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Behrens, Leif [Verfasser]. "Schleifen von PCBN / Leif Behrens." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB), 2016. http://d-nb.info/1122489099/34.
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Krödel-Worbes, Alexander [Verfasser]. "Lasermikrobearbeitung von PcBN-Zerspanwerkzeugen / Alexander Krödel-Worbes." Garbsen : TEWISS - Technik und Wissen GmbH, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1205496920/34.
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Hioki, Daniel. "Usinagem dura do aço 100Cr6 com PCBN." Florianópolis, SC, 1998. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/77497.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-17T04:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2016-01-09T00:18:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 171047.pdf: 8505083 bytes, checksum: 271466b85e9e844aa926708090201540 (MD5)
A necessidade contínua de reduzir os custos de produção tem sido um dos fatores mais importantes para a sobrevivência de uma empresa em um mercado cada vez mais competitivo. A utilização do PCBN como ferramenta de corte permite otimizar o processo de fabricação que envolve peças temperadas, substituindo a retificação pelo torneamento de acabamento. Para constatar a possibilidade desta substituição ambos os processos foram comparados com relação aos seus resultados de trabalho, tais como: rugosidade e integridade da superfície. Durante a verificação experimental, com o intuito de compreender melhor o processo de torneamento de acabamento, foram estudados os efeitos dos parâmetros de entrada sobre as características do processo e os resultados de trabalho. Os parâmetros de entrada foram: dureza da peça, velocidade de corte, profundidade de corte e avanço. As características do processo investigadas foram: desgaste de flanco, força de corte, força de avanço e força passiva. Os experimentos foram executados como fatorial saturado e sobre eles aplicados métodos estatísticos para definir a intensidade do efeito de cada parâmetro de entrada. Através da relação S/R foram definidas as condições de corte que apresentaram a menor influência do ruído.
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Khan, Sarmad Ali. "Machining of nickel based superalloys using coated PCBN tooling." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5111/.
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Following a comprehensive literature review on the machinability of nickel based superalloys using conventional carbide, coated carbide and ceramics including uncoated/coated PCBN, the research details statistically designed experimental work to assess the tool life/wear performance and workpiece surface integrity of a range of uncoated and coated PCBN tools, when turning solution treated and aged Inconel 718. Typically, the use of carbide tooling is limited to < 60 m/min cutting speed, even with the use of high pressure cutting fluids (JetStream systems). Hardmetal coatings provide some productivity improvements although cutting speed restrictions still operate. Details of PCBN use at up to 600 m/min have been published but at the expense of tool life. Experimental testing of a number of uncoated PCBN grades involving both high and low CBN concentrations, indicated a preferred operating window of ~ 300 – 400 m/min. Advanced ceramic coatings provided no significant benefits. Primary tool wear mechanisms related to abrasion, workpiece adhesion/diffusion and fracture depending on the specific operating parameters employed. In depth workpiece integrity evaluation involving surface roughness, microstructure, microhardness and residual stress measurement suggested only limited damage when operating with PCBN tooling at preferred/optimised conditions.
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Junior, Aldo Braghini. "Investigação do desgaste de ferramentas de PCBN e metal duro no fresamento de topo de aços endurecidos." Universidade de São Paulo, 1998. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-02022016-090733/.
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O fresamento de topo de aços ferramenta, no estado endurecido, pode ser uma alternativa para a fabricação de moldes e matrizes, com alta taxa de remoção. Este trabalho estuda os tipos e mecanismos de desgaste presentes nesta operação de usinagem, bem como o comportamento da emissão acústica. São realizados experimentos com ferramentas de PCBN e Metal Duro usinando os aços H13 (49-51 HRc), VMO (54-57 HRc) e VC131 (57-59 HRc). O desgaste das ferramentas de PCBN é significativamente menor que o desgaste das ferramentas de Metal Duro. O tipo de desgaste predominante é o desgaste de flanco, com indícios de desgastes de cratera. É observada uma combinação entre os mecanismos de desgaste abrasivo e adesivo. Não se observa a formação de trincas abaixo da superfície usinada. Verifica-se que a emissão acústica aumenta com a velocidade de corte e mostra-se também dependente do material da peça e da ferramenta.The endmilling operation applied to the machining of hardened tool steels, can be seen as an alternative to the conventional sequence of operations used in dies and injection moulds. Normally, eletrodischarge machining, which has a low removal rate, is applied for the finishing operation, just before polishing. The present research work study the types and mechanisms of wear that appear in this machining operation, as well as, the behaviour of Acoustic Emission (EA). Experiments are carried out using PCBN and Carbide tools, machining AISI H13 (49-51 HRc), AISI 6F3 (54-57 HRc) e AISI D6 (57-59 HRc). The wear observed on the PCBN tools was smaller than that on the carbide ones. The type of wear dominating was flank wear, with some presence of crater wear in a few machining conditions. It was also observed a combination between the abrasive and the adhesive mechanisms. It was not noted any cracks on the surface just below the machined surface. The acoustic emission showed to be directly proportional to the cutting speed and also dependent upon the workpiece material and to the tool material.
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Ren, Xuejun. "The tool : workpiece interaction when machining welded hardfacing using PCBN tools." Thesis, University of Hull, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397061.
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Mattsson, Amanda, and Malin Lindholm. "Friction and wear mechanisms of PCBN in sliding contact with tool steel." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Materialteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-5663.
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Sveen, Susanne. "Wear of coated and uncoated PCBN cutting tool used in turning and milling." Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nanostrukturerade material, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-102551.
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This licentiate thesis has the main focus on evaluation of the wear of coated and uncoated polycrystalline cubic boron nitride cutting tool used in cutting operations against hardened steel. And to exam the surface finish and integrity of the work material used. Harder work material, higher cutting speed and cost reductions result in the development of harder and more wear resistance cutting tools. Although PCBN cutting tools have been used in over 30 years, little work have been done on PVD coated PCBN cutting tools. Therefore hard turning and hard milling experiments with PVD coated and uncoated cutting tools have been performed and evaluated. The coatings used in the present study are TiSiN and TiAlN. The wear scar and surface integrity have been examined with help of several different characterization techniques, for example scanning electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. The results showed that the PCBN cutting tools used displayed crater wear, flank wear and edge micro chipping. While the influence of the coating on the crater and flank wear was very small and the coating showed a high tendency to spalling. Scratch testing of coated PCBN showed that, the TiAlN coating resulted in major adhesive fractures. This displays the importance of understanding the effect of different types of lapping/grinding processes in the pre-treatment of hard and super hard substrate materials and the amount and type of damage that they can create. For the cutting tools used in turning, patches of a adhered layer, mainly consisting of FexOy were shown at both the crater and flank. And for the cutting tools used in milling a tribofilm consisting of SixOy covered the crater. A combination of tribochemical reactions, adhesive wear and mild abrasive wear is believed to control the flank and crater wear of the PCBN cutting tools. On a microscopic scale the difference phases of the PCBN cutting tool used in turning showed different wear characteristics. The machined surface of the work material showed a smooth surface with a Ra-value in the range of 100-200 nm for the turned surface and 100-150 nm for the milled surface. With increasing crater and flank wear in combination with edge chipping the machined surface becomes rougher and showed a higher Ra-value. For the cutting tools used in milling the tendency to micro edge chipping was significant higher when milling the tools steels showing a higher hard phase content and a lower heat conductivity resulting in higher mechanical and thermal stresses at the cutting edge.
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Taylor, Ciaran John. "The wear and performance characteristics of PCBN cutting tools when machining D3 hardened steel." Thesis, University of Hull, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431046.
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Silva, Nelson Coutinho da 1971. "Análise da frequência de interrupções no torneamento de aços endurecidos com ferramentas de PCBN." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265862.
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Orientador: Amauri HassuiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: O torneamento de aços endurecidos como alternativa a retificação cilíndrica, tem se tornado cada vez mais comum no meio industrial. Devido a melhorias do desempenho mecânico das máquinas, aliada aos avanços nos materiais de ferramenta, particularmente do PCBN, os bons resultados obtidos em aplicações e estudos realizados, vem estimulando cada vez mais essa prática. As diversas geometrias de peças utilizadas em componentes mecânicos submetem as ferramentas destinadas ao torneamento de aços endurecidos a condições de corte variadas, seja essas obtidas a partir de superfícies contínuas ou interrompidas. No entanto, a maior parte dos estudos já realizados, relacionados ao torneamento de aços endurecidos está voltada ao corte contínuo, fazendo do corte interrompido uma aplicação ainda pouco explorada. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o comportamento da frequência de interrupção no torneamento de aços endurecidos com ferramenta de PCBN, além de sua interação com o ângulo de posição (?r) e velocidade de corte (vc). Para isso foram realizados experimentos de torneamento em corpos de prova com três frequências de interrupções diferentes, sendo um com baixa frequência de interrupção contendo dois rasgos, outro com média frequência de interrupção contendo quatro rasgos e finalmente outro com alta frequência de interrupção contendo oito rasgos, sendo esses transversais e equidistantes. Para a construção dos mesmos foi utilizado o aço ABNT 4340 com dureza entre 52 e 56 HRC, usando uma classe comercial de ferramenta PCBN 7525 (ISO H25) com alto teor de CBN (90%), recomendada para corte interrompido. Os parâmetros de saída analisados foram temperatura (°C), rugosidade (Ra), desgaste (VBmáx) e volume removido (mm3). Dentre as diversas conclusões desse trabalho, a principal delas indica que entre os parâmetros variados a frequência de interrupção é o que exerce maior influência sobre a temperatura e o volume removido, sendo que nos corpos de prova com maior frequência maiores volumes removidos foram alcançados, enquanto que nos corpos de prova com frequências menores, a temperatura atingiu níveis mais elevados
Abstract: Turning of hardened steels is becoming an important alternative to cylindrical grinding at industrial level. The increasing interest on this technique results from the good mechanical performance of the machine parts, which is accompanied by enhancements of the cutting tool materials, particularly PCBN, and the good results of using this technique, as reported in prior studies. Machine elements are characterized by a diversity of geometric forms. These characteristics promote that the cutting tools used for turning hardened steel are subjected to varying cutting conditions in both continuous and interrupted surfaces. However, most of the studies in this area have been related to turning hardened steels in continuous cutting. As a consequence, cutting of interrupted surfaces remains under-exploited. This work aims at studying the behavior of the interruption frequency during turning of hardened steels by using PCBN tools, as well as the interaction with the cutting tool¿s position angle (?r) and cutting speed (vc). For this, turning tests were performed on samples with three different interruption frequencies: a) low interruption frequency containing two slots, b) average interruption frequency containing four slots, and c) high interruption frequency containing eight slots. AISI 4340 steels with hardness between 52 and 56 HRC were used for manufacturing the samples. A commercial grade PCBN tool 7525 (ISO H25) with high CBN content (90%) was used as a cutting tool. The output parameters were temperature (°C), roughness (Ra), wear (VBmáx), and volume removed (mm3). Results indicate that the interruption frequency is the parameter that most affects the temperature and the volume removed. The samples mechanized at higher frequencies presented higher volume removed. Meanwhile, the samples turned with lower frequencies reached higher temperatures
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Ånmark, Niclas. "Inclusion Characteristics and Their Link to Tool wear in Metal Cutting of Clean Steels Suitable for Automotive Applications." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Tillämpad processmetallurgi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-164875.
