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Novovic, Milos, and Vesna Topic. "Correlation between arterial and venous blood gas analysis parameters in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 140, no. 7-8 (2012): 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1208436n.
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Introduction. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analyses have an important role in the assessment and monitoring of the metabolic and oxygen status of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Arterial puncture could have a lot of adverse effects, while sampling of venous blood is simpler and is not so invasive. Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether venous blood gas (VBG) values of pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), partial oxygen pressure (PO2), bicarbonate (HCO3), and venous and arterial blood oxygen saturation (SO2) can reliably predict ABG levels in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD. Methods. Forty-seven patients with a prior diagnosis of COPD were included in this prospective study. The patients with acute exacerbation of this disease were examined at the General Hospital EMS Department in Prijepolje. ABG samples were taken immediately after venous sampling, and both were analyzed. Results. The Pearson correlation coefficients between arterial and venous parameters were 0.828, 0.877, 0.599, 0.896 and 0.312 for pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3 and SO2, respectively. The statistically significant correlation between arterial and venous pH, PCO2 and HCO3, values was found in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD (p<0.001). Conclusion. When we cannot provide arterial blood for analysis, venous values of the pH, Pv,CO2 and HCO3 parameters can be an alternative to their arterial equivalents in the interpretation of the metabolic status in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD, while the values of venous Pv,O2 and Sv,O2 cannot be used as predictors in the assessment of oxygen status of such patients.
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Khadija, Aslam Bara Dr. Aiesha Baloch Aysha. "A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE ASSOCIATION OF VENOUS AND ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES (PH, PCO2 AND HCO3) IN COPD PATIENTS." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 10 (2018): 9852–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1461025.
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<strong><em>Objective: </em></strong><em>Body acid base balance can best be determined through the analysis of arterial blood gas. It is also an important assessment tool for acid base balance verification in the human body. COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a disease that limit the airflow that cannot be reversed and causes failure of the respiration process. Our aim of this particular research was to determine the association between venous and arterial blood gases in the COPD patients.</em> <strong><em>Material and Methods: </em></strong><em>The research is cross-sectional and it is completed in the Chest Medicine Department of Allied Hospital, Faisalabad (February 2017 to December 2017). A total of one hundred participants took part in the research. Every patient fulfilled the prescribed inclusion criteria. An informed consent was also secured before the commencement of research. Patients were drained for blood samples anaerobically from dorsal hand vein and radial artery with the help of two separate syringes. We analyzed the samples for pH, HCO3 and PCO2. Data analysis was made through SPSS software.</em> <strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>The outcomes reflected a patient’s mean age of (52.68 ± 10.51) years. There was a strong association between ABGs and VBGs as analyzed through pH, HCO3 and PCO2 which is r = 0.913, 0.994 and 0.999 respectively. A significant P-value was under 0.0001.</em> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong><em>There was a strong association of VBGs and </em><em>ABG’s in COPD patients.</em>
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Nusrullah, Muhammad, Muhammad Younus, and Yasir Nasir. "Relationship between Arterial and Venous Blood Gases in Patients Presenting with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease." Annals of King Edward Medical University 24, no. 1 (2018): 684–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v24i1.2343.
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Arterial blood gas analysis is an important test for determining acid base balance of the body. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by chronic airflow limitation which is not fully reversible and it can lead to respiratory failure. Objective: To determine the correlation between arterial and venous blood gases in patients presenting with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Material and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at Department of Chest Medicine, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. After meeting the inclusion criteria, 100 patients were enrolled. Informed consent was taken and demographic information was obtained. Blood sample was obtained anaerobically from the radial artery and from a dorsal hand vein using 2 separate 5cc BD heparinized syringes with needle size 22G for each patientand pH, PCO2, and HCO3 were analyzed. All the collected data was entered and analyzed on SPSS version 21.Results: The mean age of the patients was 52.68±10.51 years. Strong relationship was found between the VBGs and ABGs in pH, PCO2 and HCO3 i.e. r=0.913, 0.999 and 0.994 (p-value <0.0001), respectively. Conclusion: A strong correlation was found among ABG’s and VBGs in patients presenting with COPD.
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Sathindra Sasmita, B., Janmejoy Sengupta, and Indraneel Dasgupta. "COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF CAPILLARY BLOOD GASES AS WITH ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES IN PATIENTS OF COPD WITH ACUTE EXACERBATION PRESENTING TO EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 10 (2020): 553–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11880.
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Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between selected variables of capillary blood gas (CBG) and Arterial blood gas (ABG)values for assessing values of pH, bicarbonate (HCO3), partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD presenting to the Emergency department of Peerless hospital. Our study on reliability of CBG over ABG is aimed to make blood gas analysis easier, quicker, less painful and equally reliable. Settings And Design: This was a prospective observational study carried out in a tertiary care centre in Kolkata. Materials And Methods: This study was carried out in Peerless hospital and B.K.Roy Research Centre, Kolkata over a period of 1 year. Total of 90 patients who presented to Emergency department with acute exacerbation of COPD patients were included in the study. Informed consent was taken from all the patients recruited in this study. The blood samples were drawn simultaneously from the radial artery by an arterial puncture into a heparinized syringe and the fingertip by a finger prick into a capillary tube of every patient participating in the study. Initially, capillary sample was collected and immediately after that, an arterial sample was taken from the radial artery in order to assess the agreement between the capillary and arterial samples. These samples obtained were analysed immediately by the blood gas analyser (AVL Compact 3, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) of the Emergency Department for values of acid-base and oxygenation: pH, PO2, PCO2and HCO3 values. Blood gases were obtained only if the patient needed blood gases analysis for clinical decisions. Care was taken to avoid exposing the blood droplet to air, and the arterial sample was continuously turned to avoid clotting. In addition, the measurement of oxygen saturation (SpO2) was also obtained from the finger pulse oximeter in the emergency (Noninvasive pulse oximeter).
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Kancherla, Roopa, Senthil Dhanasekaran, Srinivas Rajagopal, and Dheeraj Kattula. "Predictors of post discharge home oxygen therapy and Bilevel positive airway pressure therapy in stable hypercapnoea." Pulmon 23, no. 2 (2021): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-3809.364151.
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Background: Hospital admission for acute exacerbation of COPD (AE-COPD) accounts for 70% of total costs of COPD treatment, and treatment cost is related to the duration of hospital stay. If post-discharge supportive care is required an extra cost will be added. The objectives of this study are to determine the predictive factors of post-discharge supportive care (Domiciliary oxygen, Bi-level positive airway pressure) in known COPD patients who got admitted with acute exacerbation. This is likely to help the treating physician to prime the family and plan an early discharge of the patient with supportive care instead of waiting for the patient to be off oxygen or BiPAP support. Methods: This is a retrospective study done at the pulmonology department of tertiary care hospital from January 2018-Jan 2019. Data sources were electronic medical records and the hospital discharge minimum data set. This study included 89 known COPD subjects who were not on prior supportive care (Long term oxygen therapy or home BIPAP) and were admitted for the management of acute exacerbation. Clinical parameters like symptoms at onset and the duration of symptoms (cough, fever, breathlessness, sputum production),comorbidities, initial blood investigations(complete blood counts, serum creatinine, arterial blood gas analysis, sputum culture reports)radiological findings, treatment details, pulmonary function test were evaluated with appropriate statistical tests. Parameters associated with post-discharge supportive care were evaluated. Results: A total of 89 patients were included in the study. Four patients were excluded because of the death. Presence of type II respiratory failure related findings like respiratory acidosis PH (P=0.02), elevated bicarbonate HCO3 (P=0.01), elevated carbon dioxide level PCO2 (p=0.007) in the ABG, and the requirement of non-invasive ventilation (P=0.00), Chest X-ray finding of hyperinflation (P=0.03) and treatment-related variables like prolonged duration of hospitalization (P<0.01) were associated with post-discharge supportive care (Home oxygen therapy and BiPAP support) in univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis hyperinflation (Odds ratio OR-4.73; 95% confidence interval; 1.37-16.33), noninvasive ventilation (OR-4.9; 95% CI: 1.29-18.47), and prolonged duration of hospitalization (OR-1.32; 95% CI: 1.05-1.66) remained significantly associated with post-discharge home oxygen therapy and home BiPAP therapy. Conclusion: This study results conclude that severe disease as marked by hyperinflation on Chest X-ray, presence of type II respiratory failure related changes in the ABG and requirement of non-invasive ventilation, and longer duration of hospitalization predicts the post-discharge supportive care. These findings can help the clinician to prepare for earlier discharge with post-discharge supportive care.
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Eljatin, Dwinka Syafira, Muhammad Ridho Akbar Eljatin, I. Made Dwi Mertha Adnyana, Muhammad Bayu Zohari Hutagalung, and Muhamad Frendy Setyawan. "Excessive Use of Nipah Leaf Membrane Cigarettes Increases the Severity of Spontaneous Pneumothorax: A Case study from Jambi, Indonesia." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research 4, no. 1 (2023): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47065/jharma.v4i1.2820.
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Nipah (Nypa fruticans) is a type of palm that is widely used by the community. The local people of Jambi use Nipah leaves as a tobacco membrane for cigarettes. However, we found reports of cigarette use cases having implications for the severity of spontaneous pneumothorax disease. A 57-year-old man came to the emergency room suffering from shortness of breath, right-side chest discomfort, yellowish-green sputum cough, abdominal pain, nausea, weakness, decreased appetite, and inability to sleep. For two years, this man consumed ten Nipah membrane cigarettes he made independently daily, resulting in lung disease. The lungs were found to be asymmetrical with the weakened fremitus of the right lung stem; percussion revealed hyper resonance in the right lung and resonance in the left lung; auscultation revealed the presence of a decrease in vesicular breathing sounds in the right lung, and other breathing sounds crackling in both lungs. The patient's severe partially compensatory respiratory acidosis indicated levels of pH, pO2, pCO2, HCO3, total CO2, and BE. Sinus tachycardia, normoaxis and suitable atrial hypertrophy were found. The luscen region is visible, and the white line of the pleura on the right hemithorax shows the pneumothorax of the right lung. This case is relatively rare, and excess Nipah leaf membrane cigarettes increase the severity of spontaneous pneumothorax disease that causes COPD.
