Journal articles: 'PCD'

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Al-Sehemi, Abdullah G., Tarek M. El-Gogary, Karl Peter Wolschann, and Gottfried Koehler. "Structure and Stability of Chemically Modified DNA Bases: Quantum Chemical Calculations on 16 Isomers of Diphosphocytosine." ISRN Physical Chemistry 2013 (February 25, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/146401.

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We studied for the first time 16 tautomers/rotamers of diphosphocytosine by four computational methods. Some of these tautomers/rotamers are isoenergetic although they have different structures. High-level electron correlation MP2 and MP4(SDQ) ab initio methods and density functional methods employing a B3LYP and the new M06-2X functional were used to study the structure and relative stability of 16 tautomers/rotamers of diphosphocytosine. The dienol tautomers of diphosphocytosine are shown to be much more stable than the keto-enol and diketo forms. The tautomers/rotamers stability could be ranked as PC3 = PC12 < PC2 = PC11 < PC1 < PC10 < PC8 < PC9 < PC15 < PC16 < PC6 ~ PC7 < PC13 < PC4 ~ PC14 < PC5. This stability order was discussed in the light of stereo and electronic factors. Solvation effect has been modeled in a high dielectric solvent, water using the polarized continuum model (PCM). Consideration of the solvent causes some reordering of the relative stability of diphosphocytosine tautomers: PC3 ~ PC12 ~ PC2 ~ PC11 < PC1 < PC10 < PC8 < PC9 < PC15 ~ PC16 < PC13 < PC6 ~ PC7 ~ PC14 < PC4 ~ PC5.

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Gibson, Sigrid, and Margaret Ashwell. "Dietary patterns among British adults: compatibility with dietary guidelines for salt/sodium, fat, saturated fat and sugars." Public Health Nutrition 14, no. 8 (May 6, 2011): 1323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011000875.

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AbstractObjectiveTo examine dietary patterns among British adults, associations with Na and macronutrient intakes, and implications for dietary advice.DesignPrincipal component analysis of 7 d weighed dietary records.SubjectsAdults aged 19–64 years (n 1724).SettingNational Diet and Nutrition Survey (2000/2001).ResultsHigh Na intake was associated with more energy-dense diets, higher in fat and SFA (percentage of energy) but lower in non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES). Eight patterns (PC1 to PC8) explained 40 % of the total variance in food intakes. Three patterns – PC3 (high loadings on bread, fats and cheese), PC2 (meat products, eggs and chips) and PC7 (red meat, sauces and alcohol) – were associated with high Na intake. Of these, PC3 correlated with high Na density and Na:K ratio, while PC2 correlated with fat. By contrast, three patterns – ‘health-conscious’ (PC1; vegetables, fruit, fruit juice, fish), ‘breakfast cereals and milk’ (PC6) and ‘chicken and rice’ (PC8) – were associated with modest Na intake, lower Na density and lower fat and SFA. PC2 was positively correlated, and PC1 was negatively correlated, with adding salt to food. Other patterns were ‘tea/coffee and cakes’ (PC4; associated with high SFA and NMES) and ‘soft drinks and snacks’ (PC5; associated with high NMES but not fat or SFA). The dietary patterns of males and females differed slightly.ConclusionsDietary patterns PC1, PC6, PC8 (vegetables, fruit, fish, milk, breakfast cereals, poultry) were broadly compatible with guidelines for salt, fat, SFA and NMES. However, other patterns tended to be high in either salt or NMES.

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Jensen, Matt, Trent Stellingwerff, Courtney Pollock, James Wakeling, and Marc Klimstra. "Can Principal Component Analysis Be Used to Explore the Relationship of Rowing Kinematics and Force Production in Elite Rowers during a Step Test? A Pilot Study." Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction 5, no. 1 (February 17, 2023): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/make5010015.

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Investigating the relationship between the movement patterns of multiple limb segments during the rowing stroke on the resulting force production in elite rowers can provide foundational insight into optimal technique. It can also highlight potential mechanisms of injury and performance improvement. The purpose of this study was to conduct a kinematic analysis of the rowing stroke together with force production during a step test in elite national-team heavyweight men to evaluate the fundamental patterns that contribute to expert performance. Twelve elite heavyweight male rowers performed a step test on a row-perfect sliding ergometer [5 × 1 min with 1 min rest at set stroke rates (20, 24, 28, 32, 36)]. Joint angle displacement and velocity of the hip, knee and elbow were measured with electrogoniometers, and force was measured with a tension/compression force transducer in line with the handle. To explore interactions between kinematic patterns and stroke performance variables, joint angular velocities of the hip, knee and elbow were entered into principal component analysis (PCA) and separate ANCOVAs were run for each performance variable (peak force, impulse, split time) with dependent variables, and the kinematic loading scores (Kpc,ls) as covariates with athlete/stroke rate as fixed factors. The results suggested that rowers’ kinematic patterns respond differently across varying stroke rates. The first seven PCs accounted for 79.5% (PC1 [26.4%], PC2 [14.6%], PC3 [11.3%], PC4 [8.4%], PC5 [7.5%], PC6 [6.5%], PC7 [4.8%]) of the variances in the signal. The PCs contributing significantly (p ≤ 0.05) to performance metrics based on PC loading scores from an ANCOVA were (PC1, PC2, PC6) for split time, (PC3, PC4, PC5, PC6) for impulse, and (PC1, PC6, PC7) for peak force. The significant PCs for each performance measure were used to reconstruct the kinematic patterns for split time, impulse and peak force separately. Overall, PCA was able to differentiate between rowers and stroke rates, and revealed features of the rowing-stroke technique correlated with measures of performance that may highlight meaningful technique-optimization strategies. PCA could be used to provide insight into differences in kinematic strategies that could result in suboptimal performance, potential asymmetries or to determine how well a desired technique change has been accomplished by group and/or individual athletes.

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Meeks, M. "PCD or not PCD." Archives of Disease in Childhood 88, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 460—a—460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.88.5.460-a.

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Bijarania, Subhash, Anil Pandey, Mainak Barman, Monika Shahani, and Gharsi Ram. "Assesment of divergence among soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] genotypes based on phenological and physiological traits." Environment Conservation Journal 23, no. 1&2 (February 11, 2022): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.021808-2117.

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A study was conducted to understand genetic divergence in Randomized complete block design accommodating 30 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] genotypes randomly in three replications. These genotypes were evaluated for twenty-seven traits: five phenological, nine agro-morphological, eight physiological traits (from field-trial) and five physiological traits (from laboratory experiment) recorded and subjected to PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and cluster analysis. Among all the studied cultivars, significant diversity, as well as analysis of dispersion, was recorded for different agro-morphological characters. D2-statistic (Tocher method) framed (generalized distance-based) nine clusters: largest with eight and five were oligo-genotypic. Harvest index>seed yield per plant>germination relative index>seedling dry weight contributed maximum towards total divergence. From the most divergent clusters, 21 crosses involving cluster v genotypes (PS-1347, RKS-18, PS-1092, NRC-142, VLS-94, NRC-136, and Shalimar Soybean-1) with monogenotypic cluster VII (AMS-2014), VIII (RSC-11-15) and III (RSC-10-71) suggested for future hybridization. Out of eighteen, only eight principal components revealed more than 1.00 eigen value and exhibited about 85.03% variability among the traits studied. The highest variability (25.41%) by PC1 followed by PC2 (15.60%), PC3 (12.35%), PC4 (10.13%), PC5 (7.20%), PC6 (5.43%), PC7 (4.80%) and PC8 (4.11%) for characters under study.

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Alkhasawneh, Mutasem Shabeb. "Software Defect Prediction through Neural Network and Feature Selections." Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing 2022 (September 26, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2581832.