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This thesis covers some aspects of hard part turning of carburised steels using a poly‑crystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) cutting tool during fine machining. The emphasis is on the influence of the steel cleanliness and the characteristics of non‑metallic inclusions in the workpiece on the active wear mechanisms of the cutting tool. Four carburising steel grades suitable for automotive applications were included, including one that was Ca‑treated. A superior tool life was obtained when turning the Ca-treated steel. The superior machinability is associated with the deposition of lubricating (Mn,Ca)S and (CaO)x-Al2O3-S slag layers, which are formed on the rake face of the cutting tool during machining. Moreover, the transfer of work material to the rake face crater is characteristic in hard part turning of clean steels. It can be because of the lack of sulfides that protect the cutting edge when turning machinability treated steels. This corresponds to the more pronounced crater wear caused by the low‑sulfur steels than that of the steels with higher sulfur contents. It was also concluded that the composition of the non‑metallic inclusions in the Ca‑treated steel is a more important factor than the inclusion number and size, in hard part turning using a PCBN cutting tool. Also, a 3D analysis after electrolytic extraction was found to give a more precise characterisation of non‑metallic inclusions than the conventional 2D analysis by SEM‑EDS. In turn, better correlations to machinability and mechanical properties can be obtained. Hence, the use of this technique is beneficial for future material development. Finally, the challenge for future metallurgy is to manufacture high‑performance steels with improved combined properties of mechanical strength and machinability.QC 20150422
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Joshi, Kunal J. "OPTIMIZATION OF CUTTING CONDITIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE MACHINING OF SINTERED POWDER METAL STEELS USING PCBN AND CARBIDE TOOLS." UKnowledge, 2006. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/379.
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Powder metals are becoming a popular choice in the automotive and other manufacturing industries because of their ability to meet wide ranging product functional requirements without compromising the performance of the product. They offer various advantages, including weight reduction, near net-shape processing capability, and their ability to be sintered to achieve desired properties in the end-product. However, in order to satisfy the product design requirements during manufacturing, they need to be machined to the required tolerances. Machining of powder metals is quite different to machining of traditional metals because of their specific properties, including porosity. This thesis work deals with the finish machining of powder metal steels in automotive applications, for increased tool-life/reduced tool-wear. Tool-life is affected by a variety of factors such as tool grade selection, tool coating, cutting conditions and tool geometry including cutting edge geometry. This work involves optimization of cutting conditions for plunge cutting and boring operations of automotive powder metal components using PCBN and carbide tools. The cycle time of the process introduces an additional constraint for the optimization model along with the tool-wear criterion. Optimized cutting conditions are achieved for maximum tool-life.
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Ng, Eu-Gene. "Modelling of the cutting process when machining hardened steel with polycrystalline cubic boron nitride(PCBN)tooling." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511485.
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Campos, Clarianne Natali de. "Análise da integridade da região abaixo da superfície no torneamento de materiais endurecidos com ferramentas de PCBN e metal-duro." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2016. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/172003.
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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, Florianópolis, 2016.Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-27T03:15:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 342315.pdf: 8726201 bytes, checksum: 4ef3ab05d326c373040ea83969d7aca2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016
Ao longo das etapas de manufatura de um componente mecânico, os processos de fabricação afetam diretamente o estado microgeométrico da superfície e as propriedades do material nas camadas da subsuperfície. Fenômenos como a formação de camada branca, deformação plástica e o cisalhamento de carbonetos, por exemplo, impactam diretamente no desempenho do componente, principalmente quanto a vida por fadiga, pois as regiões afetadas são propensas a nucleação e propagação de trincas. Aços endurecidos têm sido empregados na fabricação de engrenagens, rolamentos, matrizes e demais componentes críticos de engenharia, os quais necessitam de elevada resistência ao desgaste, o que torna relevante o estudo da integridade da superfície. O processo de torneamento de materiais endurecidos tem se tornado uma possibilidade à retificação, reduzindo custos e tempos. Devido aos elevados custos das ferramentas empregadas no torneamento, como o PCBN e cerâmicas, e com o consequente desenvolvimento de tecnologias de revestimento e redução de grãos, ferramentas de metal-duro têm despontado como uma alternativa economicamente viável para este tipo de operação. Assim, este trabalho visa avaliar a integridade da superfície para os aços AISI 4340, AISI 52100 e AISI D2, em seis valores de dureza, usinados com ferramentas de PCBN e metal-duro de grãos ultrafinos. Primeiramente foram avaliadas as rugosidades 2D e 3D das superfícies usinadas e verificou-se que para durezas até 50 HRC, ambas as ferramentas de corte apresentaram comportamentos similares, em termos de acabamento da superfície. Entretanto, acima deste valor, a usinagem com ferramenta de metal-duro apresentou maiores instabilidades, gerando superfícies com baixo desempenho funcional. Este comportamento está associado à geometria da ferramenta e às características microestruturais dos materiais. Posteriormente, foram analisadas as alterações microestruturais e verificou-se que o fator dureza não é determinante no comportamento das superfícies usinadas, mas sim a microestrutura. Outra característica observada em quase todos os ensaios é que a camada submetida a alteração é muito fina, resultado este associado aos parâmetros de corte e às geometrias das ferramentas. Em relação aos materiais, os três aços apresentaram camada branca por transformação de fase e no aço AISI D2, em específico, foi observado o cisalhamento de carbonetos.
Abstract : Along a mechanical component manufacturing steps, manufacturing processes directly affect the microgeometric surface condition and material properties in the subsurface layers. Phenomena such as the formation of white layer, plastic deformation and shear carbides, for example, directly impact on component performance, especially as the fatigue life, as the affected areas are prone to nucleation and propagation of cracks. Hardened steels have been employed in the manufacture of gears, bearings, dies and other critical components of engineering, which require high wear resistance, which makes it relevant to the study of surface integrity. Hard turning has become an alternative to grinding, reducing costs and time. Due to the high cost of the tools, PCBN and ceramics, for example, and the consequent development of coating and reduction grains technologies, carbide tools has emerged as an economically viable alternative to this type of operation. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the surface integrity to the AISI 4340, AISI 52100 and AISI D2 steels in six hardness values, machined with PCBN and carbide ultrafine grains tools. First were evaluated 2D and 3D roughness of the machined surfaces and it was found that hardness up to 50 HRC, both cutting tools showed similar behavior in terms of surface finish. However, above this value, the machining with carbide tool showed higher instabilities, generating surfaces with low functional performance. This behavior is associated with the geometry of the tool, the elevation of the components of the machining force and microstructural characteristics of materials. Subsequently, the microstructural changes were analyzed and it was found that the hardness is not decisive factor in the behavior of the machined surfaces, but the microstructure. Another feature observed in almost all tests is that the layer subject to change is too thin, a result that is associated with the cutting parameters and geometries of the tools. About materials, AISI 4340 and AISI 52100 steel showed white layer by phase transformation and the steel AISI D2 carbides shear. In the three materials was observed the occurrence of plastic deformation. Regarding the performance of cutting tools, the biggest changes were observed for steels from 55 HRC, machined metal-hard tool.
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Souza, Dilson José Aguiar de. "Influência da microgeometria do gume e da classe de PCBN no corte ortogonal de aço rápido fabricado por metalurgia do pó." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2013. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/106986.
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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, Florianópolis, 2013.Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-05T22:54:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 319572.pdf: 16638386 bytes, checksum: bf64256195d022ef56845aeeb0fa6552 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2103
Materiais fabricados pela metalurgia do pó utilizados em componentes automotivos, especificamente em assentos de válvulas de motores de combustão interna, exigem elevada resistência ao desgaste decorrido da submissão a esforços mecânicos em altas temperaturas e em meio químico agressivo. Para esta aplicação são empregadas ligas específicas de aço-rápido obtidas pela metalurgia do pó, e para sua usinagem de acabamento são necessárias ferramentas de alto desempenho, como as de nitreto de boro cúbico policristalino (PCBN). O objetivo principal deste trabalho é investigar a influência da microgeometria do gume e da classe de PCBN sobre o corte ortogonal de aço rápido fabricado pela metalurgia do pó temperado e revenido. Foram utilizados insertos de PCBN com microgeometria de gume chanfrado e arredondado (tipo S) e apenas arredondado (tipo E) de alto e baixo teor de CBN, na faixa de velocidades de corte entre 100 e 220 m/min. Para a realização da pesquisa foi preparada a infraestrutura para a condução de ensaios, projetando-se dispositivos e interfaces mecânicas para a fixação de corpos de prova e o sistema de medição de força na máquina ferramenta, de dispositivo de medição de desgaste no microscópio de ferramentaria, elaborou-se programas para aquisição de dados e respectiva documentação. Foram analisados o desgaste dos insertos de PCBN em que se procurou identificar os mecanismos de desgaste dominantes avaliando-se imagens digitais obtidas por microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) das regiões do flanco e da face afetadas pelo desgaste, bem como através da análise química realizada por espectroscopia por dispersão em energia (EDS) de regiões de interesse nas marcas de desgaste dos insertos e aquisição das componentes força de corte (Fc) e força de avanço (Ff) através de plataforma piezelétrica. Foram observados traços de material dos corpos de prova aderidos aos flancos de todos os insertos e, para todas as velocidades de corte utilizadas. Os desgastes predominantes observados foram os de adesão seguidos dos de arrancamento e em menor intensidade a abrasão. Foram verificados indícios de formação de desgaste de cratera para algumas situações. Os insertos de alto teor de CBN, de gume chanfrado e de gume arredondado, apresentaram lascamentos na face. A menor influência sobre o desgaste dos insertos, para ambas microgeometrias dos gumes foi verificada para a velocidade de corte de 100 m/min. Melhores resultados foram encontrados para o inserto com microgeometria de gume apenas arredondado (tipo E). Os maiores valores alcançados para a componente força de corte (Fc) e de avanço (Ff) foram para os insertos com microgeometria de gume chanfrado e arredondado (tipo S).