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Hoffman, William E., Fady T. Charbel, Guy Edelman, and James I. Ausman. "Brain tissue acid-base changes during ischemia." Neurosurgical Focus 2, no. 5 (1997): E5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.1997.2.5.5.
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It is likely that brain tissue acidosis during ischemia is associated with neuronal injury. The authors measured brain extracellular H+, PCO2 and HCO3- concentrations during an ischemic event produced by temporary occlusion of the middle or anterior cerebral arterial distributions, with a 10-minute recovery period. Patients who were to undergo craniotomy for cerebrovascular surgery were recruited for the study. A probe that measures PCO2, pH, and temperature was inserted into tissue at risk for ischemia during temporary arterial occlusion. As a control for this treatment, PaCO2 was increased 10 mm Hg in five patients over a 10-minute period. Under baseline conditions, there was no difference in arterial blood pressure, blood gas levels, or brain temperature between patients who underwent temporary arterial occlusion or those in whom hypercapnia was induced. In patients in whom hypercapnia was induced, H+, PCO2, and HCO3- concentrations increased and all values returned to baseline levels within 10 minutes. In 10 patients who underwent a median 9-minute arterial occlusion, transient ischemia was seen with an increase in tissue H+ and PCO2 levels of 100% and 60%, respectively, and a 20% decrease in HCO3-levels. After a 10-minute postischemic recovery, only PCO2 had returned to baseline levels. These results are consistent with a rapid equilibration of lactic acidosis across the cell membrane during ischemia which decreases HCO3- concentration. After ischemia, extracellular acidosis may be prolonged because of the extrusion of H+ from the cell by membrane ion exchange.
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Shisodiya, Kunalsinh Khushalsinh, and Milind Vyawahare. "Study of Correlation of Arterial Blood Gas Measurements with Peripheral Venous Blood Gas Values in Adult Patients Admitted in ICU in Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India – A Cross-Sectional Study." Vidarbha Journal of Internal Medicine 33 (April 6, 2023): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/vjim_34_2022.
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Objectives: Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis is an essential investigation for assessment of ventilation, oxygenation and acid–base status in critically ill patients. Arterial puncture to obtain arterial blood is more invasive procedure than venous and has more potential complications. The present study was undertaken to find out the correlation between arterial and peripheral venous blood gas (VBG) values for PO2 (Partial pressure of oxygen), PCO2 (Partial pressure of carbon dioxide), pH (Potential of hydrogen) and HCO3 (bicarbonates). Material and Methods: A total of 131 consecutive patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) requiring ABG analysis to determine their acid–base status or ventilatory status were included in the study. Arterial and venous blood samples were obtained with a heparinised syringe within <15 min, after performing modified Allen’s test and were analysed using blood gas analysis machine. The mean of pH, pCO2, HCO3, and PO2, values in arterial and venous samples was determined, along with peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) of patients. Results: ABG and VBG analysis correlated well for pH, pCO2 and HCO3, as their correlation coefficient (r) were 0.976, 0.992 and 0.984, respectively, whereas PO2 has correlation coefficient of 0.010 which suggests that there was poor correlation in PO2. For each unit increase in pCO2, pH and HCO3 of VBG, all these ABG changes by 0.9831 units, 0.914 units and 0.992 units, respectively. Peripheral O2 saturation (SpO2) correlates well with arterial O2 saturation, however, does not correlate with venous O2 saturation. Conclusion: The results show that VBG analysis can be a substitute for ABG for evaluation of ventilatory function and acid–base imbalance for pH, pCO2 and HCO3 in patients of ICU setup in many clinical contexts.
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Prashant, Kumar Gupta, Shankar Kumar Uma, and Kumar Sinha Parmod. "A Comparative Evaluation of Venous Blood Gas between Arterial and Venous Blood Samples in Patients of Acute Breathlessness." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research 15, no. 11 (2023): 743–47. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11613724.
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AbstractAim: The aim of the present study was to compare venous blood gas assessments for variables such as pH, pCO2,bicarbonate and base excess between arterial and venous blood samples.Methods: This Prospective study was conducted at ANMMCH Gaya by Department of Emergency Medicine forthe period of 2 years. 70 patients were included in the study.Results: It was observed that the mean respiratory rate of the study conducted came out to be 32.2 breaths perminute. The mean SpO2 of the patients observed to be 88.4 at room air. The mean pH in arterial blood came outto be 7.43. The mean pH of venous sample observed to be 7.35 with p value of .028. The mean pCO2 values ofarterial blood observed to be 33.07. The mean pCO2 value of the venous blood samples was observed to be 39.51.The mean arterial HCO3 level in the sample came out to be 17.63. The mean venous HCO3 value in the samplecame out to be 20.07. The mean PO2 level of arterial blood came out to be 92.76. The mean PO2 level of venousblood came out to be 65.46.Conclusion: The blood gas values for pH and HCO3 showed excellent agreement and correlation and can beconsidered clinically interchangeable with arterial values. On venous pCO2 we found differing results andtherefore suggest the possible implementation of arterialization of venous blood gas which will make all thesevalues even more accurate and will allow the use of venous pCO2 in the clinical setting.
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Pujar, Ganesh, Umesh G. Rajoor, and Anand Chavan. "Correlation of Arterial and Central Venous Blood Gas Measurements in Critically Ill Patients at Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Center." APIK Journal of Internal Medicine 13, no. 2 (2024): 123–27. https://doi.org/10.4103/ajim.ajim_48_24.
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Background and Objective: Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis is an important step in assessing the adequacy of oxygenation and ventilation and for monitoring acid–base disturbances. Arterial puncture is associated with complications, so central venous blood gas analysis (CVBG) is used as an alternative to ABG analysis. The objective of this study is to assess the relationship between pH, bicarbonate (HCO3), partial pressure of oxygen, base excess, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) values obtained from arterial and central venous blood samples in critically ill patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). Materials and Methods: This single-center, prospective study aimed to assess the correlation between ABG and CVBG measurements among patients admitted to the medicine ICU. Two paired blood samples of both arterial and venous blood, 12 h apart, were collected from 30 patients. The correlation between ABG and CVBG was computed using Epi Info software. Results: The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of arterial pH and PCO2 was 7.36 ± 0.09 and 35.47 ± 9.74, respectively. The mean ± SD of venous pH and PCO2 was 7.36 ± 0.10 and 35.69 ± 9.99, respectively. The correlation between arterial and venous pH was r = 0.79 (P < 0.001), and PCO2 was r = 0.90 (P < 0.001). The mean ± SD of arterial HCO3 and base excess was 17.75 ± 8.56 and − 1.67 ± 8.82, respectively. The mean ± SD of venous HCO3 and base excess was 18.98 ± 5.80 and − 1.98 ± 9.46, respectively. The correlation between arterial and venous HCO3 was r = 0.87 (P < 0.001), and base excess was r = 0.81 (P < 0.001), suggesting a statistically significant correlation in the aforementioned parameters. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates a strong correlation between ABG and CVBG for pH, PCO2, HCO3, and base excess. These findings suggest that CVBG analysis can be a reliable alternative to ABG analysis in critically ill ICU patients, especially in resource-limited settings. This approach can reduce patient discomfort and complications associated with arterial punctures, streamlining emergency care.
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Çakmak, Fatma, and Erdal Tekin. "Correlation of the end-tidal CO2 value with arterial blood gas parameters – evaluation of the treatment efficacy of COPD exacerbation in the emergency department." European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 20, no. 3 (2022): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/ejcem.2022.3.9.
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Introduction and aim. Painful, invasive, and expensive arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis is required in the diagnosis, follow-up, treatment, and even discharge of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study aimed to compare the end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) value, which allows non-invasive, painless, low-cost, and continuous monitoring, with ABG parameters, in the evaluation of the treatment efficacy of COPD exacerbation. Material and methods. The study was prospectively conducted with patients who presented to the emergency department with COPD exacerbation. ABG analysis and ETCO2 measurement were simultaneously performed in patients with COPD exacerbation at the time of arrival and after treatment, and were statistically compared. Results. The study included a total of 216 patients, of whom 57.4% were male. The mean age of the patients was 67.3±13.9 years. The ETCO2 values of the patients at arrival and after COPD exacerbation treatment were 39.2±10 and 37.3±9, respectively, and a statistically significant difference was determined (p=0.001). The partial pressure of pCO2 values measured at arrival and after treatment were 40.85±10.54 and 38.74±9.25, respectively, and it was statistically significant (p=0.001). A strong positive and statistically significant correlation was found between the ETCO2 and pCO2 values both at arrival and after COPD exacerbation treatment (r=0.840; p<0.001 and r=0.872; p<0.001, respectively). The Bland-Altman plot was constructed for the agreement between ETCO2 and pCO2 at both evaluation times. Conclusion. ETCO2 measurement could accurately predict the pCO2 of patients with COPD at arrival and after COPD exacerbation treatment. Also, ETCO2 may be useful in cases where pCO2 cannot be used.
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AYDEMİR, Gökhan, Hasan GÖKCEOĞLU, and Oğuzhan AYDEMİR. "A NEW APPROACH TO MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS OF COVID-19 AND CONTROLLING THE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 ON ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS WORKING." INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF SPORTS, no. 38 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.17363/sstb.2020/abc8451/.38.5.