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Software failure such as software defect causes billion of dollar loss every year. Software failure also affects billion of people worldwide. Inadequate software testing can cause software failure. To predict the software defect, this study proposed a model consisting of feature selection and classifications. The correlation base method was used for feature selection, and radial base function neural network (RBF) was used for classification. Also, for testing the proposed system, fourteen NASA data sets were used including CM1, JM1, KC1, KC2, KC3, KC4, MC1, MC2, MW1, PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, and PC5. The data set was divided using the well-known K-cross-validation methods which were performed to divide the data set for training and testing the RBF. The RBF were trained and tested before and after feature selections. Precision, recall, F-measure, and accuracy are four methods used to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods. The precision obtained for the fourteen data sets was CM1, 94.01%; JM1, 85.18%; KC1, 83.24%; KC2, 81.27%; KC3, 79.30%; KC4, 85.29%; MC1, 99.89%; MC2, 73.27%; MW1, 90.90%; PC1, 98.79%; PC2, 100%; PC3, 95.67%; PC4, 95.12%; and PC5, 80.89%. Recall was as follows: CM1, 95.78%; JM1, 87.89%; KC1, 86.24%; KC2, 83.82%; KC3, 82.10%; KC4, 86.28%; MC1, 100%; MC2, 76.67%; MW1, 92.09%; PC1, 99.98%; PC2, 100%; PC3, 96.23%; PC4, 95.17%; and PC5, 81.80%. F-measure was as follows: CM1, 0.95; JM1, 0.87; KC1, 0.83; KC2, 0.82; KC3, 0.85; KC4, 0.86; MC1, 0.99; MC2, 0.76; MW1, 0.95; PC1, 0.99; PC2, 0.99; PC3, 0.97; PC4, 0.95; and PC5, 0.80. The accuracy obtained was as follows: CM1, 93.99%; JM1, 84.87%; KC1, 83.25%; KC2, 79.11%; KC3, 78.25%; KC4, 83.18%; MC1, 99.01%; MC2, 70.18%; MW1, 88.90%; PC1, 98.99%; PC2, 99.80%; PC3, 94.11%; PC4, 94.4%; and PC5, 79.02%. The proposed method results were compared with the result obtained from different methods. The proposed model obtained better results than other methods for data set CM1, KC4, MC1, PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, and PC5.

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Freyer, C., L. M. Kilpatrick, L. A. Salamonsen, and G. Nie. "Pro-protein convertases (PCs) other than PC6 are not tightly regulated for implantation in the human endometrium." Reproduction 133, no. 6 (June 2007): 1189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-06-0285.

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Pro-protein convertases (PCs) are a family of serine proteases (furin, PC1/3, PC2, PACE4, PC4, PC5/6, PC7/8) responsible for post-translational processing and activation of inactive precursors of many regulatory proteins. Endometrial PC6 is critical for implantation in mice and for decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). This study investigated the endometrial expression of other PCs during the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy to elucidate potential redundancies. Furin, PC4, PACE4, and PC7 along with PC6 transcripts were detected in total endometrial RNA, whereas PC1 and PC2 transcription levels were negligible. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated highest levels of furin mRNA during menstruation and lowest levels during the proliferative phase. Furin protein was immunolocalized in endometrial luminal and glandular epithelia, stromal fibroblasts, endothelia, and leukocytes. PACE4 and PC7 proteins were also immunodetected in endometrial stroma and glands. Total furin, PC7, and PACE4 proteins were constitutive in both stromal and glandular compartments throughout the cycle and during first trimester pregnancy. Furthermore, Furin and PC7 transcription was unaltered during decidualization of ESCsin vitroin contrast to PC6 which is significantly up-regulated during decidualization. Thus, whereas PC6 is tightly regulated during endometrial preparation for implantation, furin, PACE4, and PC7 are constitutively expressed in human endometrium, but must be considered if PC6 is to be targeted for manipulation of fertility.

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Kondi, Ravi, Sonali Kar, and Soumya Surakanti. "Agro-morphological and biochemical characterization and principal component analysis for yield and quality characters in fine-scented rice genotypes." Genetika 54, no. 3 (2022): 1005–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2203005k.

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Forty-one fine-scented rice genotypes were evaluated for 18 agro-morphological and quality characters for characterization, and 21 quantitative characters were evaluated for principal component analysis in R-studio software. Characterization of agro-morphological traits viz., plant height, days to 50% flowering, panicle length, number of effective tillers per plant, test weight, grain length, grain breadth, grain L: B ratio, kernel length, kernel breadth, kernel dimensions, awns, colour of awns, distribution of awns, and quality traits viz., alkali spreading value, gel consistency, grain aroma, and amylose content showed huge diversity among the genotypes. PCA revealed that PC1 showed the highest amount of variance (32.0%) followed by PC2 (15.7%), PC3 (9.0%), PC4 (8.1%), PC5 (7.8%), PC6 (5.4%) for quantitative characters. Out of 21 principal components, only 6 showed an eigenvalue greater than 1 and contributes about 78.1% total variance Genotypes in PC1 showed higher values for grain L: B ratio and kernel L: B ratio. Similarly, PC2 showed higher variable values for characters like test weight, kernel length, grain length, grain breadth, alkali spreading value, grain yield per plot and amylose content. PC3 for harvest index, panicle length, gel consistency, no. of effective tillers per plant and head rice recovery. PC4 for characters like plant height, kernel breadth and days to 50% flowering. PC5 for characters like kernel elongation ratio, and filled grains per panicle. PC6 for characters like no. of tillers in a square meter and no. of panicles in a square meter. This pre-breeding characterization study may be useful in finding potential genotypes which are having both yield and quality characters which may be useful in breeding for high-yielding varieties with good-quality characters.

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Tsai, M. Y., and James C. Sung. "Dressing Behaviors of PCD Conditioners on CMP Polishing Pads." Advanced Materials Research 76-78 (June 2009): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.76-78.201.

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Diamond pad conditioner or dresser can determine the efficiency of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) processes and the quality of polished wafers. Conventional diamond pad conditioners are made by adhering discrete diamond grits on a flat substrate. The size distribution of diamond grits coupled with the deformation of the substrate often make the tips of diamond grits lying at different heights. Instead of attaching individual diamond grits to a metal substrate, a revolutionary design of pad conditioners is based on carving a structure out of sintered polycrystalline diamond (PCD) matrix. The PCD dresser is manufactured by wire electro discharge machining to form cutting pyramids of a specific size with a designed shape. The dressing characteristics of pad surface textures are studied by comparison with conventional diamond pad conditioner. Experimental results indicate that the PCD dresser can dress asperities of the pad more uniformly than the conventional diamond dresser due to PCD dresser having identically shaped tip and the same height diamond. In addition the cutting rate of PCD dresser for IC1000 pad not only is reduced by about 30% but also it can dress pad more effectively than conventional diamond dresser.

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Ding, Xixia, Linfeng Xiang, Qianwei Wang, Dandan Wang, Pingjun Chang, Zhangliang Li, Yinying Zhao, Feixue Chu, Chao Ma, and Yun-e. Zhao. "Clinical Characteristics and Surgical Safety in Congenital Cataract Eyes with Three Pathological Types of Posterior Capsule Abnormalities." Journal of Ophthalmology 2020 (March 23, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6958051.

