6–71.0%), with moderate-to-heavy intensity infections being 16.3%. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent 45% (95% CI, 43.5–47) followed by Trichuris trichiura 25.3% (95% CI, 23.8–26.9) and hookworm 6.1% (95% CI, 5.3–7). A total of 33.7% of STHs-infected children had A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura co-infections. S. mansoni infection was significantly associated with school and STHs co-infection (p < 0.001). STH infection was correlated with school and younger age (p < 0.001). Despite repeated PC, S. mansoni and STH infection remain significant health problems, and the WHO target to control schistosomiasis and eliminate STH by 2020 may not be achieved. Intensified control and prevention measures, including drug efficacy surveillance, is recommended.
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Eyre, Max T., Caroline A. Bulstra, Olatunji Johnson, et al. "A Comparison of Markov and Mechanistic Models for Soil-Transmitted Helminth Prevalence Projections in the Context of Survey Design." Clinical Infectious Diseases 78, Supplement_2 (2024): S146—S152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciae022.
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Abstract Globally, there are over 1 billion people infected with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), mostly living in marginalized settings with inadequate sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. The World Health Organization recommends an integrated approach to STH morbidity control through improved access to sanitation and hygiene education and the delivery of preventive chemotherapy (PC) to school-age children delivered through schools. Progress of STH control programs is currently estimated using a baseline (pre-PC) school-based prevalence survey and then monitored using periodical school-based prevalence surveys, known as Impact Assessment Surveys (IAS). We investigated whether integrating geostatistical methods with a Markov model or a mechanistic transmission model for projecting prevalence forward in time from baseline can improve IAS design strategies. To do this, we applied these 2 methods to prevalence data collected in Kenya, before evaluating and comparing their performance in accurately informing optimal survey design for a range of IAS sampling designs. We found that, although both approaches performed well, the mechanistic method more accurately projected prevalence over time and provided more accurate information for guiding survey design. Both methods performed less well in areas with persistent STH hotspots where prevalence did not decrease despite multiple rounds of PC. Our findings show that these methods can be useful tools for more efficient and accurate targeting of PC. The general framework built in this paper can also be used for projecting prevalence and informing survey design for other neglected tropical diseases.
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Strauss, Gary M. "U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations on PSA screening (PSAS) for prostate cancer (PC): Are they justified?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (2013): e12535-e12535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e12535.
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e12535 Background: PSAS has been debated since the Amer Can Soc recommended it in 1992 without data from randomized trials (RTs). Recent RT reports indicate that PSAS does not clearly reduce PC mortality (PCM). In Oct 2011, the USPSTF recommended against PSAS. Does the evidence support this position? Methods: Quebec Trial (QT) randomized 46,193 men 45-80 yrs 2:1 in 1988. Experimental group (EG) was invited for annual PSAS while control group (CG) was not invited. PLCO (Prostate-Lung-Colon-Ovary) randomized 76,693 men 55-74 yrs to annual PSAS or usual care starting in 1993. ERSPC (European study) randomized 162,243 men 55-69 yrs to EG invited to PSAS q4 yrs or CG not invited starting in 1994. Results: QT investigators reported in 1998 that PSAS reduced PCM. The problem was poor compliance with PSAS invitation in QT. Of 30,956 EG, 7,155 (23%) accepted. Of 15,237 CG, 982 (6%) underwent PSAS. Of 8,137 screened (SC), there were 5 PC deaths compared to 137 among 38,056 unSC (RR=0.17; 95% CI: 0.07-0.42). However, this analysis ignores the randomization. Intent to treat (ITT) analysis reveals no PCM reduction (RR=1.11; CI: 0.78-1.59). Selection bias did not account for lower PCM in SC vs unSC. In PLCO, there was no PCM advantage (RR=1.09; CI: 0.87-1.36). However, contamination was high; 72% of CG had PSAS. In ERSPC, there was a reduction in PCM (RR=0.79; CI: 0.69-0.92). Staging of SC detected PC was favorable. In PLCO & ERSPC, increased low/intermediate risk PCs in EGs reflect some overdiagnosis. However, there were significant reductions in high risk or metastatic PC, a hallmark of effective screening. In QT, no pt had distant metastases on repeat PSAS. In PLCO, 10-yr PC survival was ≈94% in both EG & CG. Conclusions: USPSTF recommendations against PSAS are not justified. While PCM comparisons by ITT do not show that PSAS clearly saves lives, ITT analyses are biased due to compliance or contamination. Conversely, RTs demonstrate that PSAS reduces high-risk and metastatic PC. From a population perspective, there has been a dramatic 42% reduction in PCM in US between 1991-2005, largely the result of our "national experiment" in which PSAS was widely introduced. If USPSTF guidelines are implemented, PCM will likely rise in US.
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Buergin, Aline, Michael Furian, Laura Mayer, et al. "Effect of Acetazolamide on Postural Control in Patients with COPD Travelling to 3100 m Randomized Trial." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 4 (2023): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12041246.
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Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may be susceptible to impairments in postural control (PC) when exposed to hypoxia at high altitude. This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-design trial evaluated the effect of preventive acetazolamide treatment on PC in lowlanders with COPD traveling to 3100 m. 127 lowlanders (85 men, 42 women) with moderate to severe COPD, aged 57 ± 8 y, living below 800 m, were randomized to treatment with acetazolamide 375 mg/d starting 24 h before ascent from 760 m to 3100 m and during a 2-day sojourn in a clinic at 3100 m. PC was evaluated at both altitudes with a balance platform on which patients were standing during five tests of 30 s each. The primary outcome was the center of pressure path length (COPL). In the placebo group, COPL significantly increased from (mean ± SD) 28.8 ± 9.7 cm at 760 m to 30.0 ± 10.0 cm at 3100 m (p = 0.002). In the acetazolamide group, COPL at 760 m and 3100 m were similar with 27.6 ± 9.6 cm and 28.4 ± 9.7 cm (p = 0.069). The mean between-groups difference (acetazolamide-placebo) in altitude-induced change of COPL was −0.54 cm (95%CI −1.66 to 0.58, p = 0.289). Multivariable regression analysis confirmed an increase in COPL of 0.98 cm (0.39 to 1.58, p = 0.001) with ascent from 760 to 3100 m, but no significant effect of acetazolamide (0.66 cm, 95%CI −0.25 to 1.57, p = 0.156) when adjusting for several confounders. In lowlanders with moderate to severe COPD, an ascent to high altitude was associated with impaired postural control and this was not prevented by acetazolamide.
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Cruz, Eder José, Renato Bitencourt Rosado, Lucas Trevisan Suzzin, et al. "Ozonated Water Decreases In vitro Contamination at Dental Implant Interface in Different Connections." Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 36, no. 8 (2024): 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2024/v36i85546.
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Aim: Cases of peri-implant diseases have increased, highlighting the need for preventive and therapeutic protocols. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ozonated water on In vitro decontamination of implant-abutment interfaces in external hexagon (EH) and morse cone (MC) connections. Study Design: In vitro study. Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Department of Periodontics and Implant Dentistry of Ingá University Center – UNINGÁ, between June 2020 and December 2021. Methodology: Twenty-four implant-abutments (IA) in EH (n=12) and MC (n=12) connections were divided into groups: negative control (NC) – sterile IA; positive control (PC) – IA contaminated with biofilm; and ozone (O) – IA contaminated with biofilm and decontaminated with ozonated water (60µg/mL,1min). The effectiveness of ozonated water was evaluated by counting colony-forming units (CFU/mL), and both connection types were compared. Results: There was a significant difference among groups in both connection types, outside and inside the implants (P=0.000). Group O showed a significant decrease in CFU/mL compared to group PC outside and inside the implants for EH and MC connections (P=0.000). Only group O in the EH connection presented a significative difference in CFU/mL compared to outside and inside the implants (2.475x103±0.320 and 1.775x103±0.125, respectively) (P=0.033). Comparison between connections was statistically different for groups PC and O, outside and inside the implants (P=0.000). Conclusion: Ozonated water showed effectiveness in vitro decontamination of implant-abutment interfaces in both connection types.
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Mogaji, Hammed O., Ikenna M. Odoh, Concilia I. Iyeh, et al. "Attendee’s awareness about preventive chemotherapy neglected tropical diseases (PC-NTD) control during the first world neglected tropical diseases day in Ekiti State, Nigeria." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (2021): e0009315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009315.