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Aim: The purpose of this study is to provide information about the effect of the defense mechanism formed by the lung mucosal surface against Covid-19 and the effect of Covid-19's lung involvement on Arterial Blood Gas Values, whose number of cases and mortality rate increases day by day in our country. In addition, by sharing a new method in the diagnosis of Covid-19, important issues in the monitoring of Covid-19 patients with a high symptom burden and high risk of complications associated with lung damage were highlighted. Method: The blood values of 4000 patients who read the consent form and gave consent were collected in the SPSS 26 program in our study conducted in various public hospitals within the city of Istanbul with the permission of Istanbul Provincial Health Directorate with the number 15916306-604.02 and dated 08.09.2020. With our quantitative research, it is possible to interpret the arterial blood gas values of patients who have been diagnosed with covid-19 positive, to determine the common output and to determine the treatment methods, drugs, etc. It is aimed to be a resource for the studies. Common values were searched in the formed control groups and analyzed in accordance with the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and in accordance with the literature. Arterial and vein blood from the patients participating in the study were collected in anaerobic environment with sterile syringes containing 1.0 or 5.0 mL lyophilized heparin. During blood collection, necessary measures have been taken to prevent or minimize blood contact with air. Since arterial blood gas collection requires expertise, no results that could be interpreted as suspicious were included in the study. Analyzes were performed with pH, pO2, pCO2, HCO3, LDH and Hgb values of 4000 participants. Results: Our study includes 4000 people between the ages of 19-88, who have been diagnosed with Covid-19 and voluntarily agree to participate in our study. 58% of the patients who participated in the study by approving the consent form were male and 42% were female. In order for the blood values of the deceased patients to be used in our study, permission was also requested from their relatives. In this group, 68% of the participants are male and 32% are female participants. It was found that the pO2 and pCO2 ratio of 4000 patients participating in the study did not exceed 10% of the LDH and HCO3 ratio (1O X (LDH) / 100 X (HCO3)> pO2 / pCO2). If the equation is correct in the equation [(LDH) X (pCO2)] / [(HCO3) X (pO2)] ≤ (Hgb), the covid-19 diagnostic status is positive. Conclusion: : It has been determined that the pO2 / pCO2 ratio does not exceed 10% of the LDH / HCO3 ratio in the critical cases examined within the scope of the research. As this rate decreased, the rate of survival of patients also decreased. Therefore, in positive cases, a reference equation that can detect covid-19 positivity has been found by looking at whether there is an anion gap and metabolic acidosis is observed and LDH level. This formula; [(LDH) X (pCO2)] / [(HCO3) X (pO2)] ≤ (Hgb). When the formula was applied, it was determined that the ratio of [(LDH) X (pCO2)] / [(HCO3) X (pO2)] was equal or less than the value of hemoglobin (Hgb).
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Murtisiwi, Lusia. "EVALUATION OF TREATMENT BRONCHODILATORS AND CORTICOSTEROIDS IN COPD INPATIENT IN HOSPITALS DR. MOEWARDI SURAKARTA JANUARY 2016-JUNE 2017." Jurnal Farmasi (Journal of Pharmacy) 1, no. 1 (2018): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37013/jf.v1i1.67.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the cause of mortality and morbidity in worldwide. This study aims to determine the pattern of treatment of bronchodilators with or without corticosteroids and their effects on changes carbon dioxide pressure in blood (PCO2) and oxygen pressure in blood (PO2) in COPD patients of inpatient in RSUD Dr. Moewardi Surakarta January 2016-June 2017. This research is a retrospective descriptive research design, data collecting by tracking medical records patients with 195 samples. The results showed that treatment of COPD patient using single bronchodilator of 30,8%, bronchodilator combination of 57,1%, bronchodilator combination with corticosteroid of 1% and corticosteroid equal to 91,3%.Effect of bronchodilator treatment without corticosteroids on changes in the largest largest PCO2 change of 14.8%, the smallest change in PCO25.9%, the largest PO2 change was 19%, the smallest PO2 change was 5.6%, whereas in patients who received bronchodilator treatment with corticosteroids there was the largest PCO2 change of 87.4%, the smallest PCO2 cha
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Rang, Louise C. F., Heather E. Murray, George A. Wells, and Cameron K. MacGougan. "Can peripheral venous blood gases replace arterial blood gases in emergency department patients?" CJEM 4, no. 01 (2002): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1481803500006011.
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ABSTRACTObjective:To determine if peripheral venous blood gas values for pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and the resultant calculated bicarbonate (HCO3) predict arterial values accurately enough to replace them in a clinical setting.Methods:This prospective observational study was performed in a university tertiary care emergency department from June to December 1998. Patients requiring arterial blood gas analysis were enrolled and underwent simultaneous venous blood gas sampling. The following data were prospectively recorded: age, sex, presenting complaint, vital signs, oxygen saturation, sample times, number of attempts and indication for testing. Correlation coefficients and mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for pH,PCO2and HCO3. A survey of 45 academic emergency physicians was performed to determine the minimal clinically important difference for each variable.Results:The 218 subjects ranged in age from 15 to 90 (mean 60.4) years. The 2 blood samples were drawn within 10 minutes of each other for 205 (96%) of the 214 patients for whom data on timing were available. Pearson’s product–moment correlation coefficients between arterial and venous values were as follows: pH, 0.913;PCO2, 0.921; and HCO3, 0.953. The mean differences (and 95% CIs) between arterial and venous samples were as follows: pH, 0.036 (0.030–0.042);PCO2, 6.0 (5.0–7.0) mm Hg; and HCO3, 1.5 (1.3–1.7) mEq/L. The mean differences (± 2 standard deviations) were greater than the minimum clinically important differences identified in the survey.Conclusions:Arterial and venous blood gas samples were strongly correlated, and there were only small differences between them. A survey of emergency physicians suggested that the differences are too large to allow for interchangeability of results; however, venous values may be valid if used in conjunction with a correction factor or for trending purposes.
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Flear, C. T., S. W. Roberts, S. Hayes, J. C. Stoddart, and A. K. Covington. "pK1' and bicarbonate concentration in plasma." Clinical Chemistry 33, no. 1 (1987): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/33.1.13.
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Abstract Values for pK1' were determined from pH measured at 37 degrees C with three blood-gas analyzers and from calculated pco2 values in 443 freshly separated plasmas, tonometered at 37 degrees C. Plasma was taken from healthy volunteers, seriously ill patients, and hyponatremic patients. pK1' values varied by considerably more than 0.06 in healthy volunteers as well as in very ill patients, and bicarbonate concentrations ([HCO3]p) calculated by blood-gas analyzers based on the pK1' value of 6.1 could be in error by some +/- 60%. pK1' was similarly determined for tonometered (37 degrees C) replicate dilutions of plasma samples. By adding weighed amounts of dry NaCl and NaHCO3 to the diluted samples we increased the Na+ concentration to approximately 150 mmol/L and bicarbonate concentrations to values ranging from approximately 2.5 to approximately 52.5 mmol/L. pK1' values decreased when [HCO3]p was increased in dilutions of plasma kept at constant ionic strength. At any given [HCO3]p, pK1' values were higher at high than at low values of pco2.
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Foster, Steven, Deborah Lopez, and Henry M. Thomas. "Pulmonary Rehabilitation in COPD Patients with Elevated PCO2." American Review of Respiratory Disease 138, no. 6 (1988): 1519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/138.6.1519.
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ISMOILOV, K. I., and M. S. KHUSENOVA. "EXTERNAL RESPIRATION AND BLOOD GAS COMPOSITION IN CHILDREN WITH HEREDITARY HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA." AVICENNA BULLETIN 26, no. 3 (2024): 378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25005/2074-0581-2024-26-3-378-386.
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Objective: Investigation of the connection between the changes of the blood gas composition and external respiration (ER) disorders in children with hereditary hemolytic anemia (HHA) Methods: Forty-eight children with HHA hospitalized in the Pediatric Hematology Department of the National Medical Center of the Republic of Tajikistan “Shifobakhsh” (NMCRT) were examined. The patients were divided into three groups based on the severity of anemia: group 1 – 18 (37.5%) children with mild HHA, group 2 – 20 (41.7%) children with moderate HHA and group 3 – 10 (20.8%) children with severe HHA. The control group included 20 healthy children of comparable age and gender distribution. All patients with HHA underwent blood gas analysis and ER tests Results: There was no significant difference the blood acid-base status (ABS) between the children of the control and mild HHA groups: (pH – 7.36 [7.35; 7.36], pCO2 – 36.0 [35.3; 37.1], HCO3 - −24.8 [23.9; 24.5]) vs. (pH – 7.35 [7.35; 7.37], pCO2 – 39.4 [37.4; 40.6], HCO3 - − 22.8 [22.1; 23.6]) respectively. These parameters in children with moderate and severe HHA (pH – 7.32 [7.31; 7.33], pCO2 – 42.6 [41.8; 46.0], HCO3 - − 17.3 [17.0; 17.7]) and (pH – 7.28 [7.27; 7.29], pCO2 – 51.3 [50.3; 51.7], HCO3 - − 15.5 [14.8; 16.3]) respectively, were significantly different from the control group. Spirographic parameters in patients with moderate (Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1 ) – 79.5 [79.5; 81.0], Tiffeneau index (TI) – 75.7 [74.9; 77.3], Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) – 78.4 [77.8; 80.6])} and severe anemia (FEV1 – 67.6 [66.8; 68.2], IT – 83.0 [83.8; 84.6], FVC – 66.0 [65.8; 68.2]) were significantly different from those with mild anemia (FEV1 – 82.3 [81.7; 83.8], TI – 75.8 [74.9; 76.8], FVC – 85.3 [84.2; 85.6]) and the control group (FEV1 – 86.9 [85.5; 88.3], IT – 75.2 [74.8; 75.9], FVC – 85.4 [84.5; 86.3]) Conclusion: The results of the study revealed pronounced changes in blood ABS and pulmonary ventilation disorder in children with a severe form of HHA Keywords: Hereditary hemolytic anemia, external respiration, hypoxia, acidosis.
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Marano, Marco, Silvio Borrelli, and Pasquale Zamboli. "pCO2 Reveals Arteriovenous Fistula Recirculation in Bicarbonate Hemodialysis (RecirCO2lation Test)." Blood Purification 41, no. 1-3 (2015): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000441439.