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Purpose. To observe the clinical characteristics of 3 pathological types of posterior capsule abnormalities (PCAs) in congenital cataracts (CCs) and evaluate the surgical safety in these eyes. Methods. This study involved 239 children (367 eyes) with CC who underwent cataract surgery at the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. All surgery videos were collected for detailed reviews. Intraoperative and postoperative complications (within 3 months) were all recorded. Results. The 3 pathological types of PCAs, namely, persistent fetal vasculature (PFV), posterior capsule defect (PCD), and posterior lenticonus (PLC), presented in 129 (35.1%) CC eyes, while 238 (64.9%) eyes were recorded as CC without PCA. The percentages of PFV, PCD, and PLC were 10.9%, 26.7%, and 5.4% in CC eyes (n = 367), respectively. The most common concomitant of PFV eyes was PCD (42.5%), and PFV was the most frequent (17.3%) one in PCD eyes. PLC was only associated with PFV (15%) and PCD (50%). The occurrence rates of surgical complications ranged from 0 to 5.4%, and no statistical difference was found between the eyes with and without PCA (all P>0.05). Conclusions. PFV, PCD, and PLC play a very important role in the CCs. The effect of fetal vessels in PFV eyes might be an abnormally strong attachment on the posterior capsule, leading to PLC and PCD. Even in PCA patients, severe surgical complication can also be avoided with well-designed and skilled operation. This trial is registered with NCT03905044 at http://ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Hasadsri, Linda, James Lee, Bonnie H. Wang, Lalitha Yekkirala, and Mingtao Wang. "Anti-Yo Associated Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration in a Man with Large Cell Cancer of the Lung." Case Reports in Neurological Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/725936.

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Purkinje cell cytoplasmic antibody type 1 (PCA-1), or anti-Yo, is the most frequently detected autoantibody in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD). The vast majority of cases of anti-Yo PCD, however, occur in females over 60 years old and are associated with gynecologic tumors. Only 10 cases have been reported in males, and only 2 were associated with cancer of the lung. Here we describe the youngest known case of PCA-1 positive PCD in a male, whose lung tumor was undetectable even on FDG-PET.

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BURSCH, W., A. ELLINGER, CH GERNER, U. FRÖHWEIN, and R. SCHULTE-HERMANN. "Programmed Cell Death (PCD): Apoptosis, Autophagic PCD, or Others?" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 926, no. 1 (January 25, 2006): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05594.x.

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Yang, Li, Jingsong He, Xiaoyan Han, Gaofeng Zheng, Weiyan Zheng, Guoqing Wei, Wenjun Wu, et al. "The Choice Of Regimens Based On Bortezomib For Patients With Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.1990.1990.

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Abstract Bortezomib significantly improved response rates in the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). However, the process of selecting an optimal bortezomib based regimen as the initial therapy of MM remains ambiguous due to a lack of modern clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy of various bortezomib based treatments. Here, we report four bortezomib-based regimens for treatment of MM patients from three hematological treatment centers in China. Methods Newly diagnosed MM patients in three hematological centers in China between February 1, 2006 and May 31, 2013 were treated with combination therapies including bortezomib plus dexamethasone (PD), or triple combinations of PD with adriamycin (PAD), cyclophosphamide (PCD), and thalidomide (PTD) every 28 days. Results The overall response rate (≥ partial response, ORR) of all the 215 eligible patients was 90.2%. The ORR for PCD, PAD, PTD and PD were 97.4%, 93.2%, 85.3% and 77.8% respectively, while the effects with VGPR or better were 63.7%, 62.7%, 44.2% and 37.8% respectively. The effect of ORR, VGPR and CR/nCR for PCD regimen was significantly better than PD scheme (P = 0.009, 0.011, 0.005 ). The median PFS of all the patients was 29.0 months with significant differences observed between groups (P =0.047). The median OS of all the patients was not reached, but triple combinations of PD with adriamycin (PAD), cyclophosphamide (PCD), and thalidomide (PTD) were more efficient in treatment of MM patients compared to PD (P =0.005). The frequently observed toxicities were neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, fatigue, infection, herpes zoster, and peripheral neuropathy. Incidence of peripheral neuropathy (PN) in PTD group was significantly higher than other three groups, especially grade 2-3 PN. Treatment with anti-viral agent acyclovir significantly reduced the incidence of herpes zoster. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that bortezomib-based regimens were active and well-tolerated in the Chinese MM patients, and triple combinations of PD with adriamycin (PAD), cyclophosphamide (PCD), and thalidomide (PTD) were more efficient for treatment of MM patient, and the patients received PCD or PAD demonstrated significant higher ORR compared to PD. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Sholihin. "AMMI stability for starch yield of cassava in the acid area for determining clones’ stability." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130601005.

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The study aimed to evaluate the phenotypic stability of cassava promising clones’ cassava clones in acidic regions based on AMMI stability. The study was done during 2015-2018 in several environments in Lampung. The study was done using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Plants were planted in 5 m x 4.8 m plot size, with 1 m distance between rows and 0.8 m within row. The plants were fertilized with 93 kg N, 36 kg P2O5 and 60 kg K2O per hectare. Seven cassava promising clones and two check varieties were used in this study. Data were analyzed using Excel, MSTAT-C and PBTOOLs. Research showed that compared with clone PC2, PC3, PC5 and clone PC7, clone PC1, PC4, PC6, UJ3 and clone UJ5 are more stable. According to the AMMI analysis, based on the seven-month starch yield, the important environmental factors that determined the stability of cassava clones are the content of N and P2O5 in the upper soil layer and the cation exchange capacity ground. The starch yield in seven months of PC4 was the highest among the clones. Clone PC4 is potential to be developed in acid area.

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Montes, Juliano Hermes Maeso, André Vicente Bigolin, Renata Baú, Roberto Nicola, João Vicente Machado Grossi, Cláudia Juliana Loureiro, and Leandro Totti Cavazzola. "Análise das aderências resultantes da fixação de telas cirúrgicas com selantes de fibrina e sutura: modelo experimental intraperitoneal." Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões 39, no. 6 (December 2012): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69912012000600011.

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OBJETIVO: Comparar fixação cirúrgica de telas de polipropileno (PP) e telas de polipropileno revestido (PCD), usando fio de sutura de polipropileno e cola biológica, quanto à formação de aderências intraperitoneais. MÉTODOS: Amostra de 46 ratas Wistar, randomizadas em seis grupos: dois grupos-controle, com cinco ratas cada, que foram submetidos um à incisão medial (IM) e o outro à uma incisão em forma de U (IU); nenhum desses grupos recebeu tela. Dois grupos com tela de PP, um com dez ratas, fixada com sutura (PPF), e o outro, com seis ratas, fixada com cola biológica (PPC). E Dois grupos com tela de PCD, no primeiro, com dez animais, a tela foi fixada com sutura (PCDF), e no segundo, com dez animais, com cola biológica (PCDC). RESULTADOS: Após o prazo de 21 dias, os grupos-controle não apresentaram aderências significantes. O grupo PPC apresentou menor grau de aderência do que o grupo PPF (p=0,01). Não houve diferença entre as fixações nos grupos com PCD. CONCLUSÃO: A comparação da fixação apresentou diferença estatística significativa apenas à tela de PP, com menor grau de aderência utilizando a cola. As aderências se localizaram predominantemente nas extremidades das telas estudadas.

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Casamian-Sorrosal, Domingo. "The PCD project." BSAVA Companion 2013, no. 11 (November 1, 2013): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22233/20412495.1113.25.

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Prosser, Janet. "'PCD' worth promoting." Vital 1, no. 3 (June 2004): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/vital103.

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&NA;, &NA;. "PCD Connectathon@AAMI." Journal of Clinical Engineering 35, no. 4 (October 2010): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jce.0b013e3181fb99f8.

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Nurunnabi, A., N. Teferle, J. Balado, M. Chen, F. Poux, and C. Sun. "ROBUST TECHNIQUES FOR BUILDING FOOTPRINT EXTRACTION IN AERIAL LASER SCANNING 3D POINT CLOUDS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-3/W2-2022 (October 27, 2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-3-w2-2022-43-2022.