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Background The need to control Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) and sustain progress towards elimination through mass administration of medicines requires substantial communal participation. This study, therefore, assessed the knowledge and perception of attendees’ regarding NTDs and its control activities during the inaugural World NTD day event in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Methodology A cross-sectional study involving the administration of pretested semi-structured questionnaires to consenting attendees at the Inaugural World NTD day event was conducted on the 30th January, 2020. The questionnaire collected data on attendee’s demography, knowledge and awareness about NTDs and its control in Nigeria. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics in SPSS. 20.0 software and expressed as frequencies and percentages. However, qualitative data to support quantitative analysis were obtained using open-ended questionnaires and analysed thematically. Principal findings/conclusion A total of 309 attendees comprising 167 (54.0%) females, and 142 (46.0%) males participated in this study. By age groupings, majority 206 (66.7%) were within 15–25 years. 167 (54.8%) of the attendees have not heard about NTDs before, whereas 77(35.0%) have heard about NTDs through the advertisement of the event. 181(63.3%) were aware of ongoing NTD control programs in schools and communities. Also, 246 (83.4%) of them have not taken or do not know anyone that has taken drugs donated in schools or communities. The number of attendees 41(13.3%) who incorrectly classified malaria as NTDs is higher than those who recognized onchocerciasis 36 (11.7%) and worm infections 34(11.0%) as NTDs (p>0.05). This study has shown that awareness and knowledge about NTDs control activities in Ekiti State is low, thus justifying the event as an awareness day for addressing NTDs. Public enlightment and regular promotional activities such as media engagement will raise the public appreciation and participation in NTDs control activities.
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Takruri, Hamed R., Maha S. Shomaf, and Saida F. Shnaigat. "Multi Floral Honey Has a Protective Effect against Mammary Cancer Induced by 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in Sprague Dawley Rats." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 2 (2017): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n2p196.
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This research was conducted to study the protective effect of bee honey on the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)- induced breast cancer in rat model. The study consisted of three groups: honey group, positive control group (PC), and negative control group (NC) to which the carcinogen was not administered. All rats were fed the diet recommended by the American Institute of Nutrition for growing rats (AIN-93G), with addition of honey (50 g/kg diet) to the honey group. All Rats were fed their diets ad libitum on 12 hours dark/light cycle. At the age of 50 days all rats in the honey and PC groups were gavaged once by the carcinogen DMBA with a dose of 80 mg/kg body Wt. After three weeks of carcinogen administration, rats were palpated weekly to detect any tumor growth. After 18 weeks, all rats were sacrificed. The palpable structures and the mammary glands along with associated lymph nodes were removed and fixed in saline formalin and prepared for histopathological examination. The results revealed that the honey group diet significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the incidence rate of mammary cancer, palpable tumor multiplicity, tumor size and weight compared to the PC group. In conclusion, multi floral honey has a protective effect against DMBA- induced mammary cancer in the initiation, promotion, and progression stages of DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis. However, further research is needed to reveal the mechanisms that might have contributed to the preventive effect of honey against mammary cancer.
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Ng’etich, Arthur K. S., Kuku Voyi, and Clifford M. Mutero. "Development and validation of a framework to improve neglected tropical diseases surveillance and response at sub-national levels in Kenya." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 10 (2021): e0009920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009920.
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Background Assessment of surveillance and response system functions focusing on notifiable diseases has widely been documented in literature. However, there is limited focus on diseases targeted for elimination or eradication, particularly preventive chemotherapy neglected tropical diseases (PC-NTDs). There are limited strategies to guide strengthening of surveillance and response system functions concerning PC-NTDs. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a framework to improve surveillance and response to PC-NTDs at the sub-national level in Kenya. Methods A multi-phased approach using descriptive cross-sectional mixed-method designs was adopted. Phase one involved a systematic literature review of surveillance assessment studies to derive generalised recommendations. Phase two utilised primary data surveys to identify disease-specific recommendations to improve PC-NTDs surveillance. The third phase utilised a Delphi survey to assess stakeholders’ consensus on feasible recommendations. The fourth phase drew critical lessons from existing conceptual frameworks. The final validated framework was based on resolutions and inputs from concerned stakeholders. Results The first phase identified thirty studies that provided a combination of recommendations for improving surveillance functions. Second phase described PC-NTDs specific recommendations linked to simplified case definitions, enhanced laboratory capacity, improved reporting tools, regular feedback and supervision, enhanced training and improved system stability and flexibility. In the third phase, consensus was achieved on feasibility for implementing recommendations. Based on these recommendations, framework components constituted human, technical and organisational inputs, four process categories, ten distinct outputs, outcomes and overall impact encompassing reduced disease burden, halted disease transmission and reduced costs for implementing treatment interventions to achieve PC-NTDs control and elimination. Conclusion In view of the mixed methodological approach used to develop the framework coupled with further inputs and consensus among concerned stakeholders, the validated framework is relevant for guiding decisions by policy makers to strengthen the existing surveillance and response system functions towards achieving PC-NTDs elimination.
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Ngatse, Joseph A., Gilbert Ndziessi, François Missamou, et al. "Historical overview and geographical distribution of neglected tropical diseases amenable to preventive chemotherapy in the Republic of the Congo: A systematic review." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 7 (2022): e0010560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010560.
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Background Neglected Tropical Diseases amenable to Preventive Chemotherapy (PC-NTDs) affect the poorest populations around the world, especially in Africa. Scientific information on the distribution and level of endemicity of these diseases in the Republic of the Congo (RoC) is scarce in the published literature. We sought to collect all available epidemiological data on PC-NTDs in the RoC to document the historical and current situation and identify challenges in reaching the elimination of NTDs. Methods We searched Medline and Horizon databases for studies published until to July 4th, 2019, on onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, soil-transmitted helminth infections, schistosomiasis, and trachoma in the RoC. Unpublished reports were also reviewed. We included all epidemiological studies containing community data and excluded case reports. Location, prevalence data, and dates of the studies were extracted. Principal findings We identified 933 records, of which 56 met the inclusion criteria. The articles published before 1960 mainly concerned onchocerciasis and schistosomiasis. Despite a low number over the studied period, since 2005 there has been a steady increase in the number of publications. Most of the studies were cross-sectional and conducted in the general population. Trachoma is endemic in the Sangha and Likouala departments (prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular > 5% in some villages), and further mapping is essential to properly assess the burden of this disease in the country. While the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths is still high (over 20%) in a large part of Congo, cases of lymphatic filariasis (based on Wuchereria bancrofti antigenaemia and/or microfilaraemia) and onchocerciasis are becoming rare and very focused. To achieve the elimination of PC-NTDs, further intervention is required. Conclusions Except for trachoma, whose epidemiological situation should be better evaluated, PC-NTDs are endemic in the RoC, and actions to control them have been taken by health authorities. To eliminate PC-NTDs, which are still present in some locations, new mapping surveys are needed, and increased investment in scientific research should be encouraged in the country.
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Aldaeri, Magdi, Labiba Anam, and Sami Alhaidari. "Evaluation of the Leishmania Surveillance System, Yemen, 2021." Iproceedings 8, no. 1 (2022): e36595. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/36595.
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Background Control of preventive chemotherapy-targeted neglected tropical diseases (PC-NTDs) depends on strengthened health systems. Efficient health information systems provide a stimulus to reaching the sustainable development goal aimed at ending PC-NTD epidemics. However, there is limited assessment of surveillance system functions linked to PC-NTDs that are hinged on the optimal performance of surveillance system attributes. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness and performance of the National Leishmania Control Program (NLCP), and to estimate the strength and weakness points of the system. Methods We followed the updated six steps of Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems. Data were collected using in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders at the central level and semistructured questionnaires at the peripheral level. We used questions (yes, no) to assess the usefulness and a 5-point Likert scale to measure the attributes. The final score was interpreted as poor (<60), average (60-80), and good (>80). Results The NLCP seemed to be useful (86%) and some of its objectives were met. The system has average performance in flexibility (78%), simplicity (64%), acceptability (80%), and data quality (65%). Poor performance was indicated for stability (33%) and timeliness (8%). The overall performance of the NLCP was deemed to be poor (55%). Continuation of the system was the strongest point, whereas the lack of governmental and agency funds was the weakest point. Conclusions The NLCP was found to be useful regarding the attributes assessed; simplicity, flexibility, acceptability, and data quality were deemed to be average, whereas stability and timeliness were considered to be poor. Governmental financial support to the program is highly recommended. In addition, creating a database for staff at the peripheral level and expanding the number of health facilities that serve as Leishmania units are required.