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We propose arterial pCO2 as test to discover vascular access recirculation (VAR) in bicarbonate hemodialysis (HD). We selected 30 HD patients with a ascertained well-functioning arteriovenous fistula (Control). In these patients, we artificially created VAR through the reversion of HD lines (Reversed). Results of the arterial gas analysis were collected at the start of HD (baseline) and after 5 min. At baseline, no differences of pH, pCO2 and HCO3 were found between the 2 groups. At 5 min, pCO2 increased from 38.1 ± 3.3 to 47.2 ± 6.3 mm Hg (p < 0.0001) in Reversed, whereas no increase was found in Control (p = 0.052). Areas under curve of pCO2-increase was 0.96 (0.91-1.00) and pCO2 at 5 min 0.92 (0.85-0.98). pCO2-increase >4.5 mm Hg showed sensitivity 86.7% and specificity 100% with positive predictive value (PPV) 100% and negative predictive value (NPV) 89%. A pCO2 value above 43 mm Hg at 5 min showed sensitivity 80%, specificity 90%, PPV 89%, NPV 82%. pCO2 increase >4.5 mm Hg and/or pCO2 at 5 min >43 mm Hg may accurately detect VAR.
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Naz, Sabiha, Kiran Chugh, and Isha Malik. "Can venous blood gas be a reliable substitute for arterial blood gases in modern clinical practice?" International Journal of Advances in Medicine 6, no. 4 (2019): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20193252.
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Background: It is clearly mentioned in the medicine books that blood gas analysis from arterial puncture is the gold standard. But in the past few years it is commonly seen that clinicians have started trusting on venous blood gas analysis as well as started advising VBG (Venous blood gas) in the initial diagnosis of critical patients in emergency setting. Keeping this fact in mind, we designed a study to determine whether VBG could be a better replacement of ABG (Arterial blood gases) in the emergency where diverse pathological conditions are encountered.Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study comprised of 50 patients of 20-60 yrs age with a variety of diagnoses admitted in the emergency department. 50 paired samples (ABG+VBG) were obtained from them under strict aseptic precautions after obtaining their verbal consent. With a minimum delay of less than 2 min blood gas analysis was performed on blood gas analyzer. Parameters (pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3, Base Excess and O2 saturation) from ABG and VBG were recorded and compared using Student’s Unpaired ‘t’ test.Results: pH and HCO3 showed statistical significant (p value <0.05) differences between ABG and VBG, while BE showed statistical non-significant (p value >0.05) difference between them. Contrary to this, PCO2, PO2 and O2 saturation from ABG and VBG showed statistical highly significant (p value <0.0001) differences.Conclusions: VBG should not be interchangeably considered in place of ABG with regard to pH, HCO3, PCO2, PO2 and O2 saturation in conditions where actual oxygenation status of patient is required (e.g.; hypovolemic shock, respiratory disorders, mechanically ventilated patients, etc.)
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Vivodtzev, Isabelle, Erwan L’Her, Gabrielle Vottero, et al. "Automated O2 titration improves exercise capacity in patients with hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled cross-over trial." Thorax 74, no. 3 (2018): 298–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-211967.
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Automatically titrated O2 flows (FreeO2) was compared with constant O2 flow on exercise capacity, O2 saturation and risk of hyperoxia-related hypercapnia in patients with severe COPD with baseline hypercapnia and long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT). Twelve patients were enrolled in a randomised double-blind cross-over study to perform exercise with either FreeO2 or constant flow. Endurance time (primary outcome) and SpO2 were both significantly improved with FreeO2compared with constant flow (p<0.04), although pCO2 was similar in both conditions. Automated titration of O2 significantly and clinically improved endurance walking time in patients with severe COPD receiving LTOT, without worsening of pCO2.Trial registration numberResults , NCT01575327
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Sumit, Kumar Raman, Kumar Sanjeev, and Singh Ritu. "Central Venous Gas Analysis: An Alternative to Arterial Blood Gas Analysis for Ph, Pco2, Bicarbonate, Sodium, Potassium and Chloride in the Intensive Care Unit Patients." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research 15, no. 08 (2023): 110–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12543356.
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AbstractAim: This study was aimed to investigate the correlation of pH, PCO2, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, andchloride (electrolytes) between ABG and central VBG in ICU patients.Material & methods: A randomized controlled comparative study conducted in the department ofAnaesthesiology, at Indira Gandhi institute of Medical Sciences, Patna within duration of 12 months. 100patients were randomly selected.Results: We have found, maximum number of the ICU patients were belongs to 51-70 years of age group i.e.33(33%), next commonest age group was 31-50 years, it consisted 31% cases. 14% & 22% cases were belongsto 18-30 & >70 years of age group respectively. Male cases were predominantly higher than Female cases. Malewas 62.0% and female was 38.0% respectively. Male & Female ratio was 1.63:1. We have found Mean and SDvalue of arterials Blood Gas Analysis among study population pH value was 7.41±0.03, PCO2 (mmHg) was40.99±2.80, HCO3 (mEq/L) was 25.17±2.40, Na+ (mEq/L) was 130.19±6.66, K+ (mEq/L) was 3.06±0.40 & Cl-(mg/dl) was 93.74±2.59 respectively. We have found Mean and SD value of Central Venous Blood GasAnalysis among study population pH value was 7.35±0.04, PCO2 (mmHg) was 46.98±2.78, HCO3 (mEq/L)was 26.32±2.52, Na+ (mEq/L) was 128.91±6.65, K+ (mEq/L) was 2.99±0.40 & Cl- (mg/dl) was 92.47±3.89respectively. We have found significant correlation between ABG pH & VBG pH. r factor was .290 and p valuewas 0.003. We have found positive correlation between arterial blood gas PCO2 & Central Venous Blood GasPCO2 r factor was .961 and p value was <0.0001.Conclusion: Central venous pH, PCO2, and bicarbonate may be an acceptable substitute for ABG in patientsadmitted in the ICU. However caution should be exercised while applying electrolyte measurements.
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Turan Sönmez, Feruza, and Recep Eröz. "The role of argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region-associated proteins in clinical exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Journal of International Medical Research 46, no. 12 (2018): 4995–5003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060518788751.
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Objective To investigate whether argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region-associated protein (AgNOR) parameters can be used as a biomarker that could potentially help with the management and clinical prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation. Methods This case–control study enrolled patients with COPD who were admitted to the Emergency Department and healthy sex- and age-matched control subjects. Peripheral blood samples were collected at hospital admission and the peripheral lymphocytes were silver-stained to investigate the quantity and distribution of AgNOR proteins. Fifty nuclei per patient were viewed and the total AgNOR area/total nuclear area (TAA/TNA) ratio and the mean AgNOR number for each patient were calculated. Results A total of 20 patients with COPD exacerbation and 17 healthy control subjects were recruited to the study. The TAA/TNA ratio and the mean AgNOR number were significantly higher in the patients with COPD exacerbation compared with the healthy control subjects. The mean AgNOR number showed a positive correlation with the pCO2 levels on admission. Conclusion AgNOR protein levels were elevated during a COPD exacerbation compared with healthy control subjects and there was a positive correlation between pCO2 levels and mean AgNOR number.
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Redant, Sebastien, Francois Angoulvant, Patrick M. Honore, Rachid Attou, Dominique Biarent, and David De Bels. "Unknown use of end-tidal CO2 in metabolic emergencies in pediatric patients." Journal of Translational Internal Medicine 7, no. 2 (2019): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jtim-2019-0015.
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Abstract The authors describe two cases of metabolic acidosis, caused by diabetic ketoacidosis in the first case and by dehydration following gastroenteritis in the second one. Both patients were followed with noninvasive end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) monitoring. A correlation between EtCO2 and PCO2 and HCO3− has been established in the literature. Noninvasive ETCO2 is used in only 5–6% of metabolic emergencies. In contrast, users described its use as easy and convenient.
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Ahsant, Samaneh, Soheil Rahmani Fard, Taghi Riahi, et al. "Evaluation the Possible Role of Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor- Alpha in Pathogenesis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Obese Patients: A Case-Control Study." Galen Medical Journal 11 (December 13, 2022): e2431. http://dx.doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v11i.2431.
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Background: According to a mounting body of evidence, recent observations have highlighted considerable association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome and patients’ obesity and inflammation, however the exact underlying mechanisms remain to be fully understood. In this study, the relationship between OSA and Interleukin-6 and Tumor necrosis factor- alpha was assessed in obese patients and their serum concentrations were compared to non-OSA obese subjects. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on forty-six obese OSA patients (body mass indices, BMI>30) and 42 obese but otherwise healthy individuals who were admitted to the pulmonary or obesity clinics of the Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital (Tehran, Iran) between November 2019 and May 2020 were included. The participants completed the NOSAS, EPWORTH and STOPBANG questionnaires. Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) serum concentrations were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results: Compared to the non-OSA group, OSA patients had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pCO2, bicarbonate (HCO3) and hemoglobin and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) values. IL-6 and TNF-α serum levels were not significantly different between both groups. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models showed that BMI, systolic blood pressure, pCO2 and HCO3 can positively affect the serum TNF-α and systolic blood pressure and HCO3 can also positively affect the serum IL-6 values in patients with the OSA. Conclusion: This investigation suggests that among the OSA patients, the heightened inflammatory profile may be influenced by the high BMI. Furthermore, the exclusive relationship between different disease biomarkers and inflammatory agents in OSA patients is intriguing and needs further research.
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Vargas Luna, Francisco Miguel, María Isabel Delgadillo Cano, Pere Joan Riu Costa, Svetlana Kashina, and José Marco Balleza Ordaz. "Involvement of the Lung Parenchyma Analyzed by Frequency Components of the Tidal Volume Assessed by Electrical Bioimpedance." Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Biomédica 45, no. 2 (2024): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17488/rmib.45.2.2.
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Pulmonary function tests are vital for detecting pathologies, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), emphasizing the importance of assessing lung parenchyma involvement in maintaining proper gas exchange. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) offers a non-invasive alternative for respiratory function evaluation while preserving natural breathing. We propose using EIT to detect lung parenchyma conditions by analyzing tidal volume patterns (by averaging the impedance image) in the frequency domain. Twenty COPD patients underwent simultaneous evaluation with a pneumotachometer and an EIT device, performing three 30-second respiratory maneuvers. FFT spectra analysis yielded parameters, including the area under the curve and quartiles (25 %, 50 %, 75 %) of power values in six frequency regions. Correlations between these parameters and clinical test results (pulmonary diffusing capacity and arterial blood gas analysis) revealed significant associations, particularly with PCO2. Multiple linear regression analysis predicted PCO2 with an R2adj = 0.827, suggesting the potential for non-invasively detecting lung parenchyma affectation by correlating FFT bioimpedance ventilatory patterns with gas exchange performance in COPD patients.