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Abstract. The building footprint is crucial for a volumetric 3D representation of a building that is applied in urban planning, 3D city modeling, cadastral and topographic map generation. Aerial laser scanning (ALS) has been recognized as the most suitable means of large-scale 3D point cloud data (PCD) acquisition. PCD can produce geometric detail of a scanned surface. However, it is almost impossible to get point clouds without noise and outliers. Besides, data incompleteness and occlusions are two common phenomena for PCD. Most of the existing methods for building footprint extraction employ classification, segmentation, voting techniques (e.g., Hough-Transform or RANSAC), or Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based methods. It is known that classical PCA is highly sensitive to outliers, even RANSAC which is known as a robust technique for shape detection is not free from outlier effects. This paper presents a novel algorithm that employs MCMD (maximum consistency within minimum distance), MSAC (a robust variant of RANSAC) and a robust regression to extract reliable building footprints in the presence of outliers, missing points and irregular data distributions. The algorithm is successfully demonstrated through two sets of ALS PCD.

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Abarza, Liliann, Pablo Acuña-Mardones, Cristina Sanzana-Luengo, and Víctor Beltrán. "Determination of Morphogeometric Patterns in Individuals with Total Mandibular Edentulism in the Interforaminal Region from Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Scans: A Pilot Study." Applied Sciences 12, no. 8 (April 10, 2022): 3813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12083813.

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The aim of this study was to determine the morphogeometric patterns of the interforaminal region from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of individuals with total mandibular edentulism. CBCT images were obtained from 40 patients with total edentulism who are older (12 men and 28 women; average age of 69.5 ± 9.4 years) and who wore a non-implant-supported, lower, removable, total prosthesis. We conducted a two-dimensional (2D) morphogeometric analysis of the Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) files from the CBCT scans, and five equidistant cross sections were planned. For the three-dimensional (3D) morphogeometric analysis, standard triangular language (STL) files were obtained after segmentation of the interforaminal mandibular region, and four anatomical landmarks and their respective curves were digitized. The patterns among the shapes were determined using principal component analysis (PCA) on MorphoJ software (version 1.07a). The results of the 2D morphogeometric analyses for PCA of the interforaminal mandibular paramedian region were PC1 or elongated drop shape, 54.78%; PC2 or wineskin shape, 17.65%; PC3 or pear shape, 11.77%; and PC4 or eggplant shape, 5.71%, and those for PCA of the symphyseal region were PC1 or elongated drop shape, 62.13%; PC2 or ovoid shape, 11.64%; PC3 or triangular shape, 9.71%; and PC4 or tuber shape, 4.96%. The results of the 3D morphogeometric analyses for the interforaminal hemimandibular region were PC1, 59.83%; PC2, 10.39%; PC3, 7.67%; and PC4, 5.09%. This study provides relevant information for future clinical guidelines on prosthetics and implants, in addition to proposing the use of new technologies that support diagnosis and treatment in patients with edentulism.

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NAKAYAMA, Kazuhisa. "Furin: a mammalian subtilisin/Kex2p-like endoprotease involved in processing of a wide variety of precursor proteins." Biochemical Journal 327, no. 3 (November 1, 1997): 625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3270625.

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Limited endoproteolysis of inactive precursor proteins at sites marked by paired or multiple basic amino acids is a widespread process by which biologically active peptides and proteins are produced within the secretory pathway in eukaryotic cells. The identification of a novel family of endoproteases homologous with bacterial subtilisins and yeast Kex2p has accelerated progress in understanding the complex mechanisms underlying the production of the bioactive materials. Seven distinct proprotein convertases of this family (furin, PC2, PC1/PC3, PC4, PACE4, PC5/PC6, LPC/PC7/PC8/SPC7) have been identified in mammalian species, some having isoforms generated via alternative splicing. The family has been shown to be responsible for conversion of precursors of peptide hormones, neuropeptides, and many other proteins into their biologically active forms. Furin, the first proprotein convertase to be identified, has been most extensively studied. It has been shown to be expressed in all tissues and cell lines examined and to be mainly localized in the trans-Golgi network, although some proportion of the furin molecules cycle between this compartment and the cell surface. This endoprotease is capable of cleaving precursors of a wide variety of proteins, including growth factors, serum proteins, including proteases of the blood-clotting and complement systems, matrix metalloproteinases, receptors, viral-envelope glycoproteins and bacterial exotoxins, typically at sites marked by the consensus Arg-Xaa-(Lys/Arg)-Arg sequence. The present review covers the structure and function of mammalian subtilisin/Kex2p-like proprotein convertases, focusing on furin (EC 3.4.21.85)

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Klein, Eric A., Sara Moscovita Falzarano, Nan Zhang, Dejan Knezevic, Tara Maddala, H. Jeffrey Lawrence, Diana B. Cherbavaz, et al. "Evidence for a field effect in early prostate cancer (PCa): Gene expression profiles in normal-appearing prostate tissue (NT) adjacent to tumor (T) as predictors of clinical outcome." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 5029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.5029.

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5029 Background: We previously identified genes whose expression predicts aggressive PCa (clinical recurrence (cR), prostate cancer death (PCD), adverse pathology) when assessed in histologically heterogeneous tumor foci and in biopsies (Klein ASCO 2012). These results enabled the definition of a multi-gene Genomic Prostate Score (GPS), which has been clinically validated (Cooperberg AUA 2013). There is interest regarding a possible field effect in PCa, i.e. molecular alterations throughout the gland that may influence PCa development. We conducted exploratory analyses to evaluate gene expression, including GPS, in adjacent normal-appearing tissue (NT) for prediction of cR and PCD. Methods: Cohort sampling was used to select 127 patients with and 374 without cR from 2,641 patients treated with RP for T1/T2 PCa. Expression of 732 genes was measured by qRT-PCR separately in T and NT (defined as > 3 mm from T) specimens. GPS (0-100 units) was determined using the genes and algorithm from the validation study. Analysis used Cox proportional hazards models and Storey’s false discovery rate (FDR) control. Results: 410 evaluable patients had paired T and NT. Of the 405 genes which were predictive of outcome in T (FDR < 20%), 289 (71%) showed similar but weaker effects in NT. 47 genes were associated with cR in NT (FDR < 20%), of which 34 also concordantly predicted cR in T (FDR < 20%). GPS assessed in NT significantly predicted time to cR (HR/20 units = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3-2.4; p< 0.001) and PCD (HR/20 units = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.2-3.0; p = 0.005) but was less predictive than GPS in T (HR/20 units = 4.8 for cR; 95% CI: 3.7-6.2; p < 0.001 and HR/20 units = 6.9 for PCD; 95% CI: 4.4-10.7; p < 0.001). The strongest components of GPS in predicting cR and PCD in NT were stromal response and androgen signaling genes (p < 0.05); proliferation and cellular organization genes did not consistently provide a significant contribution in NT. Conclusions: These data indicate that gene expression profiles, including GPS, can predict outcome in NT, albeit more weakly than in tumor. These findings suggest that there is an underlying field effect associated with the development of aggressive PCa.

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Pifferi, Massimo, Andrew Bush, Michele Rizzo, Alessandro Tonacci, Maria Di Cicco, Martina Piras, Fabrizio Maggi, et al. "Olfactory dysfunction is worse in primary ciliary dyskinesia compared with other causes of chronic sinusitis in children." Thorax 73, no. 10 (February 28, 2018): 980–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210661.