Abstract : Material manufactured by powder metallurgy used in automotive components, specifically valve seats of internal combustion engines require high wear resistance by being submitted to mechanical stresses at high temperatures and aggressive chemical environment. Specific alloy of high speed steel obtained by powder metallurgy are employed in this application, and tools of high performance, such as Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride (PCBN), are required for finishing machining. The main objective is to investigate the influence of microgeometry of the edge and PCBN grade in orthogonal cutting of the quenched and tempered M2 high speed steel obtained by powder metallurgy. PCBN inserts were used with microgeometria chamfered edge and rounded (type S) and only rounded (type E) with high and low CBN content in the range of cutting speeds between 100 and 220 m/min. For the research, an infrastructure for conducting tests was prepared, by designing devices and mechanical interfaces for clamping specimens and force measurement system on the machine tool, device for measuring wear in the toolmaker microscope, programs for data acquisition and documentation were elaborated. We analyzed the wear of PCBN inserts which sought to identify the dominant wear mechanisms evaluating digital images obtained by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) of the flank regions of the face affected by wear, as well as by chemical analysis performed by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) of regions of interest in the marks of wear inserts. Were also performed acquisition of components cutting force (Fc) and thrust force (Ff) through piezoelectric platform.. Were observed traces of materials of the specimens adhered in flank of all the inserts and for all cutting speed used. The predominant wear observed was adhesion followed by pullout and abrasion in lower intensity. It was found trace of formation of crater wear for some situations. The inserts of high CBN content, chamfered edge and rounded, presented chipping on the face. The smaller influence on the wear of the inserts for both edges microgeometry was verified for the cutting speed of 100 m/min. Better results were found for the inserts with edge microgeometry only rounded (E type). The highest values obtained for the components cutting force (Fc) and feed (Ff) were for inserts with edge microgeometry chamfered and rounded (S type).
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Borba, Vinícius Rodrigues. "Análise da força de usinagem e da rugosidade no torneamento de aços endurecidos com ferramentas de PCBN e de metal-duro." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2016. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/172000.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, Florianópolis, 2016.Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-27T03:11:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 342271.pdf: 18140380 bytes, checksum: f4c0e7ae3981d1d467fe3706b6d29c62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016
O processo de torneamento de materiais endurecidos tem sido aplicado industrialmente em operações de acabamento e/ou semiacabamento. Esse processo ganhou atenção a partir da década de 1980 em função do aprimoramento das máquinas-ferramentas com elevada rigidez e elevada estabilidade dinâmica, combinado com o desenvolvimento das ferramentas de usinagem fabricadas com materiais ultraduros (cerâmicas e PCBN). Além destas, tem sido desenvolvidas ferramentas de metal-duro de grãos ultrafinos que são resultado do desenvolvimento de novas classes, do refino de grãos e de técnicas de alterações do substrato, tornando-as adequadas para assumir uma específica faixa de aplicação no processo de torneamento de materiais endurecidos e de superligas. Este trabalho apresenta e discute os resultados de medições das componentes da força de usinagem e da rugosidade da superfície no torneamento dos aços AISI 4340, AISI 52100 e AISI D2 (em seis níveis de dureza) com ferramentas de PCBN e de metal-duro de grãos ultrafino. As análises dos resultados mostram que os menores valores das componentes da força de usinagem foram obtidos com a ferramenta de metal-duro de grãos ultrafinos, devido à diferença da geometria das ferramentas, principalmente em função do ângulo de saída. Além disso, as intensidades das componentes da força de usinagem foram influenciadas pelo incremento da dureza, para ambas as ferramentas, no processo de torneamento desses três aços, e cada aço apresentou tendência de aumento diferente, devido às distintas propriedades físicas, químicas e mecânicas. A qualidade da superfície, de modo geral para os três aços, melhorou com o incremento da dureza, para os dois tipos de ferramentas. Por fim, as menores rugosidades foram obtidas com a ferramenta de PCBN para as durezas de 60 HRC, no torneamento do aço AISI 4340 e AISI 52100, e para a dureza de 50 HRC, na usinagem do aço AISI D2. Já com a ferramenta de metal-duro alcançaram-se os menores valores de rugosidade para as durezas de 50 HRC, 45 HRC e 35 HRC no torneamento dos aços AISI 4340, AISI 52100 e AISI D2, respectivamente.
Abstract : Hard turning has been industrially applied in finishing processes and / or semi-finishing. This operation has received attention from the 1980s due to the improvement of machine tools with high rigidity and high dynamic stability, combined with the development of machining tools made of ultra-hard materials (ceramics and PCBN). In addition to these, it has been developed ultra-fine grains carbide cutting tools which are the result of development of new classes of refining grains and the substrate changes techniques, making them suitable for assuming a specific application range of the turning process hard materials and superalloys. This work presents and discusses the results of measurements of components of the machining force and surface roughness of turning tests of AISI 4340, AISI 52100 and AISI D2 (six levels of hardness) with the PCBN and ultra-fine grains carbide tools. The analyzes of the results show that the lowest values of the components of the machining force were obtained with the ultra-fine grains carbide due to the difference of the geometry of the tools, mainly due to rake angle. Moreover, the intensities of the components of the machining force are influenced by the increase of hardness for both tools in turning process these three steel, each steel showed a different tendency of increase, due to the different physical, chemical and mechanical properties. The surface quality, generally for three steels, improved with the increase of hardness for both tools. Finally, the smaller roughness intensities for PCBN tools were for hardness 60 HRC for turning AISI 4340 steel and AISI 52100 and the hardness of 50 HRC for machining AISI D2 steel. Since the ultra-fine grain carbide tool produced lower roughness values for hardness 50 HRC, 45 HRC and 35 HRC in the turning of AISI 4340, AISI 52100 and AISI D2, respectively.
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Luiz, Josué Mota. "Estudo da viabilidade de utilização de brocas de canal reto com ponta de PCBN para furação de ferro fundido cinzento FC-250." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2016. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/175850.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, Florianópolis, 2016.Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T04:15:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 345250.pdf: 5540462 bytes, checksum: 49e833688dbef9c6fbdb4d86ae1a874f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016
A indústria busca constantemente ganhos em produtividade e redução de custo. Na indústria de usinagem, a produtividade e custo estão ligados a diversos fatores, como mão de obra, equipamentos e ferramentas de corte. No que tange a ferramentas de corte, são mais interessantes as que permitam maiores velocidades de corte, maiores vidas, ou que substituam duas ou mais ferramentas. Nesse contexto, ferramentas com materiais de elevada dureza e resistência ao desgaste vêm ganhando espaço em diversas operações de usinagem, atendendo às vantagens listadas. Um exemplo de aplicação de materiais de elevada dureza é a utilização de PCBN (nitreto de boro cúbico policristalino) em fresamento e torneamento. Todavia, a aplicação de PCBN em furação ainda é pouco explorada. Visando avaliar a viabilidade técnica e econômica da utilização de ferramentas de PCBN para furação, foram realizados testes práticos com brocas de ponta desse material. O material usinado foi o ferro fundido cinzento devido a sua ampla utilização. Utilizaram-se dois conceitos de inserto de PCBN, o full face e integral, que foram brasados na ponta de uma broca de metal-duro com canal reto, fazendo com que os gumes sejam de PCBN. Para comparação, foi realizado teste similar com broca de metal-duro, por ser o material mais empregado para furação de ferro fundido cinzento em produção seriada. Os resultados para ambos os testes são apresentados em termos de vida de ferramenta e qualidade do furo. As comparações entre os diferentes materiais de broca utilizados nesse trabalho indicam que as brocas de inserto de PCBN integral ainda apresentam restrições técnicas e econômicas. Indicam também que as brocas com inserto de PCBN full face, em condições específicas de corte, são viáveis tecnicamente, pois geram furos com elevada qualidade e apresentam vidas de ferramenta intermediárias. A aplicação dos insertos full face se mostra viável economicamente, caso seja possível, de acordo com a exigência de qualidade do furo, substituir a operação de furação com broca de metal-duro e operações sequentes de acabamento.
Abstract : The industry constantly seeks gains in productivity and cost reduction. In the machining industry, productivity and cost are related to several factors, such as labor, equipment and cutting tools. Regarding to cutting tools, the most interesting ones are those which allow higher cutting speeds, larger tool life, or to replace two or more tools. In this context, tools with high hardness and wear resistance have been gaining ground in several machining operations, taking into account the advantages listed. An example of application of high hardness is the use of PCBN (polycrystalline cubic boron nitride) in milling and turning. However, the application of PCBN in drilling still is poorly explored. Aiming to evaluate the technical and economic viability of using PCBN tools for drilling, practical tests were carried out with drills tipped with this material The machined material was gray cast iron because of its wide use. In the tests was used two concepts insert PCBN, the full face and solid, which were brazed on the top of a carbide straight flute drill, becoming the cutting edge formed of PCBN. For comparison, we performed a similar test with carbide drill, due to be the most used material for drilling gray cast iron in mass production. The results for both tests are presented in terms of tool life and hole quality. The comparisons between different materials drill used in this work indicate that solid PCBN insert drills still have technical and economic constraints. Also indicates that PCBN full face insert drills, in specific cutting conditions are technically feasible, because they generate holes with high quality and intermediate tool lives. The application of full face inserts has proved economically viable if, according to the demand for hole quality, replace the drilling operation with carbide drill and subsequent finishing operations.