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Bowman, Kirsty, Lindsay Jones, Jane Masoli, et al. "Predicting incident delirium diagnoses using data from primary-care electronic health records." Age and Ageing 49, no. 3 (2020): 374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afaa006.
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Abstract Importance risk factors for delirium in hospital inpatients are well established, but less is known about whether delirium occurring in the community or during an emergency admission to hospital care might be predicted from routine primary-care records. Objectives identify risk factors in primary-care electronic health records (PC-EHR) predictive of delirium occurring in the community or recorded in the initial episode in emergency hospitalisation. Test predictive performance against the cumulative frailty index. Design Stage 1: case-control; Stages 2 and 3: retrospective cohort. Setting clinical practice research datalink: PC-EHR linked to hospital discharge data from England. Subjects Stage 1: 17,286 patients with delirium aged ≥60 years plus 85,607 controls. Stages 2 and 3: patients ≥ 60 years (n = 429,548 in 2015), split into calibration and validation groups. Methods Stage 1: logistic regression to identify associations of 110 candidate risk measures with delirium. Stage 2: calibrating risk factor weights. Stage 3: validation in independent sample using area under the curve (AUC) receiver operating characteristic. Results fifty-five risk factors were predictive, in domains including: cognitive impairment or mental illness, psychoactive drugs, frailty, infection, hyponatraemia and anticholinergic drugs. The derived model predicted 1-year incident delirium (AUC = 0.867, 0.852:0.881) and mortality (AUC = 0.846, 0.842:0.853), outperforming the frailty index (AUC = 0.761, 0.740:0.782). Individuals with the highest 10% of predicted delirium risk accounted for 55% of incident delirium over 1 year. Conclusions a risk factor model for delirium using data in PC-EHR performed well, identifying individuals at risk of new onsets of delirium. This model has potential for supporting preventive interventions.
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Manfriani, Chiara, Giovanni Gualdani, Giacomo Goli, et al. "The Contribution of IoT to the Implementation of Preventive Conservation According to European Standards: The Case Study of the “Cannone” Violin and Its Historical Copy." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (2021): 1900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041900.
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One of the main goals of preventive conservation (PC) is to reduce the risk of possible damage produced by the interaction between tangible heritage objects and their conservation environments. This work aims to introduce the European standard EN 15757:2010 as a potential tool for implementing effective museum PC, and it details the potential contributions of both active environmental control and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in this regard. An application of this strategy is proposed by means of a case study of the conservation of two historical violins, part of a small but significant museum collection in the City of Genoa dedicated to Paganini, whose value is inestimable. According to the standard, monitoring of environmental parameters was carried out for more than four years in the Paganini Hall of Palazzo Doria-Tursi Museum. A remote-control system was implemented, installing digital sensors in the room and in the two showcases. The data were continuously collected through an integrated platform for supervision, monitoring and shared management, based on web-cloud-IoT technology. The analysis of climate data and the assessment of the “historic climate” led to the installation of an active control system on the display cases of the “Cannone” violin and its historical copy. The intervention resulted in a cost-effective improvement in the conservation conditions of the two objects, with an efficient system of warning and safety alarms and a protocol of resolution actions still active and ongoing. The application of IoT systems in monitoring and controlling the indoor climate of heritage collections facilitated the care of the objects at a cost reduction for the institution.
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Kazienga, Adama, Bruno Levecke, Gemechu Tadesse Leta, Sake J. de Vlas, and Luc E. Coffeng. "A general framework to support cost-efficient survey design choices for the control of soil-transmitted helminths when deploying Kato-Katz thick smear." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 6 (2023): e0011160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011160.
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Background To monitor and evaluate soil-transmitted helminth (STH) control programs, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends screening stools from 250 children, deploying Kato-Katz thick smear (KK). However, it remains unclear whether these recommendations are sufficient to make adequate decisions about stopping preventive chemotherapy (PC) (prevalence of infection <2%) or declaring elimination of STH as a public health problem (prevalence of moderate-to-heavy intensity (MHI) infections <2%). Methodology We developed a simulation framework to determine the effectiveness and cost of survey designs for decision-making in STH control programs, capturing the operational resources to perform surveys, the variation in egg counts across STH species, across schools, between and within individuals, and between repeated smears. Using this framework and a lot quality assurance sampling approach, we determined the most cost-efficient survey designs (number of schools, subjects, stool samples per subject, and smears per stool sample) for decision-making. Principal findings For all species, employing duplicate KK (sampling 4 to 6 schools and 64 to 70 subjects per school) was the most cost-efficient survey design to assess whether prevalence of any infection intensity was above or under 2%. For prevalence of MHI infections, single KK was the most cost-efficient (sampling 11 to 25 schools and 52 to 84 children per school). Conclusions/Significance KK is valuable for monitoring and evaluation of STH control programs, though we recommend deploying a duplicate KK on a single stool sample to stop PC, and a single KK to declare the elimination of STH as a public health problem.
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Santiago-Gonzalez, Juan C., Eric Miranda, Pedro Hernandez, Horacio Serrano, and Deana Hallman. "295 Identification of Proteomic Biomarkers in Puerto Ricans with Pancreatic Cancer." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 7, s1 (2023): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2023.350.
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Our objective is to establish a proteomic protein labeling method from tumor tissue and blood samples obtained from patients undergoing surgery for pancreatic cancer in Puerto Rico. Our goal is to discover potential biomarkers in the patient tumor/blood samples that are not expressed in normal control samples obtained from potential organ donors. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A pilot study with ten patients undergoing surgery for pancreatic cancer will obtain tumor tissue and blood samples. Protein extracts isolated from tissue/cells will be reduced, alkylated, and digested overnight. Samples will be labeled with TMT reagents and mixed before fractionation and cleanup. Labeled samples will be analyzed with a high-resolution Orbitrap LC-MS/MS before data analysis to identify peptides and quantify the reporter ions. The altered proteins will be analyzed by ELISA to confirm their presence. The protein arrangements will be compared with results from proteomic profile banks to assess their prevalence. As controls, parallel protein analyses will be performed on normal tissue/blood samples from organ donors, facilitated by our local organ procurement organization. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate finding proteogenomic material defining PC and new proteomic subtypes not previously described in this population. In addition, studying protein overexpression and underexpression can identify relevant genes and potential biomarkers. We hypothesize that PC in the Hispanic population will show slight variations in tumor protein expression than in other populations, which could lead to the discovery of a new Hispanic-specific biomarker. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We expect to provide essential information that will influence the next steps in developing future screening tests. Identifying specific proteins with the potential to become a preventive test should eventually lead to a reduction in morbidity and mortality of PC. The results of this work should lay the foundation that can guide future research.
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Fiazza, C., A. Ferraiuolo, M. Luisetto, and Sahu Ram. "Galenic hospital laboratory during COVID-19 emergency: A practical experience in an advanced country." International Journal of Clinical Virology 4, no. 1 (2020): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.ijcv.1001027.
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In the actual COVID-19 emergency, as pandemic disease, in many countries at the same time there was the rapid need to use preventive and therapeutic measures to control the diffusion of infection. In PC AREA (Italy north) in the period between March and May 2020, in fact, were observed about 1000 deaths related to COVID-19 (in march 2020 + 271% death vs 2019). Between all the measure submitted by public international institution like WHO, OMS, CDC and many other, the deeply use of disinfectants product became a crucial fact in safety procedure and protocols. The high amount of this disinfectants and antiseptic was needed especially in hospital settings or assimilates structure (named as COVID-19 hospital) but also for territorial healthcare need. So it was needed to buy from industries this product but also to start an internal production in galenic laboratories. This because pharmaceutical industries not provided in some cases the request amount of this “”safe life products. In this work is reported a practical experience in a public hospital, Pc AREA related GALENIC extra -ORDINARY PRODUCTION of disinfectants and antispetics. The result of this local experience experience can be easily translated to other countries in the world (advanced or also not advanced).
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Fiazza, C., A. Ferraiuolo, M. Luisetto, and Ram Sahu. "Galenic Hospital Laboratory during COVID-19 emergency - A practical experience in an advanced country." CURRENT MEDICAL AND DRUG RESEARCH 4, no. 02 (2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53517/cmdr.2581-5008.422020209.