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Sijapati, MJ, N. Bhatta, B. Khanal, M. Lamsal, and S. Chaudhary. "Study of Factors Determining Outcomes in the Hospitalized Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)." Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 2, no. 2 (2014): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v2i2.11171.
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BACKGROUND: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity across the world. Information related to the factors associated with COPD exacerbation and factors determining outcome in hospitalized patient with acute exacerbation of COPD are very important for effective long-term management of this disease. Within this background we attempted to study the factors determining outcome in hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of COPD. METHODS: The study was prospective observational study. Hundred consecutive patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation of COPD were prospectively assessed. RESULTS: Patients required mechanical ventilation and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) transfer were 17 (17%). Patients with hypercapnia pCO2 [(80.24 ± 10.76mmHg P=0.001], pH [(7.24 ± 0.062) P=0.004] with type 2 respiratory failure required ICU transfers with mechanical ventilatory support and these variables were statistically significant in univariate analysis. Patients who were in COPD stage III (FEV1/FVC ratio < 0.35) and having the poor arterial blood gas parameters pH (7.24±0.02) P=0.001, pCO2 [(76.5±13.12mmHg,P=0.006] had bad prognosis. The patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD) who were smokers and exposed to indoor air pollution due to use of biomass fuels had poor outcomes. CONCLUSION: Patients with AECOPD hospitalized in a tertiary care center in a developing country suggest that FEV1/FVC impairment, decreased pH, increased pC02, current smoking status and presence of biomass exposure are associated with prolonged hospitalization, ICU admission and death. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v2i2.11171 Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences (2014) Vol.2(2): 28-34
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K. Immadisetty, Sandeep, and Aparna P. Patange. "Comparison of Blood Gas and Acid–Base Measurement in Arterial and Venous Blood Samples in Patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 15, no. 1 (2022): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2381.
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Background Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the most severe complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Arterial blood gas analysis (ABGA) has been used as a conclusive diagnostic test for DKA. However, ABGA sampling is technically challenging, painful and may cause multiple complications. Venous blood gas analysis (VBGA) is a minimally invasive alternative for ABGA; however, the correlation between ABGA and VBGA has been controversial. Thus, the correlation between arterial and venous pH, partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2), and bicarbonate (HCO3) was studied. Objective To determine whether VBGA can replace ABGA in the evaluation of patients presenting with DKA. Material and Methods The present observational study was carried out in 76 patients with DKA. Two samples for ABGA and VBGA were obtained from each patient as close to each other as possible and were immediately sent to the laboratory. Data analysis was done using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R) and Bland and Altman plots. Results The Bland and Altman plots and Pearson’s correlation coefficient depicted excellent agreement between arterial and venous pH (R = 0.69) and acceptably good agreement between arterial and venous PCO2 (R = 0.93) and HCO3 (R = 0.82). Conclusion Thus, VBGA can be used in the initial diagnosis and evaluation of DKA, allowing the utilisation of a minimally invasive, safer option to ABGA.
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Theunisse, Christiaan, Netty T. C. de Graaf, Annemiek W. E. Braam, et al. "The Effects of Home High-Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen Therapy on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Severe COPD and Frequent Exacerbations." Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 3 (2025): 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14030868.
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Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality globally. Exacerbations of COPD are major contributors to disease progression and a decline in health-related quality of life (HRQoL). High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy is an innovative therapy that provides humidified and heated blended air and oxygen through a nasal cannula. There is some preliminary evidence supporting the effectiveness of HFNC in managing COPD exacerbations, but there are limited data on its effectiveness when used at home for patients with stable, severe COPD. The aim of the present study is to test the hypothesis that home HFNC can decrease the COPD exacerbations rate and hospital admissions and improve HRQoL measures in severe COPD patients with frequent COPD exacerbations. Methods: In a prospective proof-of-concept interventional multicenter study, 40 GOLD stage III and IV COPD patients with a high disease burden (≥2 exacerbations treated with antibiotics and/or corticosteroids) and ≥1 hospital admission in the last year were included. Patients were given instructions on the usage of HFNC by a ventilation practitioner during a group session. The flow rate was 25–30 L/min and FiO2 was 21–35%. Outcome measures included the COPD exacerbations rate, hospital admissions, in-hospital days, Medical Research Council dyspnea (MRC) score, Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ) score, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) scores and capillary pCO2. Repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data. Significant effects identified in the ANOVA were further examined using Student’s t-tests. Results: After 1 year, 27 patients could be evaluated. The COPD exacerbations rate decreased by 1.40 (mean difference ± SD: 1.40 ± 2.09; p = 0.002), hospital admissions decreased by 0.96 admissions per year (0.96 ± 1.37; p = 0.001), and in-hospital days decreased by 7.22 days (7.22 ± 9.26; p = 0.001). Capillary pCO2 decreased by 0.02 kPa (0.02 ± 0.52; p = 0.85). The CCQ score decreased by 0.06 (0.06 ± 0.96; p = 0.76). The MRC dyspnea score decreased by 0.04 (0.04 ± 0.80; p = 0.81). The HADS anxiety score decreased by 0.63 (0.63 ± 3.12; p = 0.31). And finally, the HADS depression score decreased by 0.32 (0.32 ± 3.48; p = 0.64). There was a significant difference between the normocapnic (capillary pCO2 < 6.0 kPa) group and the hypercapnic group in terms of change in the CCQ score (−0.24 ± 0.55 and 0.49 ± 1.32 decrease, respectively, p = 0.05) and the HADS depression score (−0.76 ± 1.86 and 2.20 ± 4.75 decrease, respectively, p = 0.03) after 1 year of HFNC treatment. Conclusions: One-year-long HFNC therapy significantly decreased the COPD exacerbations rate, hospital admissions, and in-hospital days in severe COPD patients with a high disease burden and frequent COPD exacerbations irrespective of them having hypercapnia and with the HRQoL measures only improving in the hypercapnic group. This may imply that severe COPD patients with a high disease burden and frequent COPD exacerbations, irrespective being hypercapnic, are candidates for treatment with home HFNC oxygen therapy.
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Hussaini, Madeeha, Rida Minhaj, Nukala Aishwarya, et al. "Analysis of pH, electrolytes and non-invasive respiratory support in COPD with elevated CO2." Bioinformation 20, no. 11 (2024): 1503–7. https://doi.org/10.6026/9732063002001503.
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The contributions of pH balance and electrolytes among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experiencing hypercapnic exacerbations requiring non-invasive ventilation (NIV) are of interest. Hence, we used samples from 70 patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital from January to June 2023. The main variable analyzed was arterial blood gas data and serum electrolyte levels. A positive correlation between bicarbonate levels and PCO2 was found, with p < 0.01 and r = 0.74, indicating metabolic compensation for respiratory acidosis. NIV was required in the majority of patients: in 64.3%, values were higher for both PCO2 (52.3 ą 7.1 mmHg vs. 39.6 ą 4.3 mmHg) and bicarbonate levels (32.4 ą 4.8m Eq/L vs. 26.1 ą 3.1 m Eq/L; p < 0.01) in the NIV group. Thus, data highlights the role of monitoring PCO2 and bicarbonate in guiding the use of NIV and in a more secondary role to hypercapnia disturbances in electrolytes.
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Mannan, Muhammad Atiq ul, Muhammad Imran Shahzad, Muhammad Waqas Afzal, Humayoun Ghulam Murtaza, Muhammad Waseem, and Tahir Khan. "Outcome of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) among patients with type II respiratory failure due to acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)." Professional Medical Journal 27, no. 05 (2020): 1027–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2020.27.05.4145.
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Objectives: To determine the “frequency of ‘success’ of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) among patients with type II respiratory failure due to acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)”. Study Design: Cross sectional Study. Setting: Department of Pulmonology Nishtar Hospital Multan. Period: March 2016 August 2016. Material & Methods: A total of 101 study cases meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria of this study were registered using non probability consecutive sampling technique. Arterial samples for arterial blood gases (ABG) were sent. Base line pH and pcO2 were measured. All the patients were offered with NIV for 12 hours. After 12 hours, ABG was again measured to see any improvement in pH and pCO2. Success as labeled as ‘yes’ if pH > 7.35 and pCO2 is < 60 mm of Hg. The patients were discharged and follow up time was adjusted. Results: Out of these 101 study cases, 53 (52.5 %) were male and 48 (47.5 %) were female patients having mean age 61.50 ± 10.77 years. Mean duration of disease was 8.54 ± 5.26 years. Mean BMI levels of our study cases was 23.31 ± 2.18 Kg/m2. Mean baseline pH value was 7.32 ± 0.016. Mean baseline pCO2 value was calculated to be 67.56 ± 6.05 mmHg. Mean pH value at 12 hours after NIV was 7.37 ± 0.02. Mean pCO2 value at 12 hours after NIV was calculated to be 51.32 ± 6.30 mm Hg. Success was achieved in 98 (97%) of our study cases. Success was stratified with regards to gender, age, BMI and duration of disease and p values calculated were found to be p=1.00, p= 0.591, p=0.026 and p=0.606 respectively. Conclusion: Our study results indicate that Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is effective, reliable, safe and very cost effective method among the patients with respiratory failure due to acute exacerbation of COPD.
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Eizadi-Mood, Nastaran, Sam Alfred, Ahmad Yaraghi, Chanh Huynh, and Ali Shayesteh Moghadam. "Comparison of arterial and capillary blood gas values in poisoning department assessment." Human & Experimental Toxicology 28, no. 10 (2009): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327109107001.