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Bonfá, Miguel Mandú. "Torneamento do aço endurecido AISI D6 utilizando mínima quantidade de fluido de corte." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2013. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/14939.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorHardened steel is usually machined under dry condition. Application of an overhead flood cooling generally leads to premature tool failure because the heat generated that helps the shearing process needed to form the chips is reduced by its cooling action. This work proposes to study the application of MQF (Minimum Quantity of Cutting Fluid) when turning the heat treated hardened AISI D6 steel with PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) tools and compare with the dry machining. The spray of a vegetable based cutting fluid was applied between the workpiece and the flank face of the tool. Overhead direction of the MQF and between the secondary flank face of the tool and the workpiece were also tested. Tool wear (VB), surface roughness (Ra, Rz e Rq) and cutting forces (Fx, Fy e Fz) were considered the output variables and the results were compared to those obtained when cutting in dry condition. The influence of the input parameters: cutting speed and feed rate, as well as their interactions were statistically analyzed. Considering the tool wear and the surface roughness, the application of the cutting fluid by the MQF technique in the direction between the flank face and the workpiece showed better results than the dry condition when employing the lowest feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev, regardless the cutting speed used. This cutting fluid application technique also presented good results when the cutting speed of 310 m/min was tested, regardless the feed rate employed. Therefore, this cutting speed should be recommended for high production in turning of AISI D6 steel with the MQF technique. The application of MQF through other directions (overhead and between the secondary flank face and the workpiece) also showed competitive results.
Aços temperados são geralmente usinados na condição a seco. A aplicação de uma refrigeração geralmente conduz a uma falha prematura da ferramenta porque o calor gerado durante o processo, que ajuda o cisalhamento, é reduzido pela ação refrigerante do fluido de corte. Este trabalho propõe estudar a aplicação do método de MQF (Minima Quantidade de Fluido) ao tornear o aço tratado termicamente, classe AISI D6, utilizando ferramenta de PCBN (Nitreto Cúbico de Boro Policristalino) e comparar com a condição a seco. A pulverização de um fluido de corte de base vegetal foi aplicada entre a peça de trabalho e a superfície de folga da ferramenta. A direção sobre-cabeça e entre a superfície de folga secundária e a peça também foram testadas em algumas condições de corte. O desgaste da ferramenta (VB), a rugosidade superficial (Ra, Rz e Rq) e as forças de usinagem (Fx, Fy e Fz) foram utilizadas como parâmetros de saída e seus resultados foram comparados com os resultados obtidos nos testes na condição a seco. As influências dos parâmetros de entrada: velocidade de corte e avanço, bem como suas interações, nas variáveis de saída (desgaste da ferramenta, rugosidade superficial e forças de usinagem) foram analisados através de métodos estatísticos. Considerando o desgaste da ferramenta e a rugosidade superficial da peça, a aplicação do fluido de corte pela técnica MQF na direção da superfície de folga principal apresentou melhores resultados que a condição a seco, quando se utilizou o menor avanço testado de 0,05 mm/rev, independente da velocidade de corte. Esta técnica também apresentou bons resultados quando a velocidade de corte de 310 m/min foi testada, independente do avanço. Assim, esta velocidade de corte deve ser recomendada para uma boa produção no torneamento do Aço AISI D6 com a técnica MQF. A aplicação do MQF nas outras direções (sobrecabeça e na superfície de folga secundária) também mostrou resultados competitivos.
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Boing, Denis. "Transição da aplicação do metal-duro revestido e do PCBN no torneamento de aços endurecidos em função da dureza e do teor de carbonetos." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2016. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/177581.
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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, Florianópolis, 2016.Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-18T04:08:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 346679.pdf: 146353658 bytes, checksum: 93b53287eaa0d22f4e30366d1c77d270 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016
O torneamento de aços endurecidos é tipicamente realizado utilizando-se ferramentas de PCBN e cerâmica, as quais possuem propriedades adequadas para suportar as condições tribológicas do processo, impostas tanto pela dureza e resistência mecânica como pelos componentes microestruturais (como os carbonetos) do material usinado. Neste segmento, o desenvolvimento de novas classes e, principalmente, o refino de grão das ferramentas de metal-duro, associado às novas tecnologias de revestimentos, conferem ao metal-duro propriedades compatíveis com a aplicação. Neste contexto, este trabalho visa determinar a região de transição de aplicação das ferramentas de metal-duro revestido (PVD TiAlN e MTCVD TiCN/Al2O3/TiN) e PCBN, por meio do estudo do desgaste das ferramentas em parâmetros tridimensionais ao longo do período de adequação do sistema tribológico do par ferramenta-peça. Para isso, ensaios de torneamento foram realizados nos aços AISI 4340, AISI 52100 e AISI D2 em seis patamares de dureza, no intervalo de 35 a 60 HRC e divididos em duas fases: adequação tribológica e vida das ferramentas. Na primeira foram avaliados: componentes da força de usinagem, desgaste das ferramentas (microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura), integridade da superfície usinada (rugosidade e alterações e microestruturas) e morfologia dos cavacos. Na segunda fase foram considerados a evolução dos desgastes das ferramentas e a rugosidade da superfície usinada. Verificou-se que as componentes da força de usinagem apresentam aumento gradativo com o aumento da dureza dos materiais, sendo a força passiva (Fp) a componente dominante. Ademais, o incremento na dureza dos aços tende a reduzir os valores rugosidade da superfície usinada, atingindo a classe N4 (até 0,4 µm no parâmetro Ra). Considerando-se os parâmetros de desgaste que representam o volume de material removido (WRM) e a área afetada (WAA) da ferramenta, tanto para o metal-duro como para o PCBN, verificou-se uma tendência na redução do desgaste das ferramentas com o aumento da dureza dos aços até 50 HRC nas três ligas de aço ensaiadas. Após este limite de dureza, entretanto, o desgaste apresenta novamente uma tendência de aumento com acréscimos na dureza. Esta região representa a transição da morfologia dos cavacos de contínuos para dentes de serra, como também da intensidade de atuação dos mecanismos de desgaste ? principalmente da abrasão, adesão e difusão. Verificou-se, ainda, que o aumento da dureza dos aços tende a reduzir o mecanismo de desgaste da adesão, situação identificada pelo parâmetro de desgaste WAM (volume de material aderido à ferramenta). Além disso, a fração volumétrica de carbonetos na microestrutura dos aços possui impacto exponencial nos parâmetros de desgaste WRM e WAA. Os ensaios de vida das ferramentas mostraram que a região de transição de aplicação das ferramentas de metal-duro é dependente tanto da dureza como da microestrutura dos materiais usinados. Para o aço AISI 4340, o limite de aplicação das ferramentas de metal-duro é de 55 HRC; para aço AISI 52100, de 50 HRC; e para o aço AISI D2 este limite é de 45 HRC. Adicionalmente, verifica-se que para o limite de aplicação nos aços AISI 4340 e 52100, a vida das ferramentas depende do momento do desplacamento do revestimento da ferramenta. Com base na análise dos resultados, verificou-se que os parâmetros tridimensionais de desgaste se mostram adequados até mesmo para a detecção de mínimos defeitos no desgaste das ferramentas, como o momento do desplacamento do revestimento. Evidencia-se, através do trabalho, que a metodologia desenvolvida e aplicada no mesmo abre novas possibilidade de compreensão dos complexos e específicos fenômenos ocorridos em processos de usinagem, particularmente na usinagem de aços endurecidos.
Abstract : The turning of hardened steels is typically accomplished using PCBN and ceramics tools, which have suitable properties to withstand the tribological process conditions imposed by machined material i.e., hardness and mechanical strength and microstructural components (such as carbides). In this segment, the development of new cemented carbide grades, especially the grain refining, coupled with new coating technologies, give the cemented carbides application compatible properties. In this context, this research aims to determine the boundary of application of cemented coated carbide (PVD TiAlN and MTCVD TiCN/Al2O3/TiN) and PCBN tools, through the study of tool wear in three-dimensional parameters over the adequacy period of the tool-workpiece tribological system. Turning tests were conducted on AISI 4340, AISI 52100 and AISI D2 steels, in six hardness levels, ranging from 35-60 HRC and divided into two phases: tribological adequacy and tool life. In the first one, machining force components, tool wear (by optical and scanning electron microscopy), machined surface integrity (roughness surface and microstructural alterations) and chip morphology were evaluated. In the second phase, tool wear evolution and machined surface roughness were considered. The machining force components present a gradual increase with the increase of the hardness material, with the passive force (Fp) being the dominant component. In addition, the increase in hardness of the steels tends to reduce the machined roughness surface, reaching the N4 grade (up to 0.4 µm in the Ra parameter). Considering the wear parameters that represent the amount of material removed from the tool (WRM) and affected area (WAA), both cemented carbide and PCBN, were found to have a trend of decreasing tool wear with increasing the hardness in the range of 35-50 HRC. After a hardness level of 50 HRC, however, wear shows increasing trend with increasing hardness. This region represents the transition from continuous chips to saw tooth chips morphology, as well as the wear mechanism acting intensity ? especially abrasion, adhesion and diffusion. It was also found that increasing the hardness of the steel tends to reduce the adhesion wear mechanism, identified by wear parameters WAM (adhered material volume on the tool). Moreover, the volume fraction of the carbides in the steel?s microstructure has an exponential effect on WRM and WAA wear parameters. Tool life tests showed that the cemented carbide and PCBN tools boundary of application is a function of hardness and microstructure of the machined material. The cemented carbide limit of application of AISI 4340 steel is 55 HRC; AISI 52100 steel is 50 HRC; and AISI D2 steel is 45 HRC. Additionally, the cemented carbide tool life in the limits of application in AISI 4340 and 52100 steels depends on the time it takes the coating to deteriorate. Based on the result analysis, it was found that the three-dimensional parameters of wear are suitable even for detecting minuscule tool defects by identifying the time of coating deterioration. It is evidenced by this research, that the methodology developed and applied open new possibilities to understanding complex and specific phenomena occurring in machining processes, particularly in the machining of hardened steels.
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Ridges, Christopher Shane. "Tool Life of Various Tool Materials When Friction Spot Welding DP980 Steel." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2502.
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In this study, friction spot welding was used to join DP980 steel sheet. Four different ultra-hard tool materials were used with the objective of determining which tool material produced the highest number of acceptable-strength welds. Three of the tools were composed of various mixtures of polycrystalline cubic Boron Nitride (PCBN), Tungsten, and Rhenium. These materials are referred to herein as Q60, Q70, and Q80, the "Qxx" designation denoting the percentage of the volume of the tool material composed of PCBN. The fourth tool tested was composed entirely of PCBN. The Q70 tool produced approximately 1100 welds of acceptable strength before average weld strength decreased below the acceptable value, and the Q60 tool produced approximately 600 welds of acceptable strength. The Q80 material did not produce any welds with strengths above the acceptable value. However, Q80 produced the greatest number of welds of consistent strength. The PCBN tool, being the hardest, also did not produce any welds of acceptable strength, and failed at 257 welds. This failure is presumed to be a result of a tool/parameter mismatch which caused excessive loads on the tool. This research revealed that the weld parameters and tool materials used in this study will not generally provide for feasibility of implementation in industry. Further advances in weld parameter selection, tool geometry, and tool materials will be necessary in order to make friction spot joining of high strength steels an economically viable option.