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In the actual Covid-19 emergency, as pandemic disease, in many countries at the same time, there was the rapid need to use preventive and therapeutic measures to control the diffusion of infection. In PC Area (Italy North) during the period between March and May 2020, there were observed about 1000 deaths related to Covid-19 (in March 2020 +271% death vs 2019). Between all the measures submitted by a public international institution like WHO, OMS, CDC and many others, the deeply use of disinfectants product became a crucial fact in safety procedure and protocols. The high amount of these disinfectants and antiseptic was needed especially in hospital settings or assimilates structure (named as the Covid-19 hospital) but also for territorial healthcare need. So, it was needed to buy these products from industries but also to start an internal production in Galenic Laboratories. This was because of pharmaceutical industries were not provided, in some cases, the requested amount of these safe life products. In this work, we reported a practical experience in a public hospital, PC area related galenic extra-ordinary production of disinfectants and antiseptics. The result of this local experience can be easily translated to other advanced and developing countries in the world.
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Estrela, Carlos, Rafaella M. Chaves, Paula C. Cardoso, et al. "Ozone Gas Effect on Mineral Content of Dentin exposed to Streptococcus mutans Biofilm: An Energy-dispersive X-ray Evaluation." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 18, no. 4 (2017): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2029.
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ABSTRACT Aim This study aims to assess the effect of ozone gas on dentin exposed to Streptococcus mutans biofilm by evaluation of mineral content [log calcium-to-phosphorus (Ca/P)] using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Materials and methods Five human third molars were sectioned into four slices of dentin and distributed in four groups: I – control (no treatment); II – ozone therapy; III – biofilm development; IV – ozone therapy followed by biofilm development. Mineral content (log Ca/P) was evaluated by EDX. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Results Results showed that the mineral content of control group (I) was similar to ozone group (II), and was statistically higher than biofilm (III) and ozone + biofilm (IV). The lowest log Ca/P was determined in biofilm group (III). Conclusion It can be concluded that ozone gas did not grant preventive effects of demineralization by S. mutans biofilm on dentin surface. Clinical significance Ozone gas therapy may be an alternative noninvasive treatment aiming to reduce the levels of caries-associated microorganisms. This therapy may, thereby, be an alternative and/or complementary treatment strategy in preventive dentistry. How to cite this article Chaves RM, Estrela C, Cardoso PC, de JE Barata T, de Souza JB, de Torres EM, Estrela CRA, Magalhães APR, Lopes LG. Ozone Gas Effect on Mineral Content of Dentin exposed to Streptococcus mutans Biofilm: An Energy-dispersive X-ray Evaluation. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(4):265-269.
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Evstifeev, V. V., S. I. Yakovlev, F. M. Khusainov, S. V. Ivanova, and S. V. Sadykova. "Selection of a consortium of Chlamydia psittaci antigens for the construction of a multispecies vaccine against animal Chlamydia." Legal regulation in veterinary medicine, no. 3 (October 13, 2024): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2782-6252.2024.3.44.
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Chlamydia of farm animals is an infectious disease that poses a potential threat to human health due to the possibility of disease as a result of contact with infected animals and birds. To date, vaccination remains the main method of prevention and control of infection. Currently, there is a question of developing preventive vaccines containing antigens in their composition, which make it possible to create stable immunity in most species of farm animals, which will expand the range of consumers due to economic benefits. The paper presents the results of studies on the selection of antigens from strains of the causative agent of chlamydia, which will serve as the basis for the design of a preventive drug that protects against infection. Antigens were obtained from strains isolated from various animal species with different forms of pathology. Chl. psittaci was cultured on developing chicken embryos, antigens were obtained from yolk membranes, inactivated and purified. The obtained antigens were studied for sterility, harmlessness, antigenic activity and immunogenicity for laboratory animals. The selection of the consortium was carried out on the basis of the conducted research. Antigens from strains 250, PC-85, AMK16 Chl. psittaci were selected as components for the future polyvid vaccine against chlamydia in farm animals.
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Lopes, Marcella Luiza, Juliane Vismari de Oliveira, Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca, Leonardo Seligra Lopes, and Flávia de Sousa Gehrke. "Trichomonas vaginalis and prostate cancer: A systematic review." Research, Society and Development 13, no. 4 (2024): e9913445593. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v13i4.45593.
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Introduction: Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most frequent neoplasm in men accounting for 29% of tumor cases, at a rate of 1.4 million new cases and 375,000 deaths globally each year. Although its high prevalence, little is known about its etiology. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are one of the factors under discussion for a possible risk factor. Trichomoniasis is a prevalent STI caused by the pathogenic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis that has been associated with the incidence of PC. Objectives: This review aims to determine whether the T. vaginalis is a risk factor for the development and/or progression of the disease. Methodology: A systematic review was conducted using the PubMed and Scielo databases. The following descriptors were used: “Prostate Cancer”; “Trichomonas vaginalis”; “Trichomonosis”; “Prostate”, all indexed in DeCS/MeSH. Results and Discussion: In total, 24 articles were included (8 in vitro studies; 1 in vivo study; 3 prospective studies; 9 case-control studies; 2 randomized clinical trials; and 1 systematic review and meta-analysis). Conclusion: Even though in vitro and in vivo studies analyzed credibly indicate the existence of this pathophysiology, these findings have not been reproduced in most populations studies conducted, throughout the years. More recent studies involving a bigger database indicates an association. This leads us to believe that new population studies should be conducted to obtain a consensus so that educational and preventive measures can be implemented.
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Warusavithana, Supriya, Hoda Atta, Mona Osman, and Yvan Hutin. "Review of the neglected tropical diseases programme implementation during 2012–2019 in the WHO-Eastern Mediterranean Region." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 9 (2022): e0010665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010665.
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Introduction The 2012–2020 WHO NTD roadmap set targets for control, elimination, and eradication of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). It recommends 5 strategies, out of which preventive chemotherapy (PC) and intensified disease management were key to achieve targets. WHO estimated that globally, between 2012 and 2019, the number of persons affected by NTDs decreased from nearly 2.1 to 1.7 billion people. We analysed the situation of NTDs in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) in 2020 to assess the progress with the 2012–2020 roadmap and to identify gaps. Methods We reviewed data repositories of national data sources for 2012 to 2019 including the Global Indicator Data Platform for Sustainable Development Goals, the Global Health Observatory data repository, the WHO PC databank, and the EMR data repository. We allocated countries a Red-Amber-Green (RAG) rating based on standardized criteria, on progress and current situation of each of 11 priority NTDs. Results All 22 countries in EMR were affected by 1 or more autochthonous or imported NTDs. In 2019, WHO estimated that in EMR, 78 million people required interventions for NTDs, a 38% decline compared with 2012. Twelve of 22 countries needed priority public health action (i.e., red) for 1 or more NTD. Of these, Sudan needed priority public health action for 6 NTDs and Yemen for 5. Eleven countries also needed priority public health action for cutaneous leishmaniasis, and 5 countries for rabies and trachoma. Visceral leishmaniasis is on the increase in Afghanistan, Libya, Syria, and Yemen. Conclusion Since the first roadmap of NTDs in 2012, the EMR has made a substantial progress. Nevertheless, many challenges remain in the prevention and control of NTDs. EMR needs a regional approach to control NTDs in countries most affected and a coordinated strategy to stop the continuing increase of cutaneous leishmaniasis and a possible resurgence of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Mintsa Nguema, Rodrigue, Jacques F. Mavoungou, Krystina Mengue Me Ngou-Milama, et al. "Baseline Mapping of Schistosomiasis and Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis in the Northern and Eastern Health Regions of Gabon, Central Africa: Recommendations for Preventive Chemotherapy." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 3, no. 4 (2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3040119.
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In order to follow the Preventive Chemotherapy (PC) for the transmission control as recommended by WHO, Gabon initiated in 2014 the mapping of Schistosomiasis and Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis (STH). Here, we report the results of the Northern and Eastern health regions, representing a third of the land area and 12% of its total population. All nine departments of the two regions were surveyed and from each, five schools were examined with 50 schoolchildren per school. The parasitological examinations were realized using the filtration method for urine and the Kato-Katz technique for stool samples. Overall 2245 schoolchildren (1116 girls and 1129 boys), mean aged 11.28 ± 0.04 years, were examined. Combined schistosomiasis and STH affected 1270 (56.6%) with variation between regions, departments, and schools. For schistosomiasis, prevalence were 1.7% across the two regions, with no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the Northern (1.5%) and the Eastern (1.9%). Schistosomiasis is mainly caused by Schistosoma haematobium with the exception of one respective case of S. mansoni and S. guineensis. STH are more common than schistosomiasis, with an overall prevalence of 56.1% significantly different between the Northern (58.1%) and Eastern (53.6%) regions (p = 0.034). Trichuris trichiura is the most abundant infection with a prevalence of 43.7% followed by Ascaris lumbricoides 35.6% and hookworms 1.4%. According to these results, an appropriate PC strategy is given. In particular, because of the low efficacy of a single recommended drug on T. trichiura and hookworms, it is important to include two drugs for the treatment of STH in Gabon, due to the high prevalence and intensities of Trichuris infections.