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The aim of this study was to compare simultaneously obtained arterial and capillary blood gas (CBG) values in comatose-poisoned patients presented with stable vital signs. Forty-five adult patients with a diagnosis of coma because of poisoning and stable vital signs were included in this prospective study. With respect to pH, the arterial blood gas (ABG) and CBG values correlated satisfactorily (r2 = .91) and had an acceptable limit of agreements (LOAs; —0.04 to 0.06). With respect to base excess (BE), the ABG and CBG values correlated well (r2 = .85), but their 95% LOAs seem too wide to allow substitution (—4.4 to 2.7). PCO2 (r2 = .61), HCO3 (r2 = .71) and PO2 (r2 = .53) correlated less reliably. A capillary PCO2 of 51.7 mm Hg had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95.12% for detecting hypercarbia (area under the curve, 0.99; 95% Confidence Interval, 0.90-0.99; p < .0001). In conclusion, CBG analysis for pH may be a reliable substitute for ABG analysis in the initial evaluation of patients presenting with coma and stable vital signs to the poisoning emergency department (PED). Subsequent ABG may be required in patients with capillary PCO2 > 51.7 mm Hg.
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Golub, Jerneja, Mario Gorenjak, Eva Žuran Pilinger, Amadeus Lešnik, and Andrej Markota. "Use of Peripheral Venous Blood Gas Analysis and Oximetry to Assess Respiratory Failure in the Emergency Department." Acta Medico-Biotechnica 14, no. 1 (2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/actabiomed.213.
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Purpose: The diagnosis of acute respiratory failure (ARF) is based on arterial blood gas analysis (ABGA), which is associated with patient discomfort and requires an additional vascular puncture. Our aim was to compare ABGA with peripheral venous blood gas analysis (PVBGA) and pulse oximetry in adult patients with dyspnea and/or suspected ARF.Methods: We included 102 patients (56 males) in a prospective study performed in a medical emergency department from March–May 2019. Patients with overt signs of circulatory shock or severe respiratory failure were not included.Results: We showed significant positive correlations between ABGA and PVBGA results (for pH, ρ=0.590; for HCO3, ρ=0.901; and for pCO2, ρ=0.740), and insignificant differences between oxygen saturation based on ABGA and pulse oximetry (95% vs. 94%; p=0.49). When we subtracted 1 kPa from the venous pCO2 and added 4 kPa to the venous pO2 , there were no statistically significant differences between peripheral venous and arterial pCO2 and pO2 (4.8 vs. 4.7 kPa, p=0.26 and 9.5 vs. 8.9 kPa, p=0.21, respectively).Conclusion: The combination of PVBGA and pulse oximetry provided sufficient data to make clinical decisions in a select group of patients with dyspnea and/or ARF.
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DUYAN, Murat, Ali SARIDAŞ, and Nafis VURAL. "Delta values as a prognostic marker in methanol poisoning: a retrospective cohort study." Cukurova Medical Journal 48, no. 1 (2023): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17826/cumj.1173429.
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Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the mortality prediction performances of delta bicarbonate, delta anion gap, and delta ratio in methanol poisoning (MP) cases.
 Materials and Methods: This clinical study, which followed a cross-sectional study design, involved patients with MP who were still alive when they initially arrived at the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital. Patients were divided into two groups mortality and non-mortality. Patients who died during treatment and follow-up were assigned to the mortality group, while others were assigned to the non-mortality group. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine the cut-off in the diagnostic value measurements of biomarkers predicting mortality. 
 Results: Nine (20%) of the 45 patients in the study died during their follow-up. The two groups showed a significant difference in the averages of pH, bicarbonate (HCO3-), lactate, anion gap, delta anion gap, delta HCO3-, and delta ratio, but not in the averages of partial carbon dioxide pressure (pCO2). In predicting mortality, pH, anion gap, and delta anion gap were found to have outstanding diagnostic power (AUC>0.9), while HCO3-, delta HCO3-, delta ratio were found to have acceptable diagnostic power (AUC: 0.7-0.8). 
 Conclusion: Delta anion gap, delta bicarbonate, and delta ratio can be used as prognostic factors in predicting mortality in MP cases.
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Agroyannis, B., C. Fourtounas, H. Tzanatos, A. Kapetanaki, A. Dalamangas, and D. V. Vlahakos. "Pre-HD Dilution Acidosis, without Post-HD Contraction Alkalosis in Uremic Patients." International Journal of Artificial Organs 26, no. 2 (2003): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139880302600207.
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The aim of this study was to verify if the degree of pre-HD acidosis and its correction post-HD is related to body fluid expansion during the interdialytic period. Twelve uremic patients without major problems, with stable hematocrit, with regular and similar HD-session characteristics, but widely varying amounts of body fluid expansion in the interdialytic period were included. Blood samples were collected from arterial line pre-and post-HD, anaerobically in heparinized syringes, for determination of HCO3-, pH and PaCO2 (radiometer Copenhagen ABL 300 Acid-Base Laboratory), in two similar HD-sessions for each patient (12 patients, 24 HD-sessions). The percentage (%) of body weight gain in the interdialytic period was also estimated. For each patient, the mean value of parameters studied in the two HD-sessions was used for the evaluation of findings. According to mean values (±SD) of HCO3-, pH and PaCO2 Pre-HD (18.26±1.99 mmol/L, 7.31±0.03, 36.27±2.5 mmHg respectively) and post-HD (26.37±1.7, 7.43±0.03, 38.43±2.10 respectively) patients are acidotic pre-HD and slightly alkalemic post-HD. Correlation between the percentage (%) of interdialytic body weight gain (IBWG) and the values of HCO3-, pH and PaCO2, Pre-HD (r=-0.814, p <0.001; r=-0.931, p <0.001; r=0,100 NS; respectively) and post-HD (r=-0.958, p <0.001; r=-0.937, p <0.001; r=-0.504 NS; respectively) indicates a significant and negative relationship of IBWG% with HCO3- and pH pre- and post-HD, but not with PCO2. In conclusion, the negative relationship of IBWG% with HCO3- and pH pre- and post-HD indicates that the body fluid expansion during the interdialytic period contributes to a dilutional acidosis pre-HD, but not to a contraction alkalosis post-HD, by the elimination of fluid during the HD-session.
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Saeed, Adel M., Khaled M. Wagih, and Nasra A. Hussein. "Evaluation of nasal optiflow device in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with acute excerbations." Egyptian Journal of Bronchology 9, no. 1 (2015): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1687-8426.153593.
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Abstract Background A new form of therapy that provides humidified high-flow oxygen through a nasal cannula has been introduced recently as an alternative in the treatment of spontaneously ventilating patients with high oxygen requirements. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of a nasal optiflow device in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with acute exacerbations in comparison with a conventional venturi mask. Patients and methods Forty-five COPD patients with respiratory failure type II admitted to the RICU at Abbasia Chest Hospital were recruited and divided into two groups: group 1 included 20 randomly selected COPD patients with acute exacerbations connected to a venturi mask; group 2 included 25 randomly selected COPD patients with acute exacerbations connected to nasal high flow (NHF) oxygen with an optiflow system. All patients were subjected to full history taking, thorough clinical examination, and routine laboratory investigations with chest X ray (CXR) and repeated analyses of arterial blood gases (ABGs). Results No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups with respect to baseline ABG variables (on admission). In both methods (NHF and venturi mask) there was statistically significant improvement in ABG variables in the form of raised pH, PO2, and O2 saturation and reduced PCO2 when compared with baseline ABG values. Although there was no significant difference in weaning results between the two groups, there was significant decline in PCO2 in the NHF group. There was no significant difference in the outcome and end result between the two groups; successful weaning was achieved in 70% of patients in the venturi group and in 64% of the NHF group, whereas failure was reported in 30% of patients in the venturi group and in 36% in the NHF group. Conclusion The nasal optiflow device is highly expensive compared with the venturi mask, although both are approximately equally successful in the treatment of COPD patients with respiratory failure type II.
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Ramezannezhad, Pantea, Mahmoud Hashemzaei, Zohreh Pajohesh, Khadijeh Saravani, and Omid Bameri. "Investigation of clinical and paraclinical consequences of tramadol poisoning and related factors." Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences 26, no. 3 (2024): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jsums.738.
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Tramadol, is frequently misused and leading to an increase in cases of overdose and poisoning worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the clinical and paraclinical consequences of tramadol poisoning and related factors. This was a retrospective study performed on patients with acute tramadol poisoning who were referred to the Amir Al-Momenin Hospital Emergency Department, Zabol, during 2019-2020. Patients’ socio-demographic information and clinical and paraclinical manifestations were collected in a predesigned checklist. Overall, 71 subjects were included in this study. The mean dose of tramadol was 640.14 ± 521 mg. Seizures occurred in 17 subjects that were not dose-dependent. In patients who died or were in a coma, pH, bicarbonate (HCO3 ), and oxygen saturation (O2 sat) levels decreased, while PCO2 levels increased significantly (P < 0.05). The dose of tramadol used in the poisoning of this substance played no role in the course of the disease and the prognosis of patients, but low pH, HCO3 , O2 sat, and high CO2 pressure could be related to the outcome of these patients.
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Ansari, Sana, Pratyakcha Rai, Zuber Ahmad, Ummul Baneen, and Shadan Sadaf. "Outcome of different modes of non-invasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with type II respiratory failure." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 11, no. 11 (2023): 4049–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20233373.
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Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive inflammatory airway disorder often leading to type II respiratory failure (RF). Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is crucial in COPD management. This study compares T (Timed), ST (Spontaneous-Timed), and iVAPS (Intelligent volume assured pressure support) modes. Method: A prospective, experimental, comparative study spanned two years. One hundred COPD patients with Type 2 RF were randomized into three groups: T mode (n=33), ST mode (n=33), and iVAPS mode (n=34). Outcome assessment included clinical, hematological parameters, and intubation rate. Result: The study revealed varying degrees of success among the three modes of NIV. iVAPS mode demonstrated the highest success rate, with 79.4% of cases achieving positive outcomes. Noteworthy improvements were observed in respiratory rate (RR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) in the iVAPS group after 12 hours of NIV. Both the ST mode and iVAPS mode showed significant increases in pH levels, with a more pronounced improvement seen in the iVAPS group. Additionally, a substantial reduction in pCO2 levels after BiPAP was noted in the iVAPS group. The intubation rate was lowest in the iVAPS group, though the difference did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: iVAPS mode demonstrated superior outcomes, including significant improvements in RR, SpO2, pH, and pCO2. While the intubation rate was lowest in the iVAPS group, statistical significance was not achieved. iVAPS emerges as a promising alternative, potentially averting the need for invasive ventilation. Larger, diverse studies are needed to validate these findings.