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Stratton, Daryl A. "Characterizing the Frictional Interface in Friction Stir Welding." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1757.pdf.
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Kennard, Kirtis Frankland. "A Simple Method for Evaluating Wear in Different Grades of Tooling Applied to Friction Stir Spot Welding." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5529.
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In this study tools consisting of a 5mm cylindrical pin and a 12mm shoulder held by a simple tool holder were used to compare the wear of 11 tooling materials. The objective was to determine if using these tools in a spot welding configuration to simulate friction stir welding could differentiate the potential performance of tooling materials. All tools were made of varying percentages of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN), tungsten (W) and rhenium (Re). The materials are referred to herein as GV1, GV2, G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, G6, G7, G8 and G9.The tools were run to 205 welds if they did not fracture first. The grades averaged the following quantities of welds before fracture failure GV-1:0; GV-2:200; G1:82; G2:204; G3:205; G4:205; G5:96; G7:102.73; G8:21.2; G9:38.5. Of the tools that ran the full 205 welds without chipping, the average calculated volume loss, which was the best indication of wear, was as follows G2:1.83%; G3:2.53%; G4:2.41%; G5:1.93%; and G7:2.30%.The study showed that G2 had the least wear and G6 had the most wear, of those tools that completed all 205 spot welds. Fracture was the failure mode of all grades with over 70% CBN content. It was found that small CBN grain size was not correlated to better wear performance, as has been seen in a prior study.
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Saunders, Nathan David. "High Speed Friction Stir Spot Welding on DP 980 Steel:Joint Properties and Tool Wear." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3003.
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With the desire to improve passenger safety and fuel efficiency, Ultra High Strength Steels (UHSS) have been developed for use in the automotive industry. UHSS are high strength steels with high ductility and strength. DP 980 is one of these UHSS being applied in automobile manufacturing. DP 980 is difficult to join with Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) because of the high carbon content and alloying in this material. The weld becomes brittle when it solidifies during the welding process. With the desire and motivation of widely using UHSS, new welding processes are needed to be developed in order to effectively join DP 980. Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) is a developing welding process aimed to replace RSW in the automotive industry because of its ability to join materials at a lower temperature. Currently the welding loads of the tools are higher than 2000 pounds, ranging from 3,000 to 5,000 pounds, which exceeds the limit of the welding robots in the automotive factories. It is proposed that the welding loads can be reduced by increasing the spindle speed of the FSSW tool. Other focuses in the research include increasing the life of the tool and developing acceptable welding parameters for High Speed FSSW. The experimental work done for this thesis provided support that weld strength can be obtained at levels above the acceptable standard for DP 980 material (greater than 2400 pound lap shear fracture load for 1.2 mm material) while keeping the vertical load on the welding machine spindle below 2000 lbs.
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Hartman, Trent J. "Friction Stir Spot Welding of Ultra-High Strength Steel." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3302.
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Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is quickly becoming a method of interest for welding of high strength steel (HSS) and ultra high strength steel (UHSS). FSSW has been shown to produce high quality welds in these materials, without the drawbacks associated with fusion welding. Tool grade for polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools has a significant impact on wear resistance, weld quality, and tool failure in FSSW of DP 980 steel sheet. More specifically, for a nominal composition of 90% CBN, the grain size has a significant impact on the wear resistance of the tool. A-type tools performed the best, of the three grades that were tested in this work, because the grain size of this grade was the finest, measuring from 3-6 microns. The effect of fine grain size was less adhesion of DP 980 on the tool surface over time, less abrasive wear, and better lap shear fracture loads of the welds that were produced, compared to the other grades. This is explained by less exposure of the binder phase to wear by both adhesion and abrasion during welding of DP 980. A-type tools were the most consistent in both the number of welds per tool, and the number of welds that reached acceptable lap shear fracture loads. B-type tools, with a bimodal grain size distribution (grain size of 4 – 40 microns) did a little bit better than C-type tools (grain size of 12-15 microns) in terms of wear, but neither of them were able to achieve consistent acceptable lap shear fracture load values after the first 200 welds. In fact only one out of five C-type tools was able to produce acceptable lap shear fracture loads after the first 100 welds.
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Salomon, Beltran Marisa Genevive. "Novel tools for targeting PCBs and PCB metabolites using ssDNA aptamers." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2269.
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental chemicals. Mono-hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) are PCB metabolites found commonly in human blood, environmental water and sediment samples. Detection of small amounts of PCBs and their OH-PCB metabolites in biological matrices from epidemiological and laboratory studies remains a challenge.
The application of aptamers is studied as a means to identify and quantify PCBs and OH-PCBs. Aptamers are single stranded short oligonucleotides that arrange into unique shape of three-dimensional structures when binding to their target. Like antibodies they have high affinity and specificity for their specific target. The hypothesis is that aptamers can identify PCBs and PCB metabolites in environmental and biological samples. To test this hypothesis, three different OH-PCBs, 4’-OH-PCB3, 4-OH-PCB72 and 2-OH-PCB106 along with 4-OH-biphenyl as a control, were covalently attached to beads with carboxylic acid groups on their surface. Several methods were explored to characterize covalent binding of OH-PCBs to the beads: FTIR-spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Zeta-Potential (ZP) measurements. The beads were then used in in vitro assays to test binding of two different aptamers specific to OH-PCBs. In this study, these aptamers were tested for the ability to distinguish structurally different OH-PCB congeners and other environmental pollutants.
In future studies, aptamers can be selected for a PCB metabolite of interest, 4’-OH-PCB3, via a modified form of Systemic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX). Single stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamers generated will be applied as a biosensor for the detection and quantification of traces of 4’-OH-PCB3.
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Afsarmanesh, Tehrani Rouzbeh. "AEROBIC BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF HYDROXYLATED PCBs: POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR NATURAL ATTENUATION OF PCBs." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/216532.
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Civil EngineeringPh.D.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic and persistent chemicals that have been largely dispersed into the environment. The biological and abiotic transformations of PCBs often generate hydroxylated derivatives, which have been detected in a variety of environmental samples, including animal tissues and feces, water, and sediments. Because of their toxicity and widespread dispersion in the environment, hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) are today increasingly considered as a new class of environmental contaminants. Although PCBs are known to be susceptible to microbial degradation under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, bacterial degradation of OH-PCBs has received little attention. The overall objective of this study is therefore to evaluate the transformation of mono-hydroxylated PCBs by the well characterized aerobic PCB-degrading bacterium, Burkholderia xenovorans LB400. In order to achieve our overall objective, a series of model mono-hydroxylated PCBs have been selected and they are used to determine the toxicity of hydroxylated congeners toward the bacterium B. xenovorans LB400. The biodegradation kinetics and metabolic pathways of the selected OH-PCBs by B. xenovorans LB400 are then characterized using GC/MS. To understand further the molecular basis of the metabolism of OH-PCBs by B. xenovorans LB400, gene expression analyses are conducted using reverse-transcription real-time (quantitative) polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and microarray technology. More formally, the specific aims of the proposed research are stated as follows: (1) To evaluate the toxicity of selected mono-hydroxylated derivatives of lesser-chlorinated PCBs toward the bacterium B. xenovorans LB400. (2) To assess the degradation of the selected OH-PCBs by B. xenovorans LB400. (3) To gain further understanding of the molecular bases of the metabolism of the selected OH-PCBs by B. xenovorans LB400. Three hydroxylated derivatives of 4-chlorobiphenyl and 2,5-dichlorobiphenyl, including 2'-hydroxy-, 3'-hydroxy-, and 4'-hydroxy- congeners, were significantly transformed by Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 when the bacterium was growing on biphenyl (biphenyl pathway-inducing conditions). On the contrary, only 2'-OH-4-chlorobiphenyl and 2'-OH-2,5-dichlorobiphenyl were transformed by the bacterium growing on succinate (conditions non-inductive of the biphenyl pathway). Gene expression analyses showed that only exposure to 2'-OH-4-chlorobiphenyl and 2'-OH-2,5-dichlorobiphneyl resulted in induction of key genes of the biphenyl pathway, when cells grown on succinate. These observations suggest that 2'OH-PCBs were capable of inducing the genes of biphenyl pathway. These results provide the first evidence that bacteria are able to cometabolize PCB derivatives hydroxylated on the non-chlorinated ring. Genome-wide transcriptional analyses using microarrays showed that 134 genes were differentially expressed in cells exposed to biphenyl, 2,5-dichlorobiphenyl, and 2'-OH-2,5-dichlorobiphneyl as compared to non-exposed cells. A significant proportion of differentially expressed genes were simultaneously expressed or down regulated by exposure to the three target compounds i.e., biphenyl, 2,5-DCB, and 2'-OH-2,5-DCB, which suggests that these structurally similar compounds induce similar transcriptional response of B.xenovorans LB400. Results of this study may have important implications for the natural attenuation of PCBs and fate of OH-PCBs in the environment. The recalcitrance to biodegradation and the high toxicity of some OH-PCBs may provide a partial explanation for the persistence of PCBs in the environment.
Temple University--Theses
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Sederstrom, Jack H. "Spot Friction Welding of Ultra High-Strength Automotive Sheet Steel." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2007. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/842.
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Spot friction welding (SFW) was performed on ultra high strength steel (UHSS) steel sheet commonly used in automobile manufacturing. Alloys studied included DP780, DP780EG, DP980, and DF140T sheet steel of varying thickness from 1.2 mm to 1.4 mm. Welding was accomplished using a PCBN standard tool. Weld strengths were then compared to a proposed AWS standard. Initial hardness readings were taken in cross sectioned samples. Grain structure in a SFW is presented. Resistance spot welds were created in three steels. This study focuses on the strength of SFW joints as compared to traditional resistance spot welding (RSW) in welding like materials to one another. Cycle times of SFW were also evaluated and compared to production rate cycle times of RSW.