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Ugwu, Sommy C., Michael O. Muoka, Clara MacLeod, Sarah Bick, Oliver Cumming, and Laura Braun. "The impact of community based interventions for the prevention and control of soil-transmitted helminths: A systematic review and meta-analysis." PLOS Global Public Health 4, no. 10 (2024): e0003717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003717.
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Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are among the most common human infections worldwide and a major cause of morbidity. They are caused by different species of parasitic worms and transmitted by eggs released in faeces or when hookworm larvae penetrate the skin. The main control strategy in endemic regions is periodic treatment with deworming medication. In the last 10 years, there has been a scale-up of prevention and control activities with a focus on community-based interventions (CBIs). This review aims to systematically analyse the impact of CBIs on the prevalence and infection intensity of STHs. A systematic review was published on this topic in 2014, but there have subsequently been several new studies published which are included in this review. Electronic database search of MEDLINE (Ovid), Global Health Online (Ovid), Cochrane Library, Embase (Ovid) and Web of Science was conducted. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened by two independent reviewers according to predefined eligibility criteria. Data were extracted and a meta-analysis of included studies was conducted. A total of 11,954 de-duplicated titles were screened, and 33 studies were included in the review. 14 focussed on community-wide treatment, 11 studies investigated school-based interventions, and 3 studies investigating both. Results suggest that CBIs are effective in reducing the prevalence of Hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides. School-based treatment and community-wide treatment, as well as annual and semi-annual deworming, all reduce STH prevalence significantly. Mass drug administration was effective in reducing the infection intensity of Hookworm (Mean difference: -211.36 [95% CI: -519.12, 96.39]), Trichuris trichiura (-736.69 [-1349.97, -123.42]) and Ascaris lumbricoides (-2723.34 [-5014.85, -431.84]). The results suggest that CBIs are effective in reducing the prevalence and intensity of STH infections. While most studies delivered preventive chemotherapy (PC), few studies explored the impact of interventions such as water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or health education, which may be essential in preventing reinfection after PC.
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Sitompul, Erwin, and Agus Rohmat. "IoT-based Running Time Monitoring System for Machine Preventive Maintenance Scheduling." ELKHA 13, no. 1 (2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/elkha.v13i1.44202.
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Machines are valuable assets that need to be protected from damage and failure through proper maintenance measures. This paper proposes a system that automatically monitors the running time of machines and sends notifications regarding their preventive maintenance (PM) schedules. The system core consists of a programmable logic controller (PLC) and a human machine interface (HMI). The HMI is connected to an online platform via internet connection provided by a router, so that the monitoring result can be accessed via Android smartphone or laptop/PC. This IoT-based running time monitoring system (IRTMS) will be particularly helpful in implementation at an production site that consists of multiple various machines. The PM items of a machine may vary from cleaning, changing single component, to an overhaul, each with different time interval. By using the IRTMS, the user will have an overview of the PM schedules anytime and anywhere. The preparation of material, components, or tools can be known ahead of time. For simulation purpose, a prototype is constructed by using components as used in industrial real-life condition. Four output connections are provided to simulate the simultaneous monitoring of four machines. The IRTMS prototype is tested and completely successful on doing the running time monitoring, the running time reset, the PM notifications, and the remote access for monitoring and control.
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Aribodor, O. B., C. E. Okaka, S. O. Sam-Wobo, B. C. Okpala, D. N. Aribodor, and E. M. Obikwelu. "Urinary Schistosomiasis and Primary Evidence of Female Genital Schistosomiasis among Pupils in Nsugbe Community, Anambra State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Parasitology 42, no. 2 (2021): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v42i2.26.
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Urinary schistosomiasis is considered a major public health parasitic disease in African communities. Prior to this study, Nsugbe community was not considered endemic for the disease and as such was not involved in Praziquantel-Preventive Chemotherapy (PC). Longitudinal study of 281 consented pupils aged 5-16 years was carried out with aim of determining the status of urinary schistosomiasis. Urinalysis laboratory test strip, urine filtration technique and syndromic diagnosis were used for the confirmation of the presence of haematuria in urine samples, identification of Schistosoma haematobium ova and the confirmation of female genital schistosomiasis (FGS), respectively. Risk factors for urinary schistosomiasis infection were determined using pre-tested structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Minitab 17 software and intensity of infection categorized following World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. Of the 281 pupils, 117 (42%) were males and 164 (58%) were females with mean age of 9 years. At baseline, an overall prevalence of 0.4% (1/281) which was of light intensity was established. At follow-up, an overall prevalence of 2.1% (6/281) which was of both light (16.7%) and heavy infection (83.3%) was established. The result of the clinical examination showed eggs of S. haematobium in and around the vaginal area indicating FGS of a female pupil aged 12 years. This was treated. Identified risk factors for S. haematobium infection in the community include water-contact activities, ignorance, source of water supply among others. The study revealed the need for an all inclusive mass administration of Praziquantel-PC in the study community for effective control and possible elimination.
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Torres-Vitolas, Carlos A., Neerav Dhanani, and Fiona M. Fleming. "Factors affecting the uptake of preventive chemotherapy treatment for schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 1 (2021): e0009017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009017.
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Background Schistosomiasis affects nearly 220 million people worldwide, mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Preventive chemotherapy (PC) treatment, through regular mass-drug administration (MDA) of Praziquantel tablets remains the control measure of choice by Ministries of Health. Current guidelines recommend that 75% of school-aged children receive treatment. Many programmes, however, struggle to achieve this target. Given the risk of high reinfection rates, attaining sustained high levels of treatment coverage is essential. This study provides a comprehensive review of the barriers and facilitators operating at different levels of analysis, from the individual to the policy level, conditioning the uptake of PC for schistosomiasis in SSA. Methodology/Principal findings A systematic literature search was conducted in several databases for publications released between January 2002 and 2019 that examined factors conditioning the uptake of Praziquantel in the context of MDA campaigns in SSA. A total of 2,258 unique abstracts were identified, of which 65 were selected for full text review and 30 met all eligibility criteria. Joanna Briggs Institute’s Critical Appraisal and the Mixed-Methods Assessment tools were used to assess the strength of the evidence. This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42017058525). A meta-synthesis approach was used. Results indicated publication bias, with the literature focusing on East African rural settings and evidence at the individual and programmatic levels. The main influencing factors identified included material wellbeing, drug properties, knowledge and attitudes towards schistosomiasis and MDAs, fears of side effects, gender values, community and health systems support, alongside programme design features, like training, sensitisation, and provision of incentives for drug-distributors. The effect of these factors on determining Praziquantel uptake were explored in detail. Conclusions/Significance Multiple determinants of treatment uptake were found in each level of analysis examined. Some of them interact with each other, thus affecting outcomes directly and indirectly. The promotion of context-based transdisciplinary research on the complex dynamics of treatment uptake is not only desirable, but essential, to design effective strategies to attain high levels of treatment coverage.
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Gichuki, Paul M., Gabriel Mbugua, Edwin K. Kiplelgo, Tabitha W. Irungu, and Charles Mwandawiro. "Long Term School Based Deworming against Soil-Transmitted Helminths Also Benefits the Untreated Adult Population: Results from a Community-Wide Cross Sectional Survey." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4151536.
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Background. Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are a public health problem in Kenya. The primary control strategy for these infections is preventive chemotherapy (PC) delivered through school based deworming (SBD) programs. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the inclusion of other at-risk groups in the PC. The untreated groups in endemic areas have been shown to act as reservoirs for STH transmission. Few field based studies have focused on the possible benefits of SBD to the untreated groups in the community. This study sought to determine the levels of STH among all age groups in a community where SBD has been going on for more than 10 years. Methods. This was a cross sectional study where 3,292 individuals, ranging from 2 to 98 years, were enrolled. Stool samples were analyzed using duplicate Kato Katz thick smear technique for presence of STH eggs. Statistical analysis was conducted using STATA software 14.0 (Stata corporation). Results. Out of the total 3,292 stool samples analyzed, only 13 were positive for any STH. Of these, 12 were infected with Trichuris trichiura and one case was of hookworm. There was no Ascaris lumbricoides infection detected. Of the 13 STH infections, seven of the infections were of school going age (6-18 years), 5 were of preschool age (<6 years), and one was of adult age group (18>). More male (61.5%) than female were infected with STH. Conclusion. This study shows very low prevalence of STH among all age groups in Mwea, suggesting that long term SBD may also be benefitting the untreated groups in the community and thus the potential to achieve STH elimination in such endemic areas.