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Sabir, Asma, Kanwal Fatima Khalil, Aisha Shafique, Sara Duad, Asma Ambreen, and Shomaila Awan. "Comparison of High Intensity Non-Invasive Ventilation With Low Intensity Non-Invasive Ventilation In Patients With Acute Copd Exacerbation." Annals of PIMS-Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University 18, no. 2 (2022): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.48036/apims.v18i2.534.
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Objective: To determine the outcome of high intensity non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (HI-NPPV) as compared to low intensity non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (LI-NPPV) in patients with acute COPD exacerbations. Methodology: This Randomized controlled trial Department of PulmonologyFauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi from 31st December 2016 to 30thJune 2017. Arterial blood gases will be taken at admission. If values of pH and paCO2 meet the criteria for non-invasive ventilation then patients will be enrolled in the study. Patients will be randomly divided into two groups by lottery method. GROUP A and GROUP B. GROUP A will receive high intensity NIV (HI-NPPV) and GROUP B will receive low intensity NIV (LI-NPPV) by TRIOLOGY machine. Expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) will remain between 4 to 6 cmH2O. Arterial blood gases (ABGs) will be done at baseline and then 72 hours after admission. Improvement in PaCO2, HCO3, and FEV1 will be recorded 72 hours from baseline and collected on proforma (attached). Results: Mean age (years) in the study was 55.54+3.81. There were 08 male patients included the study meeting the inclusion criteria. Of these, 05 and 03 male patients among both the groups respectively. Similarly, there were 92 female patients included the study meeting the inclusion criteria, of these, 45 and 47 female patients among both the groups respectively. Outcome of the study was assessed in terms of mean PaCO2 (mmHg), HCO3 (mmol/L) and FEV1 at baseline and after 72 hours. Mean PaCO2, HCO3 and FEV1 at baseline was 64.87+5.22, 33.75+4.17 and 0.66+0.04 respectively. After 72 hours, mean PaCO2 (mmHg) , HCO3(mmol/L), and FEV1 among both the groups was 63.98+6.58 vs 41.46+2.40, 33.10+4.81 vs 23.12+2.01, 0.66+0.05 vs 0.72+0.04 with following P value of (0,000, 0.000, 0.000) respectively. Conclusion: High intensity non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (HI-NPPV) has no different outcome as compared to low intensity non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (LI-NPPV) in patients with acute COPD exacerbations.
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Voulgaris, Athanasios, Kostas Archontogeorgis, Konstantina Chadia, Dimitra Siopi, Evangelia Nena, and Paschalis Steiropoulos. "Differences in Anthropometric, Sleep and Respiratory Characteristics between Hypercapnic and Normocapnic Patients with COPD-OSA Overlap Syndrome." Journal of Personalized Medicine 14, no. 6 (2024): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm14060600.
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Background: Overlap syndrome (OS), the coexistence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea, is frequently characterized by the presence of daytime hypercapnia (pCO2 ≥ 45 mmHg). The aim of this study was to investigate potential differences in anthropometric, sleep and respiratory characteristics between hypercapnic and normocapnic patients with OS. Methods: Consecutive patients who underwent polysomnography, pulmonary function testing and arterial blood gases and had been diagnosed with OS were enrolled in the study. Results: According to pCO2 levels in wakefulness, the patients were divided into group A, consisting of OS patients without hypercapnia (n = 108) or group B, consisting of OS patients with hypercapnia (n = 55). The majority of included patients in both groups were males (n = 92 in group A vs. n = 50 in group B). Group B had increased BMI (p = 0.001), neck (p = 0.017) and waist circumference (p = 0.013), higher scores in Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) (p = 0.008), increased sleep efficiency (p = 0.033), oxygen desaturation index (p = 0.004) and time with oxyhemoglobin saturation <90% (p = 0.006) than group A. Also, Group B had decreased average and minimum oxyhemoglobin saturation during sleep (p < 0.001). Hypercapnic patients had lower FEV1% (p = 0.003), FVC% (p = 0.004), pO2 and pCO2 (p < 0.001 for both) values compared with normocapnic patients. In binary regression analysis, which assessed various predictors on the likelihood of having hypercapnia, it was found that BMI (OR: 1.313, 95% CI: 1.048–1.646, p = 0.018) and FVC (OR: 0.913, 95% CI: 0.845–0.986, p = 0.020) were the major determinants of hypercapnia in OS patients. Conclusions: Hypercapnic OS patients were more obese and sleepy and presented worse respiratory function in wakefulness and sleep hypoxia characteristics compared with normocapnic OS patients.
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Efrida, Efrida, Ida Parwati, and Ike Sri Redjeki. "PENDEKATAN STEWART DALAM pH DARAH YANG MENDASARI ASIDOSIS METABOLIK." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 19, no. 2 (2018): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v19i2.1061.
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Metabolic acidosis is the most frequent acid-base disorder in patients of the Intensive Care Unit. By conventional approach based onpH value, [HCO3–], and base deficit (BD) from blood gas analyzer (BGA) measurement are often inappropriate with the clinical stateand inadequate in explaining the mechanism of the metabolic acidosis. The Stewart approach states that the blood pH is determinedby a strong ion difference (SID), the carbon dioxide tension (pCO2), the total concentration of non-volatile weak acid. The Stewartapproach may give a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the metabolic acidosis. The purpose of this study is to knowthe correlation of blood pH value measurement from BGA and calculation based on Stewart approach and identifying the mechanismsthat underlie a metabolic acidosis. In this study an analytic observational cross-sectional method was used. The examined subjectsconsisted of 71 patients who were admitted with a metabolic acidosis at the ICU from July up to August 2007. All patients were measuredfor their blood pH, pCO2, [HCO3–], BD, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, lactate, albumin, and phosphate. The resultwas reported as the mean and standard deviation. The data were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation test and linier multiple regression.Statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05. The mean values of blood pH measurement from BGA and blood pH calculationbased on the Stewart approach were 7.33 (0.11) and 7.49 (0.11) (r = 0.681; p < 0.001). Most patients had two underlying mechanisms ofmetabolic acidosis. Hyperlactatemia was present in 61.8%, hyperchloremia was present in 58.2% of patients. Based on this study so far,by using the Stewart approach there is an excellent and significant correlation between the blood pH measurement from BGA and bloodpH calculation. Hyperlactatemia and hyperchloremia are the main causes of the metabolic acidosis in patients of the ICU ward.
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P.J., Dudhrejia, Yadav Manju, and Parmar Vijay. "A Study of Indications and Outcome in 100 Cases of Non Invasive Ventilation in ICU." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 15, no. 7 (2023): 1346–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11907542.
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<strong>Background:</strong> Over the past two decades, the use of non-invasive ventilation by mask has increased substantially for acutely ill patients. Growing evidence indicates that NIV is the standard first-line therapy for many respiratory emergencies. The major concern of our study is to highlight the indications of non-invasive ventilation (NIV), their outcome and certain parameters which decide the outcome of non-invasive ventilation (NIV). <strong>Methods:</strong> A Prospective and observational study was carried out in ICU of PDU medical college and hospital, Rajkot from January to December 2019 where total 100 patients both male and female, above 13 years of age on non-invasive ventilation were included. Patients with invasive mode of ventilation were not included. The indication of non-invasive ventilation, its outcome in each patient was studied along with parameters on admission (pH, pCO2, pO2, Respiratory rate) which could predict the outcome of non-invasive ventilation in individual patient. <strong>Results:</strong> 100 cases of NIV that were studied had different underlying aetiology and diagnosis. The patients who seemed to have maximum benefit from non-invasive means were the patients with acute pulmonary oedema secondary to cardiac failure, acute exacerbation of COPD and uncomplicated pneumonitis. Certain admission parameters like pH, pCO2, pO2 and respiratory rate were found to determine the outcome of patient. Patients were categorised in two groups-successful NIV and failed NIV. The overall success rate of NIV was around 80% in our study. Patients like COPD and acute pulmonary oedema required minimum number of hours to wean off to room air from the ventilator. Thus NIV application for mere few hours can do wonders by preventing mortality in patients of respiratory failure. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> NIV offers favourable outcome for many emergency respiratory conditions, thus remains the modality of choice for treating acute illness like exacerbation of COPD and cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. While it is less preferred for respiratory failure due to acute lung injury/ARDS. Certain parameters like pH, pO2, pCO2 and respiratory rate on admission helps in predicting the outcome of NIV.
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Veremiienko, Oksana V., Tatyana S. Ospanova, and Zhanna D. Semydotska. "THE ROLE OF THE KIDNEYS IN THE REGULATION OF THE ACID – BASE BALANCE OF THE BLOOD IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE." Wiadomości Lekarskie 74, no. 2 (2021): 288–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202102121.
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The aim: To study the regulation of acid-base balance and blood acid – renal excretory function in patients with COPD. Materials and methods: We examined 82 people, suggests that even during the most severe stages of COPD. Group 1 included 56 patients with COPD, group C. The average age was 60.54 + 2.04 years old, including 24 men and 32 women. The second group included 16 patients with COPD, group B, whose average age was 55.37 + 3.21 years old, including 7 men and 9 women. The third group included 10 healthy individuals, with an average age of 34.30 + 2.21 years, including 6 men and 4 women. Respiration function was evaluated on the basis of the forced expiratory curve recorded on a Spirolab II MIR S / N computer spirograph. The following indicators were evaluated: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and FEV1 / FVC ratio. Results: For all patients with COPD there is a characteristic presence of acidosis (pH in patients with COPD group B – 7,34 ± 0,01, in patients with COPD group C – 7,31 ± 0,07). For patients with COPD group C there are pronounced respiratory disorders (pCO2 – 48,25 + 1,14 mm Hg, p02 – 28.07 +1.37 mm Hg). For patients with COPD group B characteristic metabolic disorders (BE--3,71 + 0,57), which increase as the disease progresses. For patients with COPD group C this figure is equal to 7.62 + 0.49. Thus, the analysis of indicators indicates the presence for all patients of mixed (respiratory and metabolic) acidosis, which increases as the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease progresses. Conclusions: There is activation of acid – renal excretory function and the inclusion of renal mechanisms in the regulation of acid-base balance.