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Ampleman, Matthew D. "Inhalation and dietary exposure to PCBS in urban and rural cohorts via congener-specific airborne PCB measurements." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1532.
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of 209 persistent organic pollutants, whose documented carcinogenic, neurological and respiratory toxicities are expansive and growing. Existing inhalation estimates demonstrate ubiquitous exposure to World Health Organization (WHO) indicator PCBs and limited other PCB congeners in North America and Europe. However, inhalation exposure estimates of most lower-chlorinated congeners are lacking, and continuing release of PCBs from urban areas demands location-specific assessments of PCB exposure in ambient air and contaminated environments. Using paired indoor and outdoor airborne PCB measurements and activity questionnaires from the AESOP Study, we assess congener-specific exposure rates for adolescent children and their mothers in East Chicago, Indiana and Columbus Junction, Iowa. Our cohorts of 129 (EC) and 135 (CJ) and our detection of 202 individual congeners and coelutions allows unprecedented quantification of congener-specific inhalation exposure, which we compare to dietary exposure using Total Diet Survey PCB concentrations. ∑PCB inhalation is greater for children than for their mothers in both locations, and is greater for East Chicago mothers and children than for Columbus Junction mothers and children, respectively. Schools attended by AESOP Study children have higher indoor PCB concentrations than do homes, and contribute to more than half of children's inhalation PCB exposure. Inhalation of the potentially neurotoxic congeners PCB 11, 40/41/71, and 51 was apparent among individuals at each location. Additional, congener-specific and biological inferences are possible via comparison with sera-based PCB concentrations for these cohorts.
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Dhakal, Kiran. "Sulfate conjugates are metabolite markers of inhalation exposure to 4-chlorobiphenyl (PCB3)." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1584.
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Semi-volatile lower chlorinated PCBs (LC-PCBs), comprised of mostly tetra or lower chlorinated congeners, are detected in old buildings and outdoors in high concentrations. PCBs cause endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity and many other adverse effects, and are human carcinogens. Epidemiological studies so far have relied upon serum concentrations of PCBs or OH-PCBs as markers of exposure. Despite the detection of LC-PCBs in high levels in buildings and other environments, only a few studies have reported LC-PCBs in human serum. One of the reasons for low serum detection of LC-PCBs could be the further biotransformation and excretion of OH-PCBs from the body. Therefore, the objective of this dissertation research was to study the metabolism of one of the LC-PCBs in rats and to identify a suitable metabolite marker of inhalation exposure for a future epidemiological study in humans. We chose PCB3 (4-chlorobiphenyl), a mono chlorinated PCB found in high concentrations in many buildings, as a model to study the metabolism.
The first aim was to identify final metabolites of PCB3 in vivo. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were held in metabolism cages following exposure to PCB3 via i.p. injection. Blood, urine and feces were collected, and an analytical method for extraction of PCB3 metabolites was developed. By identifying the metabolites by LC/MS, a complete biotransformation pathway for PCB3 was elucidated. Major urinary metabolites of PCB3 were sulfates and mercapturates, while glucuronides and free phenolic forms were minor.
The second aim was to study the disposition and toxicity of phenolic and sulfate metabolites after inhalation exposure to PCB3 in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Airborne PCB3 vapor was generated in a flask and passed through an inhalation exposure system, where rats were exposed via nose-only inhalation. Both hydroxylated and sulfated metabolites were detected in serum, liver, lungs, and brain. The serum clearance half-lives of these metabolites were less than two hours. Serum chemistry parameters were similar in PCB3 exposed and control rats. As a marker of bioactivation of PCB3 to electrophilic species, 8-oxo-dG was quantified in urine, but the difference was not statistically significant between control and exposed rats.
The third aim was to study the routes of excretion of metabolites after inhalation to airborne PCB3. Bile cannulated and intact rats were exposed to PCB3 via nose only inhalation. Metabolites detected in bile were mostly sulfates and some glucuronide. Fecal metabolites were exclusively phenols despite very low concentration of free phenolic forms in bile. Peak excretion of metabolites in feces and urine occurred within 24 h, and over sixty percent of the dose was recovered within 24 h. The major route of excretion of PCB3 was urine in the form of sulfated metabolites. Sulfated metabolites were stable in urine for a month without aid of any preservatives.
This dissertation shows that PCB3 is rapidly metabolized to phenols and conjugated mostly to sulfates. Conjugated metabolites, elaborated into bile, are either reabsorbed or hydrolyzed in the gut and excreted in feces as phenolic forms. Serum concentrations of sulfates are higher than free phenolic forms at any time after exposure, and are also detected in lungs and brain. PCB3 sulfates are stable metabolites and can serve as a metabolite marker of inhalation exposure to PCB3.
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Awad, Andrew Magdi. "Particulate and gas-phase PCBs and OH-PCBs in Chicago air." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2038.
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This study extends the work we have previously done by reporting on both gas-phase and particulate phase PCB concentrations in Chicago air as well as giving a first report on airborne OH-PCBs in Chicago. Gas phase PCB concentrations ranged from 43.1 pg/m³ to 2250 pg/m³, with an average concentration of 594 pg/m³ ± 445 pg/m³, and exhibited strong temporal trends. Particulate phase PCBs accounted on average for 4.3% of total PCBs in a sample. OH-PCBs were detected in both the gas and particulate phase and exhibit characteristics of either emission sources or atmospheric reactions depending on the congener.
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Lazartigues, Angélique. "Pesticides et polyculture d'étang : de l'épandage sur le bassin versant aux résidus dans la chair de poisson." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL073N/document.
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Le devenir des pesticides en polyculture d’étang est peu étudié, en particulier la contamination de la chair des poissons proposés aux consommateurs. Cinq sites, correspondant chacun à un étang et à son bassin versant, ont été caractérisés. Ils s’échelonnent sur un gradient d’intensification agricole allant de 0% à 85% de la surface mise en culture. La somme des concentrations de pesticides quantifiés dans l’eau s’échelonne de 0,17 à 8,81 µg/L. La réponse biologique des poissons, évaluée par la recherche de huit biomarqueurs (EROD, CYP 3A, GST, CAT, SOD, GSH, GPx et AChE), a permis d’établir des différences entre les espèces et les sites étudiés. Une recherche ciblée de pesticides épandus sur grandes cultures, a été effectuée par une méthode multi-résidus, dans l’eau, les sédiments et la chair de poisson. L’isoproturon (valeur maximale 2,69µg/L) et le métazachlore (valeur maximale 0,54 µg/L) présentent les concentrations les plus élevées dans l’eau; la trifluraline (0,5 à 13 µg/kg PS) et l’isoproturon (0,7 à 56,4 µg/kg PS) dans les sédiments. Les profils de résidus dans la chair de poisson sont variables et seuls la trifluraline, l’isoproturon, le métazachlore et le carbendazime (valeurs maximales de 21 ; 0,75 ; 0,13 et 0,2 µg/kg PF, respectivement) sont quantifiés. Les facteurs de bioamplification et les demi-vies dans le muscle ont été évalués (10-6 < BMF < 10-3, 1j Dam pond is connected to its watershed. Use of pesticides on watershed may lead to dissipation in the environment Transfer of registered pesticides remains poorly studied. Thus, the main objective of this work was to improve knowledge about the fate of pesticides in polyculture pond, especially contamination of fish flesh. Five sites, each site corresponding to a pond and its watershed, were characterized. They are placed on a gradient of crop proportion ranging from 0% to 85% of the watershed area. The sum of quantified molecules in water ranged from 0.17 to 8.81 µg / L. The biological response of fish, assessed by evaluation of eight biomarkers (EROD, CYP 3A, GST, CAT, SOD, GSH, GPx, and AChE), establish differences between species and sites studied. A study of 14 targeted pesticides was conducted by a multi-residues method in water, sediments and fish flesh. Isoproturon (maximum value 2.69 µg/L) and metazachlor (maximum value 0.54 µg/L) are the main contaminants in water; Trifluralin (0.5 to 13 µg/kg PS) and isoproturon (0.7 to 56.4 µg/kg PS) in sediments. Trifluralin, isoproturon, carbendazim and metazachlor (maximum values of 21, 0.75, 0.13 and 0.2 µg/kg PF, respectively) are quantified in muscle of fish. Low levels observed in fish can be explained by a low potential to bioaccumulate (measured ex-situ for some molecules, between 10-6 and 10-3). However, half-lives in the muscle may be several weeks depending, explaining the possibility to find molecules in fish flesh. Finally, many factors, particularly related to site characteristics (uncontrollable) and management practices (upgradable), influence profile of pesticides in muscle and biological responses of fish
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Kotze, WP. "Electronic in-circuit PCB testers & identifier PCB tester." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1166.
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Thesis (Masters Diploma(Electrical Engineering)) -- Cape Technikon, Cape Town,1989various types of electronic card test equipment are freely available today for different types of electronic printed circuit boards. A company certainly wants to pick the most suitable tester to suit their needs, and more importantly a tester that will fit into their bUdget. Today a company can easily import in-circuit testers that will cost well in the reglon of six figures. The cheaper the equipment go, the less features one can expect from the equipment. Like all other big decisions in life, this might also be a tough one for a company. Part one of this thesis will consider most of these questions, and will also give more insight on what type of specifications to look for. This section will also explain the different types of faults that occur, the repair costs involved, different types of card testers available and some of their features. Advanced in-circuit testing techniques will also be explained. Part two of this thesis describes the design and development of the Identif ier Card Tester. The" Program Control and Impulse Sender Card", (referred to as "Identifier Card") is one of the cards used in a system called "Electronic Identifier". The electronic identifier was developed to enable a subscriber directory number, a line or equipment numbers, or in general, the origin of information and classes-of-service to be determined by way of an existing connection within a telephone exchange. The system was designed for the purpose of incorporating it into the existing public exchanges where no identifier wires are available. It operates on the principle of a switching circuit (line) tester. The identification pulses are evaluated with the aid of 6 mm bistable magnetic ring cores according to the current steering principle. The program control and the output circuit uses a transistor, a magnetic core/transistor or a magnetic core/thyristor circuit. The electronic identifier is mostly used with "Routiners" in Electra-mechanical exchanges. The biggest percentage of failures on these systems are caused by the Identifier Card and hence the request for the development of a "Identifier Card Tester".
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Paulsrud, Lars Evensen. "PCB i betong." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for kjemi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13334.