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Cilia have multiple functions including olfaction. We hypothesised that olfactory function could be impaired in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Olfaction, nasal nitric oxide (nNO) and sinus CT were assessed in patients with PCD and non-PCD sinus disease, and healthy controls (no CT scan). PCD and non-PCD patients had similar severity of sinus disease. Despite this, defective olfaction was more common in patients with PCD (P<0.0001) and more severe in patients with PCD with major Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) abnormalities. Only in classical PCD did olfaction inversely correlate with sinusitis and nNO. We speculate that defective olfaction in PCD is primary in nature.

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Chen, William, Manabu Iwai, Shinichi Ninomiya, and Kiyoshi Suzuki. "Performance of EC-PCD Made of Boron Doped Diamond as an Electrode for EDM of Cemented Carbide." Advanced Materials Research 1017 (September 2014): 776–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1017.776.

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Electrically conductive PCD (EC-PCD), which was made of electrically conductive diamond particles, was applied to an electrode for EDM. In this study, properties of EC-PCD electrode in the EDM of cemented carbide were investigated and the results were compared with those of copper-tungsten (Cu-W) electrode and standard PCD (S-PCD) electrode. In terms of EDM speed, 35μm/min with Cu-W electrode, 15μm/min with S-PCD electrode and 22μm/min with EC-PCD were recorded. As for the electrode wear rate, though Cu-W electrode wore by 20-30%, S-PCD and EC-PCD did not wear at all and even the electrode length became longer by several micro meters. Roughness value of the EDMed surface was Rz=8μm with both Cu-W and S-PCD, while it was Rz=3μm in the case of EC-PCD. From the above, it was found that EC-PCD showed excellent performance in the electrode wear rate and the roughness of the EDMed surface, though EDM speed was 0.7 times of Cu-W electrode.

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Iwai, Manabu, Masahide Yamada, Peter Chen, Bear Lin, and Kiyoshi Suzuki. "Development of a PCD Burnishing Tool and its Burnishing Performance." Materials Science Forum 874 (October 2016): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.874.59.

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In this study, a polycrystalline composite diamond (PCD) was adopted instead of a single crystal diamond as a burnishing tool. At first, EDM machinability was compared between two kinds of PCDs (10μm grain size), i.e. standard PCD (S-PCD) and electrically conductive PCD (EC-PCD (which was made of boron doped diamond particles). EDM machining time to make a hemispherical shape was 17 minutes for EC-PCD and 37 minutes for S-PCD. Further experiments were conducted with EC-PCD of different grain sizes such as 2μm and 5μm. As a result, the smaller the grain size of EC-PCD the higher the machining efficiency was. Surface roughness values of the EC-PCD after finish EDM were Rz=1.7μm for EC-PCD010, Rz=1.4μm for EC-PCD005, and Rz=1.2μm for EC-PCD002. As a result of burnishing a carbon steel bar (S45C, φ30mm) with the EC-PCD tool, the surface roughness value after machining was improved from 10μm to 1μm.

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ATIA, O., N. Asayag, G. Focht, A. Cahan, I. Dotan, R. Balicer, M. Gavish, et al. "P745 Perianal disease in Crohn’s disease is associated with higher rate of hospitalisation and mortality despite a higher utilisation of biologics: Report from the epiIIRN cohort." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 14, Supplement_1 (January 2020): S597—S598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz203.873.

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Abstract Background Perianal disease is a disabling complication of Crohn’s disease (CD). In this study, we aimed to explore the incidence of fistulising perianal CD (PCD) and its association with treatment pattern and disease outcomes, within the validated epiIIRN cohort which includes all IBD patients in Israel (n = 45,074). We also aimed to differentiate simple from complicated PCD. Methods The current analysis was performed on data from the two largest Health Maintenance Organisations (HMOs), covering 75% of the Israeli population. First, we developed and validated algorithms to identify fistulising PCD patients and differentiate simple from complex disease, by establishing two reference cohorts of true positive PCD patients (TP, patients with perianal abscess/fistula) classified into simple or complicated PCD, and true negatives (TN) of CD patients without perianal disease (validated by chart reviews). We then applied the algorithms on the complete epiIIRN IBD cohort. Random charts were reviewed to validate again PCD diagnosis. Results The chosen algorithm included patients with at least one perianal-related diagnosis, procedure or surgery (sensitivity/specificity 75%/96% for identifying PCD, and 70%/79% for differentiating complicated vs. simple PCD). Of the total 26,440 CD patients, 4237 (16%) had fistulising PCD, of whom 1004 (4% of the total) had complicated PCD. Those with complicated PCD were diagnosed with IBD at a younger age than simple PCD and non-PCD (29.2 ± 13.6 vs. 32.2 ± 16 and 32.8 ± 16.7 years, respectively) (p < 0.001). PCD patients were treated more often with biologics (32% in non-PCD compared with 47% in simple PCD and 70% in complicated PCD, p = 0.01), steroids (74%, 78% and 83%, respectively; p < 0.001) and immunomodulators (56%, 64% and 67%, respectively; p < 0.001). Despite this, PCD patients had more hospitalisations (median 0 (IQR 0–2), 5 (2–11) and 13 (7–22) in non PCD, simple PCD and complicated PCD, respectively, p < 0.001), more colon surgery (5%, 18% and 52% in non PCD, respectively, p < 0.001) and higher mortality compared with CD patients without perianal disease (p < 0.001). Conclusion Conclusion: Despite the higher utilisation of immunomodulators and biologics, patients with PCD are at higher risk of hospitalisation and surgical resection, higher need for steroids and higher mortality. PCD is a strong predictor of disease course and thus should prompt early intensified treatment and close monitoring. This study was supported by a grant from the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust.

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Brecher, Christian, Michael Emonts, Jan-Patrick Hermani, and Thomas Storms. "Laser Roughing of PCD." Physics Procedia 56 (2014): 1107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2014.08.024.

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Tso, Pei-Lum, and Yan-Gang Liu. "Study on PCD machining." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 42, no. 3 (February 2002): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0890-6955(01)00131-6.

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Shapiro, Adam, Stephanie Davis, Michele Manion, and Kathryn Briones. "Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD)." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 198, no. 2 (July 15, 2018): P3—P4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.1982p3.

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Meeks, Maggie, and Andrew Bush. "Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD)." Pediatric Pulmonology 29, no. 4 (April 2000): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0496(200004)29:4<307::aid-ppul11>3.0.co;2-2.

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Carvalho, Daniel Ferreira de, and Rosalia Maria Netto Prados. "EXERCÍCIO PROFISSIONAL DO PCD." Interação - Revista de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão 24, no. 2 (November 18, 2022): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33836/interacao.v24i2.727.

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O presente artigo apresenta uma discussão sobre a inclusão social e exercício profissional do PCD. Justifica-se o interesse sobre a inclusão em educação profissional, pois há orientações legais para incluir PCD (Pessoas com Deficiência) no mercado de trabalho. Conforme a lei de cotas para pessoas com deficiência, lei nº 8213, de 1991, as proporções para empregar pessoas com deficiência variam, de acordo com a quantidade de funcionários que tem a empresa. Tem como principal objetivo identificar os marcos legais para a inclusão da pessoa com deficiência e discutir a pertinência de modelos de capacitação de tais candidatos. Pode-se refletir sobre a inclusão, quanto à responsabilidade social, pois é necessário conduzir o aprendizado de forma inclusiva, segundo às exigências do exercício profissional.

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Zhang, Rui, Zi Li Kou, Yun Wei Dou, Shen Zhuo Liu, Hai Kuo Wang, Kai Xue Wang, Ying Chen, Huan Ma, and Cheng Liang Liu. "Wear Behaviors of PCD Tools in Turning Granite." Advanced Materials Research 337 (September 2011): 728–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.337.728.