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Chuang, Ming-Lung, I.-Feng Lin, Meng-Tser Hsieh, Janine R. Vintch, Sing-Jay Liang, and Wei Chen. "PREDICTION OF ARTERIAL PCO2 IN PATIENTS WITH COPD DURING A MAXIMUM INCREMENTAL EXERCISE." Chest 132, no. 4 (2007): 454A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.132.4_meetingabstracts.454.
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Bhatia, Mohit. "Number of Pack Year Smoked Increases Arterial Pco2 Level in Patients With COPD." Chest 149, no. 4 (2016): A371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.02.386.
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Elezagic, Dzemal, Wibke Johannis, Volker Burst, Florian Klein, and Thomas Streichert. "Venous blood gas analysis in patients with COVID-19 symptoms in the early assessment of virus positivity." Journal of Laboratory Medicine 45, no. 1 (2020): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/labmed-2020-0126.
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Abstract Objectives Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently a worldwide major health threat. Recognizing hypoxia in patients early on can have a considerable effect on therapy success and survival rate. Methods We collected data using a standard blood gas analyzer from 50 patients and analyzed measurements of partial pressure of carbon dioxide-pCO2, partial pressure of oxygen-pO2 and oxygen saturation-sO2, bicarbonate concentrations-HCO3− as well as ionized calcium concentrations. We further examined PCR test results for SARS-CoV-2 of the patients and analyzed differences between patients tested positive and those tested negative for the virus. Results Venous pCO2 was significantly higher whereas pO2 and sO2 were significantly lower in patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. The pH, and ionized calcium concentrations of patients tested positive for the virus were significantly lower than in those tested negative. Conclusions Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2-positive patients upon admission to the emergency room exhibit lower venous blood levels of oxygen, pH, and calcium and higher levels of carbon dioxide compared to symptomatic SARS-CoV-2-negative patients. This blood gas analysis constellation could help in identifying SARS-CoV-2-positive patients more rapidly and identifying early signs of hypoxia.
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Bachh, Mohd Dawood, Nyla Farooq, and Yousha Muneeb Gillani. "METABOLIC EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE INSUFFLATION DURING LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY: CHANGES IN PH, ARTERIAL PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CARBON DIOXIDE (PACO2) AND END TIDAL CARBON DIOXIDE (ETCO2)." National Journal of Medical Research 12, no. 01 (2022): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.55489/njmr.12012022893.
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Background: Laparoscopy involves inspecting the abdomen and pelvis using an endoscope. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the gas that is commonly used to insufflate the abdomen so as to facilitate the surgical view.
 Aim: The present study was under taken to determine the Metabolic effects of carbon dioxide insufflation during laparoscopic surgery.
 Methods: An observational study on 50 patients above 18 years of age with physical status of American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) Class I and II after obtaining approval from institutional ethical committee and consent of the patient was conducted in the Postgraduate Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Government Medical College Srinagar.
 Results: There was a progressive decrease in the pH during pneumoperitoneum in keeping with the hypercarbia. An increase towards baseline was observed during recovery but pH was still significantly lower than baseline 15 minutes into recovery (p<0.118). The Pco2 increased after 15 mins Co2 insufflation & peaked at 30 mins with mean & SD 42.82,2.775 & 46.16,2.909 respectively which was statically significant. Etco2 also increased after 15 mins of Co2 insufflation & peaked at 30 mins with mean 41.56 & 44.50 respectively which was statically significant. Similarly, Hco3 decreased over period of time with peak decrease at 30 mins of Co2 insufflation with mean 23.70, SD 1.919 & range 19-27.
 Conclusion: Co2 insufflation does bring metabolic changes in Ph, Pco2, Etco2 & HCO3 but with proper monitoring & management laparoscopic procedure can be safely performed.
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Ragimova, L. R. "ELEKTROLYTE AND GASES COMPOSITION OF BLOOD IN HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC ENSEPHALOPATHY." National Journal of Neurology 1, no. 24 (2024): 64–67. https://doi.org/10.61788/njn.v1i24.10.
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Perinatal asphyxia, which results in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), causes a number of clinical and biochemical changes that can adversely affect the outcome. Therefore, we set out to study the parameters of the acid-base state of the blood in full-term newborns with HIE who suffered perinatal asphyxia. For this purpose, we studied 120 full-term newborns, including 90 patients with HIE of varying severity who had suffered perinatal asphyxia. The results of the study showed a decrease in the partial pressure of pCO2 and pO2 and the level of blood oxygen saturation (sO2), hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia and a decrease in the concentration of bicarbonate HCO3.
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Iriani, Anggraini, Ichsandiaz Prabowo, Marsya Kaila Fatina, Dhinasty Armenia, Dian Eka Putri, and Rizka Kurnia Gemilang. "Profile of arterial blood gas analysis of COVID-19 patients based on severity, ICU admissions, and clinical outcomes." Bali Medical Journal 13, no. 3 (2024): 1380–84. https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v13i3.5229.
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Introduction: Arterial Blood Gas parameters (ABG) describe the adequacy of oxygenation and ventilation in COVID-19 patients. This study aims to assess the profile of ABG parameters to assess COVID-19 severity, ICU admissions, and clinical outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 152 adult patients who confirmed COVID-19 during the pandemic. Patients were grouped based on disease severity, need for ICU care and patient outcome. Blood gas analysis was carried out namely pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3, and O2 saturation. Results: A total of 152 COVID-19 patient data were collected. There were 84 male and 68 female subjects. Most of the subjects were in the age group > 60 years old (47.3%). There 57.9% of subjects were treated within 1-10 days, and 38.8% were treated within>10 days. A total of 117 (77%) subjects had severe or critical symptoms, 50% of subjects required ICU care, and 82 (54%) subjects were not survived. A total of 97 (64.1%) subjects experienced a decrease in SO2. Subjects had an acidotic pH of 19.1% and alkalosis of 30.9%. Lower PO2 values were found in patients with severe/critical symptoms and patients with non-survived clinical outcomes (p<0.001). Lower pH (p<0.002) and HCO3 values were found in the group of non-survived subjects (p<001). Conclusions: The significant decrease in PO2 and oxygen saturation parameters occurred based on the patient’s severity and clinical outcome. Decreased HCO3 levels are only significant in non-survived subjects, while most of the subjects have normal pH levels.
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Vretzakis, Papadimitriou, Stylianos Koutsias, et al. "Kontinuierliches kontralaterales Säure-, Basen- und Blutgas Monitoring während Karotis-Endarterektomie." Vasa 29, no. 3 (2000): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526.29.3.221.
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Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the intravascular multiparameter sensor Paratrend 7 (P7) for continuous acid-base and blood gas monitoring after retrograde jugular catheterization during carotid endarterectomy. Patients and methods: We studied 11 patients with history of smoking (72.7%), coronary artery disease (72.7%), hypertension (100%), diabetes mellitus (55.5%) and TIA’s and/or nondisabling stroke (90.9%). The contralateral internal jugular vein was punctured retrogradely and the calibrated P7 sensor was introduced. The sensor was removed after surgery. The P7 provides continuous graphical display of pH, pCO2, and pO2, while temperature, oxygen saturation, HCO3 concentration and base excess are displayed numerically. Results: Mean duration of carotid cross-clamping was 17.0 ± 6.2 min. Mean stump pressure was 50.2 ± 12.9 mmHg. Intraluminal shunting was not used in any operation. All sensors were easily inserted. During clamping, pH became persistently more acidic (7.31 to 7.28; p < 0.05), pCO2 was elevated (44.7 to 49.8 mmHg; p < 0.05) while, in the majority of the patients, there was a non significant decrease in pjvO2/SjvO2. Declamping was followed by a short period of decrease of pH and elevation of pCO2 reminiscent of wash out phenomena. PjvO2 was significantly elevated (53.8 ± 5.2 to 59.0 ± 5.8 mmHg; p < 0.001) after the restoration of flow. In one case, P7 was diagnostic for unsuccessful endarterectomy. Conclusions: P7 is useful during carotid endarterectomy providing continuous and «on-line» information on brain metabolism. It is a simple and powerful technique, which should be further investigated
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Koç, Çağla, and Füsun Şahin. "What Are the Most Effective Factors in Determining Future Exacerbations, Morbidity Weight, and Mortality in Patients with COPD Attack?" Medicina 58, no. 2 (2022): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58020163.
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Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the important factors that affect COPD prognosis. Materials and Methods: We included 160 hospitalized patients with COPD exacerbation in the study. The hemoglobin (HB), hematocrit (HCT), leukocytes, red cell distribution width (RDW), mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, plateletcrits, platelets, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio, eosinophils, uric acid, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, arterial blood gases (PO2 and PCO2), pulmonary function test (FEV1 and FVC), echocardiography (ejection fraction-EF), Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage, Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) and Borg scales, Charlson comorbidity index, body mass index (BMI), and the length of hospital stay were examined on the first day of hospitalization. Admission to the hospital with a new attack, hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU), and mortality during the six months after discharge were evaluated. Results: High CRP and procalcitonin levels were observed in the group with a long hospital stay. In the mortality group, the HB, HCT, BMI, and PO2 values were significantly lower than in the group without mortality, while the age and GOLD stage were higher. The age, Borg and mMRC scores, number of exacerbations experienced in the previous year, RDW, eosinophil count, and PCO2 were significantly higher in the ICU group than that without an ICU stay. The HCT and EF values were lower in the ICU group than that without an ICU stay. The FEV1 and FVC values were significantly lower in the follow-up attack group than those without a follow-up attack. The duration of COPD and the number of attacks that were experienced in the previous year were high. Conclusion: Scoring combining selected biomarkers and other factors is a strong determinant of the prognosis.