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Et større riveprosjekt ble igangsatt ved St. Olavs hospital høsten 2010. Riveprosjektet ble også kalt for Norges største riveprosjekt, og tidlige estimater anslo at opp til 50 000 tonn betongbygg skulle rives. I forbindelse med dette ble det gjennomført en miljøkartlegging av NGU shortciteN{andersson2009} som konkluderte med at mange av byggene var lavkontaminert med PCB. Entrepenørfelleskapet DOKKEN AS og PeWe sto for rivingen av sykeshuset.Dokken AS hadde samlet inn data som antydet at PCB vil oppkonsentreres i en finfraksjon (mhp kornstørrelse) ved knusing og påfølgende sikting. Dette ble min oppgave å undersøke. Videre ble det også gjennomført undersøkelser mhp spredning fra anleggsområdet, samt enkelte metallanalyser. Hypotesen for undersøkelsen var: ''PCB konsentrasjonen i betongmasser som inneholder puss og maling vil oppkonsentreres i en finfraksjon (mhp kornstørrelse) ved en knuseprosessen beskrevet av Dokken AS''. Det ble funnet at PCB ble oppkonsentrert i en finfraksjon (0-10 mm) med en prosentfaktor på omlag 87 %. En massebalanse for PCB i et globalt og nordisk perspektiv har i tillegg blitt utarbeidet i forbindelse med skrivingen av masteroppgaven
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Kubik, Jan. "PCB fluxgate sensors." Aachen Shaker, 2006. http://d-nb.info/994628080/04.
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Vale, Luiz Américo da Silva do. "Hidrodescloração catalítica de bifenilas policloradas (PCBs)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46132/tde-26112008-121816/.
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Bifenilas policloradas (PCBs) foram produzidas comercialmente entre 1929 e meados da década de 1980 para propósitos industriais. As mesmas propriedades que despertaram o interesse industrial, tais como: inércia química, alta constante dielétrica, resistência à queima; foram responsáveis pelo espalhamento dos PCBs em todos os compartimentos ambientais, de tal forma que são encontrados em amostras de tecidos adiposos de animais e humanos, leite, sedimentos dentre outras matrizes. Enormes quantidades de PCBs continuam em uso ou estão estocadas a espera de uma destinação final. No presente estudo demonstramos o uso da reação de hidrodescloração catalítica como forma de destruição/destoxificação de bifenilas policloradas. Para tanto, a reação foi estudada em amostras reais de PCBs (óleo dielétrico - Ascarel®), amostras comerciais (Aroclor® 1242 e 1254) e amostra sintética (2,4-diclorobifenila). O estudo se baseia no uso de solventes orgânicos como meio reacional e paládio suportado em carvão ativado como catalisador, devido à sua seletividade para a reação desejada, bem como sua baixa capacidade de hidrogenar compostos aromáticos. xii A condição experimental ótima para a hidrodescloração foi determinada a partir da aplicação de planejamento experimental do tipo Doehlert. Esta condição ótima foi aplicada com sucesso a PCBs contidos em outras matrizes. A cinética da reação é apresentada para o 2,4-diclorobifenila como estudo de caso e uma proposta de mecanismo da reação de hidrodescloração de PCBs é apresentada baseada nos resultados experimentais.Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were produced between 1929 and the 1980s for industrial applications. The same properties that make it a chemical of interest for industrial applications, such as: chemical inertness, high dielectric constant, fire resistance; were responsible for the widespreading of PCBs over all enviornmental compartments. They can be found in samples of fat tissues of humans and animals, milk, sediments, among other matrices. Enormous quantities of PCBs are still in use or stocked waiting for a final destination. In the present study, we have shown the use of catalytic hydrodechlorination as an alternative for the destruction/detoxification of polychlorinated biphenyls. For this, the reaction was studied in real samples of PCBs (dielectric oil - Ascarel®), commercial samples (Aroclor® 1242 e 1254) and pure chlorinated biphenyls (2,4-dichlorobiphenyl). The study is based in the use of organic solvents as reactional media and palladium supported in activated carbon as catalyst, due to its selectivity for the desired reaction and to its low capacity to hydrogenate aromatic compounds. xiv The optimal hydrodechlorination condition was determined through the application of a Doehlert experimental planning. This optimal condition was applied with success to PCBs contained in other matrices. The reaction kinetics for 2,4-dichlorobiphenyl was presented as a case study and a mechanistic proposal was presented for the hydrodechlorination of PCBs based on these experimental conditions.
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Xu, Weiguang. "Risk assessment of dietary exposure to PCDD/PCDFs, DL-PCBs and NDL-PCBs of Hong Kong residents." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1407.
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Cook, Grant O. III. "Joining Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride and Tungsten Carbide by Partial Transient Liquid Phase Bonding." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2366.
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Friction stir welding (FSW) of steel is often performed with an insert made of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN). Specifically, MS80 is a grade of PCBN made by Smith MegaDiamond that has been optimized for the FSW process. The PCBN insert is attached to a tungsten carbide (WC) shank by a compression fitting. However, FSW tools manufactured by this method inevitably fail by fracture in the PCBN. Permanently bonding PCBN to WC would likely solve the fracturing problem and increase the life of PCBN FSW tools to be economically viable. Partial transient liquid phase (PTLP) bonding, a process used to join ceramics with thin metallic interlayers, was proposed as a method to permanently bond PCBN to WC. PTLP bonding is often performed using three layers of pure elements. On heating, the two thin outer interlayers melt and bond to the ceramics. Concurrently, these liquid layers diffuse into the thicker refractory core until solidification has occurred isothermally. A procedure was developed to reduce the number of possible three-layer PTLP bonding setups to a small set of ideal setups using logical filters. Steps in this filtering method include a database of all existing binary systems, sessile drop testing of 20 elements, and a routine that calculates maximum interlayer thicknesses. Results of sessile drop testing showed that the PCBN grade required for this research could only be bonded with an alloy of Ti, Cu, Mg, and Sb. Two PTLP bond setups were tested using this special coating on the PCBN, but a successful bond could not be achieved. However, a PTLP bond of WC to WC was successful and proved the usefulness of the filtering procedure for determining PTLP bond setups. This filtering procedure is then set forth in generalized terms that can be used to PTLP bond any material. Also, recommendations for future research to bond this grade of PCBN, or some other grade, to WC are presented.
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Ebhogiaye, Ijeoma N. "An economics advisor on test strategy planning for complex electronic boards." Thesis, Brunel University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310056.
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Chewe, Derrick. "Analytical methods for the congener specific determination of polychlorinated biphenols in environmental and food samples." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363328.
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Mills, Andrew G. "An investigation into the extraction and analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls from various foodstuffs." Thesis, University of Bath, 1994. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261036.
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Vondráčková, Ilona. "Zhodnocení obsahu PCB a PBDE v rostlinných bioindikátorech." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216534.
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In the assessment of the environment pollution level, bio indicators of vegetable or animal origin are often used. Bio indicators include also needles and moss. The samples of moss and needles taken in different locations in the Czech Republic were examined to find out the presence of xenobiotics of polychlorine biphenyls and polybromide diphenylethers types. Selected analytes have been extracted from the matrix by hexan. Extracts have been refined using column chromatography on mixed florisil/silicagel sorbent. To analysis of selected compounds, GC/ECD method has been chosen. Based on our results a comparison of the contamination level in individual locations was enabled.
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QI, SHUANG. "PCB VOLATILIZATION FROM SEDIMENTS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1046964839.
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Aytekin, Banu. "Vibration Analysis Of Pcbs And Electronic Components." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609444/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, vibration analyses of electronic assemblies that consist of an electronic box, printed circuit board and electronic components are presented. A detailed vibration analysis of a real electronic assembly is performed by finite element methods and vibration tests. Effects of component addition and component modeling are investigated by finite element analysis in detail. Results are compared in order to identify the most efficient, reliable and suitable method depending on the type of problem. Experimental results for the vibration of an electronic box, PCB and components are presented and discussed. Furthermore, an analytical model that represents a printed circuit board and electronic component is suggested for fixed and simply supported boundary conditions of the PCB. Different types of electronic
components are modeled analytically to observe different dynamic characteristics. The validity of the analytical model is computationally checked by comparing results with those of finite element solution.
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Stemm, Divinia Nolasco. "INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SELENIUM AND POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs)." UKnowledge, 2005. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/472.
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This study investigated the interaction between polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and selenium to explain the mechanism involved that could affect selenium metabolism and its anti-cancer property. PCBs congeners and mixtures were previously found to reduce hepatic Se and Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity. I hypothesized that certain PCB congeners affect selenium metabolism in the rat liver resulting in diminished antioxidant capacity of selenoproteins, which could alter the ability of Se to protect against PCBs induced tumor promotion. In the first study, the influence of 3,3,4,4-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77) on hepatic Se and glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) activity as well as cytochrome P450 1A1 induction was examined by employing a time-course study, which showed that PCB 77 significantly reduced the hepatic selenium level and GPx1 activity and that this effect was influenced by gender. The next study explored how PCB 77 could deplete hepatic selenium by determining selenium concentrations in different tissues, feces and urine. This study demonstrated that PCB-77 decreased hepatic Se by increased excretion of Se in urine but not in feces. Unlike glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase activity was not affected by PCB 77. The third study investigated the effect of selenium supplementation on the tumor promoting activity of PCB 77 and 2,2,4,4,5,5-hexaclorobiphenyl (PCB 153) using a 2-stage carcinogenesis model. Se supplementation did not diminish the induction of altered hepatic foci by coplanar PCB 77 or ortho-substituted PCB 153. Instead of protection, the number of foci per cubic centimeter and per liver among the PCB-77 treated rats was increased as the selenium dietary level increased. PCB 153 did not show the same selenium dose-response effect; nevertheless, selenium supplementation did not confer protection against foci development. On the other hand, supranutritional selenium reduced the mean focal volume. Supranutritional selenium or PCBs did not affect cell proliferation or thioredoxin reductase activity. Lastly, the use of the Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) method and closed microwave digestion technique for selenium determination of biological samples was compared with the neutron activation analysis and fluorometry methods. I found that GFAAS was not as reliable as the other methods.
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Manson, Leslie, Tawnya Meadows, Jodi Polaha, Sarah Trane, Robert M. Tolliver, Allison Dixson, Julie M. Austen, Hayley Quinn, and Sonny Pickowitz. "Toolkit for PCBH in Pediatric Primary Care." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6660.