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Bartlett, Adam W., Tatiana Proboste, Elsa P. Mendes, et al. "Spatiotemporal analysis of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth distribution in three highly endemic provinces in Angola." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 19, no. 4 (2025): e0012974. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012974.
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Background A school-based preventive chemotherapy (PC) program has operated since 2013 for soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and 2014 for schistosomiasis in Huambo, Uige and Zaire provinces, Angola. This program was informed by a prevalence survey in 2014 and evaluated in 2021, demonstrating limited impact in reducing provincial-level prevalence. This geospatial analysis aims to provide granular estimates of the geographic distribution of schistosomiasis and STHs to target control strategies. Methods Parasitological data on schistosomiasis and STHs were obtained from school-based prevalence surveys conducted in 2014 and 2021. These data were supplemented with open access environmental and climatic data to develop risk prediction maps for each parasite at each time point. Variables for the final risk prediction models were selected through non-spatial multivariable regression analyses and residual spatial autocorrelation was investigated using semivariograms. Risk prediction maps were then developed using either non-spatial or spatial (using the Matérn covariance) geostatistical models depending on the presence of residual spatial autocorrelation. Results The 2014 survey included 17,093 schoolchildren (575 schools) for schistosomiasis and 3,649 schoolchildren (121 schools) for STHs, and the 2021 survey included 17,880 schoolchildren (599 schools) for schistosomiasis and 6,461 schoolchildren (214 schools) for STHs. Our analyses indicated that in Huambo province, there are small areas of high schistosomiasis risk in the north and south, and a centrally located STH hotspot, with no discernible change in predicted risk for either infection over time. In Uige, there has been a reduction in schistosomiasis hotspots in the southwest corner but an overall increase in predicted risk throughout the province, whilst there is a concerning trend for expanding areas of high predicted STH risk throughout. In Zaire, there are increasing areas of higher risk for schistosomiasis and STHs, with co-endemic hotspots. Conclusion These risk prediction maps importantly identify higher risk areas for schistosomiasis and STHs within large geographic regions that should be prioritised for control with tailored decisions for future PC delivery.
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Bartlett, Adam W., Elsa P. Mendes, Latifeh Dahmash, et al. "School-based preventive chemotherapy program for schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth control in Angola: 6-year impact assessment." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 5 (2023): e0010849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010849.
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Background A school preventive chemotherapy (PC) program for soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and schistosomiasis has operated in Huambo, Uige and Zaire provinces, Angola, since 2013 and 2014, respectively; complemented by a school water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) program in a subset of schools from 2016. Conducted in 2021, this is the first impact assessment of the school program for the control of schistosomiasis and STHs. Methodology/Principal findings A two-stage cluster design was used to select schools and schoolchildren for parasitological and WASH surveys. The rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), point of care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) and Hemastix, were used to estimate Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium prevalence, respectively. Kato Katz was used to detect STHs, and quantify STH and S. mansoni infections. Urine filtration was used to quantify S. haematobium infections. Prevalence, infection intensity, relative prevalence reduction and egg reduction rates were calculated for schistosomiasis and STHs. Cohen’s Kappa co-efficient was used to assess agreement between RDTs and microscopy. Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare WASH indicators in WASH-supported and WASH-unsupported schools. Overall, 17,880 schoolchildren (599 schools) and 6,461 schoolchildren (214 schools) participated in the schistosomiasis and STH surveys, respectively. Prevalence of any schistosomiasis in Huambo was 29.6%, Uige 35.4%, and Zaire 28.2%. Relative reduction in schistosomiasis prevalence from 2014 for Huambo was 18.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 8.6, 29.0), Uige -92.3% (95%CI -162.2, -58.3), and Zaire -14.0% (95%CI -48.6, 20.6). Prevalence of any STH in Huambo was 16.3%, Uige 65.1%, and Zaire 28.2%. Relative reduction in STH prevalence for Huambo was -28.4% (95%CI -92.1, 35.2), Uige -10.7% (95%CI -30.2, 8.8), and Zaire -20.9% (95%CI -79.5, 37.8). A higher proportion of WASH-supported schools had improved water sources, and toilet and handwashing facilities compared to WASH-unsupported schools. Conclusions/Significance The limited impact this school program has had in controlling schistosomiasis and STHs identifies the need for a comprehensive understanding of individual, community, and environmental factors associated with transmission, and consideration for a community-wide control program.
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Siddique, Sunny, Laura V. M. Baum, Nicole C. Deziel, Jill R. Kelly, Joshua L. Warren, and Xiaomei Ma. "Using a Bayesian analytic approach to identify county-level ecological factors associated with survival among individuals with early-onset colorectal cancer." PLOS ONE 19, no. 10 (2024): e0311540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311540.
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Background In the United States (US), incidence of early age of onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC, diagnosed <50 years of age) has been increasing. Using a Bayesian analytic approach, we evaluated the association between county-level ecological factors and survival among individuals with EOCRC and identified hotspot and coldspot counties with unexplained low and high survival, respectively. Methods Principal component (PC) analysis was used to reduce dimensionality of 36 county-level social, behavioral, and preventive factors from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data. Survival information was derived from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program data from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2019. The association between the identified PCs and survival was evaluated using multivariable spatial generalized linear mixed models. Counties with residual low and high survival (i.e., unexplained by the PCs) were classified as hotspots and coldspots, respectively. Results Four PCs were used to explain the spatial variability in 5-year survival among 75,215 individuals with EOCRC: PC1) poverty, chronic disease, health risk behaviors (β = -0.03, 95% credible interval (CrI): -0.04, -0.03); PC2) younger age, chronic disease-free, minority status (β = -0.01, 95% CrI: -0.02, 0.00); PC3) urban environment, preventive services (β = 0.02, 95% CrI: 0.00, 0.03); and PC4) older age (-0.04, 95% CrI: -0.06, -0.02). Among individuals with distant malignancies, the residual spatial variability remained high for two US counties: 1) Salt Lake County, UT residents experiencing 26.5% (95% CrI: 1.5%, 47.8%) lower odds of survival [hotspot], and 2) Riverside County, CA residents experiencing 37% (95% CrI: 7.97%, 78.8%) higher odds survival [coldspot] after adjustment for county-level factors. Conclusions County-level ecological factors are strongly associated with survival among individuals with EOCRC. Yet there is some evidence of survival disparities among individuals with distant malignancies that remain unexplained by the included factors.
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Dzampaeva, Zh V., and E. A. Takoeva. "Macro- and microhemodynamic disorders as cardiovascular risk factors in overweight young people." Acta Biomedica Scientifica 7, no. 6 (2022): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29413/abs.2022-7.6.13.
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Obesity is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, an urgent task of preventive medicine is to search for markers indicating the early development of cardiovascular pathology in young people in order to develop preventive measures.The aim of the study. To study macro- and microhemodynamics in young people with normal and elevated body mass index (BMI).Methods. After receiving informed consent, we evaluated microhemodynamics using Doppler ultrasound (Angiodin-PC (BIOSS, Russia); 16 MHz sensor) and macrohemodynamics by daily blood pressure monitoring (MnSDP-3 (BPLab, Peter Telegin LLC, Russia)) in students (20.05 ± 1.46 years old) who did not play sports in the period from 2019 to 2021. The subjects were divided into 2 groups according to their BMI: group 1 (control) – BMI ≤ 25 (average age 20.5 ± 0.7 years; average weight 59.47 ± 8.26 kg); group 2 – BMI ≥ 25 (average age 20.12 ± 1.73 years; average weight 83.8 ± 9.59 kg).Results. It has been proven that already at a young age, an increased BMI adversely affects the elasticity of the vascular wall. We registered a statistically significant increase in the peripheral resistance index (RI; Purcello index) (p = 0.022,) and the Stewart index (SD) (p = 0.0034) which are reflecting vascular wall remodeling. There is also a statistically significant increase in average blood pressure per day, day/night against the background of increased BMI. An insufficient degree of nocturnal decrease in systolic blood pressure is revealed, as well as an increase in pressure load and blood pressure variability.Conclusion. Since changes in the structure and function of the vessels of the microcirculatory bed are a precursor to preclinical disorders of systemic blood flow, the introduction of high-frequency Doppler ultrasound into the protocol of examination of people having metabolic syndrome will allow us to assess the functional status of large and small arteries and to identify early vascular disorders.