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The performance and wear mechanisms of two types of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting tools (marked as PCD 010 and PCD 030) have been investigated in this paper. Continuous turning of round granite bars has been selected as the test method. The Taylor equation has been developed to describe the tool performance. The experimental results indicate that PCD 010 has a greater thermal wear resistance than PCD 030 at high cutting speeds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate wear mechanisms of PCD tools, our results show that the dominant wear mechanisms for PCD 010 is abrasion wear while that for PCD 030 is inter-granular and cleavage wear.

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Fu, Chao, Tianwei He, Wenrao Fang, Wenhua Huang, Ruyu Fan, Lulu Wang, Yuchuan Zhang, and Yu Cao. "A Gysel Power Divider/Combiner with Enhanced Power-Handling Capability." Electronics 11, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 2660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11172660.

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By increasing the impedance of the microstrip of the combine port, a new Gysel power combiner/divider (PCD) with enhanced average power-handling capability (APHC) was proposed. This article shows the simulated results of the traditional Gysel PCD and the proposed Gysel PCD at the center frequency of 2.4 GHz and 10 GHz. For verification, one example of the proposed Gysel PCD operating at 2.4 GHz was designed, fabricated, and measured. One traditional Gysel PCD operating at 2.4 GHz was also fabricated to compare the APHC of the proposed Gysel PCD and the traditional Gysel PCD, by means of measuring the temperature variation of the microstrip line at the same power. The measurement result suggests the APHC of the proposed Gysel PCD is nearly twice that of the traditional Gysel PCD.

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Chen, William, Shinichi Ninomiya, Shunsuke Nochi, Manabu Iwai, and Kiyoshi Suzuki. "Wire-EDM Properties of EC-PCD Made up of Boron Doped Diamond Particles." Advanced Materials Research 1017 (September 2014): 770–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1017.770.

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It has been made clear that the EC-PCD composed of boron doped diamond particles improves the performance in the die sinking EDM and wire EDM in comparison with the existing standard PCD (S-PCD). However, the effect of the property improvement could not been evaluated quantitatively in the research reports in the past. Therefore, in this study, wire EDM cutting tests were conducted on the specimens of S-PCD and EC-PCD, in addition to the evaluation of cutting efficiency and cutting PCD surface, a detailed investigation of the cut surface properties of the PCD has been performed under the color 3D laser scanning microscope. In order to investigate effects of a grain size of the source diamond, EDM cutting experiments were conducted on the EC-PCD specimens of 4 different grain sizes. As a result, it was found that the cutting speed was higher in the case of EC-PCD than the case of S-PCD, e.g., by 20% and 40% respectively in the sample of 10μm and 25μm particle size. Also, in the case of the cut S-PCD surface, a groove due to the discharge is formed in the boundary of the tungsten carbide layer and the PCD layer. However, in the case of the cut EC-PCD surface, the groove did not appear in the boundary.

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Saada, Safia, Charles Ugochukwu Solomon, and Sinéad Drea. "Programmed Cell Death in Developing Brachypodium distachyon Grain." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 9086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169086.

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The normal developmental sequence in a grass grain entails the death of several maternal and filial tissues in a genetically regulated process termed programmed cell death (PCD). The progression and molecular aspects of PCD in developing grains have been reported for domesticated species such as barley, rice, maize and wheat. Here, we report a detailed investigation of PCD in the developing grain of the wild model species Brachypodium distachyon. We detected PCD in developing Brachypodium grains using molecular and histological approaches. We also identified in Brachypodium the orthologs of protease genes known to contribute to grain PCD and surveyed their expression. We found that, similar to cereals, PCD in the Brachypodium nucellus occurs in a centrifugal pattern following anthesis. However, compared to cereals, the rate of post-mortem clearance in the Brachypodium nucellus is slower. However, compared to wheat and barley, mesocarp PCD in Brachypodium proceeds more rapidly in lateral cells. Remarkably, Brachypodium mesocarp PCD is not coordinated with endosperm development. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that barley and wheat possess more vacuolar processing enzymes that drive nucellar PCD compared to Brachypodium and rice. Our expression analysis highlighted putative grain-specific PCD proteases in Brachypodium. Combined with existing knowledge on grain PCD, our study suggests that the rate of nucellar PCD moderates grain size and that the pattern of mesocarp PCD influences grain shape.

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Sugino, Gaku, Manabu Iwai, Tadakazu Sano, Shinichi Ninomiya, and Kiyoshi Suzuki. "Processing EC-PCD by Constant-Force Grinding Assisted with EDM." Advanced Materials Research 126-128 (August 2010): 645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.126-128.645.

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A new PCD (electrically conductive PCD: EC-PCD) consisting of electrically conductive diamond particles has recently been developed. The authors have proposed a complex grinding assisted with electrical discharge machining (EDM) where discharge machining and grinding are used in combination during material removal to realize high efficiency, low and stable grinding force and low wheel wear for the EC-PCD. In this study, the effect of constant-force grinding in a complex grinding assisted with electrical discharge machining of EC-PCD was investigated. As a result, it was found that higher material removal rate, higher grinding ratio and better surface condition were obtained on EC-PCD compared with standard PCD (S-PCD) in the constant-force grinding.

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Ye, Chanjuan, Shaoyan Zheng, Dagang Jiang, Jingqin Lu, Zongna Huang, Zhenlan Liu, Hai Zhou, Chuxiong Zhuang, and Jing Li. "Initiation and Execution of Programmed Cell Death and Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23 (November 30, 2021): 12942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312942.

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Programmed cell death (PCD) plays crucial roles in plant development and defence response. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during normal plant growth, and high ROS concentrations can change the antioxidant status of cells, leading to spontaneous cell death. In addition, ROS function as signalling molecules to improve plant stress tolerance, and they induce PCD under different conditions. This review describes the mechanisms underlying plant PCD, the key functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts in PCD, and the relationship between mitochondria and chloroplasts during PCD. Additionally, the review discusses the factors that regulate PCD. Most importantly, in this review, we summarise the sites of production of ROS and discuss the roles of ROS that not only trigger multiple signalling pathways leading to PCD but also participate in the execution of PCD, highlighting the importance of ROS in PCD.

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Sychta, Klaudia, Aneta Słomka, and Elżbieta Kuta. "Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals—Discovering a Terra Incognita." Cells 10, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010065.

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Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process that plays a fundamental role in plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Knowledge of plant PCD mechanisms is still very scarce and is incomparable to the large number of studies on PCD mechanisms in animals. Quick and accurate assays, e.g., the TUNEL assay, comet assay, and analysis of caspase-like enzyme activity, enable the differentiation of PCD from necrosis. Two main types of plant PCD, developmental (dPCD) regulated by internal factors, and environmental (ePCD) induced by external stimuli, are distinguished based on the differences in the expression of the conserved PCD-inducing genes. Abiotic stress factors, including heavy metals, induce necrosis or ePCD. Heavy metals induce PCD by triggering oxidative stress via reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. ROS that are mainly produced by mitochondria modulate phytotoxicity mechanisms induced by heavy metals. Complex crosstalk between ROS, hormones (ethylene), nitric oxide (NO), and calcium ions evokes PCD, with proteases with caspase-like activity executing PCD in plant cells exposed to heavy metals. This pathway leads to very similar cytological hallmarks of heavy metal induced PCD to PCD induced by other abiotic factors. The forms, hallmarks, mechanisms, and genetic regulation of plant ePCD induced by abiotic stress are reviewed here in detail, with an emphasis on plant cell culture as a suitable model for PCD studies. The similarities and differences between plant and animal PCD are also discussed.

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Nussbaumer, Mirjam, Elisabeth Kieninger, Stefan A. Tschanz, Sibel T. Savas, Carmen Casaulta, Myrofora Goutaki, Sylvain Blanchon, et al. "Diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia: discrepancy according to different algorithms." ERJ Open Research 7, no. 4 (October 2021): 00353–2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00353-2021.