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Wilhelmsson, Diana. "Thermal analysis of PCBs for airborne applications." Thesis, KTH, Mekanik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-213129.
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Saab develops and manufactures Printed Circuit Board (PCB) for airborne applications. Since the cooling supply often is limited and power dissipation is high the thermal performance of the PCBs is an important parameter to evaluate. This thesis is a step in a larger evaluation of the Finite Element Methods (FEM) used for thermal analysis of the cards. The evaluation aims to create greater understanding of the uncertainties in current models and to provide new proposals on how the models can be improved.SAAB tar fram och tillverkar kretskort för flygande ändamål. Då kylförsörjningen inte sällan är begränsad och effektförlusten hög är kretskortens termiska prestanda en viktig parameter att utvärdera. Detta examensarbete är ett steg i en större utvärdering av de Finita Element Modellerna (FEM) som används vid termisk analys av korten. Utvärderingen syftar till att skapa större förståelse för osäkerheter i nuvarande modeller samt att ge nya förslag på hur modellerna kan förbättras.
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Persson, N. Johan. "Models of the Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Marine Environment." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Univ, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-11.
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Weidemann, Eva. "Waste incineration residues : Persistent organic pollutants in flue gas and fly ash from waste incineration." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-92765.
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Modern societies produce large quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW), which is commonly disposed of by incineration. This has several advantages: it reduces the waste’s volume and sterilizes it while also enabling energy recovery. However, MSW incineration has some notable disadvantages, the most widely debated of which is probably the production and release of persistent organic pollutants (POP) such as polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), biphenyls (PCB) and naphthalenes (PCN). Of the 210 PCDF and PCDD congeners, 17 are toxic, with hormone-disrupting and carcinogenic properties. Twelve of the 209 PCB congeners and at least 2 of the 75 PCN also exhibit such properties. These POP form in the post-combustion zones of MSW incineration plants and are removed from the flue gas using filtering devices that trap them in the fly ash This thesis concerns the formation and degradation of POP in processes related to MSW incineration. The first paper describes a case study in which PCDD were forming in filters designed to remove them from flue gases, causing emission-related issues in a full-scale MSW incineration plant. It was shown that the PCDD formation was probably due to chlorophenol condensation on the filters’ surfaces. The second paper describes the validation of a cooling probe designed to prevent POP formation during high temperature (>450 °C) flue gas sampling. The results obtained also confirmed that PCDF and PCDD formation takes place at temperatures below 600 °C. In the third paper, three different fly ashes were subjected to thermal treatment under an inert atmosphere in a rotary kiln and in sealed ampoules at 400 °C. The concentrations, degrees of chlorination and congener profiles of the POP in the treated ashes and emitted gases were compared to those for the untreated ashes. The trends observed for PCDF mirrored those for PCN, while the trends for PCDD closely resembled those for PCB. The PCDF congener profiles of the kiln ash were similar regardless of the initial ash composition, suggesting that the mechanisms of PCDF formation were similar in all cases. The fourth paper describes the surface characterization of the three fly ashes studied in paper three by SEM, EDX, XPS and XRD. In addition, the thermal desorption and subsequent degradation of POP from the ashes was studied at temperatures of 300-900 °C. The composition of the gases released as the temperature increased differed between the ashes and depended on their composition. Doping experiments using isotopically labelled PCDF and PCDD suggests that PCDD desorbed at lower temperatures than PCDF. This thesis examines several problems relating to POP formation during MSW incineration, from sampling to the ultimate fate of incineration residues. The results obtained illustrate the wide range of processes that contribute to thermal POP formation and degradation during and after MSW incineration.Förbränning av hushållssopor är en vanlig metod för att hantera ett växande avfallsproblem. Metoden har flera fördelar, såsom minskning av volym och vikt, sterilisering och energiåtervinning. Sopförbränning har dock vissa nackdelar och det mest debatterade är sannolikt utsläpp av persistenta organiska föroreningar (POPs) som polyklorerad dibensofuran (PCDF), dibenso-p-dioxin (PCDD), bifenyl (PCB) och naftalen (PCN). Det finns totalt 210 PCDF- och PCDD- kongener, med mellan ett till åtta klor på kolskelettet, varav 17 är giftiga med hormonstörande och cancerframkallande egenskaper. Även tolv av totalt 209 PCB-kongener samt minst två av totalt 75 PCN-kongener uppvisar liknande egenskaper. Dessa klorerade organiska föroreningar bildas då rökgaserna kyls ner i sopförbränningsanläggningarna och avlägsnas från rökgaserna med hjälp av filter och hamnar i flygaskan. Denna avhandling handlar om bildning och nedbrytning av POPs i sopförbränningsrelaterade processer. Den första artikeln är en fallstudie där PCDD bildas i filtren i en fullskalig sopförbränningsanläggning. Bildningen ledde till förhöjda halter organiska föroreningar i rökgaserna, vilket ledde till ökade utsläpp. Den funna bildningsvägen för PCDD i filtren befanns sannolikt bero på kondensation av klorfenoler på filterytorna. Den andra artikeln är en valideringsstudie av en kylprob avsedd att användas vid rökgasprovtagning vid hög temperatur (> 450 °C) för att undvika bildning av POPs under provtagningen. Studien bekräftade att majoriteten av PCDF- och PCDD- bildning i rökgaser från sopförbränning sker vid temperaturer under 600 °C. I den tredje artikeln berättas om behandling av tre olika flygaskor från olika sopförbränningsanläggningar. Askorna behandlades vid 400 °C i inert atmosfär i både en roterugn och i förseglade ampuller. De resulterande koncentrationerna, kloreringsgraderna och kongenprofilerna av de organiska föroreningarna jämfördes. Likheter hittades mellan PCDF och PCN, medan PCDD och PCB betedde sig på ett annat sätt. Studien fann också att PCDF kongenprofiler i aska som behandlats i roterugnen liknade varandra, oberoende av askornas sammansättning, vilket tyder på en liknande bildningsväg. För den fjärde artikeln, genomfördes ytkarakterisering (SEM, EDX, XPS och XRD) på de tre flygaskorna från artikel tre som sedan hettades upp från 30 °C till 900 °C i vacuum. Det som frigjordes på grund av uppvärmningen samt nedbrytningsprodukter från askorna studerades med hjälp av masspektrometri och infraröd spektroskopi. Studien fann att de gaser som frigjordes när temperaturen ökade skilde mellan askorna, beroende på deras sammansättning. Studien fann också att när aska dopad med isotopmärkt PCDF och PCDD utsattes för samma behandling, frigjordes PCDD vid lägre temperatur än PCDF. Denna avhandling berör flera aspekter av problematiken kring klorerade organiska föroreningar som bildas vid sopförbränning, från provtagning till hur man ska hantera flygaskan. Avhandlingen belyser även olika typer av bildning och nedbrytning av POPs i varma processer kopplade till sopförbränning.
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Penteado, José Carlos Pires. "Metodologia analítica para análise de PCBs em fígado de peixe do Rio Paraíba do Sul." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46133/tde-25062008-092101/.
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Os bifenilos policlorados (PCBs) são compostos organoclorados que apresentam 209 congêneres sendo que alguns deles são muito tóxicos. Foram produzidos por mais de 30 anos sendo utilizados principalmente no setor eletroeletrônico. Devido à legislação brasileira não prever substituição de equipamentos, ainda em funcionamento, que contenham PCBs estes podem tomar-se fontes potenciais de contaminação no ambiente. Neste aspecto a região do Vale do Paraiba, por ter um parque industrial diversificado (químico, eletrônico e mecânico) iniciado na década de 50, pode apresentar essas fontes. O rio Paraíba do Sul é o principal recurso hídrico sendo utilizado para captação de água para abastecimento e também como receptor de efluentes industriais e esgotos domésticos. Nele também é praticada a pesca de subsistência pela população ribeirinha. Devido às características de bioconcentração no fígado de peixe por organoclorados, decidiu-se utilizá-lo como bioindicador. Assim pode ser verificada a presença de PCBs na região avaliando-se os níveis de contaminação que podem colocar em risco as populações ribeirinhas. Na metodologia analítica proposta, foram encontrados de 48 a 159 ng/g de PCBs totais para a traíra e 12 a 34 ng/g de PCBs totais para o mandi. A recuperação alcançada foi na faixa de 50 a 100%. Os valores do limite de detecção para os 13 congêneres estudados se encontraram na faixa de 1 a 3 ng/g. Os congêneres mais genotóxicos (PCB 77 e 126) foram encontrados principalmente na traira com 20 ± 9 ng/g (PCB 77) e 21 ± 3 ng/g (PCB126), enquanto que o mandi apresentou principalmente o PCB 77 com 8 ± 2 ng/g. Estas avaliações são preliminares e necessitam de maiores estudos para se determinar a extensão do grau de contaminação e as possíveis fontes de contaminação por estes compostos.The chlorinated biphenyls are organochlorinated compound with around 209 congeners some them are very toxic. They were produced during 30 years and used mainly in the eletronic equipment (transformers and capacitors). Brazilian legislation don\'t obligate the substitution of equipaments containing PCBs that are still being used. So this could be a signifincat source of environrnent contamination. The industries have settled the Paraíba Valley since 50\'s that can represent the major source of PCBs. The South Paraíba river main hidric source that has been used caption for water suplly and subsistent fishing. It receives also industrial efluents and domestic sewer. In spite of bioconcentration characteristics of organochIorinated in fishes\'liver, this organ was decided to be used as bioindicator. PCB\' s level can be avaliated indiretly, analysing the exposure of some species of fishes, and arevall contamination around the fish population. From this proposed analytical method total PCBs from traira here found nearly 32 to 143 ng/g in liver and 8 to 26 ng/g in mandi\'s liver. The aproached recuperation were about 50 to 100%, the limit detection for these 13 congeners were around 1 to 3ng/g. The most genotoxic congeners were found in traira (PCB 77 20 ± 9ng/g and PCB 12621 ± 3ng/g) and other hand, it was only in mandi PCB 77 8 ± 2ng/g. These evalutions are preliminar and necessites further studies to determine the extension of contarnination and the possibly source these compound\' s contamination.
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Walters, Mary Jane. "Bioavailability of chlorinated biphenyls and their selected metabolites in soils." Thesis, University of Kent, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242926.
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