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Belguidoum, Khaoula, Mahmoud Drif, and Djamel Saigaa. "Telemonitoring and controlling of photovoltaic system performance based on Arduino and LabVIEW." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 5, no. 2 (2024): e7807. https://doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n2-193.
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Like any industrial process, a photovoltaic (PV) system can be subject to various faults and anomalies during operation, which can lead to a decrease in system performance. Preventive maintenance and real-time monitoring of photovoltaic installations necessitate early diagnostics. Existing performance analysis methods for operational PV systems, such as the widely used international standard IEC 61724, provide a method for calculating key performance indicators like power output, energy yield, and system efficiency. However, these methods have several notable limitations due to their narrow focus on current and voltage data. To address this issue, a more comprehensive and accurate approach to performance analysis is needed. The measurement of the I-V curve of a PV module can serve multiple objectives, such as assessing performance under real-world conditions, facilitating maintenance, and optimizing PV systems. In this context, this paper proposes a novel, portable device capable of low-cost I-V curve measurement and real-time telemonitoring of photovoltaic generators without disrupting system operation. The proposed device incorporates sensors for telemeasuring meteorological data and I-V curves, enabling the evaluation of generator performance. The hardware component, designed using PROTEUS, consists of precision electronic circuits for data acquisition. This hardware interfaces with LabVIEW software via Wi-Fi for monitoring, control, and data extraction (Isc, Voc, Pm, etc.). Collected data is stored locally on an SD card or a connected PC.
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Bae, Dongryeoul, Kwang-Young Song, Donah Mary Macoy, Min Gab Kim, Chul-Kyu Lee, and Yu-Seong Kim. "Inactivation of Airborne Avian Pathogenic E. coli (APEC) via Application of a Novel High-Pressure Spraying System." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (2022): 2201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112201.
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Infectious diseases of livestock caused by novel pathogenic viruses and bacteria are a major threat to global animal health and welfare and their effective control is crucial for agronomic health and for securing global food supply. It has been widely recognized that the transmission of infectious agents can occur between people and/or animals in indoor spaces. Therefore, infection control practices are critical to reduce the transmission of the airborne pathogens. ViKiller®-high-pressure sprayer and Deger®-disinfectant are newly developed spraying systems that can produce an optimal size of disinfectants to reduce airborne microbes. The system was evaluated to reduce the infection caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), an airborne bacterium which survives in indoor spaces. pH-neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) containing 100 ppm of free chlorine, laboratory-scale chambers, a recently developed sprayer, and a conventional sprayer were used in the study. A total of 123 day-of-hatch male layer chicks (Hy-Line W-36) were randomly classified into five groups (negative control (NC): no treatment; treatment 1 (Trt 1): spraying only NEW without APEC; treatment 2 (Trt 2): spraying NEW + APEC using a high-pressure sprayer; treatment 3 (Trt 3): spraying NEW + APEC using a conventional sprayer; positive control (PC): spraying only APEC). Experimental chicks in the chambers were daily exposed to 50 mL of NEW and/or APEC (1.0 × 106 cfu/mL) until the end of the experiment (day 35). APEC strains were sprayed by ViKiller®. At least four chicks in each group were evaluated weekly to monitor APEC infection and determine the lesion. Data showed that our spraying system significantly reduced airborne APEC concentrations, mortality rate, respiratory infection, and APEC lesions in birds in the chamber space (p < 0.05). The results demonstrate that the antibacterial effect of the novel spraying sprayer with NEW on APEC was far superior compared to the conventional sprayer. This study provides a new insight for preventive measures against airborne microorganisms in indoor spaces.
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Obrova, Jana, Eliska Sovova, Katerina Ivanova, Jana Furstova, and Milos Taborsky. "Let It Beat: How Lifestyle and Psychosocial Factors Affect the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death—A 10-Year Follow-Up Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (2022): 2627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052627.
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(1) Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the lifestyle and occurrence of psychosocial factors in patients with a high risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and to explore their effect on the occurrence of the adequate therapy of an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD). (2) Methods: In this retro-prospective single-centre study, a group of patients aged 18–65 years old, who underwent the first ICD implantation for primary (PP) or secondary (SP) prevention between 2010–2014, was studied. The control group consisted of pair-matched (age ± 5 years, gender) respondents without a high risk of SCD. Information was obtained using a self-reported questionnaire and hospital electronic health records. The adequacy of ICD therapy was evaluated regularly until 31 January 2020. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to assess the risk of SCD. (3) Results: A family history of SCD, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus and depression significantly aggravated the odds of being at a high risk of SCD. The occurrence of an appropriate ICD therapy was significantly associated with being in the SP group, BMI, education level and TV/PC screen time. (4) Conclusions: Lifestyle and psychosocial factors have been confirmed to affect the risk of SCD. Early identification and treatment of coronary artery disease and its risk factors remain the cornerstones of preventive effort. Further research is needed to evaluate the complex nature of psychosocial determinants of cardiac health.
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Sokesi, T., K. Malama, F. Masaning, et al. "Lessons Learnt From the Implementation of Mass Drug Administration for Schistosomiasis and Soil- Transmitted Helminths in Lusaka Province, Zambia." Medical Journal of Zambia 43, no. 2 (2016): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.55320/mjz.43.2.341.
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Background: Zambia is endemic for four of the global Preventive Chemotherapy Neglected Tropical Diseases (PC-NTD) targeted for elimination and control, namely schistosomiasis, trachoma, lymphatic filariasis (LF) and soil transmitted helminths (STH). These diseases are associated with disfigurement, reduced productivity, reduced cognitive potential and hence affect the economic development of the households, communities and the country. They largely affect communities with socioeconomic challenges, limited access to safe and clean water and lacking sanitary facilities. These diseases are preventable with chemotherapy being amenable to integrated community and school based mass drug administration coupled with PHASE strategies. This study explores lessons learnt from the implementation of mass drug administration for Schistosomiasis and Soiltransmitted helminths in Lusaka, Zambia.Methodology: Lusaka province was targeted by Ministry of Community development, Mother and Child Health as the area for implementation of mass drug administration for Schistosomiasis and Soil-transmitted helminths using identified 666 health service delivery posts as drug distribution points in selected districts. A total of 2,208,617 people were targeted to be dispensed with Praziquantel, while 773,016 were targeted to be dispensed with Mebendazole in Lusaka only. These medicines were given to all children and adults considered to be at high risk of Schistosomiasis and Soil Transmitted Helminths respectively. Specific targets to be met were set.Results: Luangwa, Chongwe and Shibuyunji districts surpassed their targets beyond 100%. Chirundu, Kafue and Rufunsa districts surpassed the 75% target. Lusaka district managed a coverage of 24% and this brought the overall provincial coverage to 41%. This was below the set target of 75%.Conclusion: The exercise revealed that implementation of MDA with high coverage is feasible. This needs to be improved in areas not meeting the set targets.
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Stankov, Stanko. "Modern control of mineral wool production process." Chemical Industry 67, no. 2 (2013): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind120428069s.
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In this paper, the control of the plant for mineral wool production consisting of a number of the technological units of different sizes and complexity is considered. The application of modern equipment based on PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) configuration provides optimal control of technological process. Described supervisory and control system is consisting of a number of units doing decentralized distributed control of technological entities where all possible situation are considered during work of machines and devices, which are installed in electric drive and are protected from technological and electrical accident. Transformer station and diesel engine, raw materials transport and dosage, processes in dome oven, centrifuges, polycondensation (PC) chamber, burners, compressor station, binder preparation and dosage, wool cutting, completed panel packing and their transport to storehouse are controlled. Process variables and parameters like as level, flow, velocity, temperature, pressure, etc. are controlled. Control system is doing identification of process states changes, diagnostic and prediction of errors and provides prediction of behavior of control objects when input flows of materials and generates optimal values of control variables due to decreasing downtime and technic - economical requires connected to wool quality to be achieved. Supervisory and control system either eliminates unwanted changes in the production line or restricts them within the allowable limits according to the technology. In this way, the optimization of energy and raw materials consumption and appropriate products quality is achieved, where requirements are satisfied in accordance with process safety and environmental standards. SCADA provides a visual representation of controlled and uncontrolled parts of the technological process, processing alarms and events, monitoring of the changes of relevant variables, data archiving, choice of either automatic or manual control. Supervison of the production process by intuitive screens on monitors, and display terminal is allowed to the operator. Certain objects of plant are represented by the appropriate symbols whose color is changed depending on status (working, inactive status, stand by, failure, etc.). Symbols are associated with characteristic parameters and the variables whose current values are monitored by graphics and/or tables. Special attention is paid to alarm conditions occurring in the case of failure or exceeding the set limits of certain values. Alarm signal is manifested by sound and signal light, with a corresponding text message on the screen, with the date and time of occurrence and the request to the operator to confirm the alarm in some way. Alarms and other important data are stored in the database, including information about the time of removing the causes of the alarm emergence. Beside data acqusition and processing data of process variables and installed equipment state, the system also provides data archiving and generating and printing of daily, weekly and monthly reports. Based on these reports, analysis and appropriate corrections are being done to increase productivity. Specific data of drive functionality, raw materials and amounts of final products are available to management at any moment via Internet. Information about status of embedded equipment, devices and protective elements provide planning periodical reviews and remont some lines or whole plant. Then replacement of certain parts significantly contributes to efficienty of current, preventive and investment maintenance. In this way, reliability and safety of production plant are increased. With complete automatization of production process that is complex and multidisciplinary, demages and energy consumption are considerably decreasing, workforce is optimized, good quality of final product is achieved and plant work with full capacity is provided. Some technical solutions (diesel engine and transformer station supervisory, compressor station supervisory, electric drive regulation, dedusting system control, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system control, transport and dosage system control) applied at realization of supervisory and control system for mineral wool production process, can be also applied to regulation large number of industrial processes.