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BackgroundDiagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is challenging since there is no gold standard test. The European Respiratory (ERS) and American Thoracic (ATS) Societies developed evidence-based diagnostic guidelines with considerable differences.ObjectiveWe aimed to compare the algorithms published by the ERS and the ATS with each other and with our own PCD-UNIBE algorithm in a clinical setting. Our algorithm is similar to the ERS algorithm with additional immunofluorescence staining. Agreement (Cohen's κ) and concordance between the three algorithms were assessed in patients with suspicion of PCD referred to our diagnostic centre.ResultsIn 46 out of 54 patients (85%) the final diagnosis was concordant between all three algorithms (30 PCD negative, 16 PCD positive). In eight patients (15%) PCD diagnosis differed between the algorithms. Five patients (9%) were diagnosed as PCD only by the ATS, one (2%) only by the ERS and PCD-UNIBE, one (2%) only by the ATS and PCD-UNIBE, and one (2%) only by the PCD-UNIBE algorithm. Agreement was substantial between the ERS and the ATS (κ=0.72, 95% CI 0.53–0.92) and the ATS and the PCD-UNIBE (κ=0.73, 95% CI 0.53–0.92) and almost perfect between the ERS and the PCD-UNIBE algorithms (κ=0.92, 95% CI 0.80–1.00).ConclusionThe different diagnostic algorithms lead to a contradictory diagnosis in a considerable proportion of patients. Thus, an updated, internationally harmonised and standardised PCD diagnostic algorithm is needed to improve diagnostics for these discordant cases.

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Ebeed, Heba T., and Ahmed A. El-helely. "Programmed Cell Death in Plants: Insights into Developmental and Stress-Induced Cell Death." Current Protein & Peptide Science 22, no. 12 (December 2021): 873–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203722666211109102209.

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: Programmed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental genetically controlled process in most organisms. PCD is responsible for the selective elimination of damaged or unwanted cells and organs to maintain cellular homeostasis during the organ’s development under normal conditions as well as during defense or adaptation to stressful conditions. PCD pathways have been extensively studied in animals. In plants, studies focusing on understanding the pathways of PCD have advanced significantly. However, the knowledge about the molecular basis of PCD is still very limited. Some PCD pathways that have been discovered in animals are not present in plants or found with a similar form. PCD in plants is developmentally controlled (by endogenous factors) to function in organ development and differentiations as well as environmentally induced (by exogenous stimuli) to help the plant in surviving under stress conditions. Here, we present a review of the role of PCD in plant development and explore different examples of stress-induced PCD as well as highlight the main differences between the plant and animal PCD.

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Liu, Shen Zhuo, Zi Li Kou, Rui Zhang, Cheng Liang Liu, Yu Li, Rong Qi Li, and Xiao Zhi Yan. "Study on Wear Behaviors and Grain Effects of PCD Cutting Tools in Turning Granite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 214 (November 2012): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.214.130.

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In this paper, three types of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tools marked as PCD 030, PCD 010 and PCD 005 (equivalent to 30, 10, and 5μm average grain size of original diamond) were tested, and their wear behaviors was studied. The wear of PCD cutting tools in machining granite bars was invested by a turning process. The experiments were carried out under wet condition. Wear volume was measured by optical microscopy and wear morphology was examined by scanning election microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. By comparing the flank face, the experiments results show that the PCD tools with coarse original diamond grain size have long life at three cutting speeds, and the tool life of the three PCD tools decreases with the increase of cutting speed. SEM morphology by secondary electron image analysis indicates that the dominant wear mechanism for PCD 010 and PCD 005 is abrasive wear. While for PCD 030, the abrasive wear mechanism is predominant wear in the machining, occasionally some cleavage wear are also observed.

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Iwai, Manabu, Shinichi Ninomiya, Gaku Sugino, and Kiyoshi Suzuki. "Investigation on Material Property of Electrically Conductive Polycrystalline Composite Diamond (EC-PCD)." Advanced Materials Research 126-128 (August 2010): 639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.126-128.639.

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Electrically conductive polycrystalline composite diamond (EC-PCD) material, which consists of electrically conductive diamond grits, has recently been developed for the purpose of providing the material with both excellent tool property and machinability. This paper deals with the material property and the wear characteristics of EC-PCD. The result shows that the EC-PCD is superior in heat resistance compared with the conventional PCD. And the EC-PCD shows low frictional wear at high temperature in sliding test against stainless steel disk. Furthermore, in a cutting test of aluminum alloy, the EC-PCD cutting tool shows the same wear characteristics as the conventional PCD tool.

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Li, Cui, Sui, Huang, Huang, Fan, and Chu. "Autophagic Survival Precedes Programmed Cell Death in Wheat Seedlings Exposed to Drought Stress." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22 (November 16, 2019): 5777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225777.

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Although studies have shown the concomitant occurrence of autophagic and programmed cell death (PCD) in plants, the relationship between autophagy and PCD and the factors determining this relationship remain unclear. In this study, seedlings of the wheat cultivar Jimai 22 were used to examine the occurrence of autophagy and PCD during polyethylene glycol (PEG)-8000-induced drought stress. Autophagy and PCD occurred sequentially, with autophagy at a relatively early stage and PCD at a much later stage. These findings suggest that the duration of drought stress determines the occurrence of PCD following autophagy. Furthermore, the addition of 3-methyladenine (3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor) and the knockdown of autophagy-related gene 6 (ATG6) accelerated PEG-8000-induced PCD, respectively, suggesting that inhibition of autophagy also results in PCD under drought stress. Overall, these findings confirm that wheat seedlings undergo autophagic survival under mild drought stress, with subsequent PCD only under severe drought.

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Alexandru, Mihaela, Paul de Boissieu, Farida Benoudiba, Malik Moustarhfir, Sookyung Kim, Émilie Bequignon, Isabelle Honoré, et al. "Otological Manifestations in Adults with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia: A Controlled Radio-Clinical Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 5163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11175163.

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Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetical disease characterized by an abnormal structure or function of the cilia, causing sinusitis, otitis, and bronchiectasis. Hearing loss affects 60% of PCD patients, but data are lacking concerning hearing and temporal bone imaging in adults. Our aim was to describe clinical and radiological ear disease in adults with genetically confirmed PCD. Data were recorded from January 2018 to December 2019. PCD patients were compared with controls with bronchiectasis without PCD. Clinical examination included otomicroscopy and auditory tests. A temporal bone CT scan (TBCT) was systematically performed. Seventeen patients (34 ears) were included in each group. The eardrums were abnormal in 25 (74%) PCD ears versus 8 (24%) ears in the controls (p < 0.05). Conductive hearing loss was more frequent in the PCD group (24% vs. 12% in controls). TBCT were abnormal in 94% PCD patients vs. 32% in the controls (p < 0.05). The Main CT-scan images in PCD were middle ear inflammation (65%), mastoid condensation (62%), or ossicular anomalies (35%). With its excellent sensitivity, TBCT gives typical arguments for PCD diagnosis, adding otological signs to the usual sinus CT signs (hypoplasia, aplasia). Systematic TBCT could be useful in the initial evaluation of patients with suspicion of PCD.

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Suzuki, Kiyoshi, Yoichi Shiraishi, Nobuhiro Nakajima, Manabu Iwai, Shinichi Ninomiya, Yukinori Tanaka, and Tetsutaro Uematsu. "Development of New PCD Made Up of Boron Doped Diamond Particles and its Machinability by EDM." Advanced Materials Research 76-78 (June 2009): 684–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.76-78.684.