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Godara, Amandeep, Nauman S. Siddiqui, Hilal Hachem, Robert E. Martell та Wasif M. Saif. "First prospective study evaluating effect of metformin (M) on disease control (DC) and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPKα) in patients (pts) with GI malignancies." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, № 4_suppl (2018): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.4_suppl.264.
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264 Background: Observational studies have demonstrated association of M with reduced cancer incidence and mortality in multiple cancer types, including GI. Anti-neoplastic effects of M are believed through many mechanisms including activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, which controls mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) growth regulatory pathway. Methods: In a pilot, delayed-start randomized study, non-diabetic pts with GI cancers were randomized to 2 arms, Stage 1: concurrent M (500mg twice daily) plus chemotherapy (M+C) vs. Chemo alone (C) followed by cross over to M+C arm in Stage 2, while adverse events (DLT) were assessed by CTCAE v.3.0. As a translational correlate, we used phosphorylation of AMPKα at Thr172 to measure AMPK activation by western blot technique in PBMCs isolated from pts before and after receiving M. These levels were correlated with radiological (RECIST 1.1) and tumor marker outcomes by descriptive analysis. Results: 41 pts with GI cancers (CRC: 22, PC: 12, GE: 4, BD: 2, others: 1) were treated in this trial. Mean duration of M therapy was 85 days (range: 9-443). There was no significant difference in grade 3 or above DLT in M+C vs. C arm (14% vs. 12% respectively). Gel band density analysis on 19 pts showed that 63% pts had increased phosphorylation of AMPKα after M (ratio of phospho-AMPKα after M to before M > 1) with mean = 1.227 (± 0.134). RECIST 1.1 restaging showed DC in 55% pts and 45% pts had decline in tumor markers. 8 of 12 pts with APC showed DC at the completion of study. Of note, 60% of pts with DC also showed increase in phosphorylation of AMKα. Conclusions: Our study is the first human study that prospectively demonstrates the impact of M on AMPKα phosphorylation, thus implying a potential role of M both as a chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent in GI cancers. Our study also shows the safety of M across various chemoregimens, providing a platform and justification for future studies. Potential benefits of M in preventive and treatment settings warrant further investigation in adequately powered prospective studies. We aim to perform a dose-escalation of M in our next study with additional metabolomics correlates. Clinical trial information: NCT01442870.
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Dyer, Clare E. F., Naomi E. Clarke, Dinh Ng Nguyen, et al. "Assessing the efficacy of albendazole against hookworm in Vietnam using quantitative PCR and sodium nitrate flotation." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 10 (2022): e0010767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010767.
Full textAbstract:
Preventive chemotherapy (PC), consisting of the regular distribution of anthelmintics to populations or groups of populations at risk, is the primary tool used to control soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections. This strategy, whilst cost-effective, raises the concern of potential emergence of drug resistance. The efficacy of anthelmintics against STH infections is measured using cure rate (CR) and egg reduction rate (ERR), using microscopy-based techniques such as the Kato-Katz thick smear. However, Kato-Katz has low sensitivity, especially for low-intensity infections, and requires fresh samples that need to be processed quickly. Realtime quantitative PCR (qPCR), which is more sensitive, is emerging as a “gold standard” for STH diagnostics given its higher sensitivity (important in low prevalence settings) and ability to differentiate hookworm species, while sodium nitrate flotation (SNF) may provide a low-cost more sensitive and practical alternative to Kato-Katz in the field. In this study, we examined the efficacy of a locally manufactured brand of albendazole 400 mg (“Alzental”) against hookworm in Đắk Lắk province, Vietnam, using both qPCR and SNF. For qPCR, formulae to convert qPCR cycle threshold (Ct) values into eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) were utilised to determine efficacy calculations, and these values directly compared with efficacy values generated using SNF. Factors associated with CR and ERR were examined, and Alzental tablet quality was assessed by comparing with an Australian TGA-approved equivalent “Eskazole” tablet. We observed a CR and ERR of 64.9% and 87.5% respectively using qPCR, and 68.4% and 67.6% respectively using SNF. The tablet composition of Alzental was comparable to Eskazole in terms of active albendazole drug concentration with no evidence of impurities. This study demonstrates that the efficacy of Alzental against hookworm is within the range of previously reported studies for albendazole 400 mg. The study also demonstrates the value of qPCR and SNF as alternatives to standard Kato-Katz methodology for assessment of anthelmintic efficacy.
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Keller, Ladina, Sophie Welsche, Chandni Patel, et al. "Long-term outcomes of ivermectin-albendazole versus albendazole alone against soil-transmitted helminths: Results from randomized controlled trials in Lao PDR and Pemba Island, Tanzania." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 6 (2021): e0009561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009561.
Full textAbstract:
Background Preventive chemotherapy is the cornerstone of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) control. Long-term outcomes and adequate treatment frequency of the recently recommended albendazole-ivermectin have not been studied to date. Methodology/principal findings Double-blind randomized controlled trials were conducted in Lao PDR, Pemba Island, Tanzania and Côte d’Ivoire between 2018 and 2020 to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ivermectin-albendazole versus albendazole-placebo in Trichuris trichiura-infected individuals aged 6 to 60. In the framework of this study, in Lao PDR 466 and 413 participants and on Pemba Island, 558 and 515 participants were followed-up six and 12 months post-treatment, respectively. From each participant at least one stool sample was processed for Kato-Katz diagnosis and cure rates (CRs), egg reduction rates (ERRs) and apparent reinfection rates were calculated. If found helminth-positive at six months, participants were re-treated according to their allocated treatment. Long-term outcomes against T. trichiura based on CRs and ERRs of ivermectin-albendazole compared to albendazole were significantly higher at six months in Lao PDR (CR, 65.8 vs 13.4%, difference; 52.4; 95% CI 45.0–60.0; ERRs, 99.0 vs 79.6, difference 19.4; 95% CI 14.4–24.4) and Pemba Island (CR, 17.8 vs 1.4%, difference; 16.4; 95% CI 11.6–21.0; ERRs, 84.9 vs 21.2, difference 63.8; 95% CI 50.6–76.9) and also at 12 months in Lao PDR (CR, 74.0 vs 23.4%, difference; 50.6; 95% CI 42.6–61.0; ERRs, 99.6 vs 91.3, difference 8.3; 95% CI 5.7–10.8) and Pemba Island (CR, 19.5 vs 3.4%, difference; 16.1; 95% CI 10.7–21.5; ERRs, 92.9 vs 53.6, difference 39.3; 95% CI 31.2–47.4) respectively. Apparent reinfection rates with T. trichiura were considerably higher on Pemba Island (100.0%, 95% CI, 29.2–100.0) than in Lao PDR (10.0%, 95% CI, 0.2–44.5) at 12 months post-treatment for participants treated with albendazole alone. Conclusions/significance The long-term outcomes against T. trichiura of ivermectin-albendazole are superior to albendazole in terms of CRs and ERRs and in reducing infection intensities. Our results will help to guide decisions on how to best use ivermectin-albendazole in the context of large-scale PC programs tailored to the local context to sustainably control STH infections. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov registered with clinicaltrials.gov, reference: NCT03527732, date assigned: 17 May 2018.