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This paper deals with a new PCD named EC-PCD which is made up of boron doped diamond particles and its properties related to EDM machinability. For the purpose of improving various properties of standard PCD including resistance to heat, wear and reactivity, a new PCD (EC-PCD) was manufactured on a trial basis using electrically conductive diamond particle as a basic ingredient. Grain size, resistivity and thermal conductivity of the boron doped diamond used are 10μm, 5~37×10Ω•m and 440~580W/m•K. In this report, machinability of newly developed PCD (EC-PCD) by wire EDM was investigated in comparison with that of standard PCD. In wire cutting of 2 types of PCD in water under the condition of open gap voltage: ue=80V, set peak current: iP=0.8A and pulse condition: te/to=20/20μs, it was found that roughness of the first cut surface of standard PCD was approximately 8μm Rz, while that of EC-PCD was far better such as 3μm. Also in finish cut (7th cut), the latter achieved the value of Rz=1.7μm while the former achieved only the value of Rz=2.7μm. Expecting better performance, EC-PCD was tested also in oil. As a result, the best achieved roughness was improved to Rz=0.4μm with no chipping on the edge. To explore a reason for such a good roughness obtained, the cut samples were observed on the SEM, which revealed that the diamond particles in EC-PCD were flattened by electro discharge.

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Chen, William, Manabu Iwai, Shinichi Ninomiya, and Kiyoshi Suzuki. "Material Properties of a New PCD Made of Boron Doped Diamond Particles." Advanced Materials Research 1017 (September 2014): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1017.154.

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In order to cope with various problems associated with machining of PCD, development of a new PCD possessing excellent tool properties and good machinability at the same time has been demanded. From this point of view, the authors have developed a new PCD, “EC-PCD (Electrically Conductive PCD)”, composed of boron doped diamond particles in place of the standard non-conductive diamond. In this research, investigation into material properties of the newly developed EC-PCD is made. Through the tests, it was found that the boron doped diamond particles (the source material of the new PCD) had an electrical resistivity of 1.6×10-4Ω·m and the thermal conductivity after sintering was lower than that of the standard PCD. In addition, it was confirmed that the electrical conductivity of the source diamond particles of the EC-PCD had not been lost even under the condition of high temperature and high pressure during the manufacture. As a result of the heat test, EC-PCD’s high resistance to oxidation at high temperatures was confirmed showing no changes in the surface condition even at 675oC while the surface of the S-PCD was largely changed at the same temperature. One of the reasons for this is guessed to be that EC-PCD is hard to react with the cobalt contained as a catalyst metal. Further, it was found in the friction tests using a steel ball that the friction coefficient of the EC-PCD was 50% higher than that of S-PCD at the room temperature though it dropped by 10-30% at the temperature of 80oC.

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Lee, Myeounggon, Changhong Youm, Byungjoo Noh, and Hwayoung Park. "Gait Characteristics Based on Shoe-Type Inertial Measurement Units in Healthy Young Adults during Treadmill Walking." Sensors 20, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 2095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072095.

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This study investigated the gait characteristics of healthy young adults using shoe-type inertial measurement units (IMU) during treadmill walking. A total of 1478 participants were tested. Principal component analyses (PCA) were conducted to determine which principal components (PCs) best defined the characteristics of healthy young adults. A non-hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to evaluate the essential gait ability, according to the results of the PC1 score. One-way repeated analysis of variance with the Bonferroni correction was used to compare gait performances in the cluster groups. PCA outcomes indicated 76.9% variance for PC1–PC6, where PC1 (gait variability (GV): 18.5%), PC2 (pace: 17.8%), PC3 (rhythm and phase: 13.9%), and PC4 (bilateral coordination: 11.2%) were the gait-related factors. All of the pace, rhythm, GV, and variables for bilateral coordination classified the gait ability in the cluster groups. We suggest that the treadmill walking task may be reliable to evaluate the gait performances, which may provide insight into understanding the decline of gait ability. The presented results are considered meaningful for understanding the gait patterns of healthy adults and may prove useful as reference outcomes for future gait analyses.

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Tang, Dachao, Cheng Han, Shaofeng Lin, Xiaodan Tan, Weizhi Zhang, Di Peng, Chenwei Wang, and Yu Xue. "iPCD: A Comprehensive Data Resource of Regulatory Proteins in Programmed Cell Death." Cells 11, no. 13 (June 24, 2022): 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11132018.

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Programmed cell death (PCD) is an essential biological process involved in many human pathologies. According to the continuous discovery of new PCD forms, a large number of proteins have been found to regulate PCD. Notably, post-translational modifications play critical roles in PCD process and the rapid advances in proteomics have facilitated the discovery of new PCD proteins. However, an integrative resource has yet to be established for maintaining these regulatory proteins. Here, we briefly summarize the mainstream PCD forms, as well as the current progress in the development of public databases to collect, curate and annotate PCD proteins. Further, we developed a comprehensive database, with integrated annotations for programmed cell death (iPCD), which contained 1,091,014 regulatory proteins involved in 30 PCD forms across 562 eukaryotic species. From the scientific literature, we manually collected 6493 experimentally identified PCD proteins, and an orthologous search was then conducted to computationally identify more potential PCD proteins. Additionally, we provided an in-depth annotation of PCD proteins in eight model organisms, by integrating the knowledge from 102 additional resources that covered 16 aspects, including post-translational modification, protein expression/proteomics, genetic variation and mutation, functional annotation, structural annotation, physicochemical property, functional domain, disease-associated information, protein–protein interaction, drug–target relation, orthologous information, biological pathway, transcriptional regulator, mRNA expression, subcellular localization and DNA and RNA element. With a data volume of 125 GB, we anticipate that iPCD can serve as a highly useful resource for further analysis of PCD in eukaryotes.

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De Jesús-Rojas, Wilfredo, Francisco Alvarado-Huerta, Jesús Meléndez-Montañez, José Muñiz-Hernández, Arnaldo Santos-López, and Ricardo Mosquera. "Nasal Nitric Oxide Levels: Improving the Diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia in Puerto Rico." Advances in Respiratory Medicine 90, no. 5 (September 26, 2022): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arm90050050.

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Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic disease characterized by motile cilia dysfunction with a prevalence of 1 in 16,309 individuals in Hispanic populations. In Puerto Rico, the prevalence of PCD is unknown. Diagnosis of PCD in Puerto Rico is challenging due to the lack of diagnostic technology. Algorithms for PCD diagnosis include clinical history, genetic testing, ciliary biopsy, and nasal Nitric Oxide (nNO) levels. For the first time, this study successfully implemented and measured the nNO levels in subjects with the RSPH4A (c.921+3_921+6del (intronic)) as a diagnostic tool to complement the current algorithm for PCD diagnosis on the island. The nNO level differentiated homozygous subjects with PCD due to the RSPH4A (c.921+3_921+6del (intronic)) founder mutation compared to healthy gender-age matched controls and subjects with VUS or negative genetic testing for PCD. The acquisition of state-of-the-art diagnostic tools such as nNO positively impacted and expanded our current PCD diagnostic capabilities in Puerto Rico for our founder genetic mutation. The addition of nNO technology promotes earlier disease screening and recognition for patients with PCD on the island. The access to nNO helped us to properly characterize the PCD diagnosis for patients with the RSPH4A (c.921+3_921+6del (intronic)). As a result, our findings will allow us to be part of the national PCD foundation registry and represent Puerto Rican Hispanics in future PCD multicentric clinical trials.

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Sung, James C., Ming Yi Tsai, Marehito Aoki, Cheng Shiang Chou, and Michael Sung. "PCD pad conditioners for low pressure chemical mechanical planarisation of semiconductors." International Journal of Abrasive Technology 1, no. 3/4 (2008): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijat.2008.020566.

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Journal articles on the topic 'PCD